Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Human Papillomavirus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448132/

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a non-enveloped, double-stranded, circular DNA virus that is responsible for causing multiple epithelial lesions and cancers. […] HPV is a non-enveloped, double-stranded, circular DNA virus of the Papillomaviridae family. The virus enters the epithelium through disruption to the skin/mucosa and infects basal stem cells. […] Today, HPV has been implicated as a cause of laryngeal, oral, lung, and anogenital cancer. […] It is important to understand that HPV alone does not cause cancer but requires triggers like smoking, folate deficiency, UV light exposure, immunosuppression, and pregnancy. […] Risk factors: Sexual activity, age of first sexual intercourse, and number of sexual partners. […] HPV subtypes show a predilection for body sites they most commonly infect, and disease manifestations that result from infection may vary.

• #2 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common virus that can affect different parts of your body. There are over 100 types of HPV, including strains of HPV that cause warts on your hands, feet and face. About 30 HPV strains can affect your genitals, including your vulva, vagina, cervix, penis and scrotum, as well as your rectum and anus. This includes the type of HPV that causes genital warts. […] HPV is the most common viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. Roughly 14 million people get the infection each year. HPV is so common that most sexually active people who aren’t vaccinated against HPV will become infected at some point in their lives. Most never know they have it. […] Some strains of HPV are high-risk and can lead to cancers, like cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancers. Early detection (with a Pap smear or HPV screening) and treatment of precancerous cells can usually prevent this from happening.

• #2 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  HPV is highly contagious, in part because it’s transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. You don’t have to exchange body fluids with someone for you to contract the virus or spread it to someone else. You can infect your partner, or your partner can infect you even if no one ejaculates. […] The most serious complication of HPV is cancer. Cervical cancer is the most common type of HPV-related cancer. Other types of cancer are much rarer. […] It’s important to remember that having HPV even a high-risk strain doesn’t mean that you’ll develop these cancers. […] Only a small number of people with high-risk HPV will develop abnormal cervical cells that require treatment to prevent the cells from becoming cancer.

• #3 About HPV | HPV | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/about/index.html

  HPV infections are very common. Nearly everyone will get HPV at some point in their lives. […] More than 42 million Americans are infected with types of HPV that are known to cause disease. […] About 13 million Americans, including teens, become infected each year. […] Most HPV infections (9 out of 10) go away by themselves within 2 years. But sometimes, HPV infections will last longer and can cause some cancers. HPV infections can cause cancers of the cervix, vagina, and vulva, penis, anus, and back of the throat (called oropharyngeal cancer), including the base of the tongue and tonsils. […] Every year in the United States, HPV causes about 36,000 cases of cancer in both men and women. […] HPV is a common virus that can cause certain cancers later in life.

• #4 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  Papillomaviruses are small, non-enveloped, epitheliotropic, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect mucosal and cutaneous epithelia in a wide variety of higher vertebrates in a species-specific manner and induce cellular proliferation. […] Many types of HPV have been found in cervical cancers, while others are found rarely or not at all in large series of cancers, which gives rise to the nomenclature of high- and low-risk HPVs. […] Striking progress has been made in defining the activities of viral oncoproteins from high-risk genital HPVs, in particular HPVs 16 and 18, that promote the disruption of normal cell-cycle control. […] The ability to target the retinoblastoma (Rb) family of proteins and p53 and to induce telomerase are some of the critical events that contribute to the development of malignancy.

• #4 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  The potential associations of HPVs with these and other cancers are discussed in other sections. […] In the context of HPV-associated cervical cancer, the viral life cycle is perturbed in two fundamental ways. […] Integration events that are found in cervical cancer lead to the selective expression of E6 and E7, which is a hallmark of cervical cancers. […] The ability of HPVs to establish their genome in basal cells relies upon the E1, E2, E6 and in some cases E7 genes. […] HPV 16 E7 has been shown to be necessary and sufficient to induce suprabasal DNA synthesis. […] The persistence of high-risk HPV infection is prerequisite for progressive CIN. […] HPV infections (even with carcinogenic types) are so common that becoming infected is not the limiting factor in cervical carcinogenesis.

• #4 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Human Papillomaviruses – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321770/

  The critical step for most women might be whether a precancerous lesion develops as an uncommon outcome of infection. […] The time between the occurrence of HPV infection in the late teens or early twenties and the peak of precancer at around 30 years of age is about 7-10 years. […] The vast majority of CIN2 are transient and regress to normal within relatively short periods, although some may progress to CIN3 or to cancer over variable periods of time. […] The introduction of the term cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to designate the spectrum of cervical diseases that were thought to play a role in cervical carcinogenesis. […] High-risk HPV types are found principally in the warty and basaloid types of VIN and are uncommon in the well-differentiated type. […] High-risk HPVs are found in nearly all adenocarcinomas in situ and in adenocarcinomas of the cervix. […] The association with high-risk HPV is strong: more than 90% of tumours in the anal canal contain high-risk HPV, mostly type 16.

