Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Patient education: Pericarditis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pericarditis-beyond-the-basics

  Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, which is the sac that surrounds the heart. The pericardium normally functions to protect the heart and reduce friction between the heart and surrounding organs. […] The goals of treatment for pericarditis include relief of pain and resolution of inflammation and effusion. Specific treatment for the cause of pericarditis may also be required. […] In most patients with acute pericarditis, treatment begins with aspirin or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). This helps to relieve pain. […] Treatment of recurrent pericarditis usually includes aspirin or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) plus colchicine. […] Pericardiocentesis is the medical term for removal of fluid from the pericardium with a thin needle. Pericardiocentesis may be recommended for some patients with pericardial effusion or cardiac tamponade. […] Pericardiectomy is a surgical procedure that removes part or most of the pericardium, the sac that surrounds the heart. This procedure is a possible alternative to immune therapy after other treatments have been tried.

• #2 Pericarditis / nursing care | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pericarditis-nursing-care/236956133

  Pericarditis is an inflammatory process of the pericardium caused by injury to pericardial cells. […] Nursing care focuses on rest, monitoring for complications, administering medications, and health education. […] The patient is placed on bed rest until the fever, chest pain, and friction rub have subsided. […] Nursing management includes adequate rest and sleep, assisting the patient with daily activities if necessary, hemodynamic monitoring of patients, oxygen to prevent tissue hypoxia, administration of drugs as ordered, and keeping a pericardiocentesis tray handy if you suspect pericardial effusion. […] Health education on follow-up care is also important.

• #3

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh3891

  Pericarditis occurs when the membrane that surrounds the heart and its major blood vessels becomes inflamed. In most cases, the cause of pericarditis is not known. It can be caused by a virus, a heart attack, chest injury, or another illness. Pericarditis causes sharp chest pain, which gets worse when you lie down or take a deep breath. The pain gets better if you lean forward or sit up. […] Pericarditis often heals on its own and usually does not cause any further problems. Most people recover within a couple of weeks. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take.

• #4 Acute Pericarditis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2024/0500/acute-pericarditis.html

  Acute pericarditis is defined as inflammation of the pericardium and occurs in approximately 4.4% of patients who present to the emergency department for nonischemic chest pain, with a higher prevalence in men. […] Diagnosis of pericarditis requires at least two of the following criteria: new or worsening pericardial effusion, characteristic pleuritic chest pain, pericardial friction rub, or electrocardiographic changes, including new, widespread ST elevations or PR depressions. […] Transthoracic echocardiography should be performed in all patients with acute pericarditis to characterize the size of effusions and evaluate for complications. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the first-line treatment option. […] Colchicine should be used in combination with first- or second-line treatments to reduce the risk of recurrence. […] Patients with a higher risk of complications should be admitted to the hospital for further workup and treatment.

• #5 Acute Pericarditis Assessment – Inflammatory Heart Conditions for Nursing RN

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/inflammatory-heart-conditions-1407/acute-pericarditis-assessment_2161

  Acute pericarditis is a condition caused by inflammation of the pericardial sac related to various causes. Some patients with acute pericarditis may be asymptomatic. Patients with symptoms of acute pericarditis may experience sharp chest pain, pericardial friction rub, and fever. Cardiac tamponade and pericardial effusion are complications of acute pericarditis. […] Severe, sharp chest pain is characteristic of acute pericarditis. The pain may radiate to the patient’s clavicle, neck, or trapezius. Patients with acute pericarditis may experience worsening chest pain with deep inspiration. To avoid chest pain, the patient may begin to develop dyspnea by breathing rapid, shallow breaths. […] Patients with acute pericarditis may exacerbate sharp chest pain when lying supine. Instruct the patient to sit up and lean forward in order to relieve the severe pain.

• #6 Acute Pericarditis Assessment – Inflammatory Heart Conditions for Nursing RN

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/inflammatory-heart-conditions-1407/acute-pericarditis-assessment_2161

  The hallmark symptom of acute pericarditis is the pericardial friction rub. This scratching, grating, high-pitched sound is caused by friction between the roughened pericardial and epicardial surfaces. […] Obtaining an electrocardiogram (ECG) will help diagnose the patient with acute pericarditis. Since the pericardial inflammation causes abnormal repolarization, characteristic changes in the ECG includes diffuse or widespread, ST-segment elevations. […] Fever is a result of the body’s anti-inflammatory response. A large percentage of patients with acute pericarditis experience chronic or intermittent fever as an early symptom. […] Acute pericarditis may be asymptomatic in some patients. Since the infection is recurrent, the patient may not show symptoms between cases of pericarditis.

• #7 Acute Pericarditis Assessment – Inflammatory Heart Conditions for Nursing RN

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/inflammatory-heart-conditions-1407/acute-pericarditis-assessment_2161

  Pericardial effusion is a complication related to acute pericarditis. The build-up of fluid in the pericardium may compress surrounding structures such as the heart, lungs, laryngeal nerve, and phrenic nerve. Cardiac tamponade is an acute type of pericardial effusion that compresses the heart. Symptoms include chest pain, confusion, anxiety, restlessness, tachypnea, and tachycardia. Increased compression of the heart causes decreased cardiac output, muffled heart sounds, and narrowed pulse pressure. The patient may develop pulsus paradoxus, which is a decrease in systolic blood pressure during inspiration.

• #8 Acute Pericarditis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2024/0500/acute-pericarditis.html

  Acute pericarditis is defined as inflammation of the pericardium and occurs in approximately 4.4% of patients who present to the emergency department for nonischemic chest pain, with a higher prevalence in men. […] Diagnosis of pericarditis requires at least two of the following criteria: new or worsening pericardial effusion, characteristic pleuritic chest pain, pericardial friction rub, or electrocardiographic changes, including new, widespread ST elevations or PR depressions. […] Transthoracic echocardiography should be performed in all patients with acute pericarditis to characterize the size of effusions and evaluate for complications. […] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the first-line treatment option. […] Colchicine should be used in combination with first- or second-line treatments to reduce the risk of recurrence. […] Patients with a higher risk of complications should be admitted to the hospital for further workup and treatment.

• #9 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Pericarditis, the most common pathological condition affecting the pericardium, involves the inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart. […] Management of pericarditis includes measuring erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and troponins, along with performing tests such as complete blood count and metabolic panels to identify underlying causes. […] Treatment typically includes high-dose anti-inflammatory agents, colchicine, and continued nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy until symptoms resolve. […] This activity outlines the evaluation, treatment, and prognosis of pericarditis, emphasizing the role of an interprofessional healthcare team in delivering optimal care. […] Collaborate with an interprofessional healthcare team to ensure monitoring for the recurrence of pericarditis and comprehensive management of pericarditis and its complications.

• #10 Pericarditis

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/november/pericarditis

  Pericarditis is an important diagnosis to consider, along with various other differential diagnoses, in a patient who presents with chest pain. […] This article describes in detail the common features, management and complications of pericarditis in the general practice setting. […] The most common treatment for these are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colchicine. […] The complications of pericarditis include pericardial effusion, tamponade and myopericarditis. […] The presence of effusion, constriction or tamponade can be confirmed on echocardiography. […] Tamponade is potentially life-threatening and is diagnosed by the clinical findings of decreased blood pressure, elevated jugular venous pressure, muffled heart sounds on auscultation and pulsus paradoxus. […] Important elements on history are the description of the pain and its associated symptoms.

• #11 Pericarditis

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/november/pericarditis

  Physical examination of a patient who presents with chest pain includes primarily a cardiovascular examination. […] Blood pressure should be measured in both arms and the patient assessed for presence of acute changes in vital signs, with particular attention to signs of shock. […] Common causes of chest pain are shown in Table 1. […] Typical symptoms include sharp, retrosternal pains that may radiate to the patients neck or arm in a similar manner to angina at times. […] A pericardial frictional rub is an important, yet uncommon, and often fleeting finding seen only in approximately 35% of cases. […] If the diagnosis remains unclear, the patient must be sent to the emergency department given the gravity of the above-listed differential diagnoses, which if missed, could be fatal.

