Materiały źródłowe

• #1 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  HPV is the most common viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. Roughly 14 million people get the infection each year. HPV is so common that most sexually active people who aren’t vaccinated against HPV will become infected at some point in their lives. Most never know they have it. […] Some strains of HPV are high-risk and can lead to cancers, like cervical, vulvar and vaginal cancers. Early detection (with a Pap smear or HPV screening) and treatment of precancerous cells can usually prevent this from happening. […] Getting regular Pap smears to screen for cervical cancer is important (usually beginning at age 21). But it’s important to remember that just because you have HPV or cervical dysplasia doesn’t mean you’ll get cancer. […] The virus itself doesn’t turn into cancer. But high-risk strains of HPV infection can cause precancerous cell changes. These cell changes can eventually lead to cancer if they aren’t managed. This process, though, can take years or decades to happen. Screenings, like Pap smears, can help detect these precancerous cells before they turn to cancer.

• #1 05.01 Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV STI) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/05-01-nursing-care-and-pathophysiology-for-human-papilloma-virus-hpv-sti

  Pathophysiology: DNA virus that is transmitted through sexual contact or through epithelial tissue that is damaged. The virus enters and infects. The cells that are infected transform, proliferate and may or may not form a wart growth. […] Most common STI in the world. […] Wart-like lesions most common symptom. […] Contagious even once lesions have healed. […] Lay dormant for as long as 8 months. […] Health Promotion: Vaccination. […] Routine examinations: Females: pap smears. […] Therapeutic Management: Incurable. […] Reducing symptoms is the goal. […] May remove visible warts. […] High recurrence rate. […] Nursing Concepts: Health Promotion: Preventable with vaccination. […] Infection Prevention: Highly contagious. […] Able to prevent spread. […] Patient Education: Preventative Measures: Vaccinations.

• #1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv.htm

  Approximately 150 types of HPV have been identified, at least 40 of which infect the genital area. The majority of HPV infections are self-limited and are asymptomatic or unrecognized. Persistent oncogenic HPV infection is the strongest risk factor for development of HPV-attributable precancers and cancers. HPV vaccines are not recommended for use in pregnant women. HPV vaccines can be administered regardless of history of anogenital warts, abnormal Pap test or HPV test, or anogenital precancer. Treatments are available for the conditions caused by HPV but not for the virus itself. Having HPV does not make it harder for a woman to get pregnant or carry a pregnancy to term. However, certain precancers or cancers that HPV can cause, and the surgical procedures needed to treat them, can affect a woman’s ability to get pregnant or carry a pregnancy to term. HPV vaccination has not been associated with initiation of sexual activity or sexual risk behaviors. […] HPV vaccination has not been associated with initiation of sexual activity or sexual risk behaviors.

• #1 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/HPV.aspx

  HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. In 2018, there were about 43 million HPV infections in the US, many among people in their late teens and early 20s. HPV is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Most people who become infected with HPV will not have any symptoms and will clear the infection on their own. Yet, when HPV infections persist, they might lead to abnormal Pap tests, genital warts, or cancer. […] There are many different strains of HPV, which are classified into two main groups: high risk and low risk. High-risk HPV can cause cancer of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and throat. Low-risk HPV can cause genital and anal warts. […] The HPV vaccine offers protection against most HPV related cancers and anogenital warts. Routine HPV vaccination is recommended for all children at age 11 or 12, and can begin as early as age 9. Catch up vaccination is available until age 26. Some adults ages 27-45 may decide to get the HPV vaccine based on discussion with their clinician, if they were not vaccinated when they were younger.

• #1 Human Papillomavirus (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568814/

  Lynette Luria; Gabriella Cardoza-Favarato; Chaddie Doerr. […] The clinical lesions may be visibly obvious, but in some cases (latent lesions) may require testing for viral DNA. The majority of HPV infections are latent, and most clinical lesions present as warts rather than a malignancy. […] It is important to understand that HPV alone does not cause cancer but requires triggers like smoking, folate deficiency, UV light exposure, immunosuppression, and pregnancy. […] Nursing Diagnosis: Anxiety, Loss of self-esteem, Pain and discomfort, Poor choice of a sexual partner, Growth of lesions, At risk for spreading an infection, At risk for cancer. […] Evaluation and treatment of HPV infection vary by body site and disease manifestation. […] Individuals with cutaneous warts have numerous treatment options available, including surgical removal, cryotherapy (freezing the infected tissue), irritant or immunomodulating medications, and laser removal.

• #1 About Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) :: Minnesota Women’s Care OBGYN and Urogynecology

  https://mnwcare.com/our-services/gynecology/human-papilloma-virus

  Human papilloma virus (HPV) is one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the world. Health experts estimate that there are more cases of genital HPV infection than of any other STD in the United States. […] According to the American Social Health Association, approximately 5.5 million new cases of sexually transmitted HPV infections are reported every year. At least 20 million Americans are already infected. […] Like many STDs, genital HPV infections often do not have visible signs and symptoms. One study sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) reported that almost half of the women infected with HPV had no obvious symptoms. […] Genital warts are very contagious and are spread during oral, genital, or anal sex with an infected partner.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2003/11001/guide_to_care_for_patients__hpv___cervical_cancer.2.aspx

  HPV infection doesn’t usually cause symptoms, but some people develop genital warts. These soft, moist, pink or red warts can be raised or flat or small or large. They may appear alone or in clusters. Genital warts may appear within weeks or months after sexual contact with an infected person. […] Although an HPV infection can’t be cured with medicine or other treatments, it may eventually clear up on its own. But a few women have an infection that doesn’t go away, increasing the risk for cervical cancer. […] If you have genital warts, your health care provider may treat them with topical medicine applied to the skin. Or, she may remove them surgically or with cryotherapy (freezing). […] Keep in mind that removing warts doesn’t necessarily mean the HPV infection is gone. You may still be able to transmit HPV to a sexual partner. How long you’ll remain infected with HPV after you get treatment for genital warts isn’t known.