• #5 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview

  The definitive cause of anogenital warts is HPV infection. […] The HPV capsid lacks an envelope, which makes the organism very stable and resistant to various treatments. […] HPV infection alone does not lead to malignant transformation of infected tissue. Co-factors such as tobacco use, ultraviolet radiation, pregnancy, folate deficiency, and immune suppression are implicated in this process. […] HPV types 6 and 11 typically are classified as low-risk due to their low oncogenic potential, often causing condylomata and low-grade precancerous lesions. HPV types 16 and 18 are considered high-risk as they are responsible for most high-grade intraepithelial lesions that may progress to carcinomas, particularly in anogenital or mucosal regions. […] Multiple clinical associations with unique genotypes of HPV have been documented.

• #5 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview

  HPV infection primarily involves the basal epithelial cells, leading to common recurrences and regressions. […] Most research indicates a strong association between HPV infection and the development of cervical dysplasia and cervical carcinoma. HPV accounts for more than 99% of the attributable risk for cervical dysplasia. […] Women with a history of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HGSIL) of the cervix or invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the cervix are at increased risk for subsequent development of invasive cancer in other tissues of the anogenital-mucosal category, particularly vaginal and anal carcinoma (relative risks of 5.6 and 4, respectively).

• #6 HPV | Human Papillomavirus | Pap Smear | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hpv.html

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of related viruses. They can cause warts on different parts of your body. There are more than 200 types. About 40 of them are spread through direct sexual contact with someone who has the virus. They can also spread through other intimate, skin-to-skin contact. Some of these types can cause cancer. […] There are two categories of sexually transmitted HPV. Low-risk HPV can cause warts on or around your genitals, anus, mouth, or throat. High-risk HPV can cause various cancers: […] Most HPV infections go away on their own and don’t cause cancer. But sometimes the infections last longer. When a high-risk HPV infection lasts for many years, it can lead to cell changes. If these changes are not treated, they may get worse over time and become cancer. […] HPV infections are very common. Nearly all sexually active people are infected with HPV soon after they become sexually active.

• #6 HPV | Human Papillomavirus | Pap Smear | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hpv.html

  Some people develop warts from certain low-risk HPV infections, but the other types (including the high-risk types) have no symptoms. […] An HPV infection itself cannot be treated. There are medicines that you can apply to a wart. If they don’t work, your health care provider could freeze, burn, or surgically remove it. […] There are treatments for the cell changes caused by infection with high-risk HPV. They include medicines that you apply to the area that is affected and various surgical procedures. […] Vaccines can protect against several types of HPV, including some that can cause cancer. The vaccines provide the most protection when people get them before they are exposed to the virus. This means that it is best for people to get them before they become sexually active.

• #7 Genital Warts: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment & More

  https://www.healthline.com/health/std/genital-warts

  Genital warts can develop with a low risk HPV infection. Treatment can include topical prescription treatments and medical procedures to remove warts. […] They are a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by low risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV). These strains, HPV 6 and HPV 11, are different from the high risk strains that can lead to cervical dysplasia and cancer. […] About 90 percent of genital warts are caused by the low risk HPV types 6 and 11, according to the National Cancer Institute. […] The HPV virus is highly transmittable through skin-to-skin contact, which is why its considered an STI. […] However, the virus doesnt always lead to complications such as genital warts. In fact, in most cases, the virus goes away on its own without causing any health problems. […] Genital warts are usually caused by strains of HPV that differ from the strains that cause warts on your hands or other parts of the body. […] Genital warts are a complication of a low risk HPV infection thats common and treatable.

• #8

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a group of 200 known viruses. They do not cause concerns in most people, but infection with some high-risk types is common and can cause genital warts or cancer. […] Persistent HPV infection with high-risk HPV types is the cause of cervical cancer and is associated with cancers of the vulva, vagina, mouth/throat, penis and anus. […] In 2019, HPV caused an estimated 620 000 cancer cases in women and 70 000 cancer cases in men. […] Cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer caused by HPV, other less common cancers affecting men and women, including anal, vulvar, vaginal, mouth/throat and penile cancers. […] Globally, it is estimated that 620 000 new cancer cases in women and 70 000 new cancer cases in men were caused by HPV in 2019. […] Cervical cancers account for over 90% of HPV-related cancers in women.

• #8

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  HPV infection that does not go away on its own can cause changes to cervical cells, which lead to precancers that may become cervical cancer if left untreated. […] It usually takes 15-20 years for cervical cancer to develop after HPV infection. […] There is currently no treatment for HPV infection. Treatments exist for genital warts, cervical precancers and cervical cancer. […] Currently, cancer of the cervix (cervical cancer) is the only HPV-caused cancer for which screening tests are available. […] Treatments for cancers caused by HPV (including cervical cancer) are more effective if diagnosed early.

• #9 Human papillomavirus (HPV)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/human-papilloma-virus-hpv/

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a very common group of viruses. They do not cause any problems in most people, but some types can cause genital warts or cancer. […] In some people, some types of HPV can cause: genital warts, abnormal changes in the cells that can sometimes turn into cancer. […] HPV types linked to cancer are called high-risk types. […] Cancers linked to high-risk HPV include: cervical cancer, anal cancer, penile cancer, vulval cancer, vaginal cancer, some types of head and neck cancer. […] There’s no treatment for the HPV infection. Most HPV infections do not cause any problems and are cleared by your body within 2 years.

