Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart and is the most common pathological condition affecting the pericardium. […] The 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for diagnosing and managing pericardial diseases categorize the causes of acute pericarditis into 2 main groups: infectious and noninfectious. […] Viruses are the most common infectious agents causing pericarditis, including coxsackieviruses A and B, echovirus, adenoviruses, parvovirus B19, HIV, influenza, and several herpes viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Noninfectious causes of pericarditis are varied and include malignancy (often secondary to metastatic disease), connective tissue disorders (such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and Behet’s disease), and metabolic conditions (such as uremia and myxedema).

• #2 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis

  Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, two-layered, fluid-filled sac that covers the outer surface of your heart. Pericarditis usually develops suddenly and may last from weeks up to several months. […] In up to 90% of cases, the cause of pericarditis is unknown. This is called idiopathic pericarditis. […] There are many causes of pericarditis: A complication of a viral infection, most often a gastrointestinal virus, causes viral pericarditis. A bacterial infection, including tuberculosis, causes bacterial pericarditis. A fungal infection causes fungal pericarditis. An infection from a parasite causes parasitic pericarditis. Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma, can cause pericarditis. Injury to the chest, such as after a car accident, causes traumatic pericarditis. Kidney failure causes uremic pericarditis. Tumors like lymphoma causes malignant pericarditis. Genetic diseases such as Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). Medications that suppress the immune system (This is rare).

• #3 Pericarditis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/pericarditis

  The cause of pericarditis is often hard to determine. A cause may not be found. When this happens, it’s called idiopathic pericarditis. […] Pericarditis causes can include: […] Immune system response after heart damage due to a heart attack or heart surgery. Other names for this include Dressler syndrome, post-myocardial infarction syndrome and post-cardiac injury syndrome. […] Infections, such as those caused by viruses. […] Injury to the heart or chest. […] Lupus. […] Rheumatoid arthritis. […] Other long-term health conditions, including kidney failure and cancer. […] Some medicines, such as the seizure treatment phenytoin (Dilantin) and medicine called procainamide to treat an irregular heartbeat.

• #4 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Trauma can also lead to pericarditis, which may present as an early onset following injury or, more commonly, as a delayed inflammatory reaction. […] Dressler Syndrome, also known as „late post-myocardial infarction syndrome,” is a well-recognized post-cardiac injury syndrome characterized by pericarditis following acute coronary syndrome, with a delayed inflammatory response typically occurring several weeks after the initial event. […] Multiple medications have been implicated in drug-induced pericarditis, although its incidence remains rare. […] Miscellaneous conditions, such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis, should also be considered, particularly when pericarditis is accompanied by suggestive systemic findings. […] However, in up to 90% of cases, no clear etiology is identified, leading to a diagnosis of idiopathic acute pericarditis.

• #5 Pericarditis: Symptoms, Treatment, Causes

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pericarditis

  Pericarditis is inflammation of the lining around the heart that can cause pain and is often caused by a viral infection. […] The cause of pericarditis is often unknown, in which case its referred to as idiopathic pericarditis. That said, viral infections are likely responsible for many cases. […] Recurrent pericarditis is an autoinflammatory disease, but viruses are presumed to be the most common cause of other types of pericarditis in developed countries. This could be due to the virus itself or the bodys immune response to a virus. […] Other infectious causes include: bacterial infection, fungal infection, parasitic infection. […] Noninfectious causes of other types include: idiopathic (unknown), tumors impinging on the pericardium, complications from a heart attack, heart surgery or procedure, such as cardiac ablation, chest trauma, radiation treatment, autoimmune conditions, like lupus, metabolic disorders, like gout, kidney failure, some genetic diseases, like familial Mediterranean fever, certain medications, such as phenytoin and procainamide. […] When doctors cant identify a cause, theyll diagnose you with idiopathic pericarditis.

• #6 What Is Pericarditis? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/pericarditis/what-is-pericarditis

  Pericarditis can be attributed to several factors, including viral, bacterial, fungal and other infections. […] The cause of pericarditis is often unknown, though viral infections are a common reason. […] Chronic and recurrent pericarditis may be caused by autoimmune disorders such as lupus, scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Other possible causes of pericarditis are: Heart attack and heart surgery, Kidney failure, HIV/AIDS, cancer, tuberculosis and other health problems, Injuries from accidents or radiation therapy, Certain medicines, such as phenytoin (an anti-seizure medicine), warfarin and heparin (both blood-thinning medicines), and procainamide (a medicine to treat irregular heartbeats).

• #7 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart and is the most common pathological condition affecting the pericardium. […] The 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for diagnosing and managing pericardial diseases categorize the causes of acute pericarditis into 2 main groups: infectious and noninfectious. […] Viruses are the most common infectious agents causing pericarditis, including coxsackieviruses A and B, echovirus, adenoviruses, parvovirus B19, HIV, influenza, and several herpes viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Noninfectious causes of pericarditis are varied and include malignancy (often secondary to metastatic disease), connective tissue disorders (such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and Behet’s disease), and metabolic conditions (such as uremia and myxedema).

• #8 Diagnosis of acute pericarditis

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Diagnosis-of-acute-pericarditis

  Acute pericarditis, the most common pericardial syndrome in clinical practice, is diagnosed based on two of the following criteria: a) chest pain b) pericardial friction-rub c) characteristic ECG changes (new widespread ST-elevation or PR depression) d) pericardial effusion. […] The aetiology is multifactorial. Viruses and tuberculosis are the most common aetiological factors in developed and developing countries, respectively. […] Pericarditis may be an isolated disease or the first manifestation of an underlying systemic disease. Causes of acute pericarditis can be broadly classified into infectious and non-infectious. […] The aetiology is multifactorial and depends on the epidemiological background, patient population and clinical setting. […] In particular, the most common cause of pericarditis in developed countries is viruses, whereas tuberculosis is the most frequent cause in developing countries. […] Notably, the most common noninfectious causes are secondary to autoimmune diseases, metastatic tumours and post-cardiac injury syndrome. […] Acute pericarditis is the most frequent among the pericardial syndromes. Its aetiology is multifactorial.

• #9 Pericarditis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/CV/Pericardium/Prcrdts.htm

  Viruses (esp. Coxsackievirus) are the most common causes of Pericarditis (represent 80 to 90% of cases) […] Most common cause of Pericarditis in developing world (esp. with HIV Infection) […] Non-Tuberculous Bacterial Causes are Uncommon […] Most cases are instead viral induced and inflammatory (see Pericarditis Causes) […] Fungal Pericarditis is rare […] Causes include Echinococcosis, Toxoplasma, Trypanosoma cruzi and Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis).

• #10 Potential Causes of Pericarditis – Myocarditis Foundation

  https://www.myocarditisfoundation.org/potential-causes-of-pericarditis/

  One of the types of heart inflammation the Myocarditis Foundation researches is called pericarditis. Very often, the best way to treat pericarditis is to address the condition that caused it – but first, you need to find out what that is. “Pericarditis has a variety of causes, some more common than others,” says Dr. Allan Klein, MD, Director of the Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pericardial Diseases at Cleveland Clinic. “Understanding the causes is essential to treating the underlying condition.” […] According to Klein, the majority of pericarditis is caused by a viral illness. He estimates that about 80% of cases begin this way. The virus itself can be something as simple as a common cold or flu. If the virus gets into the bloodstream, it can travel to the heart and infect the pericardial tissue, causing inflammation and swelling. Klein also estimates that another 5 percent of pericarditis cases occur after a cardiac injury. “For example,” he says, “if you have open-heart surgery where the doctors have to open the pericardium, that surgical trauma can cause pericardial inflammation (post-pericardiotomy syndrome).” The injury might also be the result after a heart attack or other trauma such as an EP procedure (atrial fibrillation ablation, or pacemaker insertion). Though viral infections and heart injuries are the most common causes of pericarditis, they’re not the only possible sources. Autoimmune disorders like lupus, AIDS, tuberculosis, or rheumatoid arthritis are responsible for their fair share of cases. Other causes including cancer or hypothyroidism might be responsible for the inflammation.

• #11 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart and is the most common pathological condition affecting the pericardium. […] The 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for diagnosing and managing pericardial diseases categorize the causes of acute pericarditis into 2 main groups: infectious and noninfectious. […] Viruses are the most common infectious agents causing pericarditis, including coxsackieviruses A and B, echovirus, adenoviruses, parvovirus B19, HIV, influenza, and several herpes viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Noninfectious causes of pericarditis are varied and include malignancy (often secondary to metastatic disease), connective tissue disorders (such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and Behet’s disease), and metabolic conditions (such as uremia and myxedema).

• #12 Pericarditis: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/193320

  In many cases, the primary cause of pericarditis cannot be found. It is therefore known as idiopathic pericarditis. Many cases are assumed to be caused by viral infections that cannot be detected. […] Pericarditis is most often caused by a viral infection. […] The following viruses are associated with acute pericarditis: enteroviruses, including the common cold and viral meningitis, HIV, glandular fever, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, adenoviruses including pneumonia and bronchitis, influenza, hepatitis C. […] Pericarditis often arrives soon after a major heart attack. This is thought to be due to irritation of the underlying heart muscles. Similarly, pericarditis can occur after heart surgery. […] Sometimes, pericarditis will occur weeks after a heart attack or operation. This is known as Dresslers syndrome. In this case, the cause is likely to be autoimmune.

• #13 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart and is the most common pathological condition affecting the pericardium. […] The 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for diagnosing and managing pericardial diseases categorize the causes of acute pericarditis into 2 main groups: infectious and noninfectious. […] Viruses are the most common infectious agents causing pericarditis, including coxsackieviruses A and B, echovirus, adenoviruses, parvovirus B19, HIV, influenza, and several herpes viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Noninfectious causes of pericarditis are varied and include malignancy (often secondary to metastatic disease), connective tissue disorders (such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and Behet’s disease), and metabolic conditions (such as uremia and myxedema).

• #14 Pericarditis: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/193320

  In many cases, the primary cause of pericarditis cannot be found. It is therefore known as idiopathic pericarditis. Many cases are assumed to be caused by viral infections that cannot be detected. […] Pericarditis is most often caused by a viral infection. […] The following viruses are associated with acute pericarditis: enteroviruses, including the common cold and viral meningitis, HIV, glandular fever, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, adenoviruses including pneumonia and bronchitis, influenza, hepatitis C. […] Pericarditis often arrives soon after a major heart attack. This is thought to be due to irritation of the underlying heart muscles. Similarly, pericarditis can occur after heart surgery. […] Sometimes, pericarditis will occur weeks after a heart attack or operation. This is known as Dresslers syndrome. In this case, the cause is likely to be autoimmune.

• #15 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart and is the most common pathological condition affecting the pericardium. […] The 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for diagnosing and managing pericardial diseases categorize the causes of acute pericarditis into 2 main groups: infectious and noninfectious. […] Viruses are the most common infectious agents causing pericarditis, including coxsackieviruses A and B, echovirus, adenoviruses, parvovirus B19, HIV, influenza, and several herpes viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Noninfectious causes of pericarditis are varied and include malignancy (often secondary to metastatic disease), connective tissue disorders (such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and Behet’s disease), and metabolic conditions (such as uremia and myxedema).

• #16 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart and is the most common pathological condition affecting the pericardium. […] The 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for diagnosing and managing pericardial diseases categorize the causes of acute pericarditis into 2 main groups: infectious and noninfectious. […] Viruses are the most common infectious agents causing pericarditis, including coxsackieviruses A and B, echovirus, adenoviruses, parvovirus B19, HIV, influenza, and several herpes viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Noninfectious causes of pericarditis are varied and include malignancy (often secondary to metastatic disease), connective tissue disorders (such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and Behet’s disease), and metabolic conditions (such as uremia and myxedema).

