Materiały źródłowe

• #1 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  More than 30 strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect your genitals. […] You can take preventive measures, including the HPV vaccine and getting regular screenings, to reduce your risk. […] The only way to prevent HPV is to abstain from sex. For many people, more realistic goals include reducing the risk of contracting HPV and preventing cervical cancer while still enjoying a healthy sex life. […] You can reduce your risk if you: […] Get vaccinated against HPV. The HPV vaccine works best if you get it before becoming sexually active (around age 11 or 12). It may protect you from HPV strains you haven’t been exposed to even after becoming sexually active. […] Get screened and tested regularly. Early detection of HPV and abnormal cells prevents cervical cancer. You should begin getting regular Pap smears at age 21.

• #1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv.htm

  Three HPV vaccines can prevent diseases and cancers caused by HPV. The 2vHPV, 4vHPV, and 9vHPV vaccines protect against the majority of cervical cancer cases, although the 4vHPV and 9vHPV vaccines also protect against the majority of genital warts. Only 9vHPV vaccine is available in the United States. HPV vaccines are safe and effective and are recommended routinely for adolescents aged 11-12 years. Catch-up vaccination is also recommended for older adolescents and young adults through age 26 years. Shared clinical decision-making is recommended regarding HPV vaccination for certain adults aged 27-45 years who are not adequately vaccinated per guidance. […] Abstaining from sexual activity is the most reliable method for preventing genital HPV infection. Persons can decrease their chances of infection by practicing consistent and correct condom use and limiting their number of sex partners. Although these interventions might not fully protect against HPV, they can decrease the chances of HPV acquisition and transmission.

• #1 Human Papillomavirus: Screening, Testing, and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0800/p152.html

  Vaccination is the primary method of prevention. The nonavalent HPV vaccine is effective in preventing the development of high-grade precancerous cervical lesions in noninfected patients. Vaccination is ideally administered at 11 or 12 years of age, irrespective of the patient’s sex. In general, a two-dose series is recommended if administered before 15 years of age; however, individuals who are immunocompromised require three doses. […] HPV vaccination is most effective when administered before the onset of sexual activity. The FDA has approved vaccination in children and adults between nine and 45 years of age, and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends vaccination at 11 or 12 years of age, irrespective of the patient’s sex. Catch-up vaccination is recommended for inadequately immunized individuals 13 to 26 years of age. […] HPV vaccinations are prophylactic and do not treat current disease or prevent progression. Vaccination has been demonstrated to reduce prevalence of vaccine-type HPV in females, anogenital warts, and precancerous cervical lesions.

• #1 Protect Yourself Against HPV | NIH News in Health

  https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/10/protect-yourself-against-hpv

  More than half of all sexually active people get a genital infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) at some point in their lives, but most never know it. […] Fortunately, vaccines are available to protect against the most harmful forms of HPV. […] These vaccines work best if given well before a person becomes sexually active. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved 2 vaccines that protect against harmful forms of HPV. […] Both HPV vaccines, called Gardasil and Cervarix, protect against the 2 types (or strains) of HPV that are responsible for about 70% of all cervical cancers. […] Thus the HPV vaccines protect against all these forms of cancer. […] Because the vaccines only work before you get infected, and most people become infected relatively soon after they begin sexual activity, the vaccines are mainly targeted to young adolescent girls and boys, Lowy explains.

• #1 Protect Yourself Against HPV | NIH News in Health

  https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/10/protect-yourself-against-hpv

  The vaccines are given in a series of 3 shots over a 6-month period. […] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that all girls and boys get vaccinated at ages 11 or 12. […] An HPV vaccine is your best opportunity to protect your child or yourself against HPV infection and subsequent disease, says Dr. Carolyn Deal, an NIH expert on sexually transmitted diseases. […] Research has shown that HPV vaccines are highly effective. […] The vaccines are already starting to have a real-world impact, Deal says. They are safe and effective vaccines. […] When you get an HPV vaccine, youre not only protecting yourself from some strains of this cancer-causing virus, youre also helping to prevent its spread to others. […] Get vaccinated. HPV vaccines can prevent most cases of cervical, vaginal, vulvar, and anal cancers.

• #1 HPV Vaccination Recommendations | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html

  HPV vaccine is recommended for routine vaccination at age 11 or 12 years. (Vaccination can be started at age 9.) […] ACIP also recommends vaccination for everyone through age 26 years if not adequately vaccinated when younger. HPV vaccination is given as a series of either two or three doses, depending on age at initial vaccination. […] Keep in mind that HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections but does not treat existing HPV infections or diseases. HPV vaccine works best when given before any exposure to HPV. […] HPV vaccines are very safe. Scientific research shows the benefits of HPV vaccination far outweigh the potential risks. Like all medical interventions, vaccines can have some side effects. […] All vaccines used in the United States, including HPV vaccines, go through extensive safety testing before the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licenses them.

• #1 Cervical Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/causes-risk-prevention

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine HPV vaccination for girls and boys at age 11 or 12, and the vaccine can be given starting at age 9. For young people who weren’t vaccinated within the age recommendations, HPV vaccination is recommended up to age 26. Some adults between the ages of 27 and 45 who are not already vaccinated may decide to get the HPV vaccine after talking with their doctor about their risk of new HPV infections. […] Because HPV vaccination doesn’t protect against all HPV types that can cause cervical cancer, getting screened at regular intervals is still important. […] Two widely used screening tests are HPV tests and cytology tests (also known as Pap test or Pap smear). These tests can find high-risk HPV infections and abnormal cell changes and precancers that can be treated before they turn into cancer. So it is important for people with a cervix to have regular screening tests starting in their 20s. […] Condoms, which prevent some sexually transmitted diseases, can decrease the risk of HPV transmission. However, they do not completely prevent it. Therefore, exposure to HPV is still possible in areas that are not covered by the condom.

• #1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv.htm

  Condoms used consistently and correctly can lower the chances of acquiring and transmitting HPV and developing HPV-related diseases (e.g., genital warts or cervical cancer). However, because HPV can infect areas not covered by a condom, condoms might not fully protect against HPV. […] Limiting the number of sex partners can reduce the risk for HPV. However, even persons with only one lifetime sex partner can get HPV.