• #10 What Is HPV? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hpv/guide/

  High-risk HPV types can cause changes in mucosal cells that lead to cancer. […] Scientists have identified about 14 high-risk HPV types, although HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for most HPV-related cancers. […] HPV 16 and 18 are types of HPV that have been shown to significantly increase the risk of developing cervical cancer as well as genital cancers in men and women. […] HPV is believed to cause over 90 percent of cases of cervical and anal cancer, about 70 percent of cases of vaginal and vulvar cancer, and about 60 percent of cases of penile cancer, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] While oropharyngeal cancer has traditionally been linked to using tobacco and alcohol, more recent studies show that 60 to 70 percent of these cancer cases may be linked to HPV. […] Overall, the CDC estimates there are 37,000 cases of cancer in the United States each year that are linked to HPV, with about 21,500 cancer cases related to HPV in women and 15,500 related to HPV in men.

• #11 What is HPV Cancer? Symptoms, Causes & Treatment | The Anal Cancer Foundation

  https://www.analcancerfoundation.org/what-is-anal-cancer/hpv-cancer/

  HPV infection causes 5% of all cancers worldwide. […] The majority of HPV-associated cancers are linked to just two types of HPV: types 16 and 18. […] HPV causes a majority of anal cancer (91%), cervical cancer (91%), oropharyngeal cancer (70%), vaginal cancer (75%) and vulvar cancer (69%), as well as some penile cancer (63%). […] HPV types that cause cancer include 16, 18, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68 and 70. […] HPV 16 and 18 are the most common and most high-risk types of the virus. Of all cancers probably caused by HPV worldwide, the following are linked to these two specific types: 70% of cervical cancer, 92% of anal cancer, 89% of oropharyngeal cancer, 63% of penile cancer, 80% of vaginal cancer, 80% of vulvar cancer. […] Researchers believe that it can take from 10 to 20 years or longer for a new infection with high-risk HPV to develop into cancer.

• #12 HPV infection

  https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/h/hpv-infection/?section=Causes

  HPV infection occurs when the virus enters your body, usually through a cut, abrasion or small tear in your skin. The virus is transferred primarily by skin-to-skin contact. […] Genital HPV infections are contracted through sexual intercourse, anal sex and other skin-to-skin contact in the genital region. Some HPV infections that result in oral or upper respiratory lesions are contracted through oral sex. […] Nearly all cervical cancers are caused by HPV infections, but cervical cancer may take 20 years or longer to develop after an HPV infection.

• #13 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection) is caused by a DNA virus from the Papillomaviridae family. […] Nearly all cervical cancer is due to HPV, and two strains HPV16 and HPV18 account for 70% of all cases. […] HPV is believed to cause cancer by integrating its genome into nuclear DNA. […] Lingering infection with high-risk HPV types, such as types 16, 18, 31, and 45, can favor the development of cancer. […] HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for causing most of HPV-caused cancers. […] Risk factors for persistent genital HPV infections, which increase the risk of developing cancer, include early age of first sexual intercourse, multiple partners, smoking, and immunosuppression. […] HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI), globally. […] High-risk HPVs cause about 5% of all cancers worldwide and about 37,300 cases of cancer in the United States each year. […] HPV vaccines can prevent the most common types of infection.

• #14

  https://oicr.on.ca/the-incredible-way-the-hpv-virus-causes-cancer-and-what-that-means-for-treating-it/

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the driving force behind most cancers of the cervix, head and neck thanks to its unique ability to hijack the human chromosome. […] HPV has the incredible ability to integrate itself into a humans chromosomes, says Dr. Michael Hoffman, a Senior Scientist at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre who led the study with colleagues Dr. Mathieu Lupien (an OICR Investigator) and Dr. Scott Bratman. Our study focuses on how that integration, and where it takes place, can contribute to cancer. […] The study, published in Genome Biology, describes how HPV DNA inserts itself into its hosts genome and rewires the activity of nearby genes. […] When the rewired genes normally play a role in stopping abnormal growth, this can result in cancer, Hoffman says. […] We found that by hijacking the epigenetic machinery of the cell, HPV can induce everlasting changes in a chromosome that predispose to cancer, says Dr. Mehran Karimzadeh, first author of the study, who performed the research while a PhD student at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre.

• #15 How does HPV cause cervical cancer?verifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverifiedverified

  https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/how-does-hpv-cause-cervical-cancer

  Two HPV proteins, E6 and E7, are the main drivers of cervical cancer development. […] This means that when the body decides to destroy the invasive HPV protein, it takes this crucial tumour suppressing protein with it, making it far more likely that cancer can develop. […] Meanwhile, HPV’s E7 protein interacts with a different tumour-suppressing protein to inhibit its activity, again increasing the chances of cells becoming cancerous.