• #17 Heart Inflammation – Pericarditis | NHLBI, NIH

  https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/heart-inflammation/pericarditis

  Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium the sac surrounding the heart. […] Causes of pericarditis include: […] Viral, bacterial, parasitic, or fungal infections […] autoimmune disorders such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis […] Surgery, injury, or trauma to the chest […] Uremia, a condition that occurs when the kidneys do not properly filter the urine and waste products build up in the blood […] Certain medicines or cancer treatments, such as blood thinners, heart medicines, and medicines called diuretics that help your body get rid of extra fluid […] Other medical conditions such as cancer or a heart attack.

• #18 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart and is the most common pathological condition affecting the pericardium. […] The 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for diagnosing and managing pericardial diseases categorize the causes of acute pericarditis into 2 main groups: infectious and noninfectious. […] Viruses are the most common infectious agents causing pericarditis, including coxsackieviruses A and B, echovirus, adenoviruses, parvovirus B19, HIV, influenza, and several herpes viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Noninfectious causes of pericarditis are varied and include malignancy (often secondary to metastatic disease), connective tissue disorders (such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and Behet’s disease), and metabolic conditions (such as uremia and myxedema).

• #19 Pericarditis: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/193320

  In many cases, the primary cause of pericarditis cannot be found. It is therefore known as idiopathic pericarditis. Many cases are assumed to be caused by viral infections that cannot be detected. […] Pericarditis is most often caused by a viral infection. […] The following viruses are associated with acute pericarditis: enteroviruses, including the common cold and viral meningitis, HIV, glandular fever, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, adenoviruses including pneumonia and bronchitis, influenza, hepatitis C. […] Pericarditis often arrives soon after a major heart attack. This is thought to be due to irritation of the underlying heart muscles. Similarly, pericarditis can occur after heart surgery. […] Sometimes, pericarditis will occur weeks after a heart attack or operation. This is known as Dresslers syndrome. In this case, the cause is likely to be autoimmune.

• #20 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart and is the most common pathological condition affecting the pericardium. […] The 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for diagnosing and managing pericardial diseases categorize the causes of acute pericarditis into 2 main groups: infectious and noninfectious. […] Viruses are the most common infectious agents causing pericarditis, including coxsackieviruses A and B, echovirus, adenoviruses, parvovirus B19, HIV, influenza, and several herpes viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Noninfectious causes of pericarditis are varied and include malignancy (often secondary to metastatic disease), connective tissue disorders (such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and Behet’s disease), and metabolic conditions (such as uremia and myxedema).

• #21 Pericarditis: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/193320

  In many cases, the primary cause of pericarditis cannot be found. It is therefore known as idiopathic pericarditis. Many cases are assumed to be caused by viral infections that cannot be detected. […] Pericarditis is most often caused by a viral infection. […] The following viruses are associated with acute pericarditis: enteroviruses, including the common cold and viral meningitis, HIV, glandular fever, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, adenoviruses including pneumonia and bronchitis, influenza, hepatitis C. […] Pericarditis often arrives soon after a major heart attack. This is thought to be due to irritation of the underlying heart muscles. Similarly, pericarditis can occur after heart surgery. […] Sometimes, pericarditis will occur weeks after a heart attack or operation. This is known as Dresslers syndrome. In this case, the cause is likely to be autoimmune.

• #22 Causes of Pericardial Disease | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/heart-and-vascular/conditions-and-treatments/pericardial-disease/causes

  Pericarditis often develops for unknown reasons. This is called idiopathic pericarditis. It is the most common type in North America. […] Pericarditis can be caused by a bacterial, fungal, viral or parasitic infection. This is called infectious pericarditis. A virus is the most common cause. This can be a gastrointestinal illness (a stomach bug) or SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The most common bacterial cause is tuberculosis. […] Sometimes, pericardial disease is caused by an autoimmune disorder, such as: Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogrens disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, Scleroderma, Familia Mediterranean fever. […] Cancer itself can cause pericardial disease. Also, some cancer therapies, such as radiation to treat breast cancer or lymphoma, can lead to chronic constrictive pericarditis.

• #23 Pericarditis

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/november/pericarditis

  Pericarditis is an important diagnosis to consider, along with various other differential diagnoses, in a patient who presents with chest pain. […] The most common aetiologies of pericarditis are idiopathic and viral, and the most common treatment for these are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colchicine. […] Typical viral pericarditis is frequently preceded by a self-limiting respiratory or gastrointestinal illness. However, particular attention needs to be paid to non-viral pericarditis, such as bacterial pericarditis (often associated with high temperatures), uraemic pericarditis (in patients with comorbid renal failure), tuberculosis pericarditis (in high-risk subgroups), autoimmune pericarditis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pericarditis. […] In Australia, the most common cause of acute pericarditis is idiopathic or viral with a largely mild and benign course of illness. However, high-risk subgroups should not be overlooked, and a full evaluation of uncommon causes should be completed.

• #24 Pericarditis | The Harley Street

  https://www.harleystreet.sg/kb/about-heart-disease/pericarditis/

  The cause of pericarditis is often associated with Infections, such as viral, bacterial, or fungal infections. […] Infectious pericarditis is caused by an infection of the pericardium. […] It is not fully understood how viral infections cause pericarditis. However, it is thought that the virus may directly infect the pericardium or trigger an autoimmune response that causes inflammation of the heart tissue. […] Bacterial pericarditis, though less common than viral pericarditis, poses a greater threat and demands swift treatment to avert potential life-threatening consequences. […] Fungal pericarditis usually occurs from spores being inhaled, spreading from nearby infection, chest injury operation, heart surgery, or a fungal infection that has spread to multiple organs in the body. […] Autoimmune diseases are one of the most common causes of non-infectious pericarditis.

• #25 Pericarditis | The Harley Street

  https://www.harleystreet.sg/kb/about-heart-disease/pericarditis/

  The cause of pericarditis is often associated with Infections, such as viral, bacterial, or fungal infections. […] Infectious pericarditis is caused by an infection of the pericardium. […] It is not fully understood how viral infections cause pericarditis. However, it is thought that the virus may directly infect the pericardium or trigger an autoimmune response that causes inflammation of the heart tissue. […] Bacterial pericarditis, though less common than viral pericarditis, poses a greater threat and demands swift treatment to avert potential life-threatening consequences. […] Fungal pericarditis usually occurs from spores being inhaled, spreading from nearby infection, chest injury operation, heart surgery, or a fungal infection that has spread to multiple organs in the body. […] Autoimmune diseases are one of the most common causes of non-infectious pericarditis.

• #26 Bacterial Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pericarditis-bacterial

  The causes of pericarditis include: viruses, bacteria, fungal infections, parasitic infections, trauma from surgery or another injury. […] This condition occurs when certain bacteria enter the pericardium and cause infection. The most common bacteria to cause pericarditis are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pneumococcus. […] Bacteria can enter the pericardium: through your bloodstream from another infection in the body, such as pneumonia; from an infection in another part of the heart; through surgery; when a catheter is inserted to drain fluid from the pericardium; as a result of trauma. […] People with a weak immune system are at an increased risk of developing bacterial pericarditis because their bodies are less able to fight infection. Health problems that may increase your risk of developing this disorder include: immune deficiency conditions such as HIV or AIDS, chronic diseases, such as diabetes, alcohol abuse, vascular heart disease, uremia, or excess uric acid in your blood. […] According to the Cleveland Clinic, men between 16 and 65 are more likely to develop this condition. Bacterial pericarditis often develops following a lung infection.

• #27 Pericarditis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericarditis

  The cause of pericarditis often remains unknown but is believed to be most often due to a viral infection. […] Other causes include bacterial infections such as tuberculosis, uremic pericarditis, heart attack, cancer, autoimmune disorders, and chest trauma. […] Pericarditis may be caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infection. […] In the developing world the bacterial disease tuberculosis is a common cause, whereas in the developed world viruses are believed to be the cause of about 85% of cases. […] The most common cause of pericarditis worldwide is infectious pericarditis with tuberculosis. […] Other causes include autoimmune disease, myocardial infarction, trauma to the heart, uremia, cancer, side effects of some medications, radiation induced, aortic dissection, and postpericardiotomy syndrome. […] In August 2024, a team of Japanese researchers analyzed the data stored on the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database and investigated the link between Covid-19 vaccination and myocarditis and pericarditis.

• #28 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart and is the most common pathological condition affecting the pericardium. […] The 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for diagnosing and managing pericardial diseases categorize the causes of acute pericarditis into 2 main groups: infectious and noninfectious. […] Viruses are the most common infectious agents causing pericarditis, including coxsackieviruses A and B, echovirus, adenoviruses, parvovirus B19, HIV, influenza, and several herpes viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Noninfectious causes of pericarditis are varied and include malignancy (often secondary to metastatic disease), connective tissue disorders (such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and Behet’s disease), and metabolic conditions (such as uremia and myxedema).

• #29 Pericarditis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/CV/Pericardium/Prcrdts.htm

  Viruses (esp. Coxsackievirus) are the most common causes of Pericarditis (represent 80 to 90% of cases) […] Most common cause of Pericarditis in developing world (esp. with HIV Infection) […] Non-Tuberculous Bacterial Causes are Uncommon […] Most cases are instead viral induced and inflammatory (see Pericarditis Causes) […] Fungal Pericarditis is rare […] Causes include Echinococcosis, Toxoplasma, Trypanosoma cruzi and Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis).

• #30 Pericardial Disease Center | UCSF Cardiology

  https://ucsfhealthcardiology.ucsf.edu/patient-care/clinical-services/pericardial-disease-center

  Infection: Pericarditis can originate from various bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. These include myobacterium tuberculosis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Coxsackievirus, Echoviruses, Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses (EBV, CMV), HIV, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), Candida, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Infection related pericarditis makes up for about 14% of patients diagnosed with pericarditis. […] Cancer and cancer therapies: Conditions characterized by rapidly dividing cells, commonly referred to as cancer, can lead to pericarditis when the heart becomes a target of inflammatory immune cells. This inflammation can result directly from the cancer itself or from cancer treatments, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and radiation therapy. Cancer-related pericarditis accounts for approximately 5% of all pericarditis cases. […] Other diseases: Autoimmune disorders and hypothyroidism are additional conditions that can lead to pericarditis, as they involve the immune system attacking the body, with the heart being a specific target. Disease related pericarditis accounts for approximately 5% of all pericarditis cases.

• #31 Bacterial Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pericarditis-bacterial

  The causes of pericarditis include: viruses, bacteria, fungal infections, parasitic infections, trauma from surgery or another injury. […] This condition occurs when certain bacteria enter the pericardium and cause infection. The most common bacteria to cause pericarditis are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pneumococcus. […] Bacteria can enter the pericardium: through your bloodstream from another infection in the body, such as pneumonia; from an infection in another part of the heart; through surgery; when a catheter is inserted to drain fluid from the pericardium; as a result of trauma. […] People with a weak immune system are at an increased risk of developing bacterial pericarditis because their bodies are less able to fight infection. Health problems that may increase your risk of developing this disorder include: immune deficiency conditions such as HIV or AIDS, chronic diseases, such as diabetes, alcohol abuse, vascular heart disease, uremia, or excess uric acid in your blood. […] According to the Cleveland Clinic, men between 16 and 65 are more likely to develop this condition. Bacterial pericarditis often develops following a lung infection.