• #1 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/6/1060

  Both the Gardasil and Cervarix vaccines induce cross-protection against nonvaccine types such as HPV 31 and HPV 45 but with lower antibody titers than the epitopes included in the vaccines. […] Herd immunity is impossible to achieve if males are not included in vaccination programs. In fact, adopting gender-neutral HPV vaccination schedules will reduce population-transmitted infections, combat misinformation, minimize vaccine-related stigma, and promote gender equity. […] In fact, since 2006, more than 110 countries have implemented vaccination campaigns against HPV, but only about 40 countries have introduced programs that are gender-neutral; Australia and the United States were among the first to take this step in 2011 and 2013, respectively. […] Lastly, some evidence shows that male circumcision reduces the risk of certain sexually transmitted viral infections in men and consequently for their female partners. Specifically, male circumcision is associated with slight reductions in high-risk HPV, whereas licensed HPV vaccines only protect with against a limited number of HPV types with a high level of efficacy. It is therefore likely that the two interventions have important synergistic effects.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/HPV-Prevention.aspx

  If a person does have a wart that results from a HPV infection, he or she should avoid picking the wart or biting their nails. Otherwise, the infection could be spread to another person through touch. […] A person who is sexually active is advised to have regular smear or pap tests to monitor whether there are any initial signs of cancer such as pre-cancerous lesions. […] Vaccinations have been developed to protect people from types 16 and 18 of HPV that can cause 70% of cervical cancers. One vaccine protects against two types of HPV 6 and 11, that cause 90% of warts. […] HPV vaccinations are recommended for females between the ages of 9 and 26 as this is the age range it has the biggest impact on.

• #1 Protecting yourself against HPV – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/protecting-yourself-against-hpv

  For sexually active people, additional preventive measures include: Being in a mutually monogamous sexual relationship, Reducing the number of sexual partners, Using a latex condom or dental dam consistently. […] HPV causes nearly all cases of cervical cancer. Screening can help prevent cervix precancer or cancer through different types of tests. […] With regular screening, abnormal cells are detected early, and they can be monitored or treated to prevent progression to cancer. […] Guidelines recommend starting Pap test screening at 21 and continuing until age 65 for most women. Many women only need a Pap test every three to five years if they have an adequate history of normal tests. […] People who are immunosuppressed due to a history of organ transplant, chronic systemic steroid use or HIV should be screened earlier and more frequently than those with an unaffected immune system.

• #1 Protect Yourself Against HPV | NIH News in Health

  https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/10/protect-yourself-against-hpv

  Use condoms. Consistent condom use can protect women from HPV infection. […] Avoid direct contact. The surest way to prevent genital HPV infection is to refrain from any genital contact with another person. […] Get tested. HPV infections can be diagnosed with a Pap test, which checks for cancer or precancerous changes of the cervix, or a molecular test that looks for HPV DNA.

• #1 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/prevention-screening/manage-your-risk/hpv.html

  HPV screening, including FDA-approved self-collection tests for HPV, can determine if a woman has a cervical HPV infection. […] The HPV vaccine prevents most cervical cancers, anal cancers, vaginal cancers, and vulvar cancers. […] All males and females ages 9-26 should get the human papillomavirus vaccine. It is a safe and effective method of protection against HPV infection. […] Cervical cancer and other HPV-associated cancers can be prevented by getting the HPV vaccine early in life. […] While screening and early treatment can prevent cervical cancer, there are no widespread screening tests for the other HPV-associated cancers, such as oropharyngeal (throat) cancer and anal cancer. This makes HPV vaccination critical for preventive HPV-associated cancers. […] The HPV vaccine can help the body recognize and eliminate the virus more effectively. […] The best way to protect yourself from HPV-related cancers is to get the HPV vaccine. […] All males and females should get the HPV vaccine. Ideally, to be best protected, children should be vaccinated between 9-14 years of age; the earlier, the better.

• #1 HPV and Cervical Cancer: Connection, Prevention, and Treatment

  https://www.baptistonline.org/news/hpv-and-cervical-cancer-connection-prevention-and-treatment/

  Because of the strong connection between HPV and cervical cancer, avoiding HPV is one of the best steps for prevention. […] Using condoms can also help you prevent against HPV. While they do not provide complete protection, men who use condoms are less likely to have HPV and less likely to pass the infection on to their partner. […] There is also a vaccine available that can prevent certain strains of HPV, including the most dangerous ones. […] In order to be as effective as possible, the vaccine should be given before possible exposure. […] Finally, not smoking can reduce your risk of developing cervical cancer. […] No matter what steps you’re taking to prevent HPV and cervical cancer, having a routine Pap test is extremely important. This is the most important test for detection because it can identify precancerous cells. This early detection can allow for the removal of these cells before they turn into cancer.

• #1 Reducing the Risk for HPV Infection

  https://www.legacycommunityhealth.org/newsblog-reducing-the-risk-for-hpv-infection/

  Use barrier methods whenever you have sex. This includes consistent and correct use of condoms, dental dams or anything that protects from direct genital contact. This can lower your chances of getting HPV but cannot fully protect you from contracting HPV. […] Avoid sex if genital warts are present. If there is an active infection, it is still possible for the virus to spread even if wearing a condom. […] Remain in a mutually monogamous relationship. Only have sex with someone who only has sex with you. Most persons with penises who get HPV never develop symptoms and the infection usually goes away but can be spread to other partners. […] Reduce or avoid smoking. Smoking increases the risk of disease advancement and of a wart outbreak. […] Tell sexual partners about HPV status before sexual activity. Ask your partners to let you know if they have any STIs. Ideally, get tested before having sex.

• #1 8 Ways to Prevent HPV or Detect It Early

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hpv/ways-prevent-hpv-detect-it-early/

  While no particular diet has been shown to prevent HPV infection or the cancers associated with HPV, there is evidence that following a healthy, plant-based diet high in naturally occurring vitamins and minerals strengthens the immune system and may be protective against developing at least some cancers. […] The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends that women ages 25 to 65 get a primary HPV test one that’s approved for stand-alone use, without a Pap test every five years. If a primary HPV test is not available, then the ACS recommends getting a Pap test along with an HPV test every five years, or just a Pap test every three years.

• #1 Prevention and control of HPV infection and HPV-related cancers in Colombia- a meeting report | BMC Proceedings | Full Text

  https://bmcproc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12919-020-00192-2

  The HPV Board aims at being the important catalyst to multiply and disseminate relevant information on HPV prevention and control to a broad array of stakeholders. […] The objectives of the meeting were: understanding epidemiology, burden of disease and surveillance related to HPV and HPV related cancers in Colombia; discussing successes, topical issues and challenges related to HPV vaccination and screening particular to Colombia; and with a focus on the current crisis situation reviewing country examples from Latin America to learn from their successes and challenges; gaining insight into various stakeholder perspectives; and propose recommendations for the way forward; and advise other countries how to deal with these crises when they occur. […] An important challenge for Colombia is to recover the HPV vaccination coverage to levels before the Carmen de Bolivar crisis in 2014.