• #16 Can Chronic HPV Infection Cause Head and Neck Cancers?

  https://www.hcgoncology.com/blog/can-chronic-hpv-infection-cause-head-and-neck-cancers/

  When HPV infects the cells in the head and neck region, it alters the DNA structure of the infected cells and makes them divide uncontrollably. This abnormal division of cells leads to the formation of cancer. […] Of the many strains of HPV, HPV 16 is strongly associated with cancer risk; about 90% of HPV-induced head and neck cancers are caused by this strain. […] One of the most significant risk factors for head and neck cancer is chronic HPV infection. It is a common risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer. […] HPV, especially HPV-16, results in cellular changes in the linings of the tonsils, throat, and tongue base, leading to cancer in the long term. […] HPV causes head and neck cancer. Oral and sexual behaviors, such as engaging in oral sex, having multiple sexual partners, and practicing unprotected sex, increase the risk of HPV infection.

• #17 Human Papillomavirus Infection: Symptoms and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/human-papillomavirus-infection

  HPV is the most common STI in the world, however, vaccines are available to prevent it. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection thats passed between people through skin-to-skin contact. There are over 100 varieties of HPV, more than 40 of which are passed through sexual contact and can affect your genitals, mouth, or throat. […] The virus that causes HPV infection is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. Most people get a genital HPV infection through direct sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. […] Because HPV is a skin-to-skin infection, intercourse isnt required for transmission to occur. […] In rare cases, a mother who has HPV can transmit the virus to her baby during delivery. […] Some cases of genital HPV infection may not cause any health problems. However, some types of HPV can lead to the development of genital warts and even cancers of the cervix, anus, and throat.

• #18 HPV infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351596

  HPV infection is a viral infection. There are more than 100 types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Some types of HPV infection cause skin growths called warts and some types of HPV infection can cause cancer. […] Most HPV infections don’t lead to cancer. But some types of genital HPV can cause cancer of the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina, called the cervix. Other types of cancers have been linked to HPV infection. These include cancers of the anus, penis, vagina, vulva and back of the throat. Cancer at the back of the throat is called oropharyngeal cancer. […] HPV infection occurs when the virus enters the body, usually through a cut or other damage to skin. The virus spreads mainly by skin-to-skin contact. […] Genital HPV infections are contracted through having sex, anal sex and other skin-to-skin contact of the genitals. Some HPV infections spread through oral sex.

• #19 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.health.com/hpv-overview-7377742

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. […] Research suggests that there are more than 150 strains of HPV. The strain or type of HPV that causes genital warts (low-risk) differs from the strains that cause some types of cancer (high-risk). […] The human papillomavirus causes HPV cells to enter your body through any mucous membrane which are moist, inner linings of the mouth, genitalia, and anus. HPV most easily spreads through vaginal or anal sex. […] Keep in mind: the transmission of HPV does not require you to exchange body fluids with your partner. Your risk of getting HPV increases with: New or multiple sex partners, Having sex with someone with multiple sex partners, A weakened immune system.

• #20 Pediatric human papillomavirus (HPV) – Children’s Health Adolescent Medicine

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/human-papillomavirus-hpv

  Pediatric human papillomavirus (papillomavirus) or HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI), according to the Centers for Disease Control(CDC). It can cause genital warts and certain types of cancer. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a widespread, sexually transmitted infection (STI). It has become well-known due to its link to cervical cancer. While not every child with HPV will develop cervical cancer, HPV increases the risk. […] The HPV infection is primarily spread through skin-to-skin contact. […] There are several risk factors that increase the chance of a child getting a HPV infection: Having a cut The disease can enter the blood stream through an opening in the skin (like a cut). […] Having a mother with HPV It is possible for a mother to infect her child during vaginal childbirth.

• #21 Non-sexually acquired human papillomavirus infection

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/non-sexually-acquired-human-papillomavirus-infection

  HPV infections can be sexually transmitted or non-sexually acquired; this review focuses on the latter. […] What causes a non-sexually acquired human papillomavirus infection? […] Cutaneous infection is mostly associated with HPV types 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 10, which cause common, flat, and plantar warts. […] Non-sexually acquired HPV with the HPV types above can occasionally affect the skin of the anogenital region. […] Examples of transmission include: Autoinoculation from a viral wart elsewhere on the body, typically from a child’s hand […] Inoculation from the hand of a caregiver during a nappy change […] Vertical transmission from mother to baby during vaginal delivery. […] Non-sexually acquired HPV may cause: […] Malignant transformation in epidermodysplasia verruciformis. […] HPV-related warts are usually diagnosed on examination. […] HPV is infectious, so common-sense measures are required to minimise spread. […] Cutaneous warts due to non-sexually acquired HPV resolve spontaneously in the majority of children within two years.

• #22 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/hpv

  HPV is easily spread from sexual skin-to-skin contact with someone who has it. You get it when your vulva, vagina, cervix, penis, or anus touches someone elses genitals or mouth and throat usually during sex. HPV can be spread even if no one cums, and even if a penis doesnt go inside the vagina/anus/mouth. […] HPV is the most common STD, but most of the time it isnt a big deal. It usually goes away on its own, and most people dont even know that they ever had HPV.

• #23 Human papilloma virus (HPV) and genital warts

  https://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/human-papilloma-virus-hpv-and-genital-warts

  After an infection with a high-risk type of HPV, the infection can change your body’s cells in the infected area from normal to abnormal. If these changes are not detected and left untreated for a long time, they can lead to the development of cancer. […] The type of HPV that causes genital warts is considered low-risk for cancer. However, a person can be infected by more than one type of HPV. Other types of HPV are high-risk (types 16 and 18). These can lead to cancer of the cervix; less often, they can lead to cancer of the vagina, penis or scrotum.