• #1 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  Contact your healthcare provider if you have any of the following: Genital warts. These are cauliflower-like warts that may appear on your vagina, anus or mouth. […] You should also ask your healthcare provider about how frequently you should have tests that may indicate an HPV infection like Pap smears. Discuss any concerns you have about HPV with your healthcare provider, especially if you have a health condition that weakens your immune system. This can make it harder for your body to fight the virus.

• #1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) – Center for Young Women’s Health

  https://youngwomenshealth.org/guides/hpv/

  An abnormal Pap test is often the first sign of an HPV infection. […] You should start earlier as directed by your health care provider if you have special risks such as problems with your immune system such as HIV infection. […] You should make an appointment with your HCP if you notice any unusual growths, bumps, or skin changes on or near your vagina, vulva (the outside area surrounding your vagina), or anus or if you have any unusual itching around or inside your vagina or anus. […] Treatments for genital warts range from watching to see if the warts go away, acid medicines, creams, to laser therapy. […] It’s important to talk with your health care provider about treatment choices and what type of follow-up you will need. […] If you are worried about HPV or genital warts, remember: You’re not alone! Millions of Americans have been infected with the HPV virus. […] Learning about HPV will help you understand your infection and the importance of regular checkups. […] Don’t forget to see your health care provider for regular check-ups and Pap test when you turn 21 years old or before if you have certain medical conditions such as an immune disorder.

• #1 HPV infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602

  A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose HPV infection by looking at the warts. […] If genital warts don’t show, one or more of the following tests can find them: […] A procedure called a colposcopy can remove HPV from the cervix. A healthcare professional uses a tool, called a coloscope, to see the cervix and take tissue samples, called a biopsy, of areas that look atypical. […] Precancerous lesions need to be removed. Options include freezing, called cryosurgery, and laser surgical removal. […] Don’t hesitate to ask all the questions you have about HPV infection.

• #1 HPV (human papillomavirus) | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/consumers/womens-health-topics/hpv-human-papillomavirus

  FDA has approved vaccines that prevent certain diseases, including cervical cancer, caused by some types of HPV. Ask your health care provider if you should get the HPV Vaccine. […] There is no cure for the virus (HPV) itself. There are treatments for the health problems that HPV can cause, such as genital warts, cervical changes, and cervical cancer. […] All women should get regular Pap tests. The Pap test looks for cell changes caused by HPV. The test finds cell changes early so the cervix can be treated before the cells turn into cancer. This test can also find cancer in its early stages so it can be treated before it becomes too serious. It is rare to die from cervical cancer if the disease is caught early.

• #1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test: MedlinePlus Medical TestLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/human-papillomavirus-hpv-test/

  HPV tests use a sample of cells from your cervix to look for signs of infection with high-risk HPVs that can lead to cervical cancer. Knowing whether you have HPV helps your health care provider understand your risk for developing cervical cancer. If you have an HPV infection, you can discuss whether you need other tests and how often you should be checked for cervical cancer. […] You may need an HPV test to screen for cervical cancer if you: Had an abnormal result on a Pap smear. An HPV test can show whether HPV caused the abnormal changes in your cervical cells. […] If you have been diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer, you may also need an HPV test of your throat, tonsils, or tongue to find out which treatment you should have. […] A positive test result does not mean you have cancer or will get cancer. It does mean that you have an HPV infection that increases your risk for getting cervical cancer in the future.

• #1 Human papillomavirus (HPV): Treatment, symptoms, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/246670

  There is no way to cure HPV, to remove the virus from the body. […] However, a person can take various steps to remove the warts that HPV can cause. […] A doctor may recommend: […] The best option will depend upon the type and location of the wart. Treatments can remove warts, but the virus will remain in the body and remain transmissible. […] Routine screening can lead to an early diagnosis, and receiving prompt treatment can prevent the cancer from spreading. […] The best course of treatment will depend on the type of cancer, its stage, and the age and overall health of the person. […] To reduce the risk of contracting HPV, a person can: […] Speak with a doctor to see whether vaccination is appropriate. Anyone who is pregnant should wait until after delivery to have the vaccination.

• #1 HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11901-hpv-human-papilloma-virus

  Treatments can’t rid your body of the virus. They can remove any visible warts on your genitals or other body parts, and abnormal cells in your cervix. […] Only a small number of people with high-risk HPV will develop abnormal cervical cells that require treatment to prevent the cells from becoming cancer. […] You can reduce your risk if you: Get vaccinated against HPV. The HPV vaccine works best if you get it before becoming sexually active (around age 11 or 12). It may protect you from HPV strains you haven’t been exposed to even after becoming sexually active. […] Early detection of HPV and abnormal cells prevents cervical cancer. You should begin getting regular Pap smears at age 21. Talk to your provider about the screening schedule that makes sense for you. […] The outlook for HPV is generally very good. It depends on what strain of HPV you have and how able your body is to fight off the infection. If you have a lower-risk strain of HPV and you’re in good health, chances are your body will clear the infection within 12 to 24 months.