• #32 Bacterial Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pericarditis-bacterial

  The causes of pericarditis include: viruses, bacteria, fungal infections, parasitic infections, trauma from surgery or another injury. […] This condition occurs when certain bacteria enter the pericardium and cause infection. The most common bacteria to cause pericarditis are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pneumococcus. […] Bacteria can enter the pericardium: through your bloodstream from another infection in the body, such as pneumonia; from an infection in another part of the heart; through surgery; when a catheter is inserted to drain fluid from the pericardium; as a result of trauma. […] People with a weak immune system are at an increased risk of developing bacterial pericarditis because their bodies are less able to fight infection. Health problems that may increase your risk of developing this disorder include: immune deficiency conditions such as HIV or AIDS, chronic diseases, such as diabetes, alcohol abuse, vascular heart disease, uremia, or excess uric acid in your blood. […] According to the Cleveland Clinic, men between 16 and 65 are more likely to develop this condition. Bacterial pericarditis often develops following a lung infection.

• #33 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments to Know – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/pericarditis

  Pericarditis can be caused by viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infectious diseases. […] Viral pericarditis can be caused by coxsackieviruses A and B, adenoviruses, echovirus, influenza, parvovirus B19, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), herpes viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Bacterial pericarditis can be due to tuberculosis, and less commonly, other bacterial infections such as Coxiella burnetii, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Staphylococcus. […] Fungal pericarditis can be caused by Histoplasma, Candida, Coccidioides, and Blastomyces. […] Parasitic infections can be a cause of pericarditis, including Echinococcus and Toxoplasma. […] When the cause of pericarditis cannot be found, it is called idiopathic pericarditis.

• #34 Pericardial Disease Center | UCSF Cardiology

  https://ucsfhealthcardiology.ucsf.edu/patient-care/clinical-services/pericardial-disease-center

  Infection: Pericarditis can originate from various bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. These include myobacterium tuberculosis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Coxsackievirus, Echoviruses, Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses (EBV, CMV), HIV, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), Candida, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Infection related pericarditis makes up for about 14% of patients diagnosed with pericarditis. […] Cancer and cancer therapies: Conditions characterized by rapidly dividing cells, commonly referred to as cancer, can lead to pericarditis when the heart becomes a target of inflammatory immune cells. This inflammation can result directly from the cancer itself or from cancer treatments, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and radiation therapy. Cancer-related pericarditis accounts for approximately 5% of all pericarditis cases. […] Other diseases: Autoimmune disorders and hypothyroidism are additional conditions that can lead to pericarditis, as they involve the immune system attacking the body, with the heart being a specific target. Disease related pericarditis accounts for approximately 5% of all pericarditis cases.

• #35 Pericarditis

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/CV/Pericardium/Prcrdts.htm

  Viruses (esp. Coxsackievirus) are the most common causes of Pericarditis (represent 80 to 90% of cases) […] Most common cause of Pericarditis in developing world (esp. with HIV Infection) […] Non-Tuberculous Bacterial Causes are Uncommon […] Most cases are instead viral induced and inflammatory (see Pericarditis Causes) […] Fungal Pericarditis is rare […] Causes include Echinococcosis, Toxoplasma, Trypanosoma cruzi and Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis).

• #36 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatments to Know – BuzzRx

  https://www.buzzrx.com/blog/pericarditis

  Pericarditis can be caused by viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infectious diseases. […] Viral pericarditis can be caused by coxsackieviruses A and B, adenoviruses, echovirus, influenza, parvovirus B19, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), herpes viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Bacterial pericarditis can be due to tuberculosis, and less commonly, other bacterial infections such as Coxiella burnetii, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Staphylococcus. […] Fungal pericarditis can be caused by Histoplasma, Candida, Coccidioides, and Blastomyces. […] Parasitic infections can be a cause of pericarditis, including Echinococcus and Toxoplasma. […] When the cause of pericarditis cannot be found, it is called idiopathic pericarditis.

• #37 Pericarditis | The Harley Street

  https://www.harleystreet.sg/kb/about-heart-disease/pericarditis/

  The cause of pericarditis is often associated with Infections, such as viral, bacterial, or fungal infections. […] Infectious pericarditis is caused by an infection of the pericardium. […] It is not fully understood how viral infections cause pericarditis. However, it is thought that the virus may directly infect the pericardium or trigger an autoimmune response that causes inflammation of the heart tissue. […] Bacterial pericarditis, though less common than viral pericarditis, poses a greater threat and demands swift treatment to avert potential life-threatening consequences. […] Fungal pericarditis usually occurs from spores being inhaled, spreading from nearby infection, chest injury operation, heart surgery, or a fungal infection that has spread to multiple organs in the body. […] Autoimmune diseases are one of the most common causes of non-infectious pericarditis.

• #38 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart and is the most common pathological condition affecting the pericardium. […] The 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for diagnosing and managing pericardial diseases categorize the causes of acute pericarditis into 2 main groups: infectious and noninfectious. […] Viruses are the most common infectious agents causing pericarditis, including coxsackieviruses A and B, echovirus, adenoviruses, parvovirus B19, HIV, influenza, and several herpes viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Noninfectious causes of pericarditis are varied and include malignancy (often secondary to metastatic disease), connective tissue disorders (such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and Behet’s disease), and metabolic conditions (such as uremia and myxedema).

• #39 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis

  Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, two-layered, fluid-filled sac that covers the outer surface of your heart. Pericarditis usually develops suddenly and may last from weeks up to several months. […] In up to 90% of cases, the cause of pericarditis is unknown. This is called idiopathic pericarditis. […] There are many causes of pericarditis: A complication of a viral infection, most often a gastrointestinal virus, causes viral pericarditis. A bacterial infection, including tuberculosis, causes bacterial pericarditis. A fungal infection causes fungal pericarditis. An infection from a parasite causes parasitic pericarditis. Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma, can cause pericarditis. Injury to the chest, such as after a car accident, causes traumatic pericarditis. Kidney failure causes uremic pericarditis. Tumors like lymphoma causes malignant pericarditis. Genetic diseases such as Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). Medications that suppress the immune system (This is rare).

• #40 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart and is the most common pathological condition affecting the pericardium. […] The 2015 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for diagnosing and managing pericardial diseases categorize the causes of acute pericarditis into 2 main groups: infectious and noninfectious. […] Viruses are the most common infectious agents causing pericarditis, including coxsackieviruses A and B, echovirus, adenoviruses, parvovirus B19, HIV, influenza, and several herpes viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Noninfectious causes of pericarditis are varied and include malignancy (often secondary to metastatic disease), connective tissue disorders (such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and Behet’s disease), and metabolic conditions (such as uremia and myxedema).

• #41 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis

  Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, two-layered, fluid-filled sac that covers the outer surface of your heart. Pericarditis usually develops suddenly and may last from weeks up to several months. […] In up to 90% of cases, the cause of pericarditis is unknown. This is called idiopathic pericarditis. […] There are many causes of pericarditis: A complication of a viral infection, most often a gastrointestinal virus, causes viral pericarditis. A bacterial infection, including tuberculosis, causes bacterial pericarditis. A fungal infection causes fungal pericarditis. An infection from a parasite causes parasitic pericarditis. Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma, can cause pericarditis. Injury to the chest, such as after a car accident, causes traumatic pericarditis. Kidney failure causes uremic pericarditis. Tumors like lymphoma causes malignant pericarditis. Genetic diseases such as Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). Medications that suppress the immune system (This is rare).

• #42 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis

  Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, two-layered, fluid-filled sac that covers the outer surface of your heart. Pericarditis usually develops suddenly and may last from weeks up to several months. […] In up to 90% of cases, the cause of pericarditis is unknown. This is called idiopathic pericarditis. […] There are many causes of pericarditis: A complication of a viral infection, most often a gastrointestinal virus, causes viral pericarditis. A bacterial infection, including tuberculosis, causes bacterial pericarditis. A fungal infection causes fungal pericarditis. An infection from a parasite causes parasitic pericarditis. Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma, can cause pericarditis. Injury to the chest, such as after a car accident, causes traumatic pericarditis. Kidney failure causes uremic pericarditis. Tumors like lymphoma causes malignant pericarditis. Genetic diseases such as Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). Medications that suppress the immune system (This is rare).

• #43 Acute Pericarditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/156951-overview

  Hemorrhagic pericarditis involves blood mixed with a fibrinous or suppurative effusion, and it is most commonly caused by tuberculosis or direct neoplastic invasion. […] Uremic pericarditis is thought to result from inflammation of the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium by metabolic toxins that accumulate in the body owing to kidney failure. […] Pericarditis occurs predominantly in males with severely destructive and nodular RA. […] Clinically evident pericarditis has been reported in 25% of patients with SLE and usually occurs in lupus flare-ups, but it may be the presenting manifestation. […] Pericarditis is recognized in 5-10% of patients with scleroderma, with a 70% autopsy prevalence. […] Pericarditis in those with rheumatic fever occurs more commonly in lower socioeconomic groups and in children, often accompanying endocarditis and myocarditis, with a worse prognosis.

• #44 Acute Pericarditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/156951-overview

  The following conditions may also cause acute pericarditis: Sjgren syndrome, Mixed connective-tissue disease, Reiter syndrome, Ankylosing spondylitis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Wegener granulomatosis, Vasculitis (eg, giant cell arteritis, polyarteritis), Polymyositis, Behet syndrome, Whipple disease, Familial Mediterranean fever, Serum sickness. […] Richard Bright described uremic pericarditis in 1836. […] Uremic pericarditis has a prevalence of 6-10% in patients with acute or chronic renal failure, and it continues to be associated with significant morbidity and occasional mortality. […] Hypothyroidism accounts for as many as 4% of pericarditis cases. […] Cholesterol pericarditis, also called gold-paint pericarditis, is a complication of a chronic pericardial effusion exacerbated by cholesterol crystals.

• #45 Acute Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22918-acute-pericarditis

  Acute pericarditis can happen for many reasons. Potential causes include: […] Infections. These include bacterial infections, especially tuberculosis, and viral infections such as HIV. Pericarditis from a fungus or a parasite is possible, but these types of infections are rare. […] Cancer. Pericardial cancer is possible but rare. Cancer can also cause pericarditis when tumors spread from elsewhere in your body and damage the pericardium. […] Immune system conditions or inflammatory disorders. Examples of these conditions include lupus, rheumatoid arthritis or Sjgrens syndrome. […] Hormonal disorders or problems. Hypothyroidism (where your thyroid gland doesnt make enough hormones) and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome are potential pericarditis causes. […] Trauma. Injuries to the chest (either blunt impacts or penetration injuries like knife or bullet wounds) can irritate and inflame the pericardium.

• #46 Acute Pericarditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/156951-overview

  The following conditions may also cause acute pericarditis: Sjgren syndrome, Mixed connective-tissue disease, Reiter syndrome, Ankylosing spondylitis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Wegener granulomatosis, Vasculitis (eg, giant cell arteritis, polyarteritis), Polymyositis, Behet syndrome, Whipple disease, Familial Mediterranean fever, Serum sickness. […] Richard Bright described uremic pericarditis in 1836. […] Uremic pericarditis has a prevalence of 6-10% in patients with acute or chronic renal failure, and it continues to be associated with significant morbidity and occasional mortality. […] Hypothyroidism accounts for as many as 4% of pericarditis cases. […] Cholesterol pericarditis, also called gold-paint pericarditis, is a complication of a chronic pericardial effusion exacerbated by cholesterol crystals.