• #12 Patient education: Pericarditis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pericarditis-beyond-the-basics

  Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, which is the sac that surrounds the heart. The pericardium normally functions to protect the heart and reduce friction between the heart and surrounding organs. […] The goals of treatment for pericarditis include relief of pain and resolution of inflammation and effusion. Specific treatment for the cause of pericarditis may also be required. […] In most patients with acute pericarditis, treatment begins with aspirin or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). This helps to relieve pain. […] Treatment of recurrent pericarditis usually includes aspirin or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) plus colchicine. […] Pericardiocentesis is the medical term for removal of fluid from the pericardium with a thin needle. Pericardiocentesis may be recommended for some patients with pericardial effusion or cardiac tamponade. […] Pericardiectomy is a surgical procedure that removes part or most of the pericardium, the sac that surrounds the heart. This procedure is a possible alternative to immune therapy after other treatments have been tried.

• #13 Pericarditis – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericarditis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352514

  Our caring team of Mayo Clinic experts can help you with your pericarditis-related health concerns […] Treatment for pericarditis depends on the cause of the symptoms and how serious they are. Mild pericarditis may get better without treatment. […] Medicines often are used to treat symptoms of pericarditis. Examples include: […] If pericarditis causes fluid buildup around the heart, a surgery or other procedure may be needed to drain the fluid. […] Lifestyle and home remedies for mild pericarditis include rest and pain medicines sold without a prescription. If your healthcare professional recommends pain medicines, take them as directed. […] While you recover, do not take part in strenuous physical activity and competitive sports. Such activity can trigger pericarditis symptoms. Ask your healthcare professional how long you need to rest. […] For pericarditis, some basic questions to ask your healthcare professional include: […] Your healthcare team usually asks you some questions. Being ready to answer them may save time to go over any details you want to talk about in-depth.

• #14 Management of acute pericarditis: treatment and follow-up

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Management-of-acute-pericarditis-treatment-and-follow-up

  Aspirin or NSAIDs are mainstays of therapy for acute pericarditis. […] Colchicine is recommended at low, weight-adjusted doses to improve the response to medical therapy and to prevent recurrences. […] Corticosteroids should be considered as a second option in patients with contraindications and failure of aspirin or NSAIDs because of the risk of favouring the chronic evolution of the disease and promoting drug dependence. […] Initial management of acute pericarditis should be focused on screening for specific causes which will determine the choice of therapy. Hospital admission is recommended for high-risk patients with acute pericarditis. Colchicine use is a first-line therapy for acute pericarditis as an adjunct to aspirin/NSAIDs therapy for three months. Corticosteroids are not recommended as first-line therapy for acute pericarditis as they appear to encourage recurrences. Serum CRP should be considered to guide the treatment length and assess the response to therapy. Evaluation of response to anti-inflammatory therapy is recommended after one week.

• #15 Acute Pericarditis Interventions – Inflammatory Heart Conditions for Nursing RN

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/inflammatory-heart-conditions-1407/acute-pericarditis-interventions_8069

  Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial pericarditis. […] The administration of colchicine and NSAIDs are used to help control the pain and inflammation related to acute pericarditis. An exception, however, is cases of pericarditis secondary to myocardial infarction, where only aspirin should be used. This is because aspirin is less likely to affect scar formation in the heart than are other NSAIDs. Since NSAIDs may cause gastrointestinal irritation, administer these drugs with food or milk. […] Since corticosteroids have various side effects, they are used selectively in patients with acute pericarditis. Corticosteroids are typically prescribed for patients with underlying rheumatologic or other autoimmune conditions already taking the medication. Corticosteroids may also be administered to relieve inflammation in patients who do not respond to NSAIDs.

• #16 Pericarditis – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pericarditis/

  Pericarditis is an inflammation and/ or infectious process of the pericardium, the sac that contains the heart. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective breathing pattern related to acute pain secondary to inflammation and aggravated by position and inspiration. […] Patient Monitoring: Assess pain using patients self-report when possible. A self-report rating scale assesses intensity of pain. […] Patient Management: Administer pharmacologic agents such as ibuprofen and indomethacin, as ordered to reduce inflammation and pain. […] Stay with the patient, providing a calm, quiet environment. […] Assist the patient to maintain a position of comfort. […] Ensure activity restrictions while the patient is asymptomatic, febrile, or if friction rubs is present. […] Promote pulmonary hygiene to prevent risk of atelectasis.

• #17 Pericarditis

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/november/pericarditis

  Pericarditis is a common condition seen in primary care, with clinical diagnosis largely made through history, physical examination and ECG features. […] First-line treatment is a combination of NSAIDs for seven to 10 days and colchicine for three months with a PPI for patients at high risk of gastrointestinal toxicity. […] Development of pericardial effusion is a common complication of acute pericarditis with uncommon but serious consequences when it results in cardiac tamponade. […] Cardiac tamponade is a clinical diagnosis based on Becks triad and the finding of pulsus paradoxus on sphygmomanometery.

• #18 Management of acute pericarditis: treatment and follow-up

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Management-of-acute-pericarditis-treatment-and-follow-up

  Aspirin or NSAIDs are mainstays of therapy for acute pericarditis. […] Colchicine is recommended at low, weight-adjusted doses to improve the response to medical therapy and to prevent recurrences. […] Corticosteroids should be considered as a second option in patients with contraindications and failure of aspirin or NSAIDs because of the risk of favouring the chronic evolution of the disease and promoting drug dependence. […] Initial management of acute pericarditis should be focused on screening for specific causes which will determine the choice of therapy. Hospital admission is recommended for high-risk patients with acute pericarditis. Colchicine use is a first-line therapy for acute pericarditis as an adjunct to aspirin/NSAIDs therapy for three months. Corticosteroids are not recommended as first-line therapy for acute pericarditis as they appear to encourage recurrences. Serum CRP should be considered to guide the treatment length and assess the response to therapy. Evaluation of response to anti-inflammatory therapy is recommended after one week.

• #19 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Most patients will have idiopathic acute pericarditis, which can be safely managed on an outpatient basis with medical therapy alone. […] Patients exhibiting markers of poor prognosis or those who do not respond to therapy within 1 week should be admitted for further evaluation. […] In most patients, empiric treatment with high-dose anti-inflammatory agents, in addition to colchicine, is recommended. […] The COPE trial randomized 120 patients to receive either conventional therapy with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, also known as aspirin) or conventional therapy with adjunctive colchicine, following them for 18 months. […] Consequently, adjunctive colchicine therapy is now recommended for most patients with acute pericarditis for a duration of 3 to 6 months. […] Low-to-moderate doses of prednisone (0.20.5 mg/kg/d or equivalent) with a slow taper may be considered if NSAIDs or ASA and colchicine are contraindicated.

• #20 Pericarditis NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/pericarditis-nclex-review/

  Colchicine: decreases the inflammation (used in gout) dont take with grapefruit juice because this increases toxicity (nausea vomiting, abdominal pain, (can take it with or without food). […] Corticosteroids: used if patient not responding to other treatments Prednisone..decreases the inflammation. […] IV antibiotics for infection.

• #21 Pericarditis NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/pericarditis-nclex-review/

  Colchicine: decreases the inflammation (used in gout) dont take with grapefruit juice because this increases toxicity (nausea vomiting, abdominal pain, (can take it with or without food). […] Corticosteroids: used if patient not responding to other treatments Prednisone..decreases the inflammation. […] IV antibiotics for infection.

