Materiały źródłowe

• #1 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  HPV is the most common viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. Roughly 14 million people get the infection each year. HPV is so common that most sexually active people who aren’t vaccinated against HPV will become infected at some point in their lives. Most never know they have it. […] Some strains of HPV are high-risk and can lead to cancers, like cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancers. Early detection (with a Pap smear or HPV screening) and treatment of precancerous cells can usually prevent this from happening. […] A healthcare provider will typically be able to diagnose genital warts and other bodily warts just by looking. High-risk forms of HPV don’t cause symptoms, which means you’ll likely learn about an infection through a routine Pap smear or HPV test. […] Pap smear: A Pap smear screens for cervical cancer and precancerous cells that may become cancer if left untreated. Cervical cancer is almost always caused by high-risk HPV. […] HPV tests can detect the high-risk strains of the virus that may lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. […] Only a small number of people with high-risk HPV will develop abnormal cervical cells that require treatment to prevent the cells from becoming cancer.

• #2 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection) is caused by a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family. Many HPV infections cause no symptoms and 90% resolve spontaneously within two years. In some cases, an HPV infection persists and results in either warts or precancerous lesions. All warts are caused by HPV. These lesions, depending on the site affected, increase the risk of cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth, tonsils, or throat. Nearly all cervical cancer is due to HPV, and two strains HPV16 and HPV18 account for 70% of all cases. HPV16 is responsible for almost 90% of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. Between 60% and 90% of the other cancers listed above are also linked to HPV. HPV vaccines can prevent the most common types of infection. Cervical cancer screening, such as the Papanicolaou test („pap smear”), or examination of the cervix after applying acetic acid, can detect both early cancer and abnormal cells that may develop into cancer. Screening allows for early treatment which results in better outcomes. Screening has reduced both the number of cases and the number of deaths from cervical cancer.

• #3 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection) is caused by a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family. Many HPV infections cause no symptoms and 90% resolve spontaneously within two years. In some cases, an HPV infection persists and results in either warts or precancerous lesions. All warts are caused by HPV. These lesions, depending on the site affected, increase the risk of cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth, tonsils, or throat. Nearly all cervical cancer is due to HPV, and two strains HPV16 and HPV18 account for 70% of all cases. HPV16 is responsible for almost 90% of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. Between 60% and 90% of the other cancers listed above are also linked to HPV. HPV vaccines can prevent the most common types of infection. Cervical cancer screening, such as the Papanicolaou test („pap smear”), or examination of the cervix after applying acetic acid, can detect both early cancer and abnormal cells that may develop into cancer. Screening allows for early treatment which results in better outcomes. Screening has reduced both the number of cases and the number of deaths from cervical cancer.

• #4 Laboratory diagnosis of human papillomavirus virus infection in female genital tract

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3139291/

  A human papillomavirus (HPV), a member of the papillomavirus, is a double-stranded DNA virus and produces cytopathic effect in epithelium. Genital mucosal infection is persistent and multifocal and can be subclinical. […] The important methods to diagnose HPV infection are: Colposcopy and acetic acid test, Biopsy, DNA test (PCR, Southern Blot Hybridization, In Situ Hybridization), Pap smear. […] Colposcopy is a procedure performed by specially trained clinicians as an outpatient procedure using a low-powered microscope, the colposcope. […] Colposcopy allows tissue sampling (biopsy) that is targeted to the abnormal areas. […] The established routine method for viral detection is the hybridization of viral nucleic acids. […] HC2 in conjunction with the Pap test is now approved by the FDA.

• #5 Laboratory diagnosis of human papillomavirus virus infection in female genital tract

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3139291/

  A human papillomavirus (HPV), a member of the papillomavirus, is a double-stranded DNA virus and produces cytopathic effect in epithelium. Genital mucosal infection is persistent and multifocal and can be subclinical. […] The important methods to diagnose HPV infection are: Colposcopy and acetic acid test, Biopsy, DNA test (PCR, Southern Blot Hybridization, In Situ Hybridization), Pap smear. […] Colposcopy is a procedure performed by specially trained clinicians as an outpatient procedure using a low-powered microscope, the colposcope. […] Colposcopy allows tissue sampling (biopsy) that is targeted to the abnormal areas. […] The established routine method for viral detection is the hybridization of viral nucleic acids. […] HC2 in conjunction with the Pap test is now approved by the FDA.

• #6 HPV infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602

  A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose HPV infection by looking at the warts. […] If genital warts don’t show, one or more of the following tests can find them: […] A vinegar solution applied to HPV-infected genital areas turns them white. This may help flat lesions show up. […] A sample of cells from the cervix or vagina go to a lab to look for changes that can lead to cancer. […] Testing cells from the cervix can identify the DNA of the types of HPV that are linked to genital cancers. It’s recommended that women 30 and older have this test with a Pap test. […] A procedure called a colposcopy can remove HPV from the cervix. A healthcare professional uses a tool, called a coloscope, to see the cervix and take tissue samples, called a biopsy, of areas that look atypical.

• #7 Diagnosing Human Papillomavirus | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/human-papillomavirus/diagnosis

  Most human papillomavirus (HPV) infections of the genitals cause no symptoms and disappear on their own within two years. […] A person can be infected with multiple strains of HPV at once, and our doctors can quickly and accurately diagnose HPV infection and determine appropriate treatment. […] A gynecologist performs a pelvic exam and checks a womans cervix, vagina, vulva, anus, rectum, and, if symptoms warrant, the mouth for warts. A urologist examines a mans penis, scrotum, anus, rectum, and, if symptoms warrant, the mouth, for warts. […] If your Pap test results show abnormal cells on the cervix or screening test results indicate infection with a high-risk strain of HPV, your NYU Langone doctor may perform a colposcopy in his or her office. This procedure helps the doctor diagnose cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer. […] Your doctor may perform a cone biopsy if a Pap test or biopsy from a colposcopy shows precancerous changes in the cells of the cervix. […] The loop electrosurgical excision procedure, also known as LEEP, is used to diagnose and treat abnormal cervical tissue.

• #8 HPV infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602

  A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose HPV infection by looking at the warts. […] If genital warts don’t show, one or more of the following tests can find them: […] A vinegar solution applied to HPV-infected genital areas turns them white. This may help flat lesions show up. […] A sample of cells from the cervix or vagina go to a lab to look for changes that can lead to cancer. […] Testing cells from the cervix can identify the DNA of the types of HPV that are linked to genital cancers. It’s recommended that women 30 and older have this test with a Pap test. […] A procedure called a colposcopy can remove HPV from the cervix. A healthcare professional uses a tool, called a coloscope, to see the cervix and take tissue samples, called a biopsy, of areas that look atypical.

• #9 HPV Infection in Men: Symptoms, Treatments, Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/hpv-genital-warts/hpv-virus-men

  Tests for HPV Infection in Men […] To diagnose genital warts in men, the doctor will visually check a man’s genital area to see if warts are present. Some doctors will apply a vinegar solution to help identify warts that aren’t raised and visible. But the test is not foolproof. Sometimes normal skin is mistakenly identified as a wart. […] […] There is no routine test for men to check for high-risk HPV strains that can cause cancer. However, some doctors are urging anal Pap tests for gay and bisexual men, who are at higher risk of anal cancer caused by HPV. In an anal Pap test, the doctor collects cells from the anus, and then has them checked for abnormalities in a lab.

• #10 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  HPV is the most common viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. Roughly 14 million people get the infection each year. HPV is so common that most sexually active people who aren’t vaccinated against HPV will become infected at some point in their lives. Most never know they have it. […] Some strains of HPV are high-risk and can lead to cancers, like cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancers. Early detection (with a Pap smear or HPV screening) and treatment of precancerous cells can usually prevent this from happening. […] A healthcare provider will typically be able to diagnose genital warts and other bodily warts just by looking. High-risk forms of HPV don’t cause symptoms, which means you’ll likely learn about an infection through a routine Pap smear or HPV test. […] Pap smear: A Pap smear screens for cervical cancer and precancerous cells that may become cancer if left untreated. Cervical cancer is almost always caused by high-risk HPV. […] HPV tests can detect the high-risk strains of the virus that may lead to cervical cancer if left untreated. […] Only a small number of people with high-risk HPV will develop abnormal cervical cells that require treatment to prevent the cells from becoming cancer.