• #47 Acute Pericarditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/156951-overview

  The following conditions may also cause acute pericarditis: Sjgren syndrome, Mixed connective-tissue disease, Reiter syndrome, Ankylosing spondylitis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Wegener granulomatosis, Vasculitis (eg, giant cell arteritis, polyarteritis), Polymyositis, Behet syndrome, Whipple disease, Familial Mediterranean fever, Serum sickness. […] Richard Bright described uremic pericarditis in 1836. […] Uremic pericarditis has a prevalence of 6-10% in patients with acute or chronic renal failure, and it continues to be associated with significant morbidity and occasional mortality. […] Hypothyroidism accounts for as many as 4% of pericarditis cases. […] Cholesterol pericarditis, also called gold-paint pericarditis, is a complication of a chronic pericardial effusion exacerbated by cholesterol crystals.

• #48 Acute Pericarditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/156951-overview

  The following conditions may also cause acute pericarditis: Sjgren syndrome, Mixed connective-tissue disease, Reiter syndrome, Ankylosing spondylitis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Wegener granulomatosis, Vasculitis (eg, giant cell arteritis, polyarteritis), Polymyositis, Behet syndrome, Whipple disease, Familial Mediterranean fever, Serum sickness. […] Richard Bright described uremic pericarditis in 1836. […] Uremic pericarditis has a prevalence of 6-10% in patients with acute or chronic renal failure, and it continues to be associated with significant morbidity and occasional mortality. […] Hypothyroidism accounts for as many as 4% of pericarditis cases. […] Cholesterol pericarditis, also called gold-paint pericarditis, is a complication of a chronic pericardial effusion exacerbated by cholesterol crystals.

• #49 Pericarditis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_causes

  Common Causes: Acute myocardial infarction, Cardiac catheterization, Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA, MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Enterobacteriaceae, Tuberculosis, Histoplasmosis, Coxsackie B virus, Echovirus, HIV, Adenovirus, Influenza, Neoplasm, Renal Failure, Sulfa drugs, Aminosalicylic acid, Amiodarone, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Idiopathic. […] Infectious causes: Viral: Enteroviruses(coxsackieviruses, echoviruses), Herpes viruses(EBV, CMV, HHV-6), Adenoviruses, Parvovirus B19. Bacterial: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Coxiella burnetii, Borrelia burgdorferi. Fungal: Histoplasma species, Aspergillus species, Blastomyces species, Candida species. Parasitic: Echinococcus species, Toxoplasma species. Autoimmune: Systemic autoimmune and auto-inflammatory diseases, Systemic vasculitides, Sarcoidosis, Familial Mediterranean fever, IBD, Still disease. Neoplastic: Primary tumours (pericardial mesothelioma), secondary metastatic tumors (lung and breast cancer, lymphoma). Metabolic: Uraemia, Myxoedema, Anorexia nervosa. Traumatic and Iatrogenic. Drug-related. Others: Amyloidosis, Aortic dissection, Pulmonary arterial Hypertension, Chronic heart failure, Congenital absence of the pericardium.

• #50 Patient education: Pericarditis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pericarditis-beyond-the-basics/print

  Rheumatic diseases – Systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, and mixed connective tissue disease are the most common rheumatic causes of pericarditis. […] Gastrointestinal diseases – Pericarditis may occur in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease).

• #51 Acute Pericarditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/156951-overview

  The following conditions may also cause acute pericarditis: Sjgren syndrome, Mixed connective-tissue disease, Reiter syndrome, Ankylosing spondylitis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Wegener granulomatosis, Vasculitis (eg, giant cell arteritis, polyarteritis), Polymyositis, Behet syndrome, Whipple disease, Familial Mediterranean fever, Serum sickness. […] Richard Bright described uremic pericarditis in 1836. […] Uremic pericarditis has a prevalence of 6-10% in patients with acute or chronic renal failure, and it continues to be associated with significant morbidity and occasional mortality. […] Hypothyroidism accounts for as many as 4% of pericarditis cases. […] Cholesterol pericarditis, also called gold-paint pericarditis, is a complication of a chronic pericardial effusion exacerbated by cholesterol crystals.

• #52 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Trauma can also lead to pericarditis, which may present as an early onset following injury or, more commonly, as a delayed inflammatory reaction. […] Dressler Syndrome, also known as „late post-myocardial infarction syndrome,” is a well-recognized post-cardiac injury syndrome characterized by pericarditis following acute coronary syndrome, with a delayed inflammatory response typically occurring several weeks after the initial event. […] Multiple medications have been implicated in drug-induced pericarditis, although its incidence remains rare. […] Miscellaneous conditions, such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis, should also be considered, particularly when pericarditis is accompanied by suggestive systemic findings. […] However, in up to 90% of cases, no clear etiology is identified, leading to a diagnosis of idiopathic acute pericarditis.

• #53 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis

  Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, two-layered, fluid-filled sac that covers the outer surface of your heart. Pericarditis usually develops suddenly and may last from weeks up to several months. […] In up to 90% of cases, the cause of pericarditis is unknown. This is called idiopathic pericarditis. […] There are many causes of pericarditis: A complication of a viral infection, most often a gastrointestinal virus, causes viral pericarditis. A bacterial infection, including tuberculosis, causes bacterial pericarditis. A fungal infection causes fungal pericarditis. An infection from a parasite causes parasitic pericarditis. Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma, can cause pericarditis. Injury to the chest, such as after a car accident, causes traumatic pericarditis. Kidney failure causes uremic pericarditis. Tumors like lymphoma causes malignant pericarditis. Genetic diseases such as Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). Medications that suppress the immune system (This is rare).

• #54 Pericarditis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_causes

  Common Causes: Acute myocardial infarction, Cardiac catheterization, Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA, MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Enterobacteriaceae, Tuberculosis, Histoplasmosis, Coxsackie B virus, Echovirus, HIV, Adenovirus, Influenza, Neoplasm, Renal Failure, Sulfa drugs, Aminosalicylic acid, Amiodarone, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Idiopathic. […] Infectious causes: Viral: Enteroviruses(coxsackieviruses, echoviruses), Herpes viruses(EBV, CMV, HHV-6), Adenoviruses, Parvovirus B19. Bacterial: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Coxiella burnetii, Borrelia burgdorferi. Fungal: Histoplasma species, Aspergillus species, Blastomyces species, Candida species. Parasitic: Echinococcus species, Toxoplasma species. Autoimmune: Systemic autoimmune and auto-inflammatory diseases, Systemic vasculitides, Sarcoidosis, Familial Mediterranean fever, IBD, Still disease. Neoplastic: Primary tumours (pericardial mesothelioma), secondary metastatic tumors (lung and breast cancer, lymphoma). Metabolic: Uraemia, Myxoedema, Anorexia nervosa. Traumatic and Iatrogenic. Drug-related. Others: Amyloidosis, Aortic dissection, Pulmonary arterial Hypertension, Chronic heart failure, Congenital absence of the pericardium.

• #55 Chronic Pericarditis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-pericarditis

  Between 11% and 50% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis have pericarditis at autopsy. […] Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, sarcoidosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis and others can all cause chronic pericarditis. […] Metabolic […] Renal failure (35-50% of patients with uraemia, pre-dialysis have pericarditis). […] Hypothyroidism. […] Cholesterol pericarditis (gold paint pericarditis). […] Cardiovascular disease […] Myocardial infarction causes acute pericarditis (transmural infarcts, persistent ST elevation). […] Dressler’s syndrome (2-3 weeks after myocardial infarction). […] Aortic dissection. […] Neoplastic […] 5-17% of pericarditis. […] This is caused mostly by metastatic disease (lung 33%, breast 25%, haematological 15%). […] Miscellaneous

• #56 Acute Pericarditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/156951-overview

  Hemorrhagic pericarditis involves blood mixed with a fibrinous or suppurative effusion, and it is most commonly caused by tuberculosis or direct neoplastic invasion. […] Uremic pericarditis is thought to result from inflammation of the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium by metabolic toxins that accumulate in the body owing to kidney failure. […] Pericarditis occurs predominantly in males with severely destructive and nodular RA. […] Clinically evident pericarditis has been reported in 25% of patients with SLE and usually occurs in lupus flare-ups, but it may be the presenting manifestation. […] Pericarditis is recognized in 5-10% of patients with scleroderma, with a 70% autopsy prevalence. […] Pericarditis in those with rheumatic fever occurs more commonly in lower socioeconomic groups and in children, often accompanying endocarditis and myocarditis, with a worse prognosis.

• #57 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis

  Your risk of pericarditis is higher after: A heart attack. Open heart surgery (postpericardiotomy syndrome). Radiation therapy. Percutaneous treatment, such as cardiac catheterization or radiofrequency ablation (RFA). In these cases, its likely that the inflammation of the pericardium is an error in the bodys response to the procedure or condition.

• #58 Acute Pericarditis – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – MSD Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/pericardial-disease-and-myocarditis/acute-pericarditis

  Certain infections and other conditions that inflame the pericardium cause pericarditis. […] Causes of acute pericarditis include infection (viral, bacterial, parasitic, or fungal and, in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, tuberculosis or aspergillosis). […] In people who have HIV/AIDS, a number of infections, including tuberculosis and aspergillosis, may result in pericarditis. […] Pericarditis due to tuberculosis (tuberculous pericarditis) accounts for a small number of cases of acute pericarditis in the United States but accounts for the majority of cases in some areas of India and Africa. […] After a heart attack, acute pericarditis develops during the first day or two in 10 to 15% of people and after about 10 days to 2 months in a smaller percentage (subacute pericarditis). […] Subacute pericarditis is caused by the same disorders that cause acute pericarditis. […] Medications that may cause pericarditis are stopped whenever possible. […] If a bacterial infection is the cause, treatment consists of antibiotics and surgical drainage of pus from the pericardium.

• #59 Pericarditis – Cardiovascular Disorders – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/myocarditis-and-pericarditis/pericarditis

  Pericarditis may be caused by many disorders (eg, infection, myocardial infarction, trauma, tumors, metabolic disorders) but is often idiopathic. […] Acute pericarditis may result from infection, autoimmune or inflammatory disorders, uremia, trauma, myocardial infarction (MI), cancer, radiation therapy, or certain medications. […] Infectious pericarditis is most often viral or idiopathic (often presumed to be viral). […] Acute myocardial infarction causes 7 to 12% of cases of acute pericarditis. […] Post-myocardial infarction syndrome (Dressler syndrome) is a less common cause, occurring mainly when reperfusion with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or thrombolytic drugs is ineffective in patients with transmural infarction. […] Chronic pericarditis with pericardial effusion or chronic constrictive pericarditis may follow acute pericarditis of almost any etiology.

• #60 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Trauma can also lead to pericarditis, which may present as an early onset following injury or, more commonly, as a delayed inflammatory reaction. […] Dressler Syndrome, also known as „late post-myocardial infarction syndrome,” is a well-recognized post-cardiac injury syndrome characterized by pericarditis following acute coronary syndrome, with a delayed inflammatory response typically occurring several weeks after the initial event. […] Multiple medications have been implicated in drug-induced pericarditis, although its incidence remains rare. […] Miscellaneous conditions, such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis, should also be considered, particularly when pericarditis is accompanied by suggestive systemic findings. […] However, in up to 90% of cases, no clear etiology is identified, leading to a diagnosis of idiopathic acute pericarditis.