• #1 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/prevention-screening/manage-your-risk/hpv.html

  HPV screening, including FDA-approved self-collection tests for HPV, can determine if a woman has a cervical HPV infection. […] There is no drug or treatment that can eliminate the HPV virus from the body. However, there are ways to treat HPV-related health problems like precancerous lesions and genital warts. […] Cervical cancer and other HPV-associated cancers can be prevented by getting the HPV vaccine early in life. Additionally, cervical cancer can be prevented through screening, which allows precancerous changes in the cervix to be found and treated early, before they become cancer. […] It is crucial that anyone who tests positive for HPV has easy access to follow-up care to help manage HPV and the risk of cervical cancer. […] The HPV vaccine can help the body recognize and eliminate the virus more effectively.

• #1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Considerations in Specific Patient Subgroups, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-treatment

  Both provider-applied treatments and patient-applied treatments are available for HPV disease. […] None of these medications have been uniformly effective or shown direct antiviral effects. […] Podofilox gel or solution is the first-line treatment choice for external genital warts in nonpregnant patients. […] Podophyllin resin, containing podophyllotoxin, is a cytotoxic agent used for physician-applied treatment of external genital warts. […] Imiquimod stimulates cytokine production (including interferon alfa) but lacks direct antiviral activity. […] Surgical methods typically require local anesthesia and more time and equipment to implement. […] Overall, physical destruction or excision has been more effective in eradicating genital warts than medical therapy. […] Recurrences are common due to the virus residing in the basal layer of the epidermis in a latent state, and retreatment is frequently necessary.

• #1 Genital Warts (HPV Infection): Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/genital-warts-hpv-infection

  Genital warts are usually spread by sexual contact. They are the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a virus. […] Your doctor may treat warts in the clinic with a medicine called TCA (trichloroacetic acid) to treat the warts. Another treatment is a cream called imiquimod (Aldara). […] Special care is needed when treating pregnant females. Please tell your doctor if there is any chance you may be pregnant. The doctor may want to freeze the warts or remove them surgically. […] Wear gloves when changing diapers or bathing children to keep from spreading the HPV infection to their skin. […] If you care for babies or children with HPV, read Helping Hand HH-I-398, Genital Warts in Babies and Children. If a doctor prescribes TCA for the children, apply the medicine to the warts again each time you clean the diaper area, and after you bathe them. Always wash your hands with soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds before and after applying the medicine, diapering, or changing their clothes.

• #1 Is There an HPV Cure? What Are Treatment Options?

  https://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/hpv-genital-warts/hpv-treatment-is-there-hpv-cure

  Many people have HPV (human papillomavirus), and the infection often clears up on its own, without treatment. And it often doesnt make people sick. […] But if it doesnt go away by itself, and if it causes problems, your doctor can treat the symptoms of the infection. These may include genital warts linked to low-risk HPV types (which don’t generally lead to cancers) and the precancerous changes sometimes linked to certain high risk types of HPV. […] If your doctor finds that you have a type of HPV that can lead to cancer, they may suggest you get Pap tests more often to watch for signs of abnormal cell changes in the genital area. […] If the HPV infection has caused abnormal cell changes that could lead to cervical cancer, your doctor might want to take a wait-and-see approach. […] If your doctor decides to treat the abnormal cells, they may use one of these methods: Cryotherapy. This involves freezing the abnormal cells with liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide. […] If you need treatment, your doctor can prescribe a cream that you can use at home. […] Your doctor can also prescribe other types of wart-removal treatments. […] Having the warts surgically removed may cure the problem in just one visit. Other techniques work about 80% to 90% of the time.

• #1 Patient education: Genital warts in women (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/genital-warts-in-women-beyond-the-basics/print

  GENITAL WARTS TREATMENT […] There are many ways to treat genital warts: some involve using a medicine and some involve a procedure. Even with treatment, it is possible that the warts will come back within a few weeks or months. This is because treating the warts does not necessarily get rid of all of the virus (HPV) causing the warts. […] The „best” treatment for warts depends on how many warts you have, where they are located, certain health conditions (such as pregnancy and diseases affecting the immune system), and you and your health care provider’s preferences. […] Your doctor or midwife may recommend treatment of large warts in pregnancy to avoid blockage of the vaginal opening. It is not clear that treating warts in pregnancy will prevent passage of HPV to the baby. […] Medical treatments — Medical treatments include creams or liquids that you or your doctor or nurse must apply to the wart. […] Podophyllin — Podophyllin is a treatment that destroys the wart tissue. […] Podofilox — Podofilox is similar to podophyllin, but you can apply podofilox (Condylox) at home. […] Bichloracetic acid and trichloroacetic acid — Both bichloracetic acid (BCA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) are acids that destroy the wart tissue. […] Imiquimod — Imiquimod (Aldara or Zyclara) is a cream that triggers the immune system to get rid of the wart. […] Interferon — Interferon is a medication that causes an immune response. […] Sinecatechins — Sinecatechins (eg, Veregen) is a botanical product that can be self-administered. […] Surgical treatment — Surgical treatments include treatments that remove the wart (called excision) and treatments that destroy (freeze, burn) the wart. […] Cryotherapy — Cryotherapy uses a chemical to freeze the wart. […] Electrocautery — Electrocautery uses electrical energy to burn away warts. […] Excision — Excision involves using surgery to remove the wart. […] Laser — Lasers produce light energy, which destroys warts.