• #11

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a group of 200 known viruses. They do not cause concerns in most people, but infection with some high-risk types is common and can cause genital warts or cancer. […] Persistent HPV infection with high-risk HPV types is the cause of cervical cancer and is associated with cancers of the vulva, vagina, mouth/throat, penis and anus. […] Prophylactic vaccination against HPV can prevent these cancers. In addition, HPV-screening and treatment of pre-cancer lesions is an effective way to prevent cervical cancer. […] Currently, cervical cancer is the only HPV-caused cancer for which screening tests are available. Screening tests are used to check for disease when there are no symptoms. The goal of screening for cervical cancer is to find precancerous cell changes before they become cancer and when treatment can prevent cancer from developing.

• #12 Human Papillomavirus, HPV – HealthyWomen

  https://www.healthywomen.org/condition/human-papillomavirus-hpv

  If HPV causes cells to become abnormal, most return to normal on their own. However, when high-risk types of HPV persist, precancer and cancer may occur. HPV is the cause of nearly all cases of cervical cancer, but cervical cancer is preventable. Screening by Pap and HPV testing can detect precancerous changes that can be treated to prevent cancer from developing. […] The more common change from HPV are lesions of the cervix that are not visible to the naked eye and are detected through screening with Pap and HPV testing. These changes, called squamous intraepithelial lesions, are not visible to the naked eye and are only visible after vinegar has been applied to the cervix and the clinician looks through a microscope. This is called colposcopy. The screening by Pap and HPV tests identifies women who may have these lesions and need a closer look at the cervix through the colposcope.

• #13 Human Papillomavirus, HPV – HealthyWomen

  https://www.healthywomen.org/condition/human-papillomavirus-hpv

  The Pap test is a simple procedure. For a Pap test, a health care professional uses a special brush and/or spatula to collect cells from the cervix and places them on a glass slide or in a liquid preservative, which is then sent to a laboratory for evaluation. […] The American Cancer Society, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommend the following guidelines for Pap tests and early detection of cervical cancer: All women should begin screening at age 21. […] Women ages 30 to 65 should have both a Pap test and an HPV test every five years, a Pap test alone every three years or an HPV test alone every three or five years. […] If your health care professional identifies any unusual cell changes, he or she will recommend a plan of action, depending on the result and your health history. That may include, a repeat Pap test, an HPV test, or a colposcopy which is a more thorough examination and biopsy of any abnormal area. If the Pap reveals ASC-US and the HPV test is positive, a colposcopy will be the next step.

• #14 Human Papillomavirus: Screening, Testing, and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0800/p152.html

  With more than 200 types identified, human papillomavirus (HPV) commonly causes infections of the skin and mucosa. HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Screening for HPV infection is effective in identifying precancerous lesions and allows for interventions that can prevent the development of cancer. HPV is spread by direct skin-to-skin contact and has tropisms for cutaneous or mucosal epithelial cells. The approximately 40 types that infect mucosal surfaces are typically spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can be divided into low-risk and high-risk types based on their associated cancer risk. The cervical cytology of HPV infection progresses from atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) to carcinoma. Because there is a long latent period (10 to 20 years) between cervical HPV infection and diagnosis, the incidence of carcinoma peaks at 40 years of age. This highlights the importance of screening and testing for HPV-related cervical changes between 30 and 40 years of age. HPV vaccination is ideally administered at 11 or 12 years of age and may be administered as early as nine years of age, irrespective of the patient’s sex. HPV vaccination is most effective when administered before the onset of sexual activity. The FDA has approved vaccination in children and adults between nine and 45 years of age, and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends vaccination at 11 or 12 years of age, irrespective of the patient’s sex.

• #15 Human Papillomavirus: Screening, Testing, and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0800/p152.html

  With more than 200 types identified, human papillomavirus (HPV) commonly causes infections of the skin and mucosa. HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Screening for HPV infection is effective in identifying precancerous lesions and allows for interventions that can prevent the development of cancer. HPV is spread by direct skin-to-skin contact and has tropisms for cutaneous or mucosal epithelial cells. The approximately 40 types that infect mucosal surfaces are typically spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can be divided into low-risk and high-risk types based on their associated cancer risk. The cervical cytology of HPV infection progresses from atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) to carcinoma. Because there is a long latent period (10 to 20 years) between cervical HPV infection and diagnosis, the incidence of carcinoma peaks at 40 years of age. This highlights the importance of screening and testing for HPV-related cervical changes between 30 and 40 years of age. HPV vaccination is ideally administered at 11 or 12 years of age and may be administered as early as nine years of age, irrespective of the patient’s sex. HPV vaccination is most effective when administered before the onset of sexual activity. The FDA has approved vaccination in children and adults between nine and 45 years of age, and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends vaccination at 11 or 12 years of age, irrespective of the patient’s sex.

• #16 SciELO Brazil – HPV infection – Screening, diagnosis and management of HPV-induced lesions HPV infection – Screening, diagnosis and management of HPV-induced lesions

  https://www.scielo.br/j/rbgo/a/CTr4PWWVQTjhrYxTrgFHTCN/?lang=en

  Address the importance of organized screening for cervical cancer. […] The diagnosis of condyloma acuminata is clinical with several effective therapeutic options. […] As the risk of histological high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) in a patient with cytological LSIL is significant, the quality of the cytopathological examination is essential. […] Cases of cytological HSIL should be systematically referred to colposcopy. […] See-and-treat is a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure and must be performed according to rules established for non-pregnant women over 25 years of age. […] The HPV DNA test must be offered for screening. […] The cytopathology of HSIL should be referred to colposcopy, it is not acceptable to repeat the cytopathology exam. […] The endocervical canal should be evaluated with cytological brushing or curettage when the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ) is not visible.

• #17 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/human-papillomavirus-hpv-test/

  HPV tests use a sample of cells from your cervix to look for signs of infection with high-risk HPVs that can lead to cervical cancer. Knowing whether you have HPV helps your health care provider understand your risk for developing cervical cancer. If you have an HPV infection, you can discuss whether you need other tests and how often you should be checked for cervical cancer. […] The test is used to check a sample of cervical cells for signs of infection with high-risk HPV that can lead to cervical cancer. The test is often done at the same time as a Pap smear, which is a test that checks cervical cells for abnormal changes caused by HPV. When an HPV test and a Pap smear are done at the same time, it’s called an HPV/Pap cotest. […] You may need an HPV test to screen for cervical cancer if you: Had an abnormal result on a Pap smear. An HPV test can show whether HPV caused the abnormal changes in your cervical cells.

• #18 Microbiological diagnosis of human papilloma virus infection | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-microbiological-diagnosis-human-papilloma-virus-S2529993X1730240X

  Microbiological diagnosis of human papilloma virus infection […] Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of sexually transmitted infection worldwide. […] Screening with cytology has been very successful in the last few years, but nowadays there are numerous studies that confirm that cytology should be replaced with the detection of HPV as a first line test in population based screening. […] There are several commercially available FDA approved tests for screening of cervical cancer. […] A new strategy, based on individual detection of the high risk genotypes HPV16 and HPV18, present in 70% of cervical cancer biopsies, has been proposed by some experts, and is going to be implemented in most countries in the future. […] There are countless direct tests to detect the virus in cervical samples. Most are based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), signal amplification and detection of E6/E7 oncogene messenger RNA. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have only approved 4 tests for use in CC screening.