• #22 Management of acute pericarditis: treatment and follow-up

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Management-of-acute-pericarditis-treatment-and-follow-up

  Aspirin or NSAIDs are mainstays of therapy for acute pericarditis. […] Colchicine is recommended at low, weight-adjusted doses to improve the response to medical therapy and to prevent recurrences. […] Corticosteroids should be considered as a second option in patients with contraindications and failure of aspirin or NSAIDs because of the risk of favouring the chronic evolution of the disease and promoting drug dependence. […] Initial management of acute pericarditis should be focused on screening for specific causes which will determine the choice of therapy. Hospital admission is recommended for high-risk patients with acute pericarditis. Colchicine use is a first-line therapy for acute pericarditis as an adjunct to aspirin/NSAIDs therapy for three months. Corticosteroids are not recommended as first-line therapy for acute pericarditis as they appear to encourage recurrences. Serum CRP should be considered to guide the treatment length and assess the response to therapy. Evaluation of response to anti-inflammatory therapy is recommended after one week.

• #23 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Most patients will have idiopathic acute pericarditis, which can be safely managed on an outpatient basis with medical therapy alone. […] Patients exhibiting markers of poor prognosis or those who do not respond to therapy within 1 week should be admitted for further evaluation. […] In most patients, empiric treatment with high-dose anti-inflammatory agents, in addition to colchicine, is recommended. […] The COPE trial randomized 120 patients to receive either conventional therapy with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, also known as aspirin) or conventional therapy with adjunctive colchicine, following them for 18 months. […] Consequently, adjunctive colchicine therapy is now recommended for most patients with acute pericarditis for a duration of 3 to 6 months. […] Low-to-moderate doses of prednisone (0.20.5 mg/kg/d or equivalent) with a slow taper may be considered if NSAIDs or ASA and colchicine are contraindicated.

• #24 Acute Pericarditis Interventions – Inflammatory Heart Conditions for Nursing RN

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/inflammatory-heart-conditions-1407/acute-pericarditis-interventions_8069

  Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial pericarditis. […] The administration of colchicine and NSAIDs are used to help control the pain and inflammation related to acute pericarditis. An exception, however, is cases of pericarditis secondary to myocardial infarction, where only aspirin should be used. This is because aspirin is less likely to affect scar formation in the heart than are other NSAIDs. Since NSAIDs may cause gastrointestinal irritation, administer these drugs with food or milk. […] Since corticosteroids have various side effects, they are used selectively in patients with acute pericarditis. Corticosteroids are typically prescribed for patients with underlying rheumatologic or other autoimmune conditions already taking the medication. Corticosteroids may also be administered to relieve inflammation in patients who do not respond to NSAIDs.

• #25 Pericarditis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/pericarditis

  Antibiotics if your pericarditis is caused by a bacterial infection. […] If pericarditis causes fluid build-up around the heart, a surgery or other procedure may be needed to drain the fluid. […] Surgeries or other procedures to treat pericarditis include: Pericardiocentesis. In this procedure, a sterile needle or a small tube (catheter) is used to remove and drain the excess fluid from around the heart. […] Removal of the pericardium (pericardiectomy). The entire pericardium may need to be removed if the sac surrounding the heart is permanently stiff due to constrictive pericarditis. This surgery is only rarely required.

• #26 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  For corticosteroid-dependent recurrent pericarditis, steroid-sparing immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), or anakinra (an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) may be considered as third-line therapy. […] Diagnosing and managing pericarditis can be complex and is best accomplished through an interprofessional healthcare team that includes a cardiologist, radiologist, cardiac surgeon, infectious disease specialist, primary care provider, and nurse practitioner. […] Patients with uremic pericarditis require close follow-up, as recurrence of pericardial fluid and signs of pericarditis are common. […] A cardiology nurse should monitor these patients until all symptoms have resolved.

• #27 Center for Pericardial Diseases | Division of Cardiology

  https://www.columbiacardiology.org/patient-care/center-advanced-cardiac-care-heart-failure-lvad-transplant/conditions-and-treatments/center-pericardial-diseases

  The mainstay of therapy for idiopathic pericarditis involves anti-inflammatory medications to reduce pericardial inflammation and relieve pain. High doses of ibuprofen, aspirin, or other anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used for an extended duration. Colchicine is another frequently prescribed anti-inflammatory medication that helps reduce recurrences. In resistant or recurrent cases, corticosteroids may be used. Your provider may also discuss treatment with agents that reduce inflammation, such as Anakinra and Rilonacept, IVIG, and Azathioprine. Therapy for other causes of pericarditis varies and is targeted for the primary reason. […] At the Center for Pericardial Diseases, we’re committed to providing thorough, patient-centered care. From your initial evaluation to advanced treatments, our team works collaboratively to develop a personalized plan that addresses your unique needs. We’re here to guide you every step of the way toward improved health and well-being.

• #28 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis

  If you have severe symptoms that last longer than two weeks, or they clear up and then return, your healthcare provider may also prescribe an anti-inflammatory drug called colchicine (Colcrys or Gloperba). Colchicine can help control the inflammation and prevent pericarditis from returning weeks or even months later. […] If fluid builds up in your pericardium (pericardial effusion) and compresses your heart, you may need a procedure called pericardiocentesis. Your provider uses a long, thin tube called a catheter to drain the extra fluid. […] If your provider can’t drain the fluid with a needle, they’ll perform a minimally invasive surgical procedure called a pericardial window. They’ll make an opening in the pericardium through a small chest incision to drain fluid from your pericardium.

• #29 Acute Pericarditis Interventions – Inflammatory Heart Conditions for Nursing RN

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/inflammatory-heart-conditions-1407/acute-pericarditis-interventions_8069

  Placing the patient in an upright position with the head of the bed elevated at 45 degrees may help provide pain relief. Bed rest may also help relieve pain in patients with acute pericarditis. […] Pericardiocentesis is performed on patients with pericardial effusion, which can occur in pericarditis as inflammation leads to fluid extravasation into the pericardial space. Pericardial effusions can progress to cardiac tamponade or become infected in purulent pericarditis. A pericardiocentesis is a surgical procedure which can relieve cardiac pressure by inserting a needle into the pericardial space to remove fluid. Complications may include dysrhythmias, further cardiac tamponade, pneumothorax, and myocardial laceration. […] The patient with acute pericarditis may develop excess fluid in the pericardial space, leading to pericardial effusion and potentially cardiac tamponade. In severe cases, a surgical procedure can be performed where a „window” is cut through the pericardium to allow drainage of excess fluid from the pericardium to the peritoneum or chest area.

• #30 Pericarditis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/pericarditis

  Antibiotics if your pericarditis is caused by a bacterial infection. […] If pericarditis causes fluid build-up around the heart, a surgery or other procedure may be needed to drain the fluid. […] Surgeries or other procedures to treat pericarditis include: Pericardiocentesis. In this procedure, a sterile needle or a small tube (catheter) is used to remove and drain the excess fluid from around the heart. […] Removal of the pericardium (pericardiectomy). The entire pericardium may need to be removed if the sac surrounding the heart is permanently stiff due to constrictive pericarditis. This surgery is only rarely required.

• #31 Pericarditis

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/november/pericarditis

  Cardiac tamponade occurs when the abnormal accumulation of pericardial fluid creates pressure and causes impairment in diastolic filling of the heart. […] The development of cardiac tamponade is not dependent on the quantity of fluid accumulated, but rather on the rate of fluid accumulation in the pericardium. […] Pulsus paradoxus is one of the key clinical features of cardiac tamponade, when measured correctly. […] Moderate-to-large pericardial effusions that result in symptoms should be drained if medical management has failed. […] Another indication for drainage is for diagnostic purposes, such as evaluation of malignant cells, cytology for tuberculosis or cultures for bacteria. […] Pericardial effusion can recur and repeat imaging is important to prevent another cardiac tamponade.