• #1 Prevention and Treatment of Human Papillomavirus Infections

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/prevention-and-treatment-of-human-papillomavirus-infections

  The vaccines cost approximately $100 per dose and require a three-dose series.6 Although HPV vaccinations are part of the immunization schedule recommended by the American Committee on Immunization Practices, they are not yet covered by many insurance plans. In response, government programs were created to assist families who cannot afford to vaccinate their children. […] Most importantly, it should be stressed that receiving a vaccination against HPV does not eliminate the need for women to have regular cervical cancer screenings.

• #1 Prevention and control of HPV infection and HPV-related cancers in Colombia- a meeting report | BMC Proceedings | Full Text

  https://bmcproc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12919-020-00192-2

  The introduction of the HPV vaccine into national immunization program was prepared in close cooperation with Colombian scientific societies. […] The target population was girls in 4th grade of primary school and aged 9years and older, to be vaccinated in a school-based system. […] To increase vaccine confidence, a media campaign was initiated, involving high-level medical figures, which resulted in a slight increase (17.6%) in vaccine coverage in 2018. […] For optimal impact of the vaccination program, the following has been considered necessary: 1) acceptance of the vaccine by the adolescents/teenagers and their parents; 2) appropriate knowledge and understanding of the vaccine by healthcare workers; 3) correct management of information about vaccine safety; and 4) immediate response to rumors about the vaccine.

• #1 Prevention and control of HPV infection and HPV-related cancers in Colombia- a meeting report | BMC Proceedings | Full Text

  https://bmcproc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12919-020-00192-2

  The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Prevention and Control Board is an independent multidisciplinary board of international experts that disseminates relevant information on HPV to a broad array of stakeholders and provides guidance on strategic, technical and policy issues in the implementation of HPV control programs. […] The conclusion of the meeting included following suggestions to strengthen HPV prevention and control: 1) Re-introducing school-based vaccine programs, 2) Integrating primary and secondary prevention programs, 3) Developing an innovative crisis communication plan targeting healthcare workers, teachers and general population, 4) Building trust through efficient and timely communication, 5) Building strong relationship with media to ensure a stable vaccination campaign support, and 6) Promoting empathy among healthcare professionals towards patients to build trust and communicate effectively.

• #1 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV vaccination can prevent cancer: HPV vaccines can prevent infection with disease-causing HPV types, preventing many HPV-related cancers and cases of genital warts. […] The HPV vaccine is estimated to prevent up to 90% of cancers caused by HPV infection and genital warts. […] HPV vaccination is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)s Advisory Committee on Immunizations Practices to prevent new HPV infections and HPV-associated cancers and other diseases. […] HPV vaccination offers the most protection when given to girls and boys at ages 9-12. […] It is important for everyone to get vaccinated, because anyone, regardless of their sex, can develop HPV-related cancers. Vaccination can also reduce the spread of HPV that causes cancer to other people. […] In the United States, those who start the vaccine series before age 15 should receive two vaccine doses, and those who receive their first dose at age 15 or older should receive three doses. […] If you are concerned that you are at risk for a new HPV infection, talk with your health care provider about whether HPV vaccination may be right for you.

• #1 Human papillomavirus (HPV): Spread, prevention and risks – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/human-papillomavirus-hpv/spread-prevention-risks.html

  HPV vaccination is the most effective way to protect yourself against HPV infections and the cancers that this virus can cause. […] The 9vHPV vaccine is recommended as it provides protection against the greatest number of HPV types and associated diseases. […] The 9vHPV vaccine provides protection against 7 high-risk HPV types, accounting for 90% of all cervical cancers. […] The HPV vaccine is offered as part of routine vaccinations through school-based programs, public health clinics or catch-up programs. […] Every province and territory in Canada has a publicly funded HPV vaccine program. […] HPV vaccines work very well. Studies have shown they’re highly effective at preventing: HPV infections, HPV-related cancers, anogenital warts. […] HPV vaccines are safe. […] Canada aims to eliminate cervical cancer by 2040 through improved HPV vaccination, screening and follow-up. […] Condom use does not eliminate the risk of HPV infections. […] However, proper use of condoms and dental dams can reduce the chances of getting HPV and passing HPV to a sexual partner.

• #1 HPV Diagnostics, Vaccines and Preventive Health Strategies

  https://asm.org/Articles/2023/March/HPV-Diagnostics,-Vaccines-and-Preventive-Health-St

  HPV infections and HPV-related diseases are a public health issue, said Katie Au, M.D., IBCLC, an assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Oregon Health and Science University. It’s one of the few cancers that is preventable, and where timely care and appropriate screening can really make a difference in terms of incidence and outcomes. We can make a great public health impact, both from a screening and from a vaccination standpoint. […] The current HPV vaccine on the market targets 7 of 12-known strains that are considered high risk for the development of cervical cancer and 2 types (HPV6 and HPV11) that cause benign genital warts. Richard Roden, Ph.D., Co-Leader of the Cancer Prevention and Control Program for the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, said the HPV vaccine is most effective if the patient receives it prior to their first instance of sexual activity. The recommended age-range for receiving the vaccine is 11-12 years of age (though vaccines can be given as early as age 9 and as late as age 45), with 2 to 3 doses. The vaccine can only prevent infection, it cannot boost ones immune system to clear an existing infection.

• #2 Protecting yourself against HPV – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/protecting-yourself-against-hpv

  HPV is a viral infection that commonly causes abnormal growth of skin or other tissues in your body. There are more than 100 varieties of the virus. […] HPV infections are categorized as low or high risk depending on the potential to cause cancer in the infected tissues. Infection from low-risk strains can cause genital warts, which may be problematic but generally aren’t life-threatening. Low-risk HPV infections don’t lead to cancer and may disappear without treatment. […] Infection from high-risk HPV strains can lead to cancer in many areas of the body. Cancers of the anus, penis, vagina, cervix and back of the throat — known as oropharyngeal cancer — have been linked to high-risk HPV infections. […] HPV infections are common, with more than 42 million U.S. men and women infected. In most cases, the body’s immune system suppresses HPV infection before it creates symptoms, so it is easy to have HPV and not realize it.

• #2 Cervical Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/causes-risk-prevention

  Cervical cancer is highly preventable and highly curable if caught early. Nearly all cervical cancers could be prevented by HPV vaccination, routine cervical cancer screening, and appropriate follow-up treatment when needed. […] HPV vaccination is a safe and effective way to help prevent cervical cancer. Gardasil 9 is the FDA-approved vaccine for females and males aged 9 to 45 in the United States. Gardasil 9 is approved to prevent precancers and cancers caused by seven cancer-causing HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58) and to prevent genital warts caused by HPV types 6 and 11. The HPV vaccine does not treat an existing HPV infection. […] The HPV vaccine offers the most protection when given before a person becomes sexually active. Those who are already sexually active may benefit less from the vaccine. This is because sexually active people may have been exposed to some of the HPV types the vaccine targets.