• #1 Genital Warts: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/genital-warts/?srsltid=AfmBOoo7V-ac235xVx2oWp4XYQNZQbn45IwUBmNxHKwI5k6_sStoJ4d_

  Genital warts can be diagnosed by (CDC, 2021): […] HPV infections can be self-limiting and symptoms can subside within a few months to 2 years without seeking treatment. There is no way to clear or cure HPV, however the warts can be treated. Treatment method can be determined by: […] It is important to note that treatment of genital warts is not a cure. The warts can and often do return, due to the HPV infection that is still present. Treating the wart alone does not clear the actual HPV infection. […] Use the nursing process to develop a plan of care for individuals. The nursing assessment (with common findings listed), diagnoses, interventions, expected outcomes, and education for genital warts are listed below. […] The individual is at risk of the following nursing diagnosis related to genital warts: […] Interventions should include measures to increase comfort and decrease spreading of warts: […] The individual should be educated on preventive measures including:

• #1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Considerations in Specific Patient Subgroups, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-treatment

  The goal of treatment is to remove warts and alleviate any present symptoms. The appearance of warts can cause significant psychosocial distress, and their removal can address cosmetic concerns. […] The primary goal of treatment is to eradicate or reduce symptoms. Treatment is typically reserved for visible warts. The general strategy involves removing as many visible lesions as possible until the host immune system can manage viral replication. […] Common treatments involve direct lesion ablation such as surgical excision, chemical ablation, and cryotherapy. […] If substantial improvement is not seen after three physician-administered treatments or complete clearance is not achieved after six treatments, a different approach should be considered. […] Recurrence is noted in 20-30% of patients regardless of the chosen therapy, which can be frustrating for both patients and physicians alike.

• #1 Human Papillomavirus | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/human-papillomavirus-hpv/

  There is no treatment for the HPV infection itself, but treatment of the symptoms can remove warts and prevent complications such as cancer. Treatment options include: […] For precancerous or cancerous cells on the cervix, our treatments include: […] For persistent or recurrent warts, we can remove the warts with these procedures: […] Over-the-counter and prescription medications that remove warts include: […] Our doctors can sometimes diagnose an HPV infection during the physical exam by examining any warts. For patients who don’t have visible warts, we might recommend one or more tests, such as: […] Vaccines are available to prevent infection with the types of HPV that lead to anal, cervical, vaginal, and vulvar precancers and cancers. Gardasil 9 is the HPV vaccine used in the United States.

• #1 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) | Infectious Diseases

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/infectious-diseases/viral-infections/human-papillomavirus

  Your provider may recommend treatment based on your test results and the type of HPV you have. […] Your provider will remove precancers so they dont progress to cancer. […] If HPV has progressed to cervical cancer or another type of cancer, you may need a combination of treatments. […] Adolescents (girls and boys) should get the vaccine at age 11 or 12. […] Women aged 21 to 29 years old should receive a Pap test every three years. Women 30 to 65 years old should have an HPV or HPV/Pap co-test every five years. […] If you are sexually active, use a condom or dental dam every time you have sex.

• #1 HPV infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351596

  HPV infections cause almost all cervical cancers. But cervical cancer may take 20 years or longer to develop after an HPV infection. The HPV infection and early cervical cancer typically don’t cause symptoms. Getting vaccinated against HPV infection is the best way to protect against cervical cancer. […] If you or your child has any warts that cause embarrassment, discomfort or pain, seek advice from your healthcare professional. […] HPV infection occurs when the virus enters the body, usually through a cut or other damage to skin. The virus spreads mainly by skin-to-skin contact. […] Lower the risk of getting genital warts and other HPV-related genital sores by: Having only one sex partner who’s not having sex with anyone else. This is a monogamous relationship. […] Gardasil 9 is an HPV vaccine approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and can be used for males and females to protect against cervical cancer and genital warts.

• #1 Human Papillomavirus (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK568814/

  Lynette Luria; Gabriella Cardoza-Favarato; Chaddie Doerr. […] The clinical lesions may be visibly obvious, but in some cases (latent lesions) may require testing for viral DNA. […] It is important to understand that HPV alone does not cause cancer but requires triggers like smoking, folate deficiency, UV light exposure, immunosuppression, and pregnancy. […] Evaluation and treatment of HPV infection vary by body site and disease manifestation. […] Individuals with cutaneous warts have numerous treatment options available, including surgical removal, cryotherapy (freezing the infected tissue), irritant or immunomodulating medications, and laser removal. […] To prevent lower anogenital tract HPV infection by the most common high-risk and low-risk subtypes, the CDC recommends that boys and girls be vaccinated for HPV starting at ages 11 to 12.

• #1 Human Papillomavirus Vaccination | ACOG

  https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2020/08/human-papillomavirus-vaccination

  The HPV vaccine can and should be given to breastfeeding women age 26 years and younger who have not previously been vaccinated. […] In children with a history of sexual abuse or assault, the HPV vaccine should be given as early as possible, starting at age 9 years. […] Human papillomavirus vaccination is not recommended during pregnancy; however, routine pregnancy testing is not recommended before vaccination. […] The HPV vaccine is now licensed in the United States for women and men through age 45 years.