• #32 Acute Pericarditis Interventions – Inflammatory Heart Conditions for Nursing RN

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/inflammatory-heart-conditions-1407/acute-pericarditis-interventions_8069

  Placing the patient in an upright position with the head of the bed elevated at 45 degrees may help provide pain relief. Bed rest may also help relieve pain in patients with acute pericarditis. […] Pericardiocentesis is performed on patients with pericardial effusion, which can occur in pericarditis as inflammation leads to fluid extravasation into the pericardial space. Pericardial effusions can progress to cardiac tamponade or become infected in purulent pericarditis. A pericardiocentesis is a surgical procedure which can relieve cardiac pressure by inserting a needle into the pericardial space to remove fluid. Complications may include dysrhythmias, further cardiac tamponade, pneumothorax, and myocardial laceration. […] The patient with acute pericarditis may develop excess fluid in the pericardial space, leading to pericardial effusion and potentially cardiac tamponade. In severe cases, a surgical procedure can be performed where a „window” is cut through the pericardium to allow drainage of excess fluid from the pericardium to the peritoneum or chest area.

• #33 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis

  If you have severe symptoms that last longer than two weeks, or they clear up and then return, your healthcare provider may also prescribe an anti-inflammatory drug called colchicine (Colcrys or Gloperba). Colchicine can help control the inflammation and prevent pericarditis from returning weeks or even months later. […] If fluid builds up in your pericardium (pericardial effusion) and compresses your heart, you may need a procedure called pericardiocentesis. Your provider uses a long, thin tube called a catheter to drain the extra fluid. […] If your provider can’t drain the fluid with a needle, they’ll perform a minimally invasive surgical procedure called a pericardial window. They’ll make an opening in the pericardium through a small chest incision to drain fluid from your pericardium.

• #34 Acute Pericarditis Interventions – Inflammatory Heart Conditions for Nursing RN

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/inflammatory-heart-conditions-1407/acute-pericarditis-interventions_8069

  Placing the patient in an upright position with the head of the bed elevated at 45 degrees may help provide pain relief. Bed rest may also help relieve pain in patients with acute pericarditis. […] Pericardiocentesis is performed on patients with pericardial effusion, which can occur in pericarditis as inflammation leads to fluid extravasation into the pericardial space. Pericardial effusions can progress to cardiac tamponade or become infected in purulent pericarditis. A pericardiocentesis is a surgical procedure which can relieve cardiac pressure by inserting a needle into the pericardial space to remove fluid. Complications may include dysrhythmias, further cardiac tamponade, pneumothorax, and myocardial laceration. […] The patient with acute pericarditis may develop excess fluid in the pericardial space, leading to pericardial effusion and potentially cardiac tamponade. In severe cases, a surgical procedure can be performed where a „window” is cut through the pericardium to allow drainage of excess fluid from the pericardium to the peritoneum or chest area.

• #35 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis

  If you have constrictive pericarditis, you may need to have some of your pericardium removed. This surgery is called a pericardiectomy. […] You should respond to treatment within a week, but you could be taking medicine for two weeks. Recovery from surgery takes longer. It can take weeks or months for a full recovery from pericarditis. […] It’s important to keep taking the medicines your healthcare provider prescribed and to keep all follow-up appointments you have with your provider. […] If you get prompt treatment for pericarditis, you’ll most likely make a full recovery. Continuing with your treatment can help you prevent pericarditis from happening again. That’s why it’s important to keep taking prescribed medicines and go to all of your follow-up appointments.

• #36 Pericarditis | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/pericarditis

  Antibiotics if your pericarditis is caused by a bacterial infection. […] If pericarditis causes fluid build-up around the heart, a surgery or other procedure may be needed to drain the fluid. […] Surgeries or other procedures to treat pericarditis include: Pericardiocentesis. In this procedure, a sterile needle or a small tube (catheter) is used to remove and drain the excess fluid from around the heart. […] Removal of the pericardium (pericardiectomy). The entire pericardium may need to be removed if the sac surrounding the heart is permanently stiff due to constrictive pericarditis. This surgery is only rarely required.

• #37 Pericarditis / nursing care | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pericarditis-nursing-care/236956133

  Pericarditis is an inflammatory process of the pericardium caused by injury to pericardial cells. […] Nursing care focuses on rest, monitoring for complications, administering medications, and health education. […] The patient is placed on bed rest until the fever, chest pain, and friction rub have subsided. […] Nursing management includes adequate rest and sleep, assisting the patient with daily activities if necessary, hemodynamic monitoring of patients, oxygen to prevent tissue hypoxia, administration of drugs as ordered, and keeping a pericardiocentesis tray handy if you suspect pericardial effusion. […] Health education on follow-up care is also important.

• #38 Pericarditis. Nursing care makes the difference – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2222737/

  Nursing care of the patient with pericarditis, a commonly seen syndrome in the clinical setting, is discussed in this article. […] Goals of nursing care include management of pain, maintenance of adequate cardiac output, and provision of support to manage anxiety and fear. […] Interventions to meet the goals, as well as outcome criteria, are identified.

• #39 Pericarditis Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/pericarditis-nursing-diagnosis/

  Assess heart sounds and rhythm, Monitor vital signs, Check for signs of cardiac tamponade, Evaluate peripheral circulation, Document chest pain characteristics. […] Monitor for signs of cardiac tamponade, Assess for arrhythmias, Watch for signs of constrictive pericarditis, Check for fever and infection signs, Monitor for medication side effects. […] The patient will report decreased pain levels, The patient will demonstrate improved comfort, The patient will maintain optimal positioning. […] The patient will maintain stable hemodynamics, The patient will demonstrate adequate tissue perfusion, The patient will avoid complications. […] The patient will demonstrate improved activity tolerance, The patient will maintain an energy balance, The patient will perform ADLs without undue fatigue.

• #40 Pericarditis – Nurses Revision

  https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/acute-pericarditis/

  Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium. […] Treatment options for pericarditis rely on the cause of the disease. However, some cases may not need any treatment and may resolve on its own. […] Some drugs are used to help manage the symptoms of pericarditis. […] Analgesics pain killers are often given to cope with the pain associated with pericarditis. […] Corticosteroids are often given in pericarditis to settle the inflammation of the pericardium. […] Monitor patient pain level and evaluate pain within 30 minutes. […] Administer prescribed pain medication such as morphine to relieve pain. […] Monitor the patient pain level and effectiveness of analgesics. […] Provide a comfortable position (sit up and lean forward). […] Check vital sign and record it continuously.

• #41

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=5255829&Journal_ID=646631&Issue_ID=5255745

  Acute pericarditis is an inflammatory disorder that contributes to chest pain admissions in the emergency department (ED). Nursing professionals can play a vital role in the differential, triage and management of acute pericarditis in the ED. […] Nursing professionals are also pivotal in monitoring pharmacotherapy with respect to safety and efficacy. Overall, the nursing professional can facilitate timely administration and monitoring of medications, provide patient education, promote adherence, and assist in transitions of care for patients diagnosed with acute idiopathic (viral) pericarditis in the ED. […] Nursing professionals can assist in procuring the necessary subjective and objective information that can be useful in identifying patients with a diagnosis of AIP in the ED. […] The nursing professional can also monitor the efficacy of anti-inflammatory therapies by patient-reported improvement of symptoms, as well as signs of pericarditis to include a decrease in hs-CRP concentrations, resolution of ECG changes, and/or amelioration of pericardial friction rub. […] Overall, nursing professionals have the opportunity to initiate pharmacotherapy for AIP in the ED, helping ensure patient’s tolerance to combination therapy, which can ultimately facilitate optimizing pain control, as well as decreasing the risk of recurrence.

• #42 Pericarditis – Nurses Revision

  https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/acute-pericarditis/

  Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium. […] Treatment options for pericarditis rely on the cause of the disease. However, some cases may not need any treatment and may resolve on its own. […] Some drugs are used to help manage the symptoms of pericarditis. […] Analgesics pain killers are often given to cope with the pain associated with pericarditis. […] Corticosteroids are often given in pericarditis to settle the inflammation of the pericardium. […] Monitor patient pain level and evaluate pain within 30 minutes. […] Administer prescribed pain medication such as morphine to relieve pain. […] Monitor the patient pain level and effectiveness of analgesics. […] Provide a comfortable position (sit up and lean forward). […] Check vital sign and record it continuously.