• #2 HPV Vaccination Recommendations | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html

  HPV vaccine is recommended for routine vaccination at age 11 or 12 years. (Vaccination can be started at age 9.) […] ACIP also recommends vaccination for everyone through age 26 years if not adequately vaccinated when younger. HPV vaccination is given as a series of either two or three doses, depending on age at initial vaccination. […] Keep in mind that HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections but does not treat existing HPV infections or diseases. HPV vaccine works best when given before any exposure to HPV. […] HPV vaccines are very safe. Scientific research shows the benefits of HPV vaccination far outweigh the potential risks. Like all medical interventions, vaccines can have some side effects. […] All vaccines used in the United States, including HPV vaccines, go through extensive safety testing before the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licenses them.

• #2 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/6/1060

  Although HPV infections usually regress spontaneously within 1 to 2 years and not all genotypes are implicated in cancer, HPV infections and related diseases should be taken seriously. To date, vaccines provide the best and most cost-effective option for prevention. All vaccines currently in use are based on virus-like particles (VLPs) of the L1 protein, which is considered a strong immunogen protein that spontaneously self-assembles from pentamers. […] Gardasil (4vHPV) was the first vaccine to be approved (in 2006) by the Food and Drug Administration. It targets four types of HPV (6, 11, 16, and 18). […] The bivalent vaccine Cervarix (2vHPV), which targets HPV 16 and 18, was approved in 2007. It has been proven that 2vHPV also protects against HPV 31, 33, and 45 and reduces genital warts caused by HPV 6 and 11.

• #2 Human Papillomavirus: Screening, Testing, and Prevention | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0800/p152.html

  Vaccination is the primary method of prevention. The nonavalent HPV vaccine is effective in preventing the development of high-grade precancerous cervical lesions in noninfected patients. Vaccination is ideally administered at 11 or 12 years of age, irrespective of the patient’s sex. In general, a two-dose series is recommended if administered before 15 years of age; however, individuals who are immunocompromised require three doses. […] HPV vaccination is most effective when administered before the onset of sexual activity. The FDA has approved vaccination in children and adults between nine and 45 years of age, and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends vaccination at 11 or 12 years of age, irrespective of the patient’s sex. Catch-up vaccination is recommended for inadequately immunized individuals 13 to 26 years of age. […] HPV vaccinations are prophylactic and do not treat current disease or prevent progression. Vaccination has been demonstrated to reduce prevalence of vaccine-type HPV in females, anogenital warts, and precancerous cervical lesions.

• #2 Protecting yourself against HPV – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/protecting-yourself-against-hpv

  You can reduce your and your children’s risk of developing warts and other HPV-related illnesses by getting the HPV vaccine when eligible. […] The HPV vaccine is highly effective and safe. It significantly reduces the incidence of genital warts and cervical cancer, especially if given before age 15. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that all 11- and 12-year-olds receive two doses of HPV vaccine at least six months apart. This is the best age to receive the vaccine to protect against the virus, before a person is exposed through sexual activity. […] Teens and young adults who begin the vaccine series later — ages 15 to 26 — should receive three doses. […] Some people outside these age groups may benefit from the vaccine. Adults ages 27 to 45 may decide to receive the vaccine after discussing it with their healthcare teams.

• #2 HPV vaccine: Who needs it, how it works

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/in-depth/hpv-vaccine/art-20047292

  But none of the vaccines can treat an existing HPV infection. The vaccines protect you only from specific strains of HPV you don’t have. […] The HPV vaccine doesn’t replace Pap tests. Screening for cervical cancer with regular Pap tests starting at age 21 is an essential part of preventive healthcare.

• #2 Protect Yourself Against HPV | NIH News in Health

  https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2013/10/protect-yourself-against-hpv

  Use condoms. Consistent condom use can protect women from HPV infection. […] Avoid direct contact. The surest way to prevent genital HPV infection is to refrain from any genital contact with another person. […] Get tested. HPV infections can be diagnosed with a Pap test, which checks for cancer or precancerous changes of the cervix, or a molecular test that looks for HPV DNA.

• #2 Anogenital warts guide: Prevention and control – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/infectious-diseases/sexual-health-sexually-transmitted-infections/canadian-guidelines/anogenital-warts/prevention-control.html

  Measures to prevent and control anogenital warts (AGW) include HPV vaccination, use of barrier protection, self-examination, prompt diagnosis and counselling. […] Quadrivalent and nine-valent HPV vaccines protect against HPV 6 and 11, which are responsible for 90% of AGW. Vaccination is highly effective for preventing AGW. HPV vaccination prior to onset of sexual activity – and exposure to HPV maximizes its benefit. HPV vaccination has no proven therapeutic effect for existing AGW. However, vaccination after the diagnosis of AGW provides protection against other HPV types included in the vaccine. […] Regardless of history of AGW, offer vaccination for HPV as indicated in the Canadian Immunization Guide or provincial and territorial routine vaccination schedules and guidelines. […] Consistent and correct use of internal or external condoms and dental dams can reduce the transmission of AGW. Protection is not complete as exposure may occur through skin-to-skin contact of uncovered areas. Use of barriers is recommended for those diagnosed with AGW, having a partner with AGWs, or engaging in sexual activity with new sexual partners.

• #2 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  More than 30 strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV) can affect your genitals. […] You can take preventive measures, including the HPV vaccine and getting regular screenings, to reduce your risk. […] The only way to prevent HPV is to abstain from sex. For many people, more realistic goals include reducing the risk of contracting HPV and preventing cervical cancer while still enjoying a healthy sex life. […] You can reduce your risk if you: […] Get vaccinated against HPV. The HPV vaccine works best if you get it before becoming sexually active (around age 11 or 12). It may protect you from HPV strains you haven’t been exposed to even after becoming sexually active. […] Get screened and tested regularly. Early detection of HPV and abnormal cells prevents cervical cancer. You should begin getting regular Pap smears at age 21.

• #2 Protecting yourself against HPV – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/protecting-yourself-against-hpv

  For sexually active people, additional preventive measures include: Being in a mutually monogamous sexual relationship, Reducing the number of sexual partners, Using a latex condom or dental dam consistently. […] HPV causes nearly all cases of cervical cancer. Screening can help prevent cervix precancer or cancer through different types of tests. […] With regular screening, abnormal cells are detected early, and they can be monitored or treated to prevent progression to cancer. […] Guidelines recommend starting Pap test screening at 21 and continuing until age 65 for most women. Many women only need a Pap test every three to five years if they have an adequate history of normal tests. […] People who are immunosuppressed due to a history of organ transplant, chronic systemic steroid use or HIV should be screened earlier and more frequently than those with an unaffected immune system.