• #1

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh3113

  Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Talk to your doctor about the HPV vaccine. […] Use a condom every time you have sex. Use it from the start to the end of sexual contact. […] Be sure to tell your sexual partner or partners that you have HPV. Even if you don’t have symptoms, you can still pass HPV to others. […] Limit how many sex partners you have. The safest practice is to have only one sex partner who doesn’t have STIs and doesn’t have sex with anyone else. This lowers your risk of getting STIs. […] Don’t smoke. Smoking increases the risk for cervical problems and cervical cancer. If you need help quitting, talk to your doctor about stop-smoking programs and medicines. These can increase your chances of quitting for good. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if: You have vaginal pain during or after sex. […] You have vaginal bleeding when you are not in your menstrual period.

• #1 Reducing the Risk for HPV Infection

  https://www.legacycommunityhealth.org/newsblog-reducing-the-risk-for-hpv-infection/

  Use barrier methods whenever you have sex. This includes consistent and correct use of condoms, dental dams or anything that protects from direct genital contact. This can lower your chances of getting HPV but cannot fully protect you from contracting HPV. […] Avoid sex if genital warts are present. If there is an active infection, it is still possible for the virus to spread even if wearing a condom. […] Remain in a mutually monogamous relationship. Only have sex with someone who only has sex with you. Most persons with penises who get HPV never develop symptoms and the infection usually goes away but can be spread to other partners. […] Tell sexual partners about HPV status before sexual activity. Ask your partners to let you know if they have any STIs. Ideally, get tested before having sex.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer

  Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Women living with HIV are 6 times more likely to develop cervical cancer compared to women without HIV. […] Being vaccinated at age 9-14 years is a highly effective way to prevent HPV infection, cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. […] Screening from the age of 30 (25 years in women living with HIV) can detect cervical disease, which when treated, also prevents cervical cancer. […] Women should be screened for cervical cancer every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25. […] After a positive HPV test (or other screening method) a healthcare provider can look for changes on the cervix (such as precancers) which may develop into cervical cancer if left untreated. Treatment of precancers is a simple procedure and prevents cervical cancer.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan For Warts – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-warts/

  Warts, medically known as verrucae, are a common dermatological condition caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). […] Developing a comprehensive nursing care plan for patients with warts is essential to address their physical discomfort, emotional concerns, and ensure effective treatment and prevention. […] The plan will also emphasize education, infection control, and measures to minimize the spread of warts to prevent recurrence and complications. […] By delivering evidence-based nursing care, nurses can enhance the quality of life for individuals with warts, promote skin health, and empower patients with knowledge to manage and prevent future outbreaks effectively. […] Warts, caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), are common skin growths that require a comprehensive nursing assessment to develop an effective care plan.

• #1 Human Papillomavirus (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568814/

  To prevent lower anogenital tract HPV infection by the most common high-risk and low-risk subtypes, the CDC recommends that boys and girls be vaccinated for HPV starting at ages 11 to 12. […] Anogenital and oropharyngeal warts may be treated similarly to cutaneous warts as long as the patient is immunocompetent. […] Cervical HPV-driven lesions may regress without any intervention. […] Nursing Management: Relieve anxiety and depression, Enhance self-care, Educate patient about HPV infection, Educate patient about treatments for warts, Educate patient about screening for cervical cancer, Educate patient about safe sex practice, Administer medications as prescribed, Consult with a mental health professional if the patient is anxious, Refer patient to STD clinic to ensure no other infection is present.

• #1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Nursing CE Course | NursingCE

  https://www.nursingce.com/ceu-courses/human-papillomavirus-nursing-ce-course

  Nurses should assess for pain and encourage the patient to report worsening pain or vaginal discharge. […] Nurses should educate patients on the risk of local skin irritation and pain with topical applications. […] Nurses should educate patients not to use over-the-counter wart removers for genital warts. […] Nurses can educate patients and their families on the necessity of catching up on their vaccination schedule at medical appointments.

• #1 Nursing Care Plan For Warts – Made For Medical

  https://www.madeformedical.com/nursing-care-plan-for-warts/

  A comprehensive nursing assessment is crucial in understanding the patients unique needs and tailoring a care plan that addresses their physical and emotional concerns while preventing the spread of warts to themselves and others. […] These nursing diagnoses address various aspects of care for patients with warts, considering their physical, emotional, and educational needs. Nursing interventions and care plans can be developed based on these diagnoses to provide holistic care and support for individuals dealing with warts. […] Educate the patient on proper hand hygiene to minimize the risk of spreading warts to other areas of their body or to others. […] Provide information on the human papillomavirus (HPV), its modes of transmission, and methods to reduce the risk of HPV infection. […] This care plan emphasizes the significance of patient education surrounding the human papillomavirus (HPV), vaccination, and safe practices to minimize the risk of infection and recurrence.

• #1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Nursing CE Course | NursingCE

  https://www.nursingce.com/ceu-courses/human-papillomavirus-nursing-ce-course

  This module explores the prevalence and incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV), current guidelines, and recommendations for screenings and treatment. […] Healthcare professionals (HCPs) should understand the importance of HPV vaccination and the potential barriers for adolescents and young adults. […] discuss nursing care aimed at preventing and treating HPV and HPV-related cancers. […] HPV can be transmitted via skin contact during vaginal, anal, and oral sexual intercourse. […] Treating HPV involves avoiding transmission to other individuals, preventing and eliminating genital warts, monitoring for changes in cervical cellular structure, and limiting psychological distress for patients. […] Nurses can educate individuals on condom usage in outpatient settings, including schools, pediatric offices, and obstetrics/gynecology clinics.