• #43 Pericarditis Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/pericarditis-nursing-diagnosis/

  Assess heart sounds and rhythm, Monitor vital signs, Check for signs of cardiac tamponade, Evaluate peripheral circulation, Document chest pain characteristics. […] Monitor for signs of cardiac tamponade, Assess for arrhythmias, Watch for signs of constrictive pericarditis, Check for fever and infection signs, Monitor for medication side effects. […] The patient will report decreased pain levels, The patient will demonstrate improved comfort, The patient will maintain optimal positioning. […] The patient will maintain stable hemodynamics, The patient will demonstrate adequate tissue perfusion, The patient will avoid complications. […] The patient will demonstrate improved activity tolerance, The patient will maintain an energy balance, The patient will perform ADLs without undue fatigue.

• #44 Pericarditis – RNpedia

  https://www.rnpedia.com/nursing-notes/medical-surgical-nursing-notes/pericarditis/

  Pericarditis is an inflammation and/ or infectious process of the pericardium, the sac that contains the heart. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Ineffective breathing pattern related to acute pain secondary to inflammation and aggravated by position and inspiration. […] Patient Monitoring: Assess pain using patients self-report when possible. A self-report rating scale assesses intensity of pain. […] Patient Management: Administer pharmacologic agents such as ibuprofen and indomethacin, as ordered to reduce inflammation and pain. […] Stay with the patient, providing a calm, quiet environment. […] Assist the patient to maintain a position of comfort. […] Ensure activity restrictions while the patient is asymptomatic, febrile, or if friction rubs is present. […] Promote pulmonary hygiene to prevent risk of atelectasis.

• #45 Pericarditis NCLEX Review

  https://www.registerednursern.com/pericarditis-nclex-review/

  Patients who have pericarditis are experiencing inflammation of the pericardium layer of the heart. […] When taking care of a patient with pericarditis, it is very important the nurse knows how to recognize the typical signs and symptoms seen in this condition, the types of pericarditis, treatments, nursing interventions, and patient education. […] Nursing Interventions for Pericarditis: Mild cases: just needs rest and it will go away on its own. […] Assess patients pain (very painful). […] Keep patient in high Fowlers position (avoid supine) because this relieves pain. […] Monitor for Cardiac Tamponade (fluid compressing the heart): […] Administer medications as prescribed by physician: […] Aspirin OR […] NSAIDS (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications) Ibuprofen watch for GI bleeding..take with a full glass of water.

• #46 Pericarditis – Nurses Revision

  https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/acute-pericarditis/

  If surgical intervention needed, provide psychological support and prepare for surgery. […] Ensure bed rest until fever, chest pain and friction rub disappear. […] Administer medication as order-such as NSAIDs and steroids with food. […] Reassure patient that chest pain is not a Myocardial Infarction. […] Check sign and symptoms for cardiac tamponade at least 8 hourly and PRN. […] Surgery: open surgical drainage is usually the treatment of choice for cardiac tamponade. […] Hyperthermia related to the disease process of bacterial pericarditis evidenced by temperature of 38.0 degrees Celsius, rapid breathing, profuse sweating, and chills. […] Decreased cardiac output related to pericarditis as evidenced by fatigue and inability to do Activities of Daily Living as normal. […] Acute Pain related to inflammatory process of bacterial pericarditis evidenced by chest pain score of 10 out of 10, guarding sign, and shortness of breath.

• #47 Management of acute pericarditis: treatment and follow-up

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Management-of-acute-pericarditis-treatment-and-follow-up

  Acute pericarditis is a self-limiting disease without significant complications or recurrences in 70% to 90% of patients. If the laboratory data support the clinical diagnosis, symptomatic treatment with aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with gastroprotection should be initiated. Colchicine is recommended first-line therapy as an adjunct to aspirin/NSAIDs. […] The initial evaluation should be focused on screening for specific risk factors that would alter the appropriate treatment. […] Patients without signs and symptoms of systemic inflammatory disease can be managed as outpatients with empiric anti-inflammatories and short-term follow-up after one week to assess the response to treatment. […] The first non-pharmacological recommendation is to restrict physical activity to no more than is usual for patients not involved in competitive sports until symptoms have been resolved and the diagnostic tests normalised (i.e. CRP, ECG and echocardiogram).

• #48 Pericarditis – Nurses Revision

  https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/acute-pericarditis/

  If surgical intervention needed, provide psychological support and prepare for surgery. […] Ensure bed rest until fever, chest pain and friction rub disappear. […] Administer medication as order-such as NSAIDs and steroids with food. […] Reassure patient that chest pain is not a Myocardial Infarction. […] Check sign and symptoms for cardiac tamponade at least 8 hourly and PRN. […] Surgery: open surgical drainage is usually the treatment of choice for cardiac tamponade. […] Hyperthermia related to the disease process of bacterial pericarditis evidenced by temperature of 38.0 degrees Celsius, rapid breathing, profuse sweating, and chills. […] Decreased cardiac output related to pericarditis as evidenced by fatigue and inability to do Activities of Daily Living as normal. […] Acute Pain related to inflammatory process of bacterial pericarditis evidenced by chest pain score of 10 out of 10, guarding sign, and shortness of breath.

• #49 Pericarditis / nursing care | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pericarditis-nursing-care/236956133

  Pericarditis is an inflammatory process of the pericardium caused by injury to pericardial cells. […] Nursing care focuses on rest, monitoring for complications, administering medications, and health education. […] The patient is placed on bed rest until the fever, chest pain, and friction rub have subsided. […] Nursing management includes adequate rest and sleep, assisting the patient with daily activities if necessary, hemodynamic monitoring of patients, oxygen to prevent tissue hypoxia, administration of drugs as ordered, and keeping a pericardiocentesis tray handy if you suspect pericardial effusion. […] Health education on follow-up care is also important.

• #50 Pericarditis – Nurses Revision

  https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/acute-pericarditis/

  If surgical intervention needed, provide psychological support and prepare for surgery. […] Ensure bed rest until fever, chest pain and friction rub disappear. […] Administer medication as order-such as NSAIDs and steroids with food. […] Reassure patient that chest pain is not a Myocardial Infarction. […] Check sign and symptoms for cardiac tamponade at least 8 hourly and PRN. […] Surgery: open surgical drainage is usually the treatment of choice for cardiac tamponade. […] Hyperthermia related to the disease process of bacterial pericarditis evidenced by temperature of 38.0 degrees Celsius, rapid breathing, profuse sweating, and chills. […] Decreased cardiac output related to pericarditis as evidenced by fatigue and inability to do Activities of Daily Living as normal. […] Acute Pain related to inflammatory process of bacterial pericarditis evidenced by chest pain score of 10 out of 10, guarding sign, and shortness of breath.

• #51 Acute Pericarditis Interventions – Inflammatory Heart Conditions for Nursing RN

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/inflammatory-heart-conditions-1407/acute-pericarditis-interventions_8069

  Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial pericarditis. […] The administration of colchicine and NSAIDs are used to help control the pain and inflammation related to acute pericarditis. An exception, however, is cases of pericarditis secondary to myocardial infarction, where only aspirin should be used. This is because aspirin is less likely to affect scar formation in the heart than are other NSAIDs. Since NSAIDs may cause gastrointestinal irritation, administer these drugs with food or milk. […] Since corticosteroids have various side effects, they are used selectively in patients with acute pericarditis. Corticosteroids are typically prescribed for patients with underlying rheumatologic or other autoimmune conditions already taking the medication. Corticosteroids may also be administered to relieve inflammation in patients who do not respond to NSAIDs.