• #19 Human Papillomavirus, HPV – HealthyWomen

  https://www.healthywomen.org/condition/human-papillomavirus-hpv

  In conjunction with the Pap test, which screens for abnormal cells once cell changes have taken place, there are tests that look specifically for HPV. These tests can detect the presence of HPV in the cells, which may allow for the detection of abnormal cells that were missed by the Pap and also identifies women with future risk who need to be followed closely as long as the virus persists. There are currently five FDA-approved HPV tests. All but one is able to report the presence or absence of a panel of 12 types of HPV and can genotype specifically for HPV 16 and 18, which cause the majority of cervical cancer. […] The HPV test helps health care professionals determine what follow-up might be necessary if there is an abnormal result from a Pap test. When a Pap test is high-grade abnormal, the HPV test doesn’t alter the virus management, which is a look at the cervix through the colposcope.

• #20 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/human-papillomavirus-hpv-test/

  If you have been diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer, you may also need an HPV test of your throat, tonsils, or tongue to find out which treatment you should have. […] Negative/Normal HPV test results mean that high-risk HPV was not found in your sample. Your provider will let you know when you should be tested again. Positive/Abnormal HPV test results mean that signs of high-risk HPV were found. Some HPV tests also show whether HPV16 or HPV18 was found. These types of HPV are the most common cause of cervical cancer. […] A positive test result does not mean you have cancer or will get cancer. It does mean that you have an HPV infection that increases your risk for getting cervical cancer in the future.

• #21 HPV and Pap Test Results: Next Steps after an Abnormal Test – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/screening/abnormal-hpv-pap-test-results

  People who have cervical cancer screening at regular intervals are rarely found to have cancer. Most people who receive abnormal cervical cancer screening results either have human papillomavirus (HPV) infections or have early cell changes that can be monitored (since they often go away on their own) or treated early (to prevent the development of cervical cancer). […] HPV test results show whether high-risk HPV types were found in cervical cells. An HPV test will come back as a negative test result or a positive test result. […] Negative HPV test result: High-risk HPV was not found. You should have the next test in 5 years. You may need to come back sooner if you had abnormal results in the past. […] Positive HPV test result: High-risk HPV was found. Your health care provider will recommend follow-up steps you need to take, based on your specific test result.

• #22 The laboratory diagnosis of genital human papillomavirus infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2095016/

  Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the etiological agents of several genital cancers, including cancer of the uterine cervix. The detection of HPV infection in genital samples may increase the sensitivity of primary and secondary screenings of cervical cancer. HPV testing may also improve the specificity of screening programs, resulting in the avoidance of overtreatment and cost savings for confirmatory procedures. […] Signal amplification HPV-DNA detection techniques (Hybrid Capture II, Digene Corporation, USA) are standardized, commercially available, and capable of detecting several high-risk HPV types. They also increase the sensitivity of screening for high-grade lesions in combination with cytology. The sensitivity of these techniques to detect high-grade lesions is higher than that of cytology, but the referral rate for colposcopy is greater.

• #23 The laboratory diagnosis of genital human papillomavirus infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2095016/

  HPV testing is currently implemented for the clinical management of women. […] Due to the central role of HPV in the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer, HPV testing has now been included in current clinical guidelines for the management of cervical disease in women. […] Molecular methods for HPV detection offer promising alternatives as screening tools to improve the sensitivity of conventional cytology to detect prevalent high-grade lesions and provide near 100% negative predictive values. […] HPV testing can be used for quality control of cytology smear interpretation. […] HPV could also be used in the follow-up of women after treatment of cervical cancer precursors to identify those with residual/recurrent disease from those who are disease free. […] The primary and secondary screening for cervical cancer are the most important applications of HC-2. […] HPV testing for high-risk HPV types help identify women with Pap smears showing LSIL who harbour a high-grade lesion? […] HPV-DNA testing is now well-accepted and included into clinical practice for the triage of women with ASC-US to colposcopy.

• #24 The laboratory diagnosis of genital human papillomavirus infections

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2095016/

  Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the etiological agents of several genital cancers, including cancer of the uterine cervix. The detection of HPV infection in genital samples may increase the sensitivity of primary and secondary screenings of cervical cancer. HPV testing may also improve the specificity of screening programs, resulting in the avoidance of overtreatment and cost savings for confirmatory procedures. […] Signal amplification HPV-DNA detection techniques (Hybrid Capture II, Digene Corporation, USA) are standardized, commercially available, and capable of detecting several high-risk HPV types. They also increase the sensitivity of screening for high-grade lesions in combination with cytology. The sensitivity of these techniques to detect high-grade lesions is higher than that of cytology, but the referral rate for colposcopy is greater.

• #25 Laboratory diagnosis of human papillomavirus virus infection in female genital tract

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3139291/

  PCR is a selective target amplification assay capable of exponential and reproducible increase in the HPV sequences present in biological specimens. […] Positive test requires further confirmatory tests like coloscopy, cervical biopsy, and DNA tests like PCR. […] Intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN) is common in HPV infected patients with HIV/AIDS.

• #26 Development of human papillomavirus and its detection methods (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2024.12671

  In the molecular biological detection of HPV, HPV nucleic acid molecules (DNA and RNA) and viral proteins are commonly utilized as indicators for detection. […] Notably, HPV nucleic acid molecular detection methods include Southern blotting, northern blotting, reverse dot blot hybridization, in-situ hybridization, hybrid capture (HC)II, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microarray technology. […] The HCII method is the most commonly utilized approach for the clinical detection of HPV due to its high sensitivity, good specificity, repeatability and objectivity. […] The fundamental concept of PCR involves the amplification of a specific DNA segment to identify HPV. […] Despite the heightened sensitivity of conventional PCR detection, the potential for sample or reagent cross-contamination may result in false positives and other problems. […] With the continued development of detection technology, low-cost methods with high versatility, operability, and improved sensitivity and specificity will be needed for the early diagnosis of cervical HPV infection.

• #27 Development of human papillomavirus and its detection methods (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2024.12671

  In the molecular biological detection of HPV, HPV nucleic acid molecules (DNA and RNA) and viral proteins are commonly utilized as indicators for detection. […] Notably, HPV nucleic acid molecular detection methods include Southern blotting, northern blotting, reverse dot blot hybridization, in-situ hybridization, hybrid capture (HC)II, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microarray technology. […] The HCII method is the most commonly utilized approach for the clinical detection of HPV due to its high sensitivity, good specificity, repeatability and objectivity. […] The fundamental concept of PCR involves the amplification of a specific DNA segment to identify HPV. […] Despite the heightened sensitivity of conventional PCR detection, the potential for sample or reagent cross-contamination may result in false positives and other problems. […] With the continued development of detection technology, low-cost methods with high versatility, operability, and improved sensitivity and specificity will be needed for the early diagnosis of cervical HPV infection.

• #28 HPV infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602

  A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose HPV infection by looking at the warts. […] If genital warts don’t show, one or more of the following tests can find them: […] A vinegar solution applied to HPV-infected genital areas turns them white. This may help flat lesions show up. […] A sample of cells from the cervix or vagina go to a lab to look for changes that can lead to cancer. […] Testing cells from the cervix can identify the DNA of the types of HPV that are linked to genital cancers. It’s recommended that women 30 and older have this test with a Pap test. […] A procedure called a colposcopy can remove HPV from the cervix. A healthcare professional uses a tool, called a coloscope, to see the cervix and take tissue samples, called a biopsy, of areas that look atypical.