• #24 Human papillomavirus (HPV) Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/human-papillomavirus-hpv.html

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes common warts, the small, white, beige, or brown skin growths that can appear almost anywhere on the body, and on the moist mucous membranes near the mouth, anus, and genitals. […] There are more than 150 different types of HPV, each with its own favorite skin surface to invade. […] Genital HPV infections are very common. Up to 80 percent of sexually active adults will get an HPV infection of the genital area at some point in their lives. […] In a small number of women, certain HPV strains cause changes in the cervix that can become cancerous if not treated. HPV is also linked to cancers of the penis, vagina, anus, vulva, and also to mouth and throat cancers. HPV subtypes 16 and 18 are the causes of most cancers. HPV types 6 and 11 cause most cases of genital warts.

• #24 Human papillomavirus (HPV) Guide: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment Options

  https://www.drugs.com/health-guide/human-papillomavirus-hpv.html

  Human papillomaviruses usually are spread by direct skin contact, such as shaking the hand of someone who has a wart on their finger or having sexual intercourse with someone who has a genital HPV infection. […] HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections but does not treat existing HPV infections or diseases. […] Most sexually active adults have already been exposed to HPV, although not necessarily all of the HPV types targeted by vaccination. […] At any age, having a new sex partner is a risk factor for getting a new HPV infection.

• #25 HPV in men: Symptoms, complications, causes, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314567

  HPV types 6 and 11 are responsible for most cases of genital warts. HPV types 16 and 18 cause most HPV-related cancers. […] HPV transmits through direct and intimate contact, including sexual contact. The virus can spread from one person to another through oral, anal, or vaginal sex, or if the skin touches that of another person. […] A 2023 systematic review indicates that globally, almost 1 in 3 men over the age of 15 have an infection with at least one genital HPV type. The review also suggests that 1 in 5 have an infection with one or more of a high risk type. […] While some types of HPV can only cause genital warts, others can cause cancers as well. Doctors diagnose almost 38,000 HPV-related cancers every year in the United States. […] HPV might be responsible for more than 90% of cases of anal cancer. More than 60% of penile cancers start with HPV. Around 70% of people with oropharyngeal cancer might have it due to HPV. […] Males who have a weakened immune system due to HIV are more likely to acquire HPV. As such, those living with HIV are more likely to develop HPV-associated warts, precancers, and cancers.

• #26 Cervical Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/causes-risk-prevention

  Long-lasting (persistent) infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) causes virtually all cervical cancers. Two high-risk types, HPV 16 and HPV 18, cause 70% of cervical cancers worldwide. […] When a high-risk HPV infection lasts for years, it can lead to changes in the cervical cells, resulting in a precancerous lesion. […] People who become sexually active at a young age, especially before age 18, or have multiple sexual partners are more likely to become infected with a high-risk type of HPV. […] Some risk factors make it more likely for a person who has a high-risk HPV infection of the cervix to develop cervical cancer. […] HPV infections are more likely to be persistent and progress to cancer in people who are immunocompromised than in people who are not immunocompromised.

• #26 Cervical Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/causes-risk-prevention

  People who smoke or breathe in secondhand smoke have an increased risk of developing cervical cancer. […] Both the use of oral contraceptives (birth control pills) and giving birth to many children are associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer. […] Cervical cancer screening may be more difficult in those with obesity, leading to lower detection of precancers and a higher risk of cancer. […] Being exposed to a drug called diethylstilbestrol (DES) in the womb is an independent risk factor for a type of cervical cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma. […] Cervical cancer is highly preventable and highly curable if caught early. Nearly all cervical cancers could be prevented by HPV vaccination, routine cervical cancer screening, and appropriate follow-up treatment when needed. […] HPV vaccination is a safe and effective way to help prevent cervical cancer. […] The HPV vaccine does not treat an existing HPV infection. […] Because HPV vaccination doesn’t protect against all HPV types that can cause cervical cancer, getting screened at regular intervals is still important.

• #27 [Dr.Sanina Mansoor] – What Are The Causes Of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? | Allo Health

  https://www.allohealth.com/blog/stds/what-are-the-causes-of-human-papillomavirus-hpv

  Having multiple sexual partners increases the risk of HPV infection. The more sexual partners a person has, the higher their likelihood of coming into contact with someone who carries the virus. Individuals who engage in high-risk sexual behaviours, such as unprotected sex or sex with partners of unknown HPV status, are at an increased risk of acquiring HPV infection. […] Using condoms consistently and correctly during sexual activity can reduce the risk of HPV transmission, but it does not eliminate the risk entirely. HPV can infect areas not covered by a condom, such as the genital skin and surrounding areas. Additionally, condoms may not provide complete protection against HPV if they do not cover all infected skin areas or if there is skin-to-skin contact outside the covered area. […] Engaging in sexual activity at a young age, particularly before the age of 18, increases the risk of HPV infection. Adolescents and young adults who initiate sexual activity early may be more susceptible to HPV infection due to hormonal changes, immature immune systems, and lack of awareness about safe sex practices and HPV vaccination.