• #52

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=5255829&Journal_ID=646631&Issue_ID=5255745

  Acute pericarditis is an inflammatory disorder that contributes to chest pain admissions in the emergency department (ED). Nursing professionals can play a vital role in the differential, triage and management of acute pericarditis in the ED. […] Nursing professionals are also pivotal in monitoring pharmacotherapy with respect to safety and efficacy. Overall, the nursing professional can facilitate timely administration and monitoring of medications, provide patient education, promote adherence, and assist in transitions of care for patients diagnosed with acute idiopathic (viral) pericarditis in the ED. […] Nursing professionals can assist in procuring the necessary subjective and objective information that can be useful in identifying patients with a diagnosis of AIP in the ED. […] The nursing professional can also monitor the efficacy of anti-inflammatory therapies by patient-reported improvement of symptoms, as well as signs of pericarditis to include a decrease in hs-CRP concentrations, resolution of ECG changes, and/or amelioration of pericardial friction rub. […] Overall, nursing professionals have the opportunity to initiate pharmacotherapy for AIP in the ED, helping ensure patient’s tolerance to combination therapy, which can ultimately facilitate optimizing pain control, as well as decreasing the risk of recurrence.

• #53 Pericarditis Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan – NurseStudy.Net

  https://nursestudy.net/pericarditis-nursing-diagnosis/

  The patient will demonstrate reduced anxiety, The patient will use effective coping strategies, The patient will verbalize understanding of the condition. […] The patient will remain free from infection, The patient will demonstrate infection prevention measures, The patient will identify early infection signs.

• #54 Pericarditis – Nurses Revision

  https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/acute-pericarditis/

  If surgical intervention needed, provide psychological support and prepare for surgery. […] Ensure bed rest until fever, chest pain and friction rub disappear. […] Administer medication as order-such as NSAIDs and steroids with food. […] Reassure patient that chest pain is not a Myocardial Infarction. […] Check sign and symptoms for cardiac tamponade at least 8 hourly and PRN. […] Surgery: open surgical drainage is usually the treatment of choice for cardiac tamponade. […] Hyperthermia related to the disease process of bacterial pericarditis evidenced by temperature of 38.0 degrees Celsius, rapid breathing, profuse sweating, and chills. […] Decreased cardiac output related to pericarditis as evidenced by fatigue and inability to do Activities of Daily Living as normal. […] Acute Pain related to inflammatory process of bacterial pericarditis evidenced by chest pain score of 10 out of 10, guarding sign, and shortness of breath.

• #55 Pericarditis – Nurses Revision

  https://nursesrevisionuganda.com/acute-pericarditis/

  Activity intolerance related to acute chest pain as evidenced by fatigue, disinterest in activities of daily living due to pain, verbalization of tiredness and generalized weakness. […] Anxiety related to threat to body image as evidenced decreased energy, irritability, crying, feelings of helplessness.

• #56 Pericarditis / nursing care | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/pericarditis-nursing-care/236956133

  Pericarditis is an inflammatory process of the pericardium caused by injury to pericardial cells. […] Nursing care focuses on rest, monitoring for complications, administering medications, and health education. […] The patient is placed on bed rest until the fever, chest pain, and friction rub have subsided. […] Nursing management includes adequate rest and sleep, assisting the patient with daily activities if necessary, hemodynamic monitoring of patients, oxygen to prevent tissue hypoxia, administration of drugs as ordered, and keeping a pericardiocentesis tray handy if you suspect pericardial effusion. […] Health education on follow-up care is also important.

• #57 Pericarditis: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.pericarditis-care-instructions.uh3891

  Pericarditis often heals on its own. It usually does not cause any more problems. Most people get better within a couple of weeks. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Watch for the return of your symptoms. Sometimes pericarditis can come back after it has gone away. […] Be safe with medicines. Take your medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. […] Get plenty of rest until you feel better, especially if you have a fever. […] Avoid exercise and strenuous activity that has not been approved by your doctor. Ask your doctor when you can be active again. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You do not get better as expected.

• #58

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh3891

  Watch for the return of your original symptoms. Sometimes pericarditis can come back after it has gone away. […] Take your medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. […] Get plenty of rest until you feel better, especially if you have a fever. […] Avoid exercise and strenuous activity that has not been approved by your doctor. Ask your doctor when you can be active again. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You are dizzy or light-headed, or you feel like you may faint. You have trouble breathing. You have a new or higher fever. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You do not get better as expected.

• #59 Pericarditis: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.pericarditis-care-instructions.uh3891

  Pericarditis often heals on its own. It usually does not cause any more problems. Most people get better within a couple of weeks. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Watch for the return of your symptoms. Sometimes pericarditis can come back after it has gone away. […] Be safe with medicines. Take your medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. […] Get plenty of rest until you feel better, especially if you have a fever. […] Avoid exercise and strenuous activity that has not been approved by your doctor. Ask your doctor when you can be active again. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You do not get better as expected.

• #60

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh3891

  Watch for the return of your original symptoms. Sometimes pericarditis can come back after it has gone away. […] Take your medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. […] Get plenty of rest until you feel better, especially if you have a fever. […] Avoid exercise and strenuous activity that has not been approved by your doctor. Ask your doctor when you can be active again. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You are dizzy or light-headed, or you feel like you may faint. You have trouble breathing. You have a new or higher fever. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You do not get better as expected.

• #61 Management of acute pericarditis: treatment and follow-up

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Management-of-acute-pericarditis-treatment-and-follow-up

  Acute pericarditis is a self-limiting disease without significant complications or recurrences in 70% to 90% of patients. If the laboratory data support the clinical diagnosis, symptomatic treatment with aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with gastroprotection should be initiated. Colchicine is recommended first-line therapy as an adjunct to aspirin/NSAIDs. […] The initial evaluation should be focused on screening for specific risk factors that would alter the appropriate treatment. […] Patients without signs and symptoms of systemic inflammatory disease can be managed as outpatients with empiric anti-inflammatories and short-term follow-up after one week to assess the response to treatment. […] The first non-pharmacological recommendation is to restrict physical activity to no more than is usual for patients not involved in competitive sports until symptoms have been resolved and the diagnostic tests normalised (i.e. CRP, ECG and echocardiogram).

• #62 Pericarditis

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/november/pericarditis

  Typical viral pericarditis is frequently preceded by a self-limiting respiratory or gastrointestinal illness. […] If clinical concern of non-viral pericarditis or HIV pericarditis is present, referral to a cardiologist and other appropriate subspecialists should be made. […] The mainstay of treatment for acute pericarditis is pain relief and resolution of inflammation. […] When no contraindications exist, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are recommended. […] The use of glucocorticoids is controversial. […] A simple lifestyle factor such as activity restriction, especially in cases of athletes, is important as well. […] Refraining from strenuous activity until symptom resolution is recommended for all patients, and for at least three months after resolution of symptoms for competitive athletes.

• #63

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh3891

  Watch for the return of your original symptoms. Sometimes pericarditis can come back after it has gone away. […] Take your medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. […] Get plenty of rest until you feel better, especially if you have a fever. […] Avoid exercise and strenuous activity that has not been approved by your doctor. Ask your doctor when you can be active again. […] Call your doctor or nurse advice line now or seek immediate medical care if: You are dizzy or light-headed, or you feel like you may faint. You have trouble breathing. You have a new or higher fever. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You do not get better as expected.

• #64 Management of acute pericarditis: treatment and follow-up

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Management-of-acute-pericarditis-treatment-and-follow-up

  Aspirin or NSAIDs are mainstays of therapy for acute pericarditis. […] Colchicine is recommended at low, weight-adjusted doses to improve the response to medical therapy and to prevent recurrences. […] Corticosteroids should be considered as a second option in patients with contraindications and failure of aspirin or NSAIDs because of the risk of favouring the chronic evolution of the disease and promoting drug dependence. […] Initial management of acute pericarditis should be focused on screening for specific causes which will determine the choice of therapy. Hospital admission is recommended for high-risk patients with acute pericarditis. Colchicine use is a first-line therapy for acute pericarditis as an adjunct to aspirin/NSAIDs therapy for three months. Corticosteroids are not recommended as first-line therapy for acute pericarditis as they appear to encourage recurrences. Serum CRP should be considered to guide the treatment length and assess the response to therapy. Evaluation of response to anti-inflammatory therapy is recommended after one week.