• #29 Diagnosing Human Papillomavirus | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/human-papillomavirus/diagnosis

  Most human papillomavirus (HPV) infections of the genitals cause no symptoms and disappear on their own within two years. […] A person can be infected with multiple strains of HPV at once, and our doctors can quickly and accurately diagnose HPV infection and determine appropriate treatment. […] A gynecologist performs a pelvic exam and checks a womans cervix, vagina, vulva, anus, rectum, and, if symptoms warrant, the mouth for warts. A urologist examines a mans penis, scrotum, anus, rectum, and, if symptoms warrant, the mouth, for warts. […] If your Pap test results show abnormal cells on the cervix or screening test results indicate infection with a high-risk strain of HPV, your NYU Langone doctor may perform a colposcopy in his or her office. This procedure helps the doctor diagnose cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer. […] Your doctor may perform a cone biopsy if a Pap test or biopsy from a colposcopy shows precancerous changes in the cells of the cervix. […] The loop electrosurgical excision procedure, also known as LEEP, is used to diagnose and treat abnormal cervical tissue.

• #30 Cervical Cancer Tests | How to Test For Cervical Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Finding cervical cancer often starts with an abnormal HPV (human papillomavirus) or Pap test result. This will lead to further tests which can diagnose cervical cancer or pre-cancer. The Pap test and HPV test are screening tests, not diagnostic tests. They cannot tell for certain if you have cervical cancer. An abnormal Pap test or HPV test result may mean more testing is needed to see if a cancer or a pre-cancer is present. […] If you have certain symptoms that could mean cancer, if your Pap test result shows abnormal cells, or if your HPV test is positive, you will most likely need to have a procedure called a colposcopy. […] The doctor will put a weak solution of acetic acid (similar to vinegar) on your cervix to make any abnormal areas easier to see. If an abnormal area is seen, a small piece of tissue will be removed (biopsy) and sent to a lab to be looked at carefully. A biopsy is the best way to tell for certain if an abnormal area is a pre-cancer, an invasive cancer, or neither.

• #31 How human papillomavirus (HPV) is diagnosed and treated

  https://www.colpofix.com/diagnosis-of-hpv/

  As most cases of HPV infection are asymptomatic, the only way to detect them is by visiting the gynaecologist. […] Regular gynaecological tests are crucial, as cervical cancer can be prevented if the infection and/or lesions are detected at an early stage: […] Pap smear, or vaginal cytology, helps detect cervical lesions at a very early stage. […] HPV test, besides detecting the infection, identifies the type of HPV. A positive HPV test or an abnormal Pap smear does not mean that you will develop cancer, in most cases the infection and lesions will resolve by themselves. However, women with abnormal results should be evaluated using the following tests: […] Colposcopy involves examining the cervix using a colposcope, which allows the cervix to be assessed more accurately. This test does not usually cause any more discomfort than the cytology test. If colposcopy reveals any changes in the cervix that may suggest a lesion, a cervical biopsy should be performed. […] Biopsy is generally required to definitively diagnose a precancerous lesion of the uterine cervix.

• #32 Cervical Cancer Tests | How to Test For Cervical Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Several types of biopsies can be used to diagnose cervical pre-cancers and cancers. If the biopsy can completely remove all of the abnormal tissue, it might be the only treatment needed. […] If colposcopy does not show any abnormal areas or if the transformation zone (the area at risk for HPV infection and pre-cancer) cannot be seen with the colposcope, another method must be used to check that area for cancer. […] In this procedure, also known as conization, the doctor removes a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix. The base of the cone is formed by the exocervix (outer part of the cervix), and the point or apex of the cone is from the endocervical canal. The tissue removed in the cone includes the transformation zone (the border between the exocervix and endocervix, where cervical pre-cancers and cancers are most likely to start). […] If a biopsy shows that cancer cells are present, your doctor may order certain tests to see if and how far the cancer has spread. Many of the tests described below are not necessary for every patient. Decisions about using these tests are based on the results of the physical exam and biopsy.

• #33 HPV infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602

  Precancerous lesions need to be removed. Options include freezing, called cryosurgery, and laser surgical removal. Another method called loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) uses a thin looped wire charged with an electric current to remove a thin layer of a section of the cervix. And cold knife conization is a surgical procedure that removes a cone-shaped piece of the cervix.

• #34 Cervical Cancer Tests | How to Test For Cervical Cancer | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/how-diagnosed.html

  Several types of biopsies can be used to diagnose cervical pre-cancers and cancers. If the biopsy can completely remove all of the abnormal tissue, it might be the only treatment needed. […] If colposcopy does not show any abnormal areas or if the transformation zone (the area at risk for HPV infection and pre-cancer) cannot be seen with the colposcope, another method must be used to check that area for cancer. […] In this procedure, also known as conization, the doctor removes a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix. The base of the cone is formed by the exocervix (outer part of the cervix), and the point or apex of the cone is from the endocervical canal. The tissue removed in the cone includes the transformation zone (the border between the exocervix and endocervix, where cervical pre-cancers and cancers are most likely to start). […] If a biopsy shows that cancer cells are present, your doctor may order certain tests to see if and how far the cancer has spread. Many of the tests described below are not necessary for every patient. Decisions about using these tests are based on the results of the physical exam and biopsy.

• #35 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  […] […] Guidelines from the American Cancer Society recommend different screening strategies for cervical cancer based on a woman’s age, screening history, risk factors, and choice of tests. Because of the link between HPV and cervical cancer, the ACS currently recommends early detection of cervical cancer in average-risk asymptomatic adults primarily with cervical cytology by Pap smear, regardless of HPV vaccination status. Women aged 30-65 should preferably be tested every 5 years with both the HPV test and the Pap test. In other age groups, a Pap test alone can suffice unless they have been diagnosed with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US). Co-testing with a Pap test and HPV test is recommended because it decreases the rate of false-negatives. […] […]

• #36 Human Papillomavirus, HPV – HealthyWomen

  https://www.healthywomen.org/condition/human-papillomavirus-hpv

  The Pap test is a simple procedure. For a Pap test, a health care professional uses a special brush and/or spatula to collect cells from the cervix and places them on a glass slide or in a liquid preservative, which is then sent to a laboratory for evaluation. […] The American Cancer Society, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommend the following guidelines for Pap tests and early detection of cervical cancer: All women should begin screening at age 21. […] Women ages 30 to 65 should have both a Pap test and an HPV test every five years, a Pap test alone every three years or an HPV test alone every three or five years. […] If your health care professional identifies any unusual cell changes, he or she will recommend a plan of action, depending on the result and your health history. That may include, a repeat Pap test, an HPV test, or a colposcopy which is a more thorough examination and biopsy of any abnormal area. If the Pap reveals ASC-US and the HPV test is positive, a colposcopy will be the next step.

• #37 HPV Testing | Diagnosing HPV | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/hpv/hpv-and-hpv-testing.html

  Testing for HPV (human papillomavirus) is recommended as part of cervical cancer screening. Screening tests for HPV are used to check for the virus in people who have no symptoms. […] An HPV test looks for cervical HPV infection. It detects high-risk types of HPV that are more likely to cause pre-cancers and cancers of the cervix. But an HPV test cannot detect pre-cancer or cancer itself. […] The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends HPV testing as part of a cervical cancer screening plan. ACS recommends: People aged 25 to 65 should have a primary HPV test every 5 years. […] A primary HPV test is better at preventing cervical cancers than a Pap test that is done alone. […] The FDA has only approved tests to find HPV in the cervix. Any abnormal (positive) results are managed with extra testing and prompt treatment if the infection causes abnormal cell growth. […] Theres no useful test to find out a persons HPV status because HPV can infect different parts of the body, and an HPV test result can change over a period of months or years.