• #2 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/HPV-Prevention.aspx

  Most humans are infected by at least one type in their lifetime. However, there are ways of preventing and reducing HPV infection. […] One way to reduce the infections by the virus completely is by a person abstaining from all sexual intercourse. This includes oral, anal, and vaginal sex. This works because the virus is most infectious through sexual organs, the mouth, and throat. […] Research has shown that men who are circumcised tend to have a reduced risk of contracting the HPV infection. […] Keeping the number of sexual partners of a person to the minimum limits their chances of encountering the HPV virus repeatedly. […] Condoms can act as a barrier against some sexually transmitted diseases. When it comes to the transmission of HPV, the condom does not completely eliminate the risk of contracting the virus as HPV is spread through skin to skin contact. However, it can reduce the risk.

• #2 8 Ways to Prevent HPV or Detect It Early

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/hpv/ways-prevent-hpv-detect-it-early/

  While no particular diet has been shown to prevent HPV infection or the cancers associated with HPV, there is evidence that following a healthy, plant-based diet high in naturally occurring vitamins and minerals strengthens the immune system and may be protective against developing at least some cancers. […] The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends that women ages 25 to 65 get a primary HPV test one that’s approved for stand-alone use, without a Pap test every five years. If a primary HPV test is not available, then the ACS recommends getting a Pap test along with an HPV test every five years, or just a Pap test every three years.

• #2 Cervical Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/causes-risk-prevention

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine HPV vaccination for girls and boys at age 11 or 12, and the vaccine can be given starting at age 9. For young people who weren’t vaccinated within the age recommendations, HPV vaccination is recommended up to age 26. Some adults between the ages of 27 and 45 who are not already vaccinated may decide to get the HPV vaccine after talking with their doctor about their risk of new HPV infections. […] Because HPV vaccination doesn’t protect against all HPV types that can cause cervical cancer, getting screened at regular intervals is still important. […] Two widely used screening tests are HPV tests and cytology tests (also known as Pap test or Pap smear). These tests can find high-risk HPV infections and abnormal cell changes and precancers that can be treated before they turn into cancer. So it is important for people with a cervix to have regular screening tests starting in their 20s. […] Condoms, which prevent some sexually transmitted diseases, can decrease the risk of HPV transmission. However, they do not completely prevent it. Therefore, exposure to HPV is still possible in areas that are not covered by the condom.

• #2 HPV and Cervical Cancer: Connection, Prevention, and Treatment

  https://www.baptistonline.org/news/hpv-and-cervical-cancer-connection-prevention-and-treatment/

  Because of the strong connection between HPV and cervical cancer, avoiding HPV is one of the best steps for prevention. […] Using condoms can also help you prevent against HPV. While they do not provide complete protection, men who use condoms are less likely to have HPV and less likely to pass the infection on to their partner. […] There is also a vaccine available that can prevent certain strains of HPV, including the most dangerous ones. […] In order to be as effective as possible, the vaccine should be given before possible exposure. […] Finally, not smoking can reduce your risk of developing cervical cancer. […] No matter what steps you’re taking to prevent HPV and cervical cancer, having a routine Pap test is extremely important. This is the most important test for detection because it can identify precancerous cells. This early detection can allow for the removal of these cells before they turn into cancer.

• #2 Prevention and control of HPV infection and HPV-related cancers in Colombia- a meeting report | BMC Proceedings | Full Text

  https://bmcproc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12919-020-00192-2

  However, this also provided an opportunity to discuss optimization of cervical cancer screening efforts in Colombia. […] Despite the evident decrease in mortality, there is still ample evidence to aim for improvements in HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening. […] Ideally both vaccination and screening should be integrated into a cervical cancer preventive program. […] Cervical cancer screening was introduced in the 60s and was implemented by two NGOs: the Colombian League against Cancer and Profamilia; however, due to its non-organized nature and low participation, this proved to be non-effective. […] A new Resolution, number 3280, is in progress, introducing cytology from 25 to 30years of age, HPV testing from 30 to 69years, and screen-and-treat approaches for areas with low access to health care as defined by the Ministry of Health.

• #2 The HPV vaccine: A powerful tool in cancer prevention | Wolters Kluwer

  https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/expert-insights/the-hpv-vaccine-a-powerful-tool-in-cancer-prevention

  Clinical leaders have a unique opportunity to promote accurate information and encourage shared decision-making. […] Evidence-based care can effectively promote the screening and treatment of HPV-related cancers, but disparities exist. […] Progress in increasing HPV vaccination rates will rely on a healthy patient-provider relationship. […] Clinical leaders have the opportunity to reverse HPV-attributable cancer trends through the awareness of the HPV vaccine, screening, and prevention.

• #2 SciELO Brazil – Knowledge about human papillomavirus transmission and prevention among physicians in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil Knowledge about human papillomavirus transmission and prevention among physicians in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil

  https://www.scielo.br/j/ramb/a/GDDdrRq8cTzX36w8pMRVZYj/?lang=en

  This study aimed to assess physicians knowledge about human papillomavirus infection and its prevention. […] The recommended age group for human papillomavirus vaccination was recognized by 94% of the participants, as well as the need for a Pap smear and the use of condoms, even after vaccination. […] There is good knowledge about prevention and screening for human papillomavirus infections; many gaps were identified regarding transmission, risk factors, and associated diseases among physicians in Rio de Janeiro state. […] The success of HPV prevention programs will depend on whether health care professionals recommend the vaccine to patients. […] The identification of knowledge gaps among physicians can support proposals for improving medical education, reduce negative beliefs, and promote adherence to vaccination and other HPV prevention methods, contributing to HPV incidence reduction and cervical cancer control.

• #2 HPV vaccine: Who needs it, how it works

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/in-depth/hpv-vaccine/art-20047292

  Most of the time, the body can find and clear out HPV. But if the virus stays in the body for a long time, it can cause cancer. Getting vaccinated against HPV helps prevent cancer in men and women. […] The HPV vaccine protects against genital warts and most cases of cervical cancer. It protects against cancer of the vagina, vulva, penis or anus caused by HPV. The HPV vaccine also protects against mouth, throat, head and neck cancers caused by HPV. […] The CDC suggests routine HPV vaccination at age 11 or 12. The ideal age for vaccination is before a person is sexually active. […] The CDC suggests catch-up HPV vaccinations for all people through age 26 who aren’t fully vaccinated. […] Most people catch HPV soon after they become sexually active. But even if you have one strain of HPV, you might still benefit from the vaccine. It can protect you from other strains that you don’t yet have.