• #65 Pericarditis: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.pericarditis-care-instructions.uh3891

  Pericarditis often heals on its own. It usually does not cause any more problems. Most people get better within a couple of weeks. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Watch for the return of your symptoms. Sometimes pericarditis can come back after it has gone away. […] Be safe with medicines. Take your medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. […] Get plenty of rest until you feel better, especially if you have a fever. […] Avoid exercise and strenuous activity that has not been approved by your doctor. Ask your doctor when you can be active again. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor if: You do not get better as expected.

• #66 Management of acute pericarditis: treatment and follow-up

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Management-of-acute-pericarditis-treatment-and-follow-up

  Aspirin or NSAIDs are mainstays of therapy for acute pericarditis. […] Colchicine is recommended at low, weight-adjusted doses to improve the response to medical therapy and to prevent recurrences. […] Corticosteroids should be considered as a second option in patients with contraindications and failure of aspirin or NSAIDs because of the risk of favouring the chronic evolution of the disease and promoting drug dependence. […] Initial management of acute pericarditis should be focused on screening for specific causes which will determine the choice of therapy. Hospital admission is recommended for high-risk patients with acute pericarditis. Colchicine use is a first-line therapy for acute pericarditis as an adjunct to aspirin/NSAIDs therapy for three months. Corticosteroids are not recommended as first-line therapy for acute pericarditis as they appear to encourage recurrences. Serum CRP should be considered to guide the treatment length and assess the response to therapy. Evaluation of response to anti-inflammatory therapy is recommended after one week.

• #67 Pericarditis: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pericarditis

  In most cases, pericarditis is mild and will clear up on its own with simple treatment, like anti-inflammatory medications and rest. That said, if you have other medical risks, your doctor may initially treat you in the hospital. […] Recovery from pericarditis takes time. It may take weeks for symptoms to completely resolve in some cases. […] Most cases of pericarditis are mild and without complications. However, there can be complications with chronic pericarditis, including fluid buildup and constriction or scarring of the pericardium. […] Treatments for these complications are available, including surgery. Research about medical treatment options is ongoing. […] If pericarditis becomes chronic, you may need to continue taking NSAIDs or other drugs. Full recovery can take up to 5 to 7 years for those with multiple recurrences. Interleukin-1 inhibitors may prevent flares of your pericarditis from coming back again. […] Seek help right away if you have any type of chest pain, as it can be a sign of something more serious.

• #68 Management of acute pericarditis: treatment and follow-up

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Management-of-acute-pericarditis-treatment-and-follow-up

  Acute pericarditis is a self-limiting disease without significant complications or recurrences in 70% to 90% of patients. If the laboratory data support the clinical diagnosis, symptomatic treatment with aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with gastroprotection should be initiated. Colchicine is recommended first-line therapy as an adjunct to aspirin/NSAIDs. […] The initial evaluation should be focused on screening for specific risk factors that would alter the appropriate treatment. […] Patients without signs and symptoms of systemic inflammatory disease can be managed as outpatients with empiric anti-inflammatories and short-term follow-up after one week to assess the response to treatment. […] The first non-pharmacological recommendation is to restrict physical activity to no more than is usual for patients not involved in competitive sports until symptoms have been resolved and the diagnostic tests normalised (i.e. CRP, ECG and echocardiogram).

• #69

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh3891

  Pericarditis occurs when the membrane that surrounds the heart and its major blood vessels becomes inflamed. In most cases, the cause of pericarditis is not known. It can be caused by a virus, a heart attack, chest injury, or another illness. Pericarditis causes sharp chest pain, which gets worse when you lie down or take a deep breath. The pain gets better if you lean forward or sit up. […] Pericarditis often heals on its own and usually does not cause any further problems. Most people recover within a couple of weeks. […] Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take.

• #70 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis

  If you have constrictive pericarditis, you may need to have some of your pericardium removed. This surgery is called a pericardiectomy. […] You should respond to treatment within a week, but you could be taking medicine for two weeks. Recovery from surgery takes longer. It can take weeks or months for a full recovery from pericarditis. […] It’s important to keep taking the medicines your healthcare provider prescribed and to keep all follow-up appointments you have with your provider. […] If you get prompt treatment for pericarditis, you’ll most likely make a full recovery. Continuing with your treatment can help you prevent pericarditis from happening again. That’s why it’s important to keep taking prescribed medicines and go to all of your follow-up appointments.

• #71 Acute Pericarditis Assessment – Inflammatory Heart Conditions for Nursing RN

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/inflammatory-heart-conditions-1407/acute-pericarditis-assessment_2161

  Pericardial effusion is a complication related to acute pericarditis. The build-up of fluid in the pericardium may compress surrounding structures such as the heart, lungs, laryngeal nerve, and phrenic nerve. Cardiac tamponade is an acute type of pericardial effusion that compresses the heart. Symptoms include chest pain, confusion, anxiety, restlessness, tachypnea, and tachycardia. Increased compression of the heart causes decreased cardiac output, muffled heart sounds, and narrowed pulse pressure. The patient may develop pulsus paradoxus, which is a decrease in systolic blood pressure during inspiration.

• #72 Tip and tricks for acute pericarditis

  https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-for-Cardiology-Practice-(CCP)/Cardiopractice/tip-and-tricks-for-acute-pericarditis

  Patients at low-risk can be managed as outpatients. […] An evaluation of the patients response to anti-inflammatory therapy is recommended after 1 week. […] A mild idiopathic effusion (10 mm) is usually asymptomatic, generally has a good prognosis and does not require further monitoring. […] Therapy should be continued according to the timelines shown in the Central illustration. […] A serology assessment should be done periodically and may confirm the resolution of the disease. […] Therapy should be continued over the suggested timelines if normalisation doesn’t occur. […] Although colchicine has earned an essential role in idiopathic pericarditis treatment in recent times, it entails important side effects and toxicity. […] In patients with recurrent or constrictive pericarditis or in those dependent on corticosteroids, targeted therapies with IL-1 blockers or other immunomodulators represent promising therapies.

• #73 Acute Pericarditis Assessment – Inflammatory Heart Conditions for Nursing RN

  https://www.picmonic.com/pathways/nursing/courses/standard/medical-surgical-nursing-pathophysiology-296/inflammatory-heart-conditions-1407/acute-pericarditis-assessment_2161

  Pericardial effusion is a complication related to acute pericarditis. The build-up of fluid in the pericardium may compress surrounding structures such as the heart, lungs, laryngeal nerve, and phrenic nerve. Cardiac tamponade is an acute type of pericardial effusion that compresses the heart. Symptoms include chest pain, confusion, anxiety, restlessness, tachypnea, and tachycardia. Increased compression of the heart causes decreased cardiac output, muffled heart sounds, and narrowed pulse pressure. The patient may develop pulsus paradoxus, which is a decrease in systolic blood pressure during inspiration.

• #74 Pericarditis

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/november/pericarditis

  Cardiac tamponade occurs when the abnormal accumulation of pericardial fluid creates pressure and causes impairment in diastolic filling of the heart. […] The development of cardiac tamponade is not dependent on the quantity of fluid accumulated, but rather on the rate of fluid accumulation in the pericardium. […] Pulsus paradoxus is one of the key clinical features of cardiac tamponade, when measured correctly. […] Moderate-to-large pericardial effusions that result in symptoms should be drained if medical management has failed. […] Another indication for drainage is for diagnostic purposes, such as evaluation of malignant cells, cytology for tuberculosis or cultures for bacteria. […] Pericardial effusion can recur and repeat imaging is important to prevent another cardiac tamponade.