• #61 Pericarditis: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/193320

  In many cases, the primary cause of pericarditis cannot be found. It is therefore known as idiopathic pericarditis. Many cases are assumed to be caused by viral infections that cannot be detected. […] Pericarditis is most often caused by a viral infection. […] The following viruses are associated with acute pericarditis: enteroviruses, including the common cold and viral meningitis, HIV, glandular fever, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, adenoviruses including pneumonia and bronchitis, influenza, hepatitis C. […] Pericarditis often arrives soon after a major heart attack. This is thought to be due to irritation of the underlying heart muscles. Similarly, pericarditis can occur after heart surgery. […] Sometimes, pericarditis will occur weeks after a heart attack or operation. This is known as Dresslers syndrome. In this case, the cause is likely to be autoimmune.

• #62 Chronic Pericarditis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-pericarditis

  Drugs: doxorubicin; cyclophosphamide; drug-induced SLE (methyldopa, isoniazid, hydralazine); methysergide; smallpox vaccination; dantrolene, phenytoin; minoxidil. […] Irradiation […] Post-pericardiotomy syndrome (ie after cardiac surgery 10-40%). […] Trauma, especially with oesophageal rupture or pancreatitis. […] Causes of chronic effusive pericarditis […] This is most commonly idiopathic but can follow any of the causes of acute pericarditis, particularly malignancy (most commonly breast and lung), TB – more common in developing countries – or hypothyroidism. […] Constrictive pericarditis can occur after any pericardial disease process. The more common causes of constrictive pericarditis are: […] Idiopathic. […] Viral. […] TB (the highest total incidence, as common in developing countries).

• #63 Potential Causes of Pericarditis – Myocarditis Foundation

  https://www.myocarditisfoundation.org/potential-causes-of-pericarditis/

  One of the types of heart inflammation the Myocarditis Foundation researches is called pericarditis. Very often, the best way to treat pericarditis is to address the condition that caused it – but first, you need to find out what that is. “Pericarditis has a variety of causes, some more common than others,” says Dr. Allan Klein, MD, Director of the Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pericardial Diseases at Cleveland Clinic. “Understanding the causes is essential to treating the underlying condition.” […] According to Klein, the majority of pericarditis is caused by a viral illness. He estimates that about 80% of cases begin this way. The virus itself can be something as simple as a common cold or flu. If the virus gets into the bloodstream, it can travel to the heart and infect the pericardial tissue, causing inflammation and swelling. Klein also estimates that another 5 percent of pericarditis cases occur after a cardiac injury. “For example,” he says, “if you have open-heart surgery where the doctors have to open the pericardium, that surgical trauma can cause pericardial inflammation (post-pericardiotomy syndrome).” The injury might also be the result after a heart attack or other trauma such as an EP procedure (atrial fibrillation ablation, or pacemaker insertion). Though viral infections and heart injuries are the most common causes of pericarditis, they’re not the only possible sources. Autoimmune disorders like lupus, AIDS, tuberculosis, or rheumatoid arthritis are responsible for their fair share of cases. Other causes including cancer or hypothyroidism might be responsible for the inflammation.

• #64 Pericardial Disease Center | UCSF Cardiology

  https://ucsfhealthcardiology.ucsf.edu/patient-care/clinical-services/pericardial-disease-center

  Infection: Pericarditis can originate from various bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. These include myobacterium tuberculosis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Coxsackievirus, Echoviruses, Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses (EBV, CMV), HIV, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), Candida, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Infection related pericarditis makes up for about 14% of patients diagnosed with pericarditis. […] Cancer and cancer therapies: Conditions characterized by rapidly dividing cells, commonly referred to as cancer, can lead to pericarditis when the heart becomes a target of inflammatory immune cells. This inflammation can result directly from the cancer itself or from cancer treatments, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and radiation therapy. Cancer-related pericarditis accounts for approximately 5% of all pericarditis cases. […] Other diseases: Autoimmune disorders and hypothyroidism are additional conditions that can lead to pericarditis, as they involve the immune system attacking the body, with the heart being a specific target. Disease related pericarditis accounts for approximately 5% of all pericarditis cases.

• #65 Acute Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22918-acute-pericarditis

  Acute pericarditis can happen for many reasons. Potential causes include: […] Infections. These include bacterial infections, especially tuberculosis, and viral infections such as HIV. Pericarditis from a fungus or a parasite is possible, but these types of infections are rare. […] Cancer. Pericardial cancer is possible but rare. Cancer can also cause pericarditis when tumors spread from elsewhere in your body and damage the pericardium. […] Immune system conditions or inflammatory disorders. Examples of these conditions include lupus, rheumatoid arthritis or Sjgrens syndrome. […] Hormonal disorders or problems. Hypothyroidism (where your thyroid gland doesnt make enough hormones) and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome are potential pericarditis causes. […] Trauma. Injuries to the chest (either blunt impacts or penetration injuries like knife or bullet wounds) can irritate and inflame the pericardium.

• #66 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis

  Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, two-layered, fluid-filled sac that covers the outer surface of your heart. Pericarditis usually develops suddenly and may last from weeks up to several months. […] In up to 90% of cases, the cause of pericarditis is unknown. This is called idiopathic pericarditis. […] There are many causes of pericarditis: A complication of a viral infection, most often a gastrointestinal virus, causes viral pericarditis. A bacterial infection, including tuberculosis, causes bacterial pericarditis. A fungal infection causes fungal pericarditis. An infection from a parasite causes parasitic pericarditis. Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma, can cause pericarditis. Injury to the chest, such as after a car accident, causes traumatic pericarditis. Kidney failure causes uremic pericarditis. Tumors like lymphoma causes malignant pericarditis. Genetic diseases such as Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). Medications that suppress the immune system (This is rare).

• #67 Acute Pericarditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/156951-overview

  After a transmural infarction, a fibrinous pericardial exudate appears within 24 hours, begins to organize at 4-8 days, and completes organization at 4 weeks. […] Dressler syndrome is now considered rare. […] Aortic dissection accounts for 1% of cases of acute pericarditis, especially for cases with hemorrhage into the pericardium. […] Malignancy account for 5-17% of pericarditis cases; in patients presenting with acute pericarditis or pericardial effusion, 4-7% have an unsuspected malignancy. […] Some medications, including penicillin and cromolyn sodium, induce pericarditis through a hypersensitivity reaction. […] Pericardial disease is the most common cardiac toxicity from radiation therapy. […] Approximately 1% of cases of acute pericarditis are caused by trauma, such as penetrating and nonpenetrating cardiac trauma.

• #68 Acute Pericarditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/156951-overview

  After a transmural infarction, a fibrinous pericardial exudate appears within 24 hours, begins to organize at 4-8 days, and completes organization at 4 weeks. […] Dressler syndrome is now considered rare. […] Aortic dissection accounts for 1% of cases of acute pericarditis, especially for cases with hemorrhage into the pericardium. […] Malignancy account for 5-17% of pericarditis cases; in patients presenting with acute pericarditis or pericardial effusion, 4-7% have an unsuspected malignancy. […] Some medications, including penicillin and cromolyn sodium, induce pericarditis through a hypersensitivity reaction. […] Pericardial disease is the most common cardiac toxicity from radiation therapy. […] Approximately 1% of cases of acute pericarditis are caused by trauma, such as penetrating and nonpenetrating cardiac trauma.

• #69 Chronic Pericarditis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-pericarditis

  Between 11% and 50% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis have pericarditis at autopsy. […] Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, sarcoidosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis and others can all cause chronic pericarditis. […] Metabolic […] Renal failure (35-50% of patients with uraemia, pre-dialysis have pericarditis). […] Hypothyroidism. […] Cholesterol pericarditis (gold paint pericarditis). […] Cardiovascular disease […] Myocardial infarction causes acute pericarditis (transmural infarcts, persistent ST elevation). […] Dressler’s syndrome (2-3 weeks after myocardial infarction). […] Aortic dissection. […] Neoplastic […] 5-17% of pericarditis. […] This is caused mostly by metastatic disease (lung 33%, breast 25%, haematological 15%). […] Miscellaneous

• #70 Chronic Pericarditis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-pericarditis

  Between 11% and 50% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis have pericarditis at autopsy. […] Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, sarcoidosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis and others can all cause chronic pericarditis. […] Metabolic […] Renal failure (35-50% of patients with uraemia, pre-dialysis have pericarditis). […] Hypothyroidism. […] Cholesterol pericarditis (gold paint pericarditis). […] Cardiovascular disease […] Myocardial infarction causes acute pericarditis (transmural infarcts, persistent ST elevation). […] Dressler’s syndrome (2-3 weeks after myocardial infarction). […] Aortic dissection. […] Neoplastic […] 5-17% of pericarditis. […] This is caused mostly by metastatic disease (lung 33%, breast 25%, haematological 15%). […] Miscellaneous

• #71 Pericarditis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_causes

  Common Causes: Acute myocardial infarction, Cardiac catheterization, Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA, MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Enterobacteriaceae, Tuberculosis, Histoplasmosis, Coxsackie B virus, Echovirus, HIV, Adenovirus, Influenza, Neoplasm, Renal Failure, Sulfa drugs, Aminosalicylic acid, Amiodarone, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Idiopathic. […] Infectious causes: Viral: Enteroviruses(coxsackieviruses, echoviruses), Herpes viruses(EBV, CMV, HHV-6), Adenoviruses, Parvovirus B19. Bacterial: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Coxiella burnetii, Borrelia burgdorferi. Fungal: Histoplasma species, Aspergillus species, Blastomyces species, Candida species. Parasitic: Echinococcus species, Toxoplasma species. Autoimmune: Systemic autoimmune and auto-inflammatory diseases, Systemic vasculitides, Sarcoidosis, Familial Mediterranean fever, IBD, Still disease. Neoplastic: Primary tumours (pericardial mesothelioma), secondary metastatic tumors (lung and breast cancer, lymphoma). Metabolic: Uraemia, Myxoedema, Anorexia nervosa. Traumatic and Iatrogenic. Drug-related. Others: Amyloidosis, Aortic dissection, Pulmonary arterial Hypertension, Chronic heart failure, Congenital absence of the pericardium.

• #72 Acute Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22918-acute-pericarditis

  Acute pericarditis can happen for many reasons. Potential causes include: […] Infections. These include bacterial infections, especially tuberculosis, and viral infections such as HIV. Pericarditis from a fungus or a parasite is possible, but these types of infections are rare. […] Cancer. Pericardial cancer is possible but rare. Cancer can also cause pericarditis when tumors spread from elsewhere in your body and damage the pericardium. […] Immune system conditions or inflammatory disorders. Examples of these conditions include lupus, rheumatoid arthritis or Sjgrens syndrome. […] Hormonal disorders or problems. Hypothyroidism (where your thyroid gland doesnt make enough hormones) and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome are potential pericarditis causes. […] Trauma. Injuries to the chest (either blunt impacts or penetration injuries like knife or bullet wounds) can irritate and inflame the pericardium.

• #73 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Pericarditis-Causes.aspx

  Cancer cells spread from one part of the body to the other through blood vessels and affect the pericardium. Some of the different cancers that can cause pericarditis include Hodgkins or non-Hodgkins cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and lymphoma. […] Individuals with an autoimmune condition, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, have an immune system that tends to attack healthy tissues. […] People who undergo radiotherapy can get affected, as the radiation from the therapy has the capability to affect the pericardium tissues. […] Hypothyroidism caused because of the underactive thyroid gland has the possibility of causing pericarditis. […] Irritation in the tissues of the pericardium has a major role in causing pericarditis. […] Being involved in an accident and having an injury in the chest can also cause damage to the tissue and result in swelling or inflammation of the pericardium. […] Certain medications are also known to trigger pericarditis. The medicines which are prone to cause the condition are those that are related to chemotherapy and penicillin.