• #27 [Dr.Sanina Mansoor] – What Are The Causes Of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)? | Allo Health

  https://www.allohealth.com/blog/stds/what-are-the-causes-of-human-papillomavirus-hpv

  Individuals with weakened immune systems are at an increased risk of HPV infection and are more likely to develop persistent HPV-related lesions and cancers. Immune suppression can result from various factors, including HIV/AIDS, organ transplantation, long-term steroid use, chemotherapy, or other medical conditions that compromise the immune systems ability to fight off infections. […] Smoking tobacco has been identified as a risk factor for HPV infection and HPV-related diseases, including cervical cancer. Tobacco smoke contains carcinogenic compounds that can weaken the immune system and promote the growth of HPV-infected cells, increasing the likelihood of HPV persistence and progression to cancer. […] Some individuals may be genetically predisposed to HPV infection or may have genetic variations that affect their immune response to the virus. Genetic factors can influence susceptibility to HPV-related diseases, the likelihood of HPV clearance, and the effectiveness of HPV vaccination.

• #28 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Vaccine

  https://www.medicinenet.com/hpv_infection_human_papillomavirus/article.htm

  Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a group of over 100 virus types that infect human skin and mucus membranes. […] Certain types of HPV may cause health problems in some people. For example, some HPV types cause genital warts and cervical cancers, while others cause typical skin warts. […] HPV infection is spread through sexual intercourse, it is classified as a sexually transmitted disease (STD) or sexually transmitted infection (STI). […] HPV is the most common STD and is thought to affect most people at some point in life. […] HPV infection has not been linked to pregnancy complications such as miscarriage or premature delivery. […] As mentioned previously, genital HPV infection is spread by sexual contact with an infected person, including vaginal, oral, or anal sex. […] Factors that increase the risk of getting an HPV infection include having several different sex partners or having sex with someone who has had numerous sex partners.

• #29 About Genital HPV Infection | STI | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/sti/about/about-genital-hpv-infection.html

  HPV is the most common STI. There are many different types of HPV. While most do not cause any health problems, some types can cause genital warts and cancers. […] HPV can cause cervical and other cancers, including cancer of the vulva, vagina, penis, or anus. It can also cause cancer in the back of the throat (called oropharyngeal cancer). This can include the base of the tongue and tonsils. […] Cancer often takes years, even decades, to develop after a person gets HPV. Genital warts and cancers result from different types of HPV. […] There is no way to know who will develop cancer or other health problems from HPV. People with weak immune systems (including those with HIV) may be less able to fight off HPV. They may also be more likely to develop health problems from HPV.

• #30 Human papillomavirus (HPV): Treatment, symptoms, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/246670

  The human papillomavirus (HPV) causes an infection, typically through sexual contact. […] HPV is a virus that transmits through skin-to-skin contact, often sexual contact. The infection can develop in anyone who is sexually active. […] The strains of HPV that cause warts are different from those that increase the risk of cancer. […] Most people with HPV do not develop cancer, but the infection can increase the risk, especially in people with weakened immune systems. […] A high-risk strain of HPV can change the way that cells communicate with each other, and this can cause them to grow in an uncontrolled way. […] In many people, the immune system defeats the unwanted cells. However, if the immune system is unable to do this, the cells can stay in the body and continue to grow. In time, this can lead to cancer. […] The infection can increase the risk of developing cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, oropharynx, including the base of the tongue and the tonsils. […] The risk of cancer is higher if a person has HPV and has other sexually transmitted infections, such as chlamydia.

• #31 Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

  https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/hpv-genital-warts/hpv-virus-information-about-human-papillomavirus

  HPV, short for human papillomavirus, is a very common group of viruses. Nearly everyone gets HPV at some point in their life, often through sexual contact. This type of HPV is considered a sexually transmitted infection. […] You usually get an HPV infection through direct skin-to-skin contact. The virus enters your body through some kind of opening in your skin, such as a cut, scrape, or other tear in your skin or mucosal layers (such as the kind that line your vagina, penis, anus, or mouth and throat). […] HPV spreads easily from person to person. Thats why theres an 80% chance youll get it by the time youre 45, particularly if youre not vaccinated. […] Risk factors for HPV include: Damaged skin. Places on your skin that have been cut a lot or have holes are more likely to get common warts.

• #32

  https://www.cancervic.org.au/cancer-information/screening/cervical-screening/what-is-hpv-and-how-does-it-cause-cervical-cancer

  A Cervical Screening Test looks for HPV, a common virus that causes almost all cases of cervical cancer. […] HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection that is passed on by genital skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. […] There are over 200 different types of HPV, but there are a few high-risk types that are linked with cervical cancer. […] HPV usually doesn’t have any symptoms and your body can usually get rid of most types of HPV naturally. However, if your body is unable to clear an HPV infection, it can, over time, cause changes to the cells in your cervix that, if left untreated, can become cervical cancer. […] A persistent HPV infection usually takes about 10 to 15 years to cause cell changes that may develop into cervical cancer. […] Regular cervical screening, combined with HPV vaccination, are the best ways to reduce your risk of cervical cancer. While the HPV vaccine will protect you against several types of HPV, including the main types linked with cervical cancer, it does not protect against them all. […] The Cervical Screening Test looks for the presence of HPV and can identify people who are at risk of developing cervical cancer.