• #2 Risks and Prevention | International HPV Awareness DayHPV Campaign

  https://www.askabouthpv.org/hpv-facts/risks-and-prevention

  HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally. […] HPV increases your risk of developing certain cancers; it is responsible for almost all cases of cervical and anal cancers and around one in three cases of mouth, throat and penile cancers globally. […] HPV prevention and screening programmes are usually focused on women. […] Both men and women are at risk of HPV-related cancer which means that we all need to think about preventing HPV. […] the best way to prevent infection is through vaccination. […] Vaccination protects against the types of HPV that are most likely to cause cancer. […] Current research tells us that vaccinating before young people are sexually active offers the best protection from HPV-related cancer. […] Some countries now offer vaccination to anyone under the age of 45 in order to protect against the high-risk strains of HPV associated with cancer.

• #2 Factors associated with uptake of human papilloma virus vaccine among adolescent girls: A cross sectional survey on insights into HPV Infection Prevention in Kabarole District, Western Uganda | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0306960

  Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection imposes a substantial global disease burden and represents a critical public health concern. The persistently low uptake of HPV vaccination poses a significant obstacle to reducing cervical cancer incidence, particularly in remote rural areas of developing nations. […] This study aims to assess the extent of Human papilloma virus vaccine coverage among adolescents and explore the associated determinants to facilitate enhanced planning strategies within the Kabarole district. […] HPV vaccination uptake was at 63% and relatively lower than national average. Education of parents, Knowledge of HPV vaccination and distance to facility were factors significantly associated with uptake of human papilloma virus vaccine. […] A prophylactic HPV vaccine was approved and licensed in 2006, and was available since then, to prevent HPV associated infections targeting females aged 9 to 26 years.

• #2 HPV Diagnostics, Vaccines and Preventive Health Strategies

  https://asm.org/articles/2023/march/hpv-diagnostics,-vaccines-and-preventive-health-st

  HPV infections and HPV-related diseases are a public health issue, said Katie Au, M.D., IBCLC, an assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Oregon Health and Science University. It’s one of the few cancers that is preventable, and where timely care and appropriate screening can really make a difference in terms of incidence and outcomes. We can make a great public health impact, both from a screening and from a vaccination standpoint. […] The current HPV vaccine on the market targets 7 of 12-known strains that are considered high risk for the development of cervical cancer and 2 types (HPV6 and HPV11) that cause benign genital warts. Richard Roden, Ph.D., Co-Leader of the Cancer Prevention and Control Program for the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, said the HPV vaccine is most effective if the patient receives it prior to their first instance of sexual activity. The recommended age-range for receiving the vaccine is 11-12 years of age (though vaccines can be given as early as age 9 and as late as age 45), with 2 to 3 doses. The vaccine can only prevent infection, it cannot boost ones immune system to clear an existing infection.

• #3 HPV Infection Prevention – Mega Doctor News

  https://megadoctornews.com/hpv-infection-preventionhpv-infection-preventionhpv-infection-prevention/

  Most HPV infections (9 out of 10) go away by themselves within 2 years. […] You can protect your child from these cancers with HPV vaccine at age 11-12 years. […] CDC recommends two doses of HPV vaccine at ages 11-12 years. HPV vaccination can be started at age 9 years. […] The HPV vaccine series is most effective when given before a person is exposed to the virus.

• #3 Protecting yourself against HPV – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/protecting-yourself-against-hpv

  You can reduce your and your children’s risk of developing warts and other HPV-related illnesses by getting the HPV vaccine when eligible. […] The HPV vaccine is highly effective and safe. It significantly reduces the incidence of genital warts and cervical cancer, especially if given before age 15. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that all 11- and 12-year-olds receive two doses of HPV vaccine at least six months apart. This is the best age to receive the vaccine to protect against the virus, before a person is exposed through sexual activity. […] Teens and young adults who begin the vaccine series later — ages 15 to 26 — should receive three doses. […] Some people outside these age groups may benefit from the vaccine. Adults ages 27 to 45 may decide to receive the vaccine after discussing it with their healthcare teams.

• #3 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/6/1060

  Gardasil later developed a nine-valent (9vHPV) version which further includes five L1 VLPs, particularly the oncogenic HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58, and when compared to 4vHPV, it demonstrates the best rates of prevention of low- and high-risk human papillomavirus infections. […] According to recommendations from the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and ACIP (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices), two or three doses of 9vHPV are recommended for both males and females ages 9 to 45 years. […] To ensure greater access to vaccination in countries with low vaccination coverage and especially in low- and middle-income countries, administering a single dose of the bivalent or nine-valent vaccine could be a viable strategy to ensure the uniformity of vaccination coverage.

• #3 HPV Vaccination Recommendations | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html

  HPV vaccine is recommended for routine vaccination at age 11 or 12 years. (Vaccination can be started at age 9.) […] ACIP also recommends vaccination for everyone through age 26 years if not adequately vaccinated when younger. HPV vaccination is given as a series of either two or three doses, depending on age at initial vaccination. […] Keep in mind that HPV vaccination prevents new HPV infections but does not treat existing HPV infections or diseases. HPV vaccine works best when given before any exposure to HPV. […] HPV vaccines are very safe. Scientific research shows the benefits of HPV vaccination far outweigh the potential risks. Like all medical interventions, vaccines can have some side effects. […] All vaccines used in the United States, including HPV vaccines, go through extensive safety testing before the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licenses them.

• #3

  https://www.bvhealthsystem.org/expert-health-articles/hpv-prevention-through-the-gardasil-9-vaccine-%E2%80%93-allison-westcott-md

  HPV is spread through direct skin-to-skin contact and sexual contact. […] While there is no cure for the HPV virus, there are effective vaccines available for prevention. […] The Gardasil 9 vaccine protects against nine different HPV types. […] The best practice for receiving the vaccine is to begin routine vaccinations at the ages of 11-12 for both males and females. […] The Gardasil 9 vaccine is 88% effective in preventing persistent HPV infection, genital warts, vulvar/vaginal pre-cancer, cervical pre-cancer and cervical cancer. […] High HPV vaccination rates would reduce or even eradicate HPV disease and cancers dramatically. […] The HPV vaccine is 100% effective preventing HPV, 60% successful in reduction of genital warts, 50% effective in reduction of vulvar/vaginal cancer, and 20% successful in reducing high-risk cervical lesions.

• #3 HPV Diagnostics, Vaccines and Preventive Health Strategies

  https://asm.org/articles/2023/march/hpv-diagnostics,-vaccines-and-preventive-health-st

  HPV infections and HPV-related diseases are a public health issue, said Katie Au, M.D., IBCLC, an assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Oregon Health and Science University. It’s one of the few cancers that is preventable, and where timely care and appropriate screening can really make a difference in terms of incidence and outcomes. We can make a great public health impact, both from a screening and from a vaccination standpoint. […] The current HPV vaccine on the market targets 7 of 12-known strains that are considered high risk for the development of cervical cancer and 2 types (HPV6 and HPV11) that cause benign genital warts. Richard Roden, Ph.D., Co-Leader of the Cancer Prevention and Control Program for the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, said the HPV vaccine is most effective if the patient receives it prior to their first instance of sexual activity. The recommended age-range for receiving the vaccine is 11-12 years of age (though vaccines can be given as early as age 9 and as late as age 45), with 2 to 3 doses. The vaccine can only prevent infection, it cannot boost ones immune system to clear an existing infection.