• #74 Patient education: Pericarditis (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pericarditis-beyond-the-basics/print

  Pericarditis has many causes, including the following: […] Unknown cause (so-called „idiopathic”) – In many cases, the cause of pericardial disease cannot be determined. […] Infection – Any infectious organism can infect the pericardium. The majority of cases are either caused by viral infection or an unknown organism. […] Radiation – Prior radiation to the chest is an important cause of pericardial disease. […] Trauma – Trauma to the chest may be blunt, as with a steering wheel injury, or sharp, as with a bullet or knife wound. […] Drugs and toxins – A number of medications can cause pericarditis. […] Metabolic disorders – The major cause of metabolic-related pericarditis is kidney failure. […] Cancerous tumors – Pericardial disease can develop when a cancer metastasizes (spreads) to the heart, most commonly from the breast, lung, or in Hodgkin lymphoma.

• #75 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis

  Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, two-layered, fluid-filled sac that covers the outer surface of your heart. Pericarditis usually develops suddenly and may last from weeks up to several months. […] In up to 90% of cases, the cause of pericarditis is unknown. This is called idiopathic pericarditis. […] There are many causes of pericarditis: A complication of a viral infection, most often a gastrointestinal virus, causes viral pericarditis. A bacterial infection, including tuberculosis, causes bacterial pericarditis. A fungal infection causes fungal pericarditis. An infection from a parasite causes parasitic pericarditis. Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma, can cause pericarditis. Injury to the chest, such as after a car accident, causes traumatic pericarditis. Kidney failure causes uremic pericarditis. Tumors like lymphoma causes malignant pericarditis. Genetic diseases such as Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). Medications that suppress the immune system (This is rare).

• #76 Chronic Pericarditis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-pericarditis

  Between 11% and 50% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis have pericarditis at autopsy. […] Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, sarcoidosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis and others can all cause chronic pericarditis. […] Metabolic […] Renal failure (35-50% of patients with uraemia, pre-dialysis have pericarditis). […] Hypothyroidism. […] Cholesterol pericarditis (gold paint pericarditis). […] Cardiovascular disease […] Myocardial infarction causes acute pericarditis (transmural infarcts, persistent ST elevation). […] Dressler’s syndrome (2-3 weeks after myocardial infarction). […] Aortic dissection. […] Neoplastic […] 5-17% of pericarditis. […] This is caused mostly by metastatic disease (lung 33%, breast 25%, haematological 15%). […] Miscellaneous

• #77 Chronic Pericarditis – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/pericardial-disease-and-myocarditis/chronic-pericarditis

  Chronic effusive pericarditis may be caused by cancer, tuberculosis, or an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), and it occasionally occurs in people with chronic kidney disease. […] The most common known causes of chronic constrictive pericarditis are viral infections, radiation therapy for breast cancer or lymphoma in the chest, and heart surgery. Chronic constrictive pericarditis may also result from any condition that causes acute pericarditis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), a previous injury, or a bacterial infection. […] Tuberculosis accounts for 2% of cases. In Africa and India, tuberculosis is the most common cause of all forms of pericarditis.

• #78 Pericarditis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_causes

  Common Causes: Acute myocardial infarction, Cardiac catheterization, Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA, MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Enterobacteriaceae, Tuberculosis, Histoplasmosis, Coxsackie B virus, Echovirus, HIV, Adenovirus, Influenza, Neoplasm, Renal Failure, Sulfa drugs, Aminosalicylic acid, Amiodarone, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Idiopathic. […] Infectious causes: Viral: Enteroviruses(coxsackieviruses, echoviruses), Herpes viruses(EBV, CMV, HHV-6), Adenoviruses, Parvovirus B19. Bacterial: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Coxiella burnetii, Borrelia burgdorferi. Fungal: Histoplasma species, Aspergillus species, Blastomyces species, Candida species. Parasitic: Echinococcus species, Toxoplasma species. Autoimmune: Systemic autoimmune and auto-inflammatory diseases, Systemic vasculitides, Sarcoidosis, Familial Mediterranean fever, IBD, Still disease. Neoplastic: Primary tumours (pericardial mesothelioma), secondary metastatic tumors (lung and breast cancer, lymphoma). Metabolic: Uraemia, Myxoedema, Anorexia nervosa. Traumatic and Iatrogenic. Drug-related. Others: Amyloidosis, Aortic dissection, Pulmonary arterial Hypertension, Chronic heart failure, Congenital absence of the pericardium.

• #79 Acute Pericarditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/156951-overview

  The following conditions may also cause acute pericarditis: Sjgren syndrome, Mixed connective-tissue disease, Reiter syndrome, Ankylosing spondylitis, Inflammatory bowel disease, Wegener granulomatosis, Vasculitis (eg, giant cell arteritis, polyarteritis), Polymyositis, Behet syndrome, Whipple disease, Familial Mediterranean fever, Serum sickness. […] Richard Bright described uremic pericarditis in 1836. […] Uremic pericarditis has a prevalence of 6-10% in patients with acute or chronic renal failure, and it continues to be associated with significant morbidity and occasional mortality. […] Hypothyroidism accounts for as many as 4% of pericarditis cases. […] Cholesterol pericarditis, also called gold-paint pericarditis, is a complication of a chronic pericardial effusion exacerbated by cholesterol crystals.

• #80 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Pericarditis-Causes.aspx

  Pericardial tuberculosis is often found to be difficult to diagnose. Missing or failing to identify pericardial tuberculosis can lead to constrictive pericarditis. […] Cardiac infarction, which is also known as a heart attack, plays a major role in causing pericarditis. Pericarditis caused by cardiac infarction is divided into two categories early and late pericarditis. […] End-stage renal disease has the capability to cause pericarditis. If left untreated, this can even lead to chronic pericarditis. Pericarditis due to renal failure falls under two categories uremic pericarditis and dialysis-related pericarditis. […] Not all heart surgeries cause pericarditis; however, there is an increased risk that people who have had heart surgeries will experience frequent and/or recurring pericarditis.

• #81 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Trauma can also lead to pericarditis, which may present as an early onset following injury or, more commonly, as a delayed inflammatory reaction. […] Dressler Syndrome, also known as „late post-myocardial infarction syndrome,” is a well-recognized post-cardiac injury syndrome characterized by pericarditis following acute coronary syndrome, with a delayed inflammatory response typically occurring several weeks after the initial event. […] Multiple medications have been implicated in drug-induced pericarditis, although its incidence remains rare. […] Miscellaneous conditions, such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis, should also be considered, particularly when pericarditis is accompanied by suggestive systemic findings. […] However, in up to 90% of cases, no clear etiology is identified, leading to a diagnosis of idiopathic acute pericarditis.

• #82 What Is Pericarditis? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/pericarditis/what-is-pericarditis

  Pericarditis can be attributed to several factors, including viral, bacterial, fungal and other infections. […] The cause of pericarditis is often unknown, though viral infections are a common reason. […] Chronic and recurrent pericarditis may be caused by autoimmune disorders such as lupus, scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Other possible causes of pericarditis are: Heart attack and heart surgery, Kidney failure, HIV/AIDS, cancer, tuberculosis and other health problems, Injuries from accidents or radiation therapy, Certain medicines, such as phenytoin (an anti-seizure medicine), warfarin and heparin (both blood-thinning medicines), and procainamide (a medicine to treat irregular heartbeats).

• #83 Pericarditis: Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/193320

  Other causes of pericarditis include: systemic inflammatory disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, trauma, kidney failure, parasite, radiotherapy, fungi, such as histoplasmosis and Candida, underlying conditions, such as AIDS, cancer, and tuberculosis, underactive thyroid, certain medications, including penicillin, warfarin, and phenytoin.

• #84 What Is Pericarditis? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/pericarditis/what-is-pericarditis

  Pericarditis can be attributed to several factors, including viral, bacterial, fungal and other infections. […] The cause of pericarditis is often unknown, though viral infections are a common reason. […] Chronic and recurrent pericarditis may be caused by autoimmune disorders such as lupus, scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Other possible causes of pericarditis are: Heart attack and heart surgery, Kidney failure, HIV/AIDS, cancer, tuberculosis and other health problems, Injuries from accidents or radiation therapy, Certain medicines, such as phenytoin (an anti-seizure medicine), warfarin and heparin (both blood-thinning medicines), and procainamide (a medicine to treat irregular heartbeats).

• #85 Know Pericarditis Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment | Dr Raghu

  https://drraghu.com/services/conditions/pericarditis/

  The inflammation of the thin, two-layered fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart (pericardium) is known as Pericarditis. […] What are the causes of pericarditis? […] Viral infection: Most commonly due to gastrointestinal virus […] A bacterial infection like tuberculosis […] Fungal infection […] Infection from parasite […] Autoimmune disorders like lupus, scleroderma, or rheumatoid arthritis […] Chest injury […] Kidney failure […] Hypothyroidism […] Carcinoma […] Genetic diseases […] Certain medicines like phenytoin, Warfarin, heparin, or procainamide.

• #86 Pericarditis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/pericarditis

  The cause of pericarditis is often hard to determine. A cause may not be found. When this happens, it’s called idiopathic pericarditis. […] Pericarditis causes can include: […] Immune system response after heart damage due to a heart attack or heart surgery. Other names for this include Dressler syndrome, post-myocardial infarction syndrome and post-cardiac injury syndrome. […] Infections, such as those caused by viruses. […] Injury to the heart or chest. […] Lupus. […] Rheumatoid arthritis. […] Other long-term health conditions, including kidney failure and cancer. […] Some medicines, such as the seizure treatment phenytoin (Dilantin) and medicine called procainamide to treat an irregular heartbeat.

• #87 What Is Pericarditis? | American Heart Association

  https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/pericarditis/what-is-pericarditis

  Pericarditis can be attributed to several factors, including viral, bacterial, fungal and other infections. […] The cause of pericarditis is often unknown, though viral infections are a common reason. […] Chronic and recurrent pericarditis may be caused by autoimmune disorders such as lupus, scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis. […] Other possible causes of pericarditis are: Heart attack and heart surgery, Kidney failure, HIV/AIDS, cancer, tuberculosis and other health problems, Injuries from accidents or radiation therapy, Certain medicines, such as phenytoin (an anti-seizure medicine), warfarin and heparin (both blood-thinning medicines), and procainamide (a medicine to treat irregular heartbeats).

• #88 Chronic Pericarditis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-pericarditis

  Drugs: doxorubicin; cyclophosphamide; drug-induced SLE (methyldopa, isoniazid, hydralazine); methysergide; smallpox vaccination; dantrolene, phenytoin; minoxidil. […] Irradiation […] Post-pericardiotomy syndrome (ie after cardiac surgery 10-40%). […] Trauma, especially with oesophageal rupture or pancreatitis. […] Causes of chronic effusive pericarditis […] This is most commonly idiopathic but can follow any of the causes of acute pericarditis, particularly malignancy (most commonly breast and lung), TB – more common in developing countries – or hypothyroidism. […] Constrictive pericarditis can occur after any pericardial disease process. The more common causes of constrictive pericarditis are: […] Idiopathic. […] Viral. […] TB (the highest total incidence, as common in developing countries).

• #89 Understanding Pericarditis: Symptoms, Causes, and Effective Treatments | Avicenna Cardiology

  https://avicennacardiology.com/treatment/pericarditis/

  Several factors can lead to pericarditis. These include: […] Viral infections are the most common cause, with viruses like Coxsackievirus and Epstein-Barr virus often implicated. […] Bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis, can also lead to pericarditis, although less commonly. […] Conditions like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma can cause the immune system to attack the pericardium, leading to inflammation. […] Blunt chest trauma or surgery involving the heart can irritate the pericardium. […] Metastatic cancers, particularly from the lungs, breasts, or lymphatic system, can invade the pericardium. […] Myocardial infarction (heart attack) can trigger pericarditis in a condition known as Dresslers syndrome. […] Kidney failure and the accumulation of waste products in the blood (uremia) can irritate the pericardium. […] Certain medications, like procainamide and hydralazine, are also linked to pericarditis.