• #1 Genital HPV infections – what community nurses need to know | Nursing in Practice

  https://www.nursinginpractice.com/clinical/sexual-health/genital-hpv-infections-what-community-nurses-need-to-know/

  Genital Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is often a big cause of concern for patients, with media stories and information campaigns largely focused on the life-altering effects of infection. […] It is important for community nurses to be aware of the facts and treatment options of HPV. […] As a community nurse, one of the most important things you can do is to promote vaccine safety, listen to patient concerns and encourage them to seek information from reputable and evidence-based sources. […] Receiving a positive HPV diagnosis from a cervical screen is understandably upsetting for patients, and as community nurses it is important to play a role in informing and reassuring patients with the facts about HPV. […] A positive HPV or abnormal cell diagnosis does not mean someone has cancer, it is an indication for closer screening or further investigation with the aim of preventing cancer from developing. […] Patients are understandably often upset by a diagnosis of HPV, and a large role of the community nurse will be to reassure and answer questions.

• #1 05.01 Nursing Care and Pathophysiology for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV STI) | Free NURSING.com Courses

  https://nursing.com/lesson/05-01-nursing-care-and-pathophysiology-for-human-papilloma-virus-hpv-sti

  Safe sex practice: Condoms. […] Limiting number of sexual partners. […] Withholding from intercourse when active lesions present. […] Prevent Spread of Disease: Once diagnosed, patients partner(s) should be screened. […] Maintain annual appointments to monitor latent disease. […] HPV is preventable if we coach and promote safe sex and encourage our patients to get vaccinated!

• #1 Human Papillomavirus (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK568814/

  Anogenital and oropharyngeal warts may be treated similarly to cutaneous warts as long as the patient is immunocompetent. […] Cervical HPV-driven lesions may regress without any intervention. […] Nursing Management: Relieve anxiety and depression, Enhance self-care, Educate patient about HPV infection, Educate patient about treatments for warts, Educate patient about screening for cervical cancer, Educate patient about safe sex practice, Administer medications as prescribed, Consult with a mental health professional if the patient is anxious, Refer patient to STD clinic to ensure no other infection is present. […] HPV is known to cause lesions of the mucous membranes and skin. […] The 9 valent HPV vaccine is available to prevent certain cancerous lesions in males and females. […] Long term follow up is essential as recurrence of warts is common. […] Because of the risk of cancer, DNA testing and screening is required in high-risk patients.

• #1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Considerations in Specific Patient Subgroups, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-treatment

  Higher rates of HPV infection have been reported in pregnant women. […] Small asymptomatic lesions typically do not require treatment, but larger lesions can be managed with keratolytics or cryotherapy. […] Patients with genital warts are at increased risk for anogenital malignancies. […] Annual screening and Pap testing are essential for female patients with genital warts, as up to 90% of cervical cancers are caused by HPV. […] Patients with perianal warts, HIV-positive patients, and those with a history of receptive anal intercourse are at increased risk for anal HGSIL. […] Anogenital warts are uncommon in the pediatric population. […] Diagnosing genital warts in a child requires reporting suspected abuse for evaluation, which may confirm or rule out sexual abuse. […] Immunosuppressed patients, such as those with AIDS or on immunosuppressive therapy (eg, renal transplant patients), are more susceptible to persistent HPV infection, which can lead to dysplasia and malignancy.

• #1 About Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) :: Minnesota Women’s Care OBGYN and Urogynecology

  https://mnwcare.com/our-services/gynecology/human-papilloma-virus

  A doctor or other health care worker usually can diagnose genital warts by seeing them on a patient. […] Depending on factors such as the size and location of the genital warts, a doctor will offer you one of several ways to treat them. […] If you are pregnant, you should not use podophyllin or podofilox because they are absorbed by the skin and may cause birth defects in your baby. […] Although treatments can get rid of the warts, none gets rid of the virus. Because the virus is still present in your body, warts often come back after treatment. […] The only way you can prevent getting an HPV infection is to avoid direct contact with the virus, which is transmitted by skin-to-skin contact. […] Some types of HPV can cause cervical cancer. […] Genital warts may cause a number of problems during pregnancy. Sometimes they get larger during pregnancy, making it difficult to urinate.

• #1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) – International Association of Providers of AIDS Care

  https://www.iapac.org/fact-sheet/human-papillomavirus-hpv/

  Many people have HPV infections but dont know it. HPV can go away without causing any problems. To detect HPV, healthcare providers look for dysplasia or genital warts. […] People with HIV who are sexually active may want to have a regular Pap smear, anal and/or cervical, to check for abnormal cells or early signs of warts. A positive result can be followed up to see if treatment is needed. […] There is no direct treatment for HPV infection. Some people clear HPV infection on their own. However, they can be infected with HPV again. Dysplasias and warts can be removed. […] HPV infection can last for a long time, especially in people with HIV. Dysplasia and warts can return. They should be treated as soon as they are found to reduce the chances of the problem spreading or returning. […] The signs of HPV infection (warts or dysplasia) should be treated as soon as they show up. Otherwise, the problem could spread and be more likely to return after treatment.

• #1 I have HPV. Now what? | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/i-have-hpv-now-what.h00-159698334.html

  The results of your Pap and HPV test are used to determine if you need additional testing. […] If you test positive for HPV and your Pap test is normal, your doctor will most likely recommend repeating the Pap and HPV screening exams in one year. […] If you test positive for HPV and your Pap test was abnormal, your doctor will probably follow up with a colposcopy. […] The best way to protect yourself from HPV-related cancers is to get the HPV vaccine. […] Ramondetta says that getting the HPV vaccine after being infected doesn’t make the infection go away. However, getting the vaccine before you’re exposed to HPV can prevent against 7 high risk subtypes and 2 low risk subtypes. […] You can’t get HPV from the HPV vaccine, which is safe and has no serious side effects, Ramondetta says.