• #38 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  […] […] Guidelines from the American Cancer Society recommend different screening strategies for cervical cancer based on a woman’s age, screening history, risk factors, and choice of tests. Because of the link between HPV and cervical cancer, the ACS currently recommends early detection of cervical cancer in average-risk asymptomatic adults primarily with cervical cytology by Pap smear, regardless of HPV vaccination status. Women aged 30-65 should preferably be tested every 5 years with both the HPV test and the Pap test. In other age groups, a Pap test alone can suffice unless they have been diagnosed with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US). Co-testing with a Pap test and HPV test is recommended because it decreases the rate of false-negatives. […] […]

• #39 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  […] […] Guidelines from the American Cancer Society recommend different screening strategies for cervical cancer based on a woman’s age, screening history, risk factors, and choice of tests. Because of the link between HPV and cervical cancer, the ACS currently recommends early detection of cervical cancer in average-risk asymptomatic adults primarily with cervical cytology by Pap smear, regardless of HPV vaccination status. Women aged 30-65 should preferably be tested every 5 years with both the HPV test and the Pap test. In other age groups, a Pap test alone can suffice unless they have been diagnosed with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US). Co-testing with a Pap test and HPV test is recommended because it decreases the rate of false-negatives. […] […]

• #40 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/prevention-screening/manage-your-risk/hpv.html

  HPV screening, including FDA-approved self-collection tests for HPV, can determine if a woman has a cervical HPV infection. […] There is no approved screening exam to detect HPV infections in other parts of the body in men or women. […] HPV is diagnosed through an HPV test. Currently, only women can be screened for HPV. This screening is usually done at a doctors office at the same time as a Pap test. Your practitioner will use a soft brush to take a sample of cells from your cervix. This sample will be sent to a lab for testing. […] HPV testing is available for women ages 25 and older. […] Women ages 21 to 29 should get a Pap test every three years. Women who choose not to get Pap tests should begin HPV tests every five years beginning at age 25. […] MD Anderson recommends women 30 and over get a Pap and HPV test every five years.

• #41 HPV and Pap Test Results: Next Steps after an Abnormal Test – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/screening/abnormal-hpv-pap-test-results

  Based on your individual risk of developing severe cervical cell changes that could become cervical cancer, you may be advised to return for a repeat HPV test or HPV/Pap cotest in 1 or 3 years. […] A colposcopy usually includes a biopsy, so that the cells or tissues can be checked under a microscope for signs of disease, including cervical cancer. […] A biopsy is a procedure used to remove cervical cells or tissue to be checked under a microscope for abnormal cervical cells, including cancer. […] CIN is the term used to describe abnormal cervical cells that were found on the surface of the cervix after a biopsy. […] The goal of treating high-grade cervical cell changes is to remove or destroy abnormal cervical cells that have a high chance of becoming cancer. Some of these treatments are also used for early-stage cervical cancer.

• #42 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv-cancer.htm

  HPV testing or cotesting is preferred to cytology alone for surveillance after an abnormal screening test result. […] Clinical tests for HPV are used for the following: cervical cancer screening as a primary test, cervical cancer screening with a cytology test, triage of some abnormal cervical cytology results, follow-up after abnormal screening test results, follow-up after a colposcopy in which no CIN 2 or CIN 3 is found, and follow-up after treatment of cervical precancers. […] HPV testing should not be performed in the following situations: Deciding whether to vaccinate against HPV, Conducting HPV tests for low-risk (nononcogenic) HPV types (e.g., types 6 and 11), Providing care to persons with genital warts or their partners, Testing persons aged 25 years as part of routine cervical cancer screening, Testing oral or anal specimens.

• #43 Microbiological diagnosis of human papilloma virus infection | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-microbiological-diagnosis-human-papilloma-virus-S2529993X1730240X

  Microbiological diagnosis of human papilloma virus infection […] Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of sexually transmitted infection worldwide. […] Screening with cytology has been very successful in the last few years, but nowadays there are numerous studies that confirm that cytology should be replaced with the detection of HPV as a first line test in population based screening. […] There are several commercially available FDA approved tests for screening of cervical cancer. […] A new strategy, based on individual detection of the high risk genotypes HPV16 and HPV18, present in 70% of cervical cancer biopsies, has been proposed by some experts, and is going to be implemented in most countries in the future. […] There are countless direct tests to detect the virus in cervical samples. Most are based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), signal amplification and detection of E6/E7 oncogene messenger RNA. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have only approved 4 tests for use in CC screening.

• #44 Microbiological diagnosis of human papilloma virus infection | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-microbiological-diagnosis-human-papilloma-virus-S2529993X1730240X

  For all these reasons, it is now agreed that the HPV test should be used as the initial or first-line test in CC screening to replace cytology or PAP staining, traditionally used for this purpose but shown in comparative studies not to be very sensitive and to be very subjective. […] The HPV test should replace cytology as the initial test in CC screening.

• #45 Microbiological diagnosis of human papilloma virus infection | Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition)

  https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-enfermedades-infecciosas-microbiologia-clinica-english-428-articulo-microbiological-diagnosis-human-papilloma-virus-S2529993X1730240X

  Microbiological diagnosis of human papilloma virus infection […] Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of sexually transmitted infection worldwide. […] Screening with cytology has been very successful in the last few years, but nowadays there are numerous studies that confirm that cytology should be replaced with the detection of HPV as a first line test in population based screening. […] There are several commercially available FDA approved tests for screening of cervical cancer. […] A new strategy, based on individual detection of the high risk genotypes HPV16 and HPV18, present in 70% of cervical cancer biopsies, has been proposed by some experts, and is going to be implemented in most countries in the future. […] There are countless direct tests to detect the virus in cervical samples. Most are based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), signal amplification and detection of E6/E7 oncogene messenger RNA. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have only approved 4 tests for use in CC screening.

• #46 About Genital HPV Infection | STI | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sti/about/about-genital-hpv-infection.html

  There is no test to find out a person’s „HPV status.” Also, there is no approved HPV test to find HPV in the mouth or throat. […] There are HPV tests that can screen for cervical cancer. Healthcare providers only use these tests for screening women aged 30 years and older. HPV tests are not recommended to screen men, adolescents, or women under the age of 30 years. […] Most people with HPV do not know they have the infection. They never develop symptoms or health problems from it. Some people find out they have HPV when they get genital warts. Women may find out they have HPV when they get an abnormal Pap test result (during cervical cancer screening). Others may only find out once they’ve developed more serious problems from HPV, such as cancers.

• #47 What an HPV Diagnosis Really Means | TIME

  https://time.com/7176632/what-does-hpv-diagnosis-mean-sti/

  Being diagnosed with human papillomavirus (HPV) can be upsetting, to say the least. […] The most important thing to know is: HPV is really commonapproximately 80% of people are infected with it at some point in their lives, says Dr. Kathleen Schmeler, a professor of gynecologic oncology and associate vice president of global oncology at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. […] More often than not, women discover they have HPV after having an HPV test and a Pap test to screen for cervical cancer during a pelvic exam. […] There are no clinical guidelines right now for men to have HPV testing, says Dr. Rachel Katzenellenbogen, a professor of pediatrics and microbiology and immunology who leads a research lab that studies HPV at the Indiana University School of Medicine. […] If a woman discovers after a gynecological visit that she has HPV, the information is important because it tells you how you would follow up with additional tests, says Emu.

• #48 HPV Infection in Men: Symptoms, Treatments, Causes

  https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/hpv-genital-warts/hpv-virus-men

  Tests for HPV Infection in Men […] To diagnose genital warts in men, the doctor will visually check a man’s genital area to see if warts are present. Some doctors will apply a vinegar solution to help identify warts that aren’t raised and visible. But the test is not foolproof. Sometimes normal skin is mistakenly identified as a wart. […] […] There is no routine test for men to check for high-risk HPV strains that can cause cancer. However, some doctors are urging anal Pap tests for gay and bisexual men, who are at higher risk of anal cancer caused by HPV. In an anal Pap test, the doctor collects cells from the anus, and then has them checked for abnormalities in a lab.

• #49 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) – familydoctor.org

  https://familydoctor.org/condition/human-papillomavirus-hpv/

  If you have a type of HPV that can cause cancer, your doctor may want to perform a colposcopy. In this test, he or she will use a special magnifying lens to get a closer look at your cervix. If the tissue looks abnormal, they will cut out a small bit to perform a biopsy. This test will check for signs of cancer. […] There is no FDA-approved test for HPV for men. Men who have sex with other men or are HIV-positive might be a candidate for an anal Pap test. This test will not confirm HPV, but it can find abnormal skin cells.