• #90 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis

  Pericarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, two-layered, fluid-filled sac that covers the outer surface of your heart. Pericarditis usually develops suddenly and may last from weeks up to several months. […] In up to 90% of cases, the cause of pericarditis is unknown. This is called idiopathic pericarditis. […] There are many causes of pericarditis: A complication of a viral infection, most often a gastrointestinal virus, causes viral pericarditis. A bacterial infection, including tuberculosis, causes bacterial pericarditis. A fungal infection causes fungal pericarditis. An infection from a parasite causes parasitic pericarditis. Some autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma, can cause pericarditis. Injury to the chest, such as after a car accident, causes traumatic pericarditis. Kidney failure causes uremic pericarditis. Tumors like lymphoma causes malignant pericarditis. Genetic diseases such as Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). Medications that suppress the immune system (This is rare).

• #91 Chronic Pericarditis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-pericarditis

  Drugs: doxorubicin; cyclophosphamide; drug-induced SLE (methyldopa, isoniazid, hydralazine); methysergide; smallpox vaccination; dantrolene, phenytoin; minoxidil. […] Irradiation […] Post-pericardiotomy syndrome (ie after cardiac surgery 10-40%). […] Trauma, especially with oesophageal rupture or pancreatitis. […] Causes of chronic effusive pericarditis […] This is most commonly idiopathic but can follow any of the causes of acute pericarditis, particularly malignancy (most commonly breast and lung), TB – more common in developing countries – or hypothyroidism. […] Constrictive pericarditis can occur after any pericardial disease process. The more common causes of constrictive pericarditis are: […] Idiopathic. […] Viral. […] TB (the highest total incidence, as common in developing countries).

• #92 Chronic Pericarditis (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment)

  https://patient.info/doctor/chronic-pericarditis

  Drugs: doxorubicin; cyclophosphamide; drug-induced SLE (methyldopa, isoniazid, hydralazine); methysergide; smallpox vaccination; dantrolene, phenytoin; minoxidil. […] Irradiation […] Post-pericardiotomy syndrome (ie after cardiac surgery 10-40%). […] Trauma, especially with oesophageal rupture or pancreatitis. […] Causes of chronic effusive pericarditis […] This is most commonly idiopathic but can follow any of the causes of acute pericarditis, particularly malignancy (most commonly breast and lung), TB – more common in developing countries – or hypothyroidism. […] Constrictive pericarditis can occur after any pericardial disease process. The more common causes of constrictive pericarditis are: […] Idiopathic. […] Viral. […] TB (the highest total incidence, as common in developing countries).

• #93 Pericarditis | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/pericarditis

  The cause of pericarditis is often hard to determine. A cause may not be found. When this happens, it’s called idiopathic pericarditis. […] Pericarditis causes can include: […] Immune system response after heart damage due to a heart attack or heart surgery. Other names for this include Dressler syndrome, post-myocardial infarction syndrome and post-cardiac injury syndrome. […] Infections, such as those caused by viruses. […] Injury to the heart or chest. […] Lupus. […] Rheumatoid arthritis. […] Other long-term health conditions, including kidney failure and cancer. […] Some medicines, such as the seizure treatment phenytoin (Dilantin) and medicine called procainamide to treat an irregular heartbeat.

• #94 Pericarditis – causes, symptoms & treatment – BHF

  https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/conditions/pericarditis

  Pericarditis is most commonly caused by: […] a virus, such as the flu or Covid-19, or another infection […] inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis. […] More rarely pericarditis can be caused by: […] injury to the chest, for example after a car accident, heart surgery, or heart attack […] another health problem, such as cancer, kidney failure, or an underactive thyroid […] certain medicines or vaccines. […] Sometimes it isnt possible to know the cause of pericarditis. This is known as idiopathic pericarditis.

• #95 Acute Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22918-acute-pericarditis

  Heart or circulatory problems. These include heart attacks or aortic dissection (where layers on the inside of your aorta separate or tear). […] Medical causes. Acute pericarditis can happen after heart surgery, radiation therapy for cancer or as a side effect of some medications. […] Other. Acute pericarditis can also happen with heart failure, chronic kidney disease or kidney failure, liver cirrhosis or for unknown reasons.

• #96 Acute Pericarditis: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/156951-overview

  After a transmural infarction, a fibrinous pericardial exudate appears within 24 hours, begins to organize at 4-8 days, and completes organization at 4 weeks. […] Dressler syndrome is now considered rare. […] Aortic dissection accounts for 1% of cases of acute pericarditis, especially for cases with hemorrhage into the pericardium. […] Malignancy account for 5-17% of pericarditis cases; in patients presenting with acute pericarditis or pericardial effusion, 4-7% have an unsuspected malignancy. […] Some medications, including penicillin and cromolyn sodium, induce pericarditis through a hypersensitivity reaction. […] Pericardial disease is the most common cardiac toxicity from radiation therapy. […] Approximately 1% of cases of acute pericarditis are caused by trauma, such as penetrating and nonpenetrating cardiac trauma.

• #97 Pericarditis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431080/

  Trauma can also lead to pericarditis, which may present as an early onset following injury or, more commonly, as a delayed inflammatory reaction. […] Dressler Syndrome, also known as „late post-myocardial infarction syndrome,” is a well-recognized post-cardiac injury syndrome characterized by pericarditis following acute coronary syndrome, with a delayed inflammatory response typically occurring several weeks after the initial event. […] Multiple medications have been implicated in drug-induced pericarditis, although its incidence remains rare. […] Miscellaneous conditions, such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis, should also be considered, particularly when pericarditis is accompanied by suggestive systemic findings. […] However, in up to 90% of cases, no clear etiology is identified, leading to a diagnosis of idiopathic acute pericarditis.

• #98 Pericarditis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_causes

  Common Causes: Acute myocardial infarction, Cardiac catheterization, Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA, MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Enterobacteriaceae, Tuberculosis, Histoplasmosis, Coxsackie B virus, Echovirus, HIV, Adenovirus, Influenza, Neoplasm, Renal Failure, Sulfa drugs, Aminosalicylic acid, Amiodarone, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Idiopathic. […] Infectious causes: Viral: Enteroviruses(coxsackieviruses, echoviruses), Herpes viruses(EBV, CMV, HHV-6), Adenoviruses, Parvovirus B19. Bacterial: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Coxiella burnetii, Borrelia burgdorferi. Fungal: Histoplasma species, Aspergillus species, Blastomyces species, Candida species. Parasitic: Echinococcus species, Toxoplasma species. Autoimmune: Systemic autoimmune and auto-inflammatory diseases, Systemic vasculitides, Sarcoidosis, Familial Mediterranean fever, IBD, Still disease. Neoplastic: Primary tumours (pericardial mesothelioma), secondary metastatic tumors (lung and breast cancer, lymphoma). Metabolic: Uraemia, Myxoedema, Anorexia nervosa. Traumatic and Iatrogenic. Drug-related. Others: Amyloidosis, Aortic dissection, Pulmonary arterial Hypertension, Chronic heart failure, Congenital absence of the pericardium.

• #99 Acute Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22918-acute-pericarditis

  Acute pericarditis can happen for many reasons. Potential causes include: […] Infections. These include bacterial infections, especially tuberculosis, and viral infections such as HIV. Pericarditis from a fungus or a parasite is possible, but these types of infections are rare. […] Cancer. Pericardial cancer is possible but rare. Cancer can also cause pericarditis when tumors spread from elsewhere in your body and damage the pericardium. […] Immune system conditions or inflammatory disorders. Examples of these conditions include lupus, rheumatoid arthritis or Sjgrens syndrome. […] Hormonal disorders or problems. Hypothyroidism (where your thyroid gland doesnt make enough hormones) and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome are potential pericarditis causes. […] Trauma. Injuries to the chest (either blunt impacts or penetration injuries like knife or bullet wounds) can irritate and inflame the pericardium.

• #100 Pericarditis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_causes

  Common Causes: Acute myocardial infarction, Cardiac catheterization, Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA, MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Enterobacteriaceae, Tuberculosis, Histoplasmosis, Coxsackie B virus, Echovirus, HIV, Adenovirus, Influenza, Neoplasm, Renal Failure, Sulfa drugs, Aminosalicylic acid, Amiodarone, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Idiopathic. […] Infectious causes: Viral: Enteroviruses(coxsackieviruses, echoviruses), Herpes viruses(EBV, CMV, HHV-6), Adenoviruses, Parvovirus B19. Bacterial: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Coxiella burnetii, Borrelia burgdorferi. Fungal: Histoplasma species, Aspergillus species, Blastomyces species, Candida species. Parasitic: Echinococcus species, Toxoplasma species. Autoimmune: Systemic autoimmune and auto-inflammatory diseases, Systemic vasculitides, Sarcoidosis, Familial Mediterranean fever, IBD, Still disease. Neoplastic: Primary tumours (pericardial mesothelioma), secondary metastatic tumors (lung and breast cancer, lymphoma). Metabolic: Uraemia, Myxoedema, Anorexia nervosa. Traumatic and Iatrogenic. Drug-related. Others: Amyloidosis, Aortic dissection, Pulmonary arterial Hypertension, Chronic heart failure, Congenital absence of the pericardium.

• #101 Pericarditis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_causes

  Common Causes: Acute myocardial infarction, Cardiac catheterization, Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA, MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Enterobacteriaceae, Tuberculosis, Histoplasmosis, Coxsackie B virus, Echovirus, HIV, Adenovirus, Influenza, Neoplasm, Renal Failure, Sulfa drugs, Aminosalicylic acid, Amiodarone, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Idiopathic. […] Infectious causes: Viral: Enteroviruses(coxsackieviruses, echoviruses), Herpes viruses(EBV, CMV, HHV-6), Adenoviruses, Parvovirus B19. Bacterial: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Coxiella burnetii, Borrelia burgdorferi. Fungal: Histoplasma species, Aspergillus species, Blastomyces species, Candida species. Parasitic: Echinococcus species, Toxoplasma species. Autoimmune: Systemic autoimmune and auto-inflammatory diseases, Systemic vasculitides, Sarcoidosis, Familial Mediterranean fever, IBD, Still disease. Neoplastic: Primary tumours (pericardial mesothelioma), secondary metastatic tumors (lung and breast cancer, lymphoma). Metabolic: Uraemia, Myxoedema, Anorexia nervosa. Traumatic and Iatrogenic. Drug-related. Others: Amyloidosis, Aortic dissection, Pulmonary arterial Hypertension, Chronic heart failure, Congenital absence of the pericardium.

• #102 Pericarditis causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Pericarditis_causes

  Common Causes: Acute myocardial infarction, Cardiac catheterization, Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA, MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Enterobacteriaceae, Tuberculosis, Histoplasmosis, Coxsackie B virus, Echovirus, HIV, Adenovirus, Influenza, Neoplasm, Renal Failure, Sulfa drugs, Aminosalicylic acid, Amiodarone, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Idiopathic. […] Infectious causes: Viral: Enteroviruses(coxsackieviruses, echoviruses), Herpes viruses(EBV, CMV, HHV-6), Adenoviruses, Parvovirus B19. Bacterial: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Coxiella burnetii, Borrelia burgdorferi. Fungal: Histoplasma species, Aspergillus species, Blastomyces species, Candida species. Parasitic: Echinococcus species, Toxoplasma species. Autoimmune: Systemic autoimmune and auto-inflammatory diseases, Systemic vasculitides, Sarcoidosis, Familial Mediterranean fever, IBD, Still disease. Neoplastic: Primary tumours (pericardial mesothelioma), secondary metastatic tumors (lung and breast cancer, lymphoma). Metabolic: Uraemia, Myxoedema, Anorexia nervosa. Traumatic and Iatrogenic. Drug-related. Others: Amyloidosis, Aortic dissection, Pulmonary arterial Hypertension, Chronic heart failure, Congenital absence of the pericardium.