• #3 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  Practice safer sex. Condoms and dental dams are less effective at preventing HPV than protecting against STIs that spread through semen or vaginal fluid. Still, using them correctly each time you have sex can reduce your risk of an HPV infection. […] Protect your partner(s). Let your partner know if you have HPV so that they can get tested, too. You may need to stop having sex while you’re getting treated for genital warts or high-risk forms of HPV. Talk to your provider about the precautions you should take with an HPV infection.

• #3 Human papillomavirus (HPV): Spread, prevention and risks – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/human-papillomavirus-hpv/spread-prevention-risks.html

  HPV vaccination is the most effective way to protect yourself against HPV infections and the cancers that this virus can cause. […] The 9vHPV vaccine is recommended as it provides protection against the greatest number of HPV types and associated diseases. […] The 9vHPV vaccine provides protection against 7 high-risk HPV types, accounting for 90% of all cervical cancers. […] The HPV vaccine is offered as part of routine vaccinations through school-based programs, public health clinics or catch-up programs. […] Every province and territory in Canada has a publicly funded HPV vaccine program. […] HPV vaccines work very well. Studies have shown they’re highly effective at preventing: HPV infections, HPV-related cancers, anogenital warts. […] HPV vaccines are safe. […] Canada aims to eliminate cervical cancer by 2040 through improved HPV vaccination, screening and follow-up. […] Condom use does not eliminate the risk of HPV infections. […] However, proper use of condoms and dental dams can reduce the chances of getting HPV and passing HPV to a sexual partner.

• #3 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/hpv/how-can-i-make-sure-i-dont-get-or-spread-hpv

  The best way to avoid getting any STD is not to have sex at all. If youre having sex, getting the HPV vaccine, using condoms and/or dental dams, and getting regular Pap/HPV tests is the best way to avoid problems that can come from HPV. […] As always, the best way to make sure you dont get an STD like HPV is to avoid any sexual contact with another person that includes vaginal, oral, and anal sex, and any other genital contact. […] If youre sexually active, there are things that you can do to lower your chances of getting or spreading HPV: Get the HPV vaccine. […] Use condoms and/or dental dams every time you have vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Though condoms and dental dams are not as effective against HPV as they are against other STDs like chlamydia and HIV, safer sex can lower your chances of getting HPV.

• #3 Reducing the Risk for HPV Infection

  https://www.legacycommunityhealth.org/newsblog-reducing-the-risk-for-hpv-infection/

  Use barrier methods whenever you have sex. This includes consistent and correct use of condoms, dental dams or anything that protects from direct genital contact. This can lower your chances of getting HPV but cannot fully protect you from contracting HPV. […] Avoid sex if genital warts are present. If there is an active infection, it is still possible for the virus to spread even if wearing a condom. […] Remain in a mutually monogamous relationship. Only have sex with someone who only has sex with you. Most persons with penises who get HPV never develop symptoms and the infection usually goes away but can be spread to other partners. […] Reduce or avoid smoking. Smoking increases the risk of disease advancement and of a wart outbreak. […] Tell sexual partners about HPV status before sexual activity. Ask your partners to let you know if they have any STIs. Ideally, get tested before having sex.

• #3 HPV Prevention – Arkansas Department of Health

  https://healthy.arkansas.gov/programs-services/diseases-conditions/infectious-disease/std-prevention/hpv/hpv-prevention/

  HPV, or Human Papillomavirus, is the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD). […] There are vaccines that can stop these health problems from happening. […] Gardasil-9 is the vaccine available for males and females aged 9-26 years of age to protect against the types of HPV that cause most cases of cancer and genital warts. […] HPV vaccination is also recommended for some people aged 27-45 years if they are not already vaccinated. […] The surest way to avoid transmission of sexually transmitted diseases is to abstain from sexual contact or to be in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship with a partner who has been tested and is known to be uninfected. […] Latex condoms, when used consistently and correctly, can reduce the risk of transmission only when the infected areas are covered or protected by the condom. […] Limit the number of sex partners.

• #3

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer

  Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Prophylactic vaccination against HPV and screening and treatment of pre-cancer lesions are effective strategies to prevent cervical cancer and are very cost-effective. […] Being vaccinated at age 9-14 years is a highly effective way to prevent HPV infection, cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. […] As of 2023, there are 6 HPV vaccines available globally. All protect against the high-risk HPV types 16 and 18, which cause most cervical cancers and have been shown to be safe and effective in preventing HPV infection and cervical cancer. […] Other important ways to prevent HPV infection include: being a non-smoker or stopping smoking, using condoms, voluntary male circumcision. […] Women should be screened for cervical cancer every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25. […] Treatment of precancers is a simple procedure and prevents cervical cancer. […] Prevention of HPV-associated precancer and cancer is also a key element of WHO’s Global health sector strategy on HIV, hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections 2022-2030.

• #3 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/human-papillomavirus-hpv-vaccine

  The best way to prevent HPV infection, as well as the complications and the cancers it causes, is to get vaccinated, preferably before having sex for the first time, so that the vaccine ensures protection prior to contact with the virus. The vaccination goal in the Region of the Americas is to achieve 95% coverage. […] Cervical cancer can be largely prevented through a combination of two preventive strategies: HPV vaccination (primary prevention) and cervical cancer screening (secondary prevention). […] To prevent cervical cancer, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that women be screened with a high-precision test at least once at age 35 and again at age 45. These tests can detect early, precancerous changes in the cervix that can be treated to prevent cervical cancer from developing.

• #3 Knowledge of prevention and treatment of human papillo…

  https://medicalsciencepulse.com/seo/article/01.3001.0015.2832/en

  Only 27.5% of the respondents correctly answered a question regarding the number of types of the virus, and 33% correctly determined the percentage of the cases where an active infection turns into a chronic state. […] Nearly all respondents (90%) indicated that using condoms is an effective form of prevention. […] Due to the high level of sexual activity in this age group, increased education with regard to the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases is needed. […] In Poland, vaccination against HPV is not obligatory, but it is included in the group of recommended vaccinations. […] HPV vaccination in Poland is funded by local government units under preventative programs or by the household budgets. […] An important question from the perspective of prevention is knowledge of HPV vaccination.