• #50 Human Papillomavirus: Clinical Manifestations and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2010/1115/p1209.html

  Human papillomaviruses cause the most common sexually transmitted infection in the world and are responsible for nearly all cases of cervical cancer. Genital human papillomavirus infection can be divided into low-risk infections (causing genital warts) and high-risk infections (causing cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and cervical and other cancers). […] HPV infection is the sole cause of cervical cancer. […] HPV can be detected through polymerase chain reaction testing or DNA testing. Testing for low-risk HPV types that do not cause cervical cancer has no clinical benefit; therefore, the currently available DNA tests detect only high-risk HPV types. The Hybrid Capture II High-Risk HPV test is a solution hybridization, signal amplification-based assay that tests for 13 high-risk types. It has a sensitivity of approximately 90 percent, and can be combined with cytology in women 30 years and older. […] There are no HPV tests for use in men. Because of the risk of anal intraepithelial neoplasia and anal squamous cell cancer, anal Papanicolaou (Pap) testing has been proposed as a screening tool in men with human immunodeficiency virus infection and in men who have sex with men.

• #51 HPV in the Mouth: Symptoms, Prevention, Diagnosis, and More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hpv-in-the-mouth

  Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) occurs when this virus enters a cut or opening in your mouth. Diagnosis is done through a physical exam. […] No test is available to determine if you have HPV of the mouth. Your dentist or doctor may discover lesions through a cancer screening, or you may notice the lesions first and make an appointment. […] If you have lesions, your doctor can perform a biopsy to see if the lesions are cancerous. They’ll probably also test the biopsy samples for HPV. If HPV is present, the cancer may be more responsive to treatment.

• #52 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  The diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancer occurs by biopsy of exfoliated cells or tissues. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network and College of American Pathologists recommend testing for HPV in oropharyngeal cancer. However, while testing is recommended, there is no specific type of test used to detect HPV from oral tumors that is currently recommended by the FDA in the United States. Because HPV type 16 is the most common type found in oropharyngeal cancer, p16 immunohistochemistry is one test option used to determine if HPV is present, which can help determine course of treatment since tumors that are negative for p16 have better outcomes. Another option that has emerged as a reliable option is HPV DNA in situ hybridization (ISH) which allows for visualization of the HPV.

• #53 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  The diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancer occurs by biopsy of exfoliated cells or tissues. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network and College of American Pathologists recommend testing for HPV in oropharyngeal cancer. However, while testing is recommended, there is no specific type of test used to detect HPV from oral tumors that is currently recommended by the FDA in the United States. Because HPV type 16 is the most common type found in oropharyngeal cancer, p16 immunohistochemistry is one test option used to determine if HPV is present, which can help determine course of treatment since tumors that are negative for p16 have better outcomes. Another option that has emerged as a reliable option is HPV DNA in situ hybridization (ISH) which allows for visualization of the HPV.

• #54 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  The diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancer occurs by biopsy of exfoliated cells or tissues. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network and College of American Pathologists recommend testing for HPV in oropharyngeal cancer. However, while testing is recommended, there is no specific type of test used to detect HPV from oral tumors that is currently recommended by the FDA in the United States. Because HPV type 16 is the most common type found in oropharyngeal cancer, p16 immunohistochemistry is one test option used to determine if HPV is present, which can help determine course of treatment since tumors that are negative for p16 have better outcomes. Another option that has emerged as a reliable option is HPV DNA in situ hybridization (ISH) which allows for visualization of the HPV.

• #55 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/human-papillomavirus-hpv-infection

  For cervical cancer screening, a Pap test and/or HPV testing is done. […] If a cervical Pap test or HPV testing is abnormal (positive), the doctor may do a colposcopy (use of a magnifying lens to examine the cervix) to check for cervical precancer or cancer. […] Anoscopy (use of a viewing tube to examine the interior of the anus) is done to check for precancer or cancer in the anus.

• #56 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/human-papillomavirus-hpv-infection

  For cervical cancer screening, a Pap test and/or HPV testing is done. […] If a cervical Pap test or HPV testing is abnormal (positive), the doctor may do a colposcopy (use of a magnifying lens to examine the cervix) to check for cervical precancer or cancer. […] Anoscopy (use of a viewing tube to examine the interior of the anus) is done to check for precancer or cancer in the anus.

• #57 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/human-papillomavirus-hpv-test/

  If you have been diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer, you may also need an HPV test of your throat, tonsils, or tongue to find out which treatment you should have. […] Negative/Normal HPV test results mean that high-risk HPV was not found in your sample. Your provider will let you know when you should be tested again. Positive/Abnormal HPV test results mean that signs of high-risk HPV were found. Some HPV tests also show whether HPV16 or HPV18 was found. These types of HPV are the most common cause of cervical cancer. […] A positive test result does not mean you have cancer or will get cancer. It does mean that you have an HPV infection that increases your risk for getting cervical cancer in the future.

• #58 Human papillomavirus (HPV) test | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/treatments/tests-and-procedures/human-papillomavirus-hpv-test

  A negative HPV test result means that you don’t have a high-risk type of HPV that is linked to precancerous changes in the cervix or cervical cancer. […] A positive HPV test result means that you have one or more high-risk types of HPV that increase the risk of developing precancerous changes in the cervix or cervical cancer. […] Your healthcare team will decide if you need more tests.

• #59 What an HPV Diagnosis Really Means | TIME

  https://time.com/7176632/what-does-hpv-diagnosis-mean-sti/

  Some labs will specify whether the highest risk HPV types (16 or 18) are present on a cell sample from the cervix, but others dont. […] If a woman had co-testing (a combination of an HPV test and a Pap test) and her Pap smear results were normal but she had a positive HPV test, her doctor might advise her to come back in a year and have both tests again, Schmeler says. […] If a womans HPV infection persists after a year, she may be referred for a colposcopy, a procedure in which a doctor inserts a speculum into the vagina to widen the vagina so they can see the cervix. […] During a colposcopy, the doctor may take a biopsy so that cells can be checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. […] But its important to remember that cervical cancer is entirely preventable if a woman is undergoing appropriate screening, says Fader.

• #60 What an HPV Diagnosis Really Means | TIME

  https://time.com/7176632/what-does-hpv-diagnosis-mean-sti/

  Some labs will specify whether the highest risk HPV types (16 or 18) are present on a cell sample from the cervix, but others dont. […] If a woman had co-testing (a combination of an HPV test and a Pap test) and her Pap smear results were normal but she had a positive HPV test, her doctor might advise her to come back in a year and have both tests again, Schmeler says. […] If a womans HPV infection persists after a year, she may be referred for a colposcopy, a procedure in which a doctor inserts a speculum into the vagina to widen the vagina so they can see the cervix. […] During a colposcopy, the doctor may take a biopsy so that cells can be checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. […] But its important to remember that cervical cancer is entirely preventable if a woman is undergoing appropriate screening, says Fader.

• #61 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/prevention-screening/manage-your-risk/hpv.html

  The results of your Pap and HPV test are used to determine if you need additional testing. […] If you test positive for HPV and your Pap test is normal, your doctor will most likely recommend repeating the Pap and HPV screening exams in one year. […] If you test positive for HPV and your Pap test was abnormal, your doctor will probably follow up with a colposcopy.

• #62 What an HPV Diagnosis Really Means | TIME

  https://time.com/7176632/what-does-hpv-diagnosis-mean-sti/

  Some labs will specify whether the highest risk HPV types (16 or 18) are present on a cell sample from the cervix, but others dont. […] If a woman had co-testing (a combination of an HPV test and a Pap test) and her Pap smear results were normal but she had a positive HPV test, her doctor might advise her to come back in a year and have both tests again, Schmeler says. […] If a womans HPV infection persists after a year, she may be referred for a colposcopy, a procedure in which a doctor inserts a speculum into the vagina to widen the vagina so they can see the cervix. […] During a colposcopy, the doctor may take a biopsy so that cells can be checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. […] But its important to remember that cervical cancer is entirely preventable if a woman is undergoing appropriate screening, says Fader.