• #103 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17353-pericarditis

  Your risk of pericarditis is higher after: A heart attack. Open heart surgery (postpericardiotomy syndrome). Radiation therapy. Percutaneous treatment, such as cardiac catheterization or radiofrequency ablation (RFA). In these cases, its likely that the inflammation of the pericardium is an error in the bodys response to the procedure or condition.

• #104 Bacterial Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pericarditis-bacterial

  The causes of pericarditis include: viruses, bacteria, fungal infections, parasitic infections, trauma from surgery or another injury. […] This condition occurs when certain bacteria enter the pericardium and cause infection. The most common bacteria to cause pericarditis are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pneumococcus. […] Bacteria can enter the pericardium: through your bloodstream from another infection in the body, such as pneumonia; from an infection in another part of the heart; through surgery; when a catheter is inserted to drain fluid from the pericardium; as a result of trauma. […] People with a weak immune system are at an increased risk of developing bacterial pericarditis because their bodies are less able to fight infection. Health problems that may increase your risk of developing this disorder include: immune deficiency conditions such as HIV or AIDS, chronic diseases, such as diabetes, alcohol abuse, vascular heart disease, uremia, or excess uric acid in your blood. […] According to the Cleveland Clinic, men between 16 and 65 are more likely to develop this condition. Bacterial pericarditis often develops following a lung infection.

• #105 Bacterial Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pericarditis-bacterial

  The causes of pericarditis include: viruses, bacteria, fungal infections, parasitic infections, trauma from surgery or another injury. […] This condition occurs when certain bacteria enter the pericardium and cause infection. The most common bacteria to cause pericarditis are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pneumococcus. […] Bacteria can enter the pericardium: through your bloodstream from another infection in the body, such as pneumonia; from an infection in another part of the heart; through surgery; when a catheter is inserted to drain fluid from the pericardium; as a result of trauma. […] People with a weak immune system are at an increased risk of developing bacterial pericarditis because their bodies are less able to fight infection. Health problems that may increase your risk of developing this disorder include: immune deficiency conditions such as HIV or AIDS, chronic diseases, such as diabetes, alcohol abuse, vascular heart disease, uremia, or excess uric acid in your blood. […] According to the Cleveland Clinic, men between 16 and 65 are more likely to develop this condition. Bacterial pericarditis often develops following a lung infection.

• #106 Bacterial Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/pericarditis-bacterial

  The causes of pericarditis include: viruses, bacteria, fungal infections, parasitic infections, trauma from surgery or another injury. […] This condition occurs when certain bacteria enter the pericardium and cause infection. The most common bacteria to cause pericarditis are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pneumococcus. […] Bacteria can enter the pericardium: through your bloodstream from another infection in the body, such as pneumonia; from an infection in another part of the heart; through surgery; when a catheter is inserted to drain fluid from the pericardium; as a result of trauma. […] People with a weak immune system are at an increased risk of developing bacterial pericarditis because their bodies are less able to fight infection. Health problems that may increase your risk of developing this disorder include: immune deficiency conditions such as HIV or AIDS, chronic diseases, such as diabetes, alcohol abuse, vascular heart disease, uremia, or excess uric acid in your blood. […] According to the Cleveland Clinic, men between 16 and 65 are more likely to develop this condition. Bacterial pericarditis often develops following a lung infection.

• #107 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Risk-for-Pericarditis.aspx

  Pericarditis is a common heart condition that is found all over the world. It has been reported that almost 5% of overall admissions that occur due to accidents and emergency (AE) are identified with pericarditis. […] As pericarditis is a common condition, it does not necessarily have specific causes. Infection plays a vital role in causing pericarditis. People who are prone to some viral, bacterial, or fungal infection have a huge chance of having pericarditis. […] People who had heart attacks have a high chance of developing pericarditis. This kind of pericarditis falls under two categories early pericarditis and late pericarditis. […] It has not been proved that all people who have a heart surgery develop pericarditis, but there are reports that some people who had surgeries developed this condition at a later stage in their lives.

• #108 Diagnosis of acute pericarditis

  https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-15/Diagnosis-of-acute-pericarditis

  Acute pericarditis, the most common pericardial syndrome in clinical practice, is diagnosed based on two of the following criteria: a) chest pain b) pericardial friction-rub c) characteristic ECG changes (new widespread ST-elevation or PR depression) d) pericardial effusion. […] The aetiology is multifactorial. Viruses and tuberculosis are the most common aetiological factors in developed and developing countries, respectively. […] Pericarditis may be an isolated disease or the first manifestation of an underlying systemic disease. Causes of acute pericarditis can be broadly classified into infectious and non-infectious. […] The aetiology is multifactorial and depends on the epidemiological background, patient population and clinical setting. […] In particular, the most common cause of pericarditis in developed countries is viruses, whereas tuberculosis is the most frequent cause in developing countries. […] Notably, the most common noninfectious causes are secondary to autoimmune diseases, metastatic tumours and post-cardiac injury syndrome. […] Acute pericarditis is the most frequent among the pericardial syndromes. Its aetiology is multifactorial.

• #109 Pericarditis

  https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2017/november/pericarditis

  Pericarditis is an important diagnosis to consider, along with various other differential diagnoses, in a patient who presents with chest pain. […] The most common aetiologies of pericarditis are idiopathic and viral, and the most common treatment for these are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and colchicine. […] Typical viral pericarditis is frequently preceded by a self-limiting respiratory or gastrointestinal illness. However, particular attention needs to be paid to non-viral pericarditis, such as bacterial pericarditis (often associated with high temperatures), uraemic pericarditis (in patients with comorbid renal failure), tuberculosis pericarditis (in high-risk subgroups), autoimmune pericarditis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pericarditis. […] In Australia, the most common cause of acute pericarditis is idiopathic or viral with a largely mild and benign course of illness. However, high-risk subgroups should not be overlooked, and a full evaluation of uncommon causes should be completed.

• #110 Pericarditis Causes

  https://fpnotebook.com/CV/Pericardium/PrcrdtsCs.htm

  Idiopathic (Most common cause, 50% of episodes) […] Viral Infection (esp. Coxsackievirus) […] Post-Viral Pericarditis is the most common cause (up to 80% to 90% of cases) in the developed world […] Most common cause (70%) in developing countries where Tuberculosis is endemic […] Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (occurs in 20% of AIDS Cases) […] Myocardial Infarction (in first 2-4 days following event) […] Post-MI Syndrome (Dressler’s Syndrome, occurs in weeks to months following event) […] Malignant Pericardial Effusion: 15% of cancer patients […] Most common of the nontuberculous purulent causes […] Most common of the nontuberculous purulent causes […] Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mortality approaches 85% for untreated cases) […] Most common cause in developing countries where Tuberculosis is endemic […] Systemic Lupus Erythematosus […] Systemic Vasculitis (e.g. Behcet Syndrome, Giant Cell Arteritis, Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis).

• #111 Chronic Pericarditis – Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/pericardial-disease-and-myocarditis/chronic-pericarditis

  Chronic effusive pericarditis may be caused by cancer, tuberculosis, or an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), and it occasionally occurs in people with chronic kidney disease. […] The most common known causes of chronic constrictive pericarditis are viral infections, radiation therapy for breast cancer or lymphoma in the chest, and heart surgery. Chronic constrictive pericarditis may also result from any condition that causes acute pericarditis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), a previous injury, or a bacterial infection. […] Tuberculosis accounts for 2% of cases. In Africa and India, tuberculosis is the most common cause of all forms of pericarditis.

• #112 Pearls and perils of acute pericarditis | British Columbia Medical Journal

  https://bcmj.org/articles/pearls-and-perils-acute-pericarditis

  Metabolic diseases such as renal failure and hypothyroidism. […] In the pre-dialysis era, uremic pericarditis affected 35% to 50% of chronic renal failure patients, but occurred in a smaller percentage in the acute renal failure setting. […] In the pre-thrombolytic era, postmyocardial infarction pericarditis usually developed on day 2 or day 3 after a transmural infarction. […] Another type of myocardial infarction-related pericarditis, Dressler’s syndrome, usually develops within weeks to months after acute myocardial infarction. The mechanism is thought to be an autoimmune reaction. […] Recurrent pericarditis is most commonly observed in the cases of acute nonspecific pericarditis. The recurrence rate appears to be in the range of 15% to 32% after an initial attack. The cause is still unknown, although some cases can be traced to viral infection or may be the consequence of coronary bypass grafting.

• #113 Pericarditis: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/pericarditis-symptoms-causes-treatments

  You may get pericarditis days, weeks, or months after a big event like open heart surgery or something else that causes damage to your heart or chest area. […] Stress alone is unlikely to inflame the sac around your heart. But sudden and serious emotional stress can sometimes weaken your heart muscle, a condition known as broken heart syndrome. Chronic stress may also raise your odds of other health problems that make you more likely to get pericarditis, such as high blood pressure. […] Most people get completely better, but its possible for your symptoms to come and go for years, even if they go away for a while. Around 20% to 50% of people who get pericarditis will have repeat episodes of it. […] There isnt always a clear cause, but viral infections are a common cause. Youre also more likely to get pericarditis after a heart attack, heart surgery, or chest trauma from something like a car crash. If you already have pericarditis, strenuous exercise may trigger inflammation.

• #114 Pericarditis: Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ada

  https://ada.com/conditions/pericarditis/

  In most cases, the cause of pericarditis is unknown. Viral infections are a common trigger, but the cause may also be: […] Viruses are the most common cause of acute pericarditis. A number of different viruses are associated with the heart condition, including, among others: […] Other causes of pericarditis include: […] In many cases, no cause can be identified and the condition is termed idiopathic pericarditis. […] The cause of recurrent pericarditis is unknown, though it is thought that irregularities in the immune system may play a role. Pericarditis may result from autoimmune conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma, where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue or cells.

• #115 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Pericarditis-Causes.aspx

  The cause of pericarditis could be a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection. Pericarditis caused by bacteria is less common and that caused by fungi is rare. […] In 90% of pericarditis cases, the primary cause is not determined, which fails to prove why the pericardium is getting inflamed. It is commonly understood that viral infections play a vital role in causing pericarditis. […] Another important factor that causes pericarditis is bacterial infections. The inflammation caused by bacterial infection creates more severe pain. The most common bacteria that can cause pericarditis include Streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Pneumococci, Staphylococci, and Meningococci. […] Pericarditis occurs more frequently in men than in women, with men between the age of 20 and 50 most likely to get affected by this condition. In studies, it has been found that pericarditis usually occurs after the onset of some kind of respiratory infection.

• #116 Pericarditis Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pericarditis

  Pericarditis is a condition in which the sac-like covering around the heart (pericardium) becomes inflamed. […] The cause of pericarditis is unknown or unproven in many cases. It mostly affects men ages 20 to 50 years. […] Pericarditis is often the result of an infection such as: […] Other causes include: […] The cause of pericarditis should be identified, if possible. […] If the cause of pericarditis is an infection: […] Many cases cannot be prevented.

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