• #1 How to Remove Genital Warts | Treatment is Available

  https://www.hpv.org.nz/hpv-treatment/how-remove-genital-warts

  Recurrences (a return of the warts) occur most frequently during the first 3 months. A follow-up evaluation 3 months after treatment may be useful for reassurance that there are no persistent or new warts. Regular cervical screening is recommended for everyone with a cervix, regardless of whether they have genital warts or not. […] Anyone with genital warts should discuss with their doctor the possibility of other sexually transmitted infections being present, and take the opportunity to have a full sexual health check.

• #1 How to Remove Genital Warts | Treatment is Available

  https://www.hpv.org.nz/hpv-treatment/how-remove-genital-warts

  Treatment for genital warts is optional. […] The goal of treatment should be to remove visible genital warts and relieve annoying symptoms. […] If there is no significant response to the HPV treatment within 46 weeks, an alternative diagnosis, change of treatment modality, or onward referral should be considered. […] It is advisable to seek medical advice before starting treatment for genital warts. […] Be sure to understand the follow-up instructions, such as what to do about discomfort and when to seek help. […] It is recommended to avoid sexual contact with the infected area during treatment, to protect the treated area of skin from friction and help it heal. […] Remember that not all of these treatment options may be available, and a treatment plan needs to be discussed with the doctor or health care specialist.

• #1 Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Barriers on Vaccination against Human Papillomavirus Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study among Primary Care Physicians in Hong Kong | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0071827

  This study explored the knowledge, attitude, practice and barriers to prescribe human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines among private primary care physicians in Hong Kong. […] The knowledge on HPV infection was low among physicians in Hong Kong. Prescription of HPV vaccine was hindered by the perceived parental concerns and was mostly relied on Governmental recommendations. Educational initiatives should be targeted towards both physicians and parents, and the Government should consider full subsidy to enhance vaccine uptake rate. […] The most significant barriers to prescribe HPV vaccines consisted of parental refusal due to safety concerns (48.2%), and their practice of advising vaccination was mostly affected by local Governmental recommendations (78.7%). […] A substantial proportion of physicians had recommended HPV vaccines for their female clients/patients aged 18-26 years for protection of cervical cancer (83.8%) or both cervical cancer and genital warts (85.5%).

• #1 Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Barriers on Vaccination against Human Papillomavirus Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study among Primary Care Physicians in Hong Kong | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0071827

  The attitudes of participating PCPs towards the ideal age range for HPV vaccine administration were explored. Most physicians indicated that 12-14 years (45.6%), 10-11 years (31.6%), and 15-17 years (20.3%) were the ideal age groups. […] The most frequent factors perceived as extremely likely or somewhat likely barriers to advise HPV vaccination among adolescents included parental refusal due to safety concerns (78.6%), parental reluctance to discuss sexuality and sexually transmitted diseases (70.4%), and physicians being regarded as hard selling an expensive vaccine (65.0%). […] A majority of the physicians reported that the recommendations to prescribe HPV vaccine to adolescents were extremely likely or somewhat likely influenced by the local Government (the Department of Health) (95.8%), the respective colleges of their specialties (93.8%), local University academics (90.7%) and overseas authorities or colleges (86.8%).

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection. HPV usually goes away on its own without treatment. Some HPV infections cause genital warts. Others can cause abnormal cells to develop, which go on to become cancer. […] Being vaccinated is the best way to prevent HPV infection, cervical cancer and other HPV-related cancers. Screening can detect cervical precancers that can be treated before they develop into cancer. […] There is currently no treatment for HPV infection. Treatments exist for genital warts, cervical precancers and cervical cancer. […] Management pathways for invasive cancer care are important tools to ensure that a patient is referred promptly and supported as they navigate the steps to diagnosis and treatment decisions. […] As low- and middle-income countries scale-up cervical screening, more cases of invasive cervical cancer will be detected, especially in previously unscreened populations. Therefore, referral and treatment strategies need to be implemented and expanded alongside prevention services.

• #1 Cervical Cancer Prevention: The Role of the Nurse and Medical Care in Primary and Secondary Cancer Prevention

  https://www.imrpress.com/journal/CEOG/50/4/10.31083/j.ceog5004082/htm

  Objective: Although these days the priority is to fight the Covid-19 pandemic, the importance of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is not to be neglected. […] Early prevention of infections with HPV is an element of primary prophylaxis against cervical cancer. Vaccines are available that prevent long-lasting oncogenic infections and serotypes of HPV. […] There is a hope that in the future the combination of screening tests with vaccinations against oncogenic strains of HPV will allow reductions in the percentage of those contracting cervical cancer. […] The importance of educational activities should be emphasized in developmental gynecology in the context of oncological prevention. The roles of both doctors and nurses are important here. […] Proper prophylaxis and early detection of cervical cancer can significantly increase their chances for a long life at full strength and health.