• #63 HPV | Human Papillomavirus | Pap Smear | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hpv.html

  HPV infections are very common. Nearly all sexually active people are infected with HPV soon after they become sexually active. […] Health care providers can usually diagnose warts by looking at them. […] For women, there are cervical cancer screening tests which can find changes in the cervix that might lead to cancer. As part of the screening, women may have Pap tests, HPV tests, or both. […] An HPV infection itself cannot be treated. There are medicines that you can apply to a wart. If they don’t work, your health care provider could freeze, burn, or surgically remove it. […] There are treatments for the cell changes caused by infection with high-risk HPV. They include medicines that you apply to the area that is affected and various surgical procedures.

• #64 Genital HPV: Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://healthlibrary.umcno.org/MentalHealth/3,86185

  No treatment can completely rid your body of HPV, but it can be treated well in most cases. […] Treating dysplasia removes the cells that can lead to cancer. Treating warts may help to keep them under control, and they may not come back. Treatment will also help you to prevent spreading the virus to others. […] Some strains of HPV are linked to cervical cancer, but most people with HPV dont develop cancer. Following up with your health care provider helps reduce the cancer risk even more. And being vaccinated against HPV may prevent you from getting warts or dysplasia from HPV strains that you haven’t been exposed to yet. […] Schedule follow-up visits as instructed. See your health care provider if you notice any new warts. […] Have Pap tests as often as your provider tells you to. This way any dysplasia is found early, when treatment works best and cancer can be prevented.

• #65 HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) | MicroGen Diagnostics

  https://microgendx.com/patients/hpv-human-papilloma-virus/

  HPV can be treated by a primary care physician, urologist, or OB-GYN. […] Various topical treatments may be used to remove the wart, either completely or a bit at a time. If those medications dont work, other methods can be tried, including cryotherapy (freezing with liquid nitrogen), electrocautery (burning with an electric current), or surgery.

• #66 HPV infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602

  Precancerous lesions need to be removed. Options include freezing, called cryosurgery, and laser surgical removal. Another method called loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) uses a thin looped wire charged with an electric current to remove a thin layer of a section of the cervix. And cold knife conization is a surgical procedure that removes a cone-shaped piece of the cervix.

• #67 HPV and Pap Test Results: Next Steps after an Abnormal Test – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/screening/abnormal-hpv-pap-test-results

  Based on your individual risk of developing severe cervical cell changes that could become cervical cancer, you may be advised to return for a repeat HPV test or HPV/Pap cotest in 1 or 3 years. […] A colposcopy usually includes a biopsy, so that the cells or tissues can be checked under a microscope for signs of disease, including cervical cancer. […] A biopsy is a procedure used to remove cervical cells or tissue to be checked under a microscope for abnormal cervical cells, including cancer. […] CIN is the term used to describe abnormal cervical cells that were found on the surface of the cervix after a biopsy. […] The goal of treating high-grade cervical cell changes is to remove or destroy abnormal cervical cells that have a high chance of becoming cancer. Some of these treatments are also used for early-stage cervical cancer.

• #68

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Testing cells from a woman’s cervix for HPV is used to screen women for cervical cancer. Women should be screened every 5-10 years starting at age 30. […] After a positive HPV test (or other screening method), a healthcare provider can look for changes on the cervix or precancers that could develop into cervical cancer if left untreated. Treatment of precancers prevents cervical cancer. […] Currently, cancer of the cervix (cervical cancer) is the only HPV-caused cancer for which screening tests are available. […] Treatments for cancers caused by HPV (including cervical cancer) are more effective if diagnosed early. Treatment should begin quickly after diagnosis.

• #69

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Testing cells from a woman’s cervix for HPV is used to screen women for cervical cancer. Women should be screened every 5-10 years starting at age 30. […] After a positive HPV test (or other screening method), a healthcare provider can look for changes on the cervix or precancers that could develop into cervical cancer if left untreated. Treatment of precancers prevents cervical cancer. […] Currently, cancer of the cervix (cervical cancer) is the only HPV-caused cancer for which screening tests are available. […] Treatments for cancers caused by HPV (including cervical cancer) are more effective if diagnosed early. Treatment should begin quickly after diagnosis.

• #70 HPV | Human Papillomavirus | Pap Smear | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hpv.html

  HPV infections are very common. Nearly all sexually active people are infected with HPV soon after they become sexually active. […] Health care providers can usually diagnose warts by looking at them. […] For women, there are cervical cancer screening tests which can find changes in the cervix that might lead to cancer. As part of the screening, women may have Pap tests, HPV tests, or both. […] An HPV infection itself cannot be treated. There are medicines that you can apply to a wart. If they don’t work, your health care provider could freeze, burn, or surgically remove it. […] There are treatments for the cell changes caused by infection with high-risk HPV. They include medicines that you apply to the area that is affected and various surgical procedures.

• #71 Human Papillomavirus: Screening, Testing, and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0800/p152.html

  With more than 200 types identified, human papillomavirus (HPV) commonly causes infections of the skin and mucosa. HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Screening for HPV infection is effective in identifying precancerous lesions and allows for interventions that can prevent the development of cancer. HPV is spread by direct skin-to-skin contact and has tropisms for cutaneous or mucosal epithelial cells. The approximately 40 types that infect mucosal surfaces are typically spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can be divided into low-risk and high-risk types based on their associated cancer risk. The cervical cytology of HPV infection progresses from atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) to carcinoma. Because there is a long latent period (10 to 20 years) between cervical HPV infection and diagnosis, the incidence of carcinoma peaks at 40 years of age. This highlights the importance of screening and testing for HPV-related cervical changes between 30 and 40 years of age. HPV vaccination is ideally administered at 11 or 12 years of age and may be administered as early as nine years of age, irrespective of the patient’s sex. HPV vaccination is most effective when administered before the onset of sexual activity. The FDA has approved vaccination in children and adults between nine and 45 years of age, and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends vaccination at 11 or 12 years of age, irrespective of the patient’s sex.

• #72

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer

  Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Persistent HPV infection of the cervix (the lower part of the uterus or womb, which opens into the vagina also called the birth canal) if left untreated, causes 95% of cervical cancers. […] Being vaccinated at age 9-14 years is a highly effective way to prevent HPV infection, cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. […] As of 2023, there are 6 HPV vaccines available globally. All protect against the high-risk HPV types 16 and 18, which cause most cervical cancers and have been shown to be safe and effective in preventing HPV infection and cervical cancer. […] Women should be screened for cervical cancer every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25.

• #73 About Genital HPV Infection | STI | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sti/about/about-genital-hpv-infection.html

  There is no test to find out a person’s „HPV status.” Also, there is no approved HPV test to find HPV in the mouth or throat. […] There are HPV tests that can screen for cervical cancer. Healthcare providers only use these tests for screening women aged 30 years and older. HPV tests are not recommended to screen men, adolescents, or women under the age of 30 years. […] Most people with HPV do not know they have the infection. They never develop symptoms or health problems from it. Some people find out they have HPV when they get genital warts. Women may find out they have HPV when they get an abnormal Pap test result (during cervical cancer screening). Others may only find out once they’ve developed more serious problems from HPV, such as cancers.

• #74 HPV Diagnosis & Detection | HPV DNA Tests Sometimes Used

  https://www.hpv.org.nz/hpv-diagnosis

  HPV Diagnosis […] A person will know if they have HPV if they have visible genital warts or if they have a positive HPV test result as part of cervical screening. Those tests are still limited in terms of which HPV types they test for. […] If an HPV test is positive, it means that a person has one of the high-risk types of HPV. There will then usually be further testing in discussion with your healthcare provider. […] HPV tests used for cervical screening are geared to high-risk HPV types and these do not include all the types of HPV. […] Unfortunately, there is no test for HPV in either males or females that will test for all the types of HPV. This means that HPV testing is not part of a routine sexual health check up.