• #4 Human papillomavirus (HPV): Spread, prevention and risks – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/human-papillomavirus-hpv/spread-prevention-risks.html

  HPV vaccination is the most effective way to protect yourself against HPV infections and the cancers that this virus can cause. […] The 9vHPV vaccine is recommended as it provides protection against the greatest number of HPV types and associated diseases. […] The 9vHPV vaccine provides protection against 7 high-risk HPV types, accounting for 90% of all cervical cancers. […] The HPV vaccine is offered as part of routine vaccinations through school-based programs, public health clinics or catch-up programs. […] Every province and territory in Canada has a publicly funded HPV vaccine program. […] HPV vaccines work very well. Studies have shown they’re highly effective at preventing: HPV infections, HPV-related cancers, anogenital warts. […] HPV vaccines are safe. […] Canada aims to eliminate cervical cancer by 2040 through improved HPV vaccination, screening and follow-up. […] Condom use does not eliminate the risk of HPV infections. […] However, proper use of condoms and dental dams can reduce the chances of getting HPV and passing HPV to a sexual partner.

• #4 Protecting yourself against HPV – Mayo Clinic Health System

  https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/protecting-yourself-against-hpv

  You can reduce your and your children’s risk of developing warts and other HPV-related illnesses by getting the HPV vaccine when eligible. […] The HPV vaccine is highly effective and safe. It significantly reduces the incidence of genital warts and cervical cancer, especially if given before age 15. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that all 11- and 12-year-olds receive two doses of HPV vaccine at least six months apart. This is the best age to receive the vaccine to protect against the virus, before a person is exposed through sexual activity. […] Teens and young adults who begin the vaccine series later — ages 15 to 26 — should receive three doses. […] Some people outside these age groups may benefit from the vaccine. Adults ages 27 to 45 may decide to receive the vaccine after discussing it with their healthcare teams.

• #4 HPV vaccine: Who needs it, how it works

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/in-depth/hpv-vaccine/art-20047292

  But none of the vaccines can treat an existing HPV infection. The vaccines protect you only from specific strains of HPV you don’t have. […] The HPV vaccine doesn’t replace Pap tests. Screening for cervical cancer with regular Pap tests starting at age 21 is an essential part of preventive healthcare.

• #4 Cervical Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/cervical/causes-risk-prevention

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine HPV vaccination for girls and boys at age 11 or 12, and the vaccine can be given starting at age 9. For young people who weren’t vaccinated within the age recommendations, HPV vaccination is recommended up to age 26. Some adults between the ages of 27 and 45 who are not already vaccinated may decide to get the HPV vaccine after talking with their doctor about their risk of new HPV infections. […] Because HPV vaccination doesn’t protect against all HPV types that can cause cervical cancer, getting screened at regular intervals is still important. […] Two widely used screening tests are HPV tests and cytology tests (also known as Pap test or Pap smear). These tests can find high-risk HPV infections and abnormal cell changes and precancers that can be treated before they turn into cancer. So it is important for people with a cervix to have regular screening tests starting in their 20s. […] Condoms, which prevent some sexually transmitted diseases, can decrease the risk of HPV transmission. However, they do not completely prevent it. Therefore, exposure to HPV is still possible in areas that are not covered by the condom.

• #4 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/HPV-Prevention.aspx

  Most humans are infected by at least one type in their lifetime. However, there are ways of preventing and reducing HPV infection. […] One way to reduce the infections by the virus completely is by a person abstaining from all sexual intercourse. This includes oral, anal, and vaginal sex. This works because the virus is most infectious through sexual organs, the mouth, and throat. […] Research has shown that men who are circumcised tend to have a reduced risk of contracting the HPV infection. […] Keeping the number of sexual partners of a person to the minimum limits their chances of encountering the HPV virus repeatedly. […] Condoms can act as a barrier against some sexually transmitted diseases. When it comes to the transmission of HPV, the condom does not completely eliminate the risk of contracting the virus as HPV is spread through skin to skin contact. However, it can reduce the risk.

• #4 Prevention – HPVinfo.ca

  https://hpvinfo.ca/prevention/

  The HPV virus is very contagious. It is important to take every measure possible to protect yourself and your partner. […] Whether you are sexually active or not, have already been infected with HPV, or its the first time you hear about it, there are steps that you can take to protect yourself and to limit your risk of contracting or transmitting the virus. […] Total prevention is not easy, but here are some ways to reduce your risk of contracting HPV: […] Abstinence of all sexual contact, even skin-to-skin sexual activity without penetration, is the only way to completely avoid contracting the HPV virus. Lifelong monogamy having one long-term sexual partner is another effective way to reduce your risk. […] Condom use is a good risk-reduction strategy and provides excellent protection against other sexually transmitted infections as well.

• #5 Human Papillomavirus Disease: Adult and Adolescent OIs | NIH

  https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/hiv-clinical-guidelines-adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infections/human

  HPV vaccine is recommended for routine vaccination at age 11 or 12 years. Administer three doses of 9-valent HPV vaccine (Gardasil 9) at 0, 1 to 2, and 6 months (AIII). Ideally, the series should have been initiated at age 11 or 12 years but may be started as early as age 9 years. The two-dose series is not recommended in people with HIV. […] For all people with HIV aged 13 to 26 years who were not vaccinated previously: Administer three doses of 9-valent HPV vaccine (Gardasil 9) at 0, 1 to 2, and 6 months (AIII). The two-dose series is not recommended in people with HIV. […] For people with HIV aged 27 to 45 years who were not adequately vaccinated previously: HPV vaccine is not routinely recommended; instead, shared clinical decision-making regarding HPV vaccination is recommended for people who may be at risk for a new HPV infection (AIII). […] HPV vaccination is not recommended during pregnancy (CIII).

• #5 Prevention – HPVinfo.ca

  https://hpvinfo.ca/prevention/

  Vaccination is up to 90% effective at preventing the HPV types responsible for most genital warts and HPV-related cancers. […] The latest 9-valent vaccine protects against the nine HPV types that are known to cause approximately 90% of cervical cancers, 80% of cervical pre-cancers, 75% of HPV-related vulvar, vaginal and anal cancers and pre-cancers, and over 90% of genital warts. […] In Canada, HPV vaccination is approved for females aged 9 to 45 and for males aged 9 to 45. […] Speak to your health-care professional to see if you are the right candidate for HPV vaccination, to learn about the cost and availability in your province, or to discuss any concerns or questions you may have. […] The HPV vaccine does not protect against other sexually transmitted infections or pregnancy. Even if you have been vaccinated, you should always use a condom during sex to protect yourself, as well as an effective means of birth control.

• #6 Prevention – HPVinfo.ca

  https://hpvinfo.ca/prevention/

  If you are a woman, the best defence against cervical cancer is to have regular Pap tests and/or HPV tests. These tests will detect abnormal cells in your cervix that could lead to cervical cancer. […] Both men and women should visit a doctor for regular health exams if they think they are at risk of contracting HPV or any other sexually transmitted infection.

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