• #33 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV causes an estimated 630,000 cancers worldwide each year, accounting for about 5% of all cancers. […] HPV infection causes cells to undergo changes. If not treated these cells can, over time, become cancer cells. […] Once high-risk HPV infects cervical cells, it interferes with the ways in which these cells replicate, divide, and communicate with one another, causing infected cells to multiply in an uncontrolled manner. […] Research has found that it can take 5 to 10 years for HPV-infected cervical cells to develop into precancers and about 20 years to develop into cancer. […] Several factors increase the chance that the HPV infection will be long-lasting and lead to precancerous cervical cells.

• #33 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV can cause oral cancer, penile cancer, vulva cancer, anal cancer, vaginal cancer, and cervical cancer. […] High-risk HPVs can cause several types of cancer. […] High-risk HPV infections that persist can cause cancer: Sometimes HPV infections are not successfully controlled by your immune system. […] HPV can cause six types of cancer: These include anal cancer, cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, penile cancer, vaginal cancer, and vulvar cancer. […] Over 90% of anal cancer is caused by HPV. […] Virtually all cervical cancer is caused by HPV. […] Most oropharyngeal cancer (70%) is caused by HPV. […] Most penile cancers (63%) is caused by HPV. […] Most vaginal cancer (75%) is caused by HPV. […] Most vulvar cancer (69%) is caused by HPV. […] HPV is estimated to cause about 37,300 of these cancers, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

• #34 Cervical cancer and papillomavirus : symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/cervical-cancer-and-papillomavirus

  The time from infection to the development of cancer cells is generally between 5 and 20 years. […] Human papillomavirus, which causes cervical cancer, generally spreads during sexual intercourse, with or without penetration. […] 80% of adults are infected with HPV during their lifetime. […] However, infection persists in 3 to 10% of infected women, leading to the risk of developing cervical cancer.

• #34 Cervical cancer and papillomavirus : symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/cervical-cancer-and-papillomavirus

  Cervical cancer is the fourth most common form of cancer in women worldwide. Almost all cases can be attributed to chronic infection with viruses belonging to the papillomavirus family. […] Virtually all cases of cervical cancer (95-100%) are the result of long-term infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). To date, scientists have identified around twenty human papillomaviruses that cause cervical cancer. The two most common are HPV16 and HPV18, which between them are responsible for approximately 70% of cases. […] 90% of HPV infections are short-lived, and the body’s immune defenses manage to eliminate the virus within two years of infection. But in some cases, the infection persists and leads to the development of cancer cells. […] It is also important to note that HPV can cause other types of cancer (penile cancer, anal cancer and head and neck cancer).

• #35 HPV Strains | Only Small Number Cause Problems

  https://www.hpv.org.nz/about-hpv/hpv-strains

  Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are extremely common DNA viruses that only infect humans. […] HPV is thought to be the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. Almost every person will have HPV at some point in their lives. […] There are over 150 types of HPV that live on the body and only a small number of types (ie. high-risk HPV) cause problems by changing cells from normal to abnormal. […] Infection with high-risk HPV (hrHPV) types that are not cleared by the immune system can cause cervical cancers and a significant proportion of cancers of the anus, oropharynx, vagina, vulva and penis. HPV cancers take many years to develop. […] Current research indicates that high-risk HPV changes the host (human) cell but its growth needs additional triggers to cause cancer. […] Most HPV infections are transient and thought to clear naturally before they cause any health problems.

• #36 Frequently asked questions about HPV – Throat Cancer Foundation

  https://www.throatcancerfoundation.org/hpv/frequently-asked-questions-about-hpv/

  HPV causes about 5% of all cancers worldwide – that’s one in every 20. […] More people are now aware that HPV causes cervical cancer, but it also causes cancers of the vagina, vulva, anus, penis and throat. […] Doctors are not yet sure why some people with HPV develop throat cancer. However, people who have caught HPV and who also smoke or drink alcohol heavily may be more at risk. […] Having more sexual partners also increases the risk because someone may be infected by HPV more than once by different partners at different times. […] People with reduced levels of immunity may be more at risk of cancer caused by HPV, such as people with HIV or an autoimmune disorder. […] The good news is that throat cancer caused by HPV is generally easier to treat and the outcomes are much better, with much better survival rates and less chance of the cancer coming back. […] Successful treatment for throat cancer usually eliminates all risk of passing on the virus unless you are re-infected after treatment.

• #37 Does HPV cause cancer? | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/infections-eg-hpv-and-cancer/does-hpv-cause-cancer

  Some types of HPV increase the risk of cancer. […] There are around 14 high-risk types of HPV that increase the risk of some types of cancer. People infected with high-risk HPV for a long time are more likely to develop cancer. […] Cervical cancer is the main type of cancer linked to HPV. Nearly all cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV. HPV can also increase the risk of some types of head and neck cancer, including oropharyngeal cancer (a type of throat cancer) and mouth cancer. Around 70% of these cancers are linked to HPV. […] Most of the time the body clears HPV without it causing any problems. But high-risk HPV types can cause cancer if they stay in the body for a long time. […] If this happens, the HPV virus can change the DNA inside our cells and cause them to behave differently. Over time, the affected cells can grow out of control and lead to cancer. This can take many years.