• #75 About Genital HPV Infection | STI | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sti/about/about-genital-hpv-infection.html

  There is no test to find out a person’s „HPV status.” Also, there is no approved HPV test to find HPV in the mouth or throat. […] There are HPV tests that can screen for cervical cancer. Healthcare providers only use these tests for screening women aged 30 years and older. HPV tests are not recommended to screen men, adolescents, or women under the age of 30 years. […] Most people with HPV do not know they have the infection. They never develop symptoms or health problems from it. Some people find out they have HPV when they get genital warts. Women may find out they have HPV when they get an abnormal Pap test result (during cervical cancer screening). Others may only find out once they’ve developed more serious problems from HPV, such as cancers.

• #76 HPV Diagnosis & Detection | HPV DNA Tests Sometimes Used

  https://www.hpv.org.nz/hpv-diagnosis

  HPV Diagnosis […] A person will know if they have HPV if they have visible genital warts or if they have a positive HPV test result as part of cervical screening. Those tests are still limited in terms of which HPV types they test for. […] If an HPV test is positive, it means that a person has one of the high-risk types of HPV. There will then usually be further testing in discussion with your healthcare provider. […] HPV tests used for cervical screening are geared to high-risk HPV types and these do not include all the types of HPV. […] Unfortunately, there is no test for HPV in either males or females that will test for all the types of HPV. This means that HPV testing is not part of a routine sexual health check up.

• #77 HPV test – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/hpv-test/about/pac-20394355

  A positive HPV test doesn’t mean that you’ll get cervical cancer. But it does mean that your healthcare professional may suggest screening more often or for longer than is typical. […] As with any screening test, an HPV test carries the risk of false-positive or false-negative results. […] A false-negative test result means that you do have an HPV infection, but the test shows that you don’t. This might cause a delay in getting follow-up tests. […] An HPV test most often is done at the same time as a Pap test. A Pap test looks for cancer in cells from your cervix. An HPV test can be done using the sample from the Pap test. Or your healthcare professional can get a second sample from the cervical canal. […] A positive test result means that you have a type of high-risk HPV that’s linked to cervical cancer. It doesn’t mean that you have or will get cervical cancer. But it’s a warning that you could get cervical cancer. […] A negative test result means that you don’t have any of the types of HPV that cause cervical cancer or that your body has the HPV infection under control.

• #78 Development of human papillomavirus and its detection methods (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2024.12671

  In the molecular biological detection of HPV, HPV nucleic acid molecules (DNA and RNA) and viral proteins are commonly utilized as indicators for detection. […] Notably, HPV nucleic acid molecular detection methods include Southern blotting, northern blotting, reverse dot blot hybridization, in-situ hybridization, hybrid capture (HC)II, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microarray technology. […] The HCII method is the most commonly utilized approach for the clinical detection of HPV due to its high sensitivity, good specificity, repeatability and objectivity. […] The fundamental concept of PCR involves the amplification of a specific DNA segment to identify HPV. […] Despite the heightened sensitivity of conventional PCR detection, the potential for sample or reagent cross-contamination may result in false positives and other problems. […] With the continued development of detection technology, low-cost methods with high versatility, operability, and improved sensitivity and specificity will be needed for the early diagnosis of cervical HPV infection.

• #79 Implications of HPV infectivity in early diagnosis and treatment of advanced/recurrent malignancies | BJC Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s44276-024-00036-y

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype infection causes cervical cancer, pharyngeal cancer, etc. The amount of circulating HPV DNA in the blood helps in detecting advanced/recurrent cancer earlier than with tumour marker elevation. […] Recent clinical research has revealed that recurrence of various malignant tumours can be confirmed earlier by detecting circulating DNA in the blood derived from malignant tumour cells than by identifying increased tumour marker values. Therefore, recurrence of HPV-related infectious malignant tumours can be confirmed earlier through detection of tumour-derived circulating HPV genes in the blood than through detection of increasing tumour marker levels. […] Additionally, detecting circulating HPV DNA is more effective than identifying elevated tumour marker values for early diagnosis of advanced/recurrent malignant tumours.

• #80 Development of human papillomavirus and its detection methods (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2024.12671

  In the molecular biological detection of HPV, HPV nucleic acid molecules (DNA and RNA) and viral proteins are commonly utilized as indicators for detection. […] Notably, HPV nucleic acid molecular detection methods include Southern blotting, northern blotting, reverse dot blot hybridization, in-situ hybridization, hybrid capture (HC)II, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microarray technology. […] The HCII method is the most commonly utilized approach for the clinical detection of HPV due to its high sensitivity, good specificity, repeatability and objectivity. […] The fundamental concept of PCR involves the amplification of a specific DNA segment to identify HPV. […] Despite the heightened sensitivity of conventional PCR detection, the potential for sample or reagent cross-contamination may result in false positives and other problems. […] With the continued development of detection technology, low-cost methods with high versatility, operability, and improved sensitivity and specificity will be needed for the early diagnosis of cervical HPV infection.

• #81 Implications of HPV infectivity in early diagnosis and treatment of advanced/recurrent malignancies | BJC Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s44276-024-00036-y

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype infection causes cervical cancer, pharyngeal cancer, etc. The amount of circulating HPV DNA in the blood helps in detecting advanced/recurrent cancer earlier than with tumour marker elevation. […] Recent clinical research has revealed that recurrence of various malignant tumours can be confirmed earlier by detecting circulating DNA in the blood derived from malignant tumour cells than by identifying increased tumour marker values. Therefore, recurrence of HPV-related infectious malignant tumours can be confirmed earlier through detection of tumour-derived circulating HPV genes in the blood than through detection of increasing tumour marker levels. […] Additionally, detecting circulating HPV DNA is more effective than identifying elevated tumour marker values for early diagnosis of advanced/recurrent malignant tumours.

• #82 Implications of HPV infectivity in early diagnosis and treatment of advanced/recurrent malignancies | BJC Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s44276-024-00036-y

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype infection causes cervical cancer, pharyngeal cancer, etc. The amount of circulating HPV DNA in the blood helps in detecting advanced/recurrent cancer earlier than with tumour marker elevation. […] Recent clinical research has revealed that recurrence of various malignant tumours can be confirmed earlier by detecting circulating DNA in the blood derived from malignant tumour cells than by identifying increased tumour marker values. Therefore, recurrence of HPV-related infectious malignant tumours can be confirmed earlier through detection of tumour-derived circulating HPV genes in the blood than through detection of increasing tumour marker levels. […] Additionally, detecting circulating HPV DNA is more effective than identifying elevated tumour marker values for early diagnosis of advanced/recurrent malignant tumours.

• #83 Development of human papillomavirus and its detection methods (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/etm.2024.12671

  In the molecular biological detection of HPV, HPV nucleic acid molecules (DNA and RNA) and viral proteins are commonly utilized as indicators for detection. […] Notably, HPV nucleic acid molecular detection methods include Southern blotting, northern blotting, reverse dot blot hybridization, in-situ hybridization, hybrid capture (HC)II, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microarray technology. […] The HCII method is the most commonly utilized approach for the clinical detection of HPV due to its high sensitivity, good specificity, repeatability and objectivity. […] The fundamental concept of PCR involves the amplification of a specific DNA segment to identify HPV. […] Despite the heightened sensitivity of conventional PCR detection, the potential for sample or reagent cross-contamination may result in false positives and other problems. […] With the continued development of detection technology, low-cost methods with high versatility, operability, and improved sensitivity and specificity will be needed for the early diagnosis of cervical HPV infection.

Zobacz więcej