• #75 Pericarditis I Ohio State Medical Center

  https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/heart-vascular/heart-failure/pericarditis

  When the pericardial sac is inflamed, the two layers of the sac rub against each other, causing chest pain. […] The condition can clear up without treatment, or it can last weeks to months. […] Symptoms can include chest pain. Other symptoms include difficulty catching your breath when lying down, a low fever and fatigue. […] Pericarditis can result in damage to the pericardium, causing rigidity that prevents the heart from proper function. This is called constrictive pericarditis. […] Physicians may prescribe medication to reduce pain and inflammation from pericarditis. […] Cases that are caused by bacterial infection will require antibiotic treatment. […] If symptoms persist, they may require treatment with corticosteroids and a medication called colchicine. […] Cardiac tamponade is a serious complication of pericarditis. It is treated with pericardiocentesis. […] Constrictive pericarditis is another dangerous complication of pericarditis. Pericardiectomy is the surgical procedure that may be required to remove rigid areas of the pericardium.

• #76

  https://step2.medbullets.com/cardiovascular/120028/pericarditis

  Pericarditis is a condition that results from inflammation of the pericardium characterized by sharp pain worsened by inhalation. It is most often idiopathic, but often due to viral illness, myocardial infarction, or radiation therapy. Patients present with pleuritic chest pain, usually relieved by sitting forward. […] Treatment is usually pain relief, NSAIDs, and addressing the underlying cause. Operative treatment is indicated when there is an ineffective pharmacological response and in patients with chronic disease. […] Goals of treatment include reducing inflammation and resolving underlying causes. […] Medical treatment typically involves pharmacological options such as NSAIDs, colchicine, steroids, and immunosuppressants. […] Pericardiocentesis with pericardial fluid analysis is indicated for large effusions and cardiac tamponade. […] Surgical treatment, such as pericardiectomy, is reserved for constrictive pericarditis exhibiting symptoms of heart failure.

• #77 Recurrent Pericarditis: A Collaborative Initiative to Improve Patient Care

  https://www.myocarditisfoundation.org/recurrent-pericarditis-care-initiative/

  Recurrent pericarditis, a condition affecting approximately 40,000 people in the United States, involves inflammation of the pericardium, the protective sac surrounding the heart. This condition can cause chest pain and, in some cases, lead to fluid buildup around the heart, which can severely impact a patient’s health and well-being. […] To address this critical issue, the Myocarditis Foundation is proud to highlight an initiative aimed at enhancing care and outcomes for those suffering from recurrent pericarditis. This three-year initiative, supported by Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals and the American Heart Association, is designed to equip healthcare providers with the latest science and best practices to improve diagnosis and treatment. The initiative will also create patient-focused resources that educate and empower those affected by this often-overlooked condition.

• #78 Recurrent Pericarditis: A Collaborative Initiative to Improve Patient Care

  https://www.myocarditisfoundation.org/recurrent-pericarditis-care-initiative/

  Recurrent pericarditis often goes undiagnosed or is not adequately treated, which can significantly affect a patient’s emotional and physical health. By improving awareness and treatment methods, this initiative seeks to reduce the burden on patients and enhance their quality of life. […] These hospitals will be instrumental in improving the quality of care for patients through shared knowledge and resources. By working closely with healthcare professionals across the nation, the initiative will ensure that patients with recurrent pericarditis have access to expert care and the best possible outcomes. […] The Myocarditis Foundation is committed to improving the lives of individuals impacted by heart conditions like recurrent pericarditis. Through education, advocacy, and collaboration with leading healthcare institutions, we aim to bring more attention to this condition and ensure patients receive the care they need.

• #79 Recurrent Pericarditis: AHA Initiative Aims to Improve Care – The Cardiology Advisor

  https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/features/recurrent-pericarditis-aha-initiative/

  For the estimated 40,000 adults with recurrent pericarditis in the United States, a new initiative announced by the American Heart Association (AHA) may lead to better outcomes by reducing treatment barriers for patients and educating providers about current science and best practices in pericarditis management. […] Noting that recurrent pericarditis often goes undiagnosed and untreated, the AHA recently announced a 3-year plan to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and quality of life in this patient population. […] The Addressing Recurrent Pericarditis initiative will reportedly address barriers in pericarditis care, educate health care providers, and develop tailored educational resources for patients. […] Treatments have changed a lot recently, and what doctors did just a few years ago might now be considered harmful to patients, which is another reason why we are working on this initiative to educate health care professionals about recurrent pericarditis and ensure they know how to use the right diagnosis and treatment methods.

• #80 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  For corticosteroid-dependent recurrent pericarditis, steroid-sparing immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), or anakinra (an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) may be considered as third-line therapy. […] Diagnosing and managing pericarditis can be complex and is best accomplished through an interprofessional healthcare team that includes a cardiologist, radiologist, cardiac surgeon, infectious disease specialist, primary care provider, and nurse practitioner. […] Patients with uremic pericarditis require close follow-up, as recurrence of pericardial fluid and signs of pericarditis are common. […] A cardiology nurse should monitor these patients until all symptoms have resolved.

• #81 Pericarditis – Care at Mayo Clinic – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pericarditis/care-at-mayo-clinic/mac-20352517

  Mayo Clinic doctors trained in heart disease (cardiologists) and doctors trained in heart surgery (cardiovascular surgeons) evaluate and treat people with pericarditis. Your care team may also include imaging specialists called radiologists and doctors trained in cardiac catheterization and a wide range of other specialties. […] Mayo cardiologists, cardiovascular surgeons and other professionals work together to provide coordinated, comprehensive care. This collaborative approach means Mayo Clinic care professionals can often evaluate you and develop a treatment plan within 2 to 3 days. Doctors and other care professionals at Mayo Clinic take the time to get to know you. They work with you to provide exactly the care you need. […] Mayo healthcare professionals study and use medical imaging techniques that can reduce the need for surgery in some people. Mayo researchers pioneered the method to remove and drain excess fluid from the pericardial cavity. The method is called pericardiocentesis.

• #82 Pericarditis | Pericardial Disease Program | UC San Diego Health

  https://health.ucsd.edu/care/heart-vascular/pericarditis/

  If you have symptoms that could indicate pericarditis, turn to UC San Diego Health for expert diagnosis and treatment. […] Treating recurrent pericarditis requires a longer duration of treatment and can require specific medications. […] Our physicians have experience caring for patients with acute and recurrent pericarditis. Using appropriate testing and imaging, we can quickly diagnose patients with pericardial disease and provide appropriate treatment, including access to the latest medical therapies and surgery. […] The most common symptom of pericarditis is chest pain. Because the symptoms of pericarditis may look like other conditions, its important to see a specialist for a diagnosis. […] For many patients, the diagnosis of pericarditis is delayed and this creates a need for increased treatment time.

• #83 Treating Pericarditis | Providence

  https://www.providence.org/services/heart-and-vascular/pericarditis

  When youre treated for pericarditis at Providence, your cardiac care team provides expert treatment to improve your health, lower your risk of future complications and get you feeling better. […] We take a team-based approach to treating your pericarditis. Why? Because we know this leads to the best results. […] We know that no two patients are the same. This is why your care team works with you to design an individualized treatment plan based specifically on your needs.

• #84 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis

  If you have constrictive pericarditis, you may need to have some of your pericardium removed. This surgery is called a pericardiectomy. […] You should respond to treatment within a week, but you could be taking medicine for two weeks. Recovery from surgery takes longer. It can take weeks or months for a full recovery from pericarditis. […] It’s important to keep taking the medicines your healthcare provider prescribed and to keep all follow-up appointments you have with your provider. […] If you get prompt treatment for pericarditis, you’ll most likely make a full recovery. Continuing with your treatment can help you prevent pericarditis from happening again. That’s why it’s important to keep taking prescribed medicines and go to all of your follow-up appointments.

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