• #38

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer

  Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Persistent HPV infection of the cervix (the lower part of the uterus or womb, which opens into the vagina also called the birth canal) if left untreated, causes 95% of cervical cancers. […] In most cases the immune system clears HPV from the body. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV can cause abnormal cells to develop, which go on to become cancer. […] Risk factors for cancer progression include the grade of oncogenicity of the HPV type, immune status, the presence of other sexually transmitted infections, number of births, young age at first pregnancy, hormonal contraceptive use, and smoking.

• #39 HPV | Rijksvaccinatieprogramma.nl

  https://rijksvaccinatieprogramma.nl/en/infectious-diseases/hpv

  There are more than 100 different types of HPV. Some types of HPV can cause cancer many years later. The most common form of cancer related to HPV is cervical cancer. Other forms include cancer in the vagina, labia, anus, penis, mouth and throat. […] HPV types 16 and 18 are the ones most likely to cause cancer. Together, these types cause about 70% of all cases of cervical cancer and the majority of other HPV-related cancers. […] In about 10% to 20% of people who are infected, your body does not clear the HPV infection, so the virus stays in the cells for longer. When that happens, the virus can change the cells. These abnormal cells also often go away on their own. If they do not, these abnormal cells can develop into precancerous cells or cancer. The time between infection and cancer is usually at least 10 to 15 years. […] That depends on many different factors. People with weaker immune systems and people who smoke are more likely to develop health conditions resulting from HPV infection.

• #40 Human papilloma virus (HPV) | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/worried-about-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors/hpv

  Human papilloma viruses (HPV) is made up of a group of common infections. Some types can increase the risk of developing cancer. […] There are more than 100 types of HPV. Some can cause warts and verrucas. Others increase the risk of developing different type of cancer. These types are called high-risk HPV. […] Most types of HPV are not linked to cancer. But some types of high-risk HPV can increase the risk of cervical cancer, vulva cancer, vaginal cancer, anal cancer, head and neck cancers, and penis cancer. […] It is important to remember that most people infected by high-risk HPV do not develop cancer. Usually, the body’s immune system gets rid of the virus. […] But for some people, the immune system does not get rid of the infection. We do not know exactly why that is. If the virus stays in the body for longer, it may cause damage to cells. Over a long time, these abnormal cell changes may develop into cancer.

• #40 Human papilloma virus (HPV) | Macmillan Cancer Support

  https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/worried-about-cancer/causes-and-risk-factors/hpv

  It is thought that HPV takes years, or even decades, to cause the damage to cells that develop into cancer. Infection with HPV is likely to happen many years before cancer is diagnosed. […] There are no treatments to get rid of HPV infection. In most people, the immune system will get rid of the virus naturally.

• #41 Genital warts | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/genital-warts

  Genital warts are caused by the Human Papillomavirus (also known as HPV). […] They are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). There are more than 200 strains of HPV. […] HPV infection can occur after direct contact with a visible wart or contact with genital skin where the virus is present. […] Certain types of HPV can infect the cervix. These can cause cell changes that may, over many years, increase your risk of cervical cancer if the body doesn’t clear the virus naturally. […] The types of HPV that cause visible genital warts do not progress to cervical cancer. […] These vaccines work by preventing infection with 2 types of HPV types 16 and 18. These are the types that have been shown to cause 70% of cervical cancers. […] Gardasil9 provides protection against 9 types of HPV. In addition to types 16 and 18, it also protects against HPV types 6 and 11, which cause almost all genital warts, and types 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58, which cause an additional 15% of all cervical cancers.

• #42 Genital Warts (HPV) (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/genital-warts.html

  Genital warts are usually a sexually transmitted disease (STD). They’re caused by HPV (human papillomavirus). There are many different strains of HPV. Some can cause genital warts, while others can lead to cervical cancer and other types of cancer. […] The HPV that causes genital warts usually spreads through vaginal, oral, or anal sex or close sexual contact with the genital area. Even if there are no warts, HPV might still be active in the genital area and can spread to others. […] Most of the time, HPV is gone within 2 years of when someone was infected. […] Genital warts and other types of HPV can be prevented by the HPV vaccine, which is recommended for girls and boys 11-12 years old (though kids as young as 9 also can get it) and for older kids who aren’t yet vaccinated.

• #43 What Causes HPV in Females?

  https://www.medicinenet.com/what_causes_hpv_in_females/article.htm

  HPV is only caused by sexual contact with someone who has the virus. It is contagious even if you dont have any symptoms. […] To lower your risk of getting HPV, you can use safer sex barriers like condoms during sex. However, be aware that HPV can spread through skin contact, and condoms don’t cover 100% of the areas that may touch during sex. Another way to lower your risk of getting HPV is to be in a mutually monogamous relationship.

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