• #1 Genital HPV infections – what community nurses need to know | Nursing in Practice

  https://www.nursinginpractice.com/clinical/sexual-health/genital-hpv-infections-what-community-nurses-need-to-know/

• #2 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv.htm

  Approximately 150 types of HPV have been identified, at least 40 of which infect the genital area. The majority of HPV infections are self-limited and are asymptomatic or unrecognized. Persistent oncogenic HPV infection is the strongest risk factor for development of HPV-attributable precancers and cancers. HPV vaccines are not recommended for use in pregnant women. HPV vaccines can be administered regardless of history of anogenital warts, abnormal Pap test or HPV test, or anogenital precancer. Treatments are available for the conditions caused by HPV but not for the virus itself. Having HPV does not make it harder for a woman to get pregnant or carry a pregnancy to term. However, certain precancers or cancers that HPV can cause, and the surgical procedures needed to treat them, can affect a woman’s ability to get pregnant or carry a pregnancy to term. HPV vaccination has not been associated with initiation of sexual activity or sexual risk behaviors. […] HPV vaccination has not been associated with initiation of sexual activity or sexual risk behaviors.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/nursing/fulltext/2003/11001/guide_to_care_for_patients__hpv___cervical_cancer.2.aspx

  HPV infection doesn’t usually cause symptoms, but some people develop genital warts. These soft, moist, pink or red warts can be raised or flat or small or large. They may appear alone or in clusters. Genital warts may appear within weeks or months after sexual contact with an infected person. […] Although an HPV infection can’t be cured with medicine or other treatments, it may eventually clear up on its own. But a few women have an infection that doesn’t go away, increasing the risk for cervical cancer. […] If you have genital warts, your health care provider may treat them with topical medicine applied to the skin. Or, she may remove them surgically or with cryotherapy (freezing). […] Keep in mind that removing warts doesn’t necessarily mean the HPV infection is gone. You may still be able to transmit HPV to a sexual partner. How long you’ll remain infected with HPV after you get treatment for genital warts isn’t known.

• #2 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/prevention-screening/manage-your-risk/hpv.html

  HPV screening, including FDA-approved self-collection tests for HPV, can determine if a woman has a cervical HPV infection. […] There is no drug or treatment that can eliminate the HPV virus from the body. However, there are ways to treat HPV-related health problems like precancerous lesions and genital warts. […] Cervical cancer and other HPV-associated cancers can be prevented by getting the HPV vaccine early in life. Additionally, cervical cancer can be prevented through screening, which allows precancerous changes in the cervix to be found and treated early, before they become cancer. […] It is crucial that anyone who tests positive for HPV has easy access to follow-up care to help manage HPV and the risk of cervical cancer. […] The HPV vaccine can help the body recognize and eliminate the virus more effectively.

• #2 Genital Warts (HPV Infection): Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/genital-warts-hpv-infection

  Genital warts are usually spread by sexual contact. They are the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a virus. […] Your doctor may treat warts in the clinic with a medicine called TCA (trichloroacetic acid) to treat the warts. Another treatment is a cream called imiquimod (Aldara). […] Special care is needed when treating pregnant females. Please tell your doctor if there is any chance you may be pregnant. The doctor may want to freeze the warts or remove them surgically. […] Wear gloves when changing diapers or bathing children to keep from spreading the HPV infection to their skin. […] If you care for babies or children with HPV, read Helping Hand HH-I-398, Genital Warts in Babies and Children. If a doctor prescribes TCA for the children, apply the medicine to the warts again each time you clean the diaper area, and after you bathe them. Always wash your hands with soap and warm water for at least 20 seconds before and after applying the medicine, diapering, or changing their clothes.

• #2 GARDASIL®9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant) for Health Care Professionals

  https://www.merckvaccines.com/gardasil9/

  GARDASIL 9 is a vaccine indicated in females 9 through 45 years of age for the prevention of cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) Types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58; cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and anal precancerous or dysplastic lesions caused by HPV Types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58; and genital warts caused by HPV Types 6 and 11. […] GARDASIL 9 is indicated in males 9 through 45 years of age for the prevention of anal, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers caused by HPV Types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58; anal precancerous or dysplastic lesions caused by HPV Types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58; and genital warts caused by HPV Types 6 and 11. […] GARDASIL 9 does not eliminate the necessity for vaccine recipients to undergo screening for cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal and other head and neck cancers as recommended by a health care provider.

• #2 Genital Warts: Nursing Diagnosis & Interventions | Nurse.com

  https://www.nurse.com/clinical-guides/genital-warts/?srsltid=AfmBOoo7V-ac235xVx2oWp4XYQNZQbn45IwUBmNxHKwI5k6_sStoJ4d_

  Genital warts can be diagnosed by (CDC, 2021): […] HPV infections can be self-limiting and symptoms can subside within a few months to 2 years without seeking treatment. There is no way to clear or cure HPV, however the warts can be treated. Treatment method can be determined by: […] It is important to note that treatment of genital warts is not a cure. The warts can and often do return, due to the HPV infection that is still present. Treating the wart alone does not clear the actual HPV infection. […] Use the nursing process to develop a plan of care for individuals. The nursing assessment (with common findings listed), diagnoses, interventions, expected outcomes, and education for genital warts are listed below. […] The individual is at risk of the following nursing diagnosis related to genital warts: […] Interventions should include measures to increase comfort and decrease spreading of warts: […] The individual should be educated on preventive measures including:

• #2 HPV | Department of Health | Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

  https://www.pa.gov/agencies/health/diseases-conditions/infectious-disease/std/hpv.html

  HPV has no known cure. There are treatments for genital warts, though they often disappear even without treatment. There is no way to predict whether the warts will grow or disappear. Therefore, if you suspect you have genital warts, you should be examined and treated, if necessary. Depending on factors such as the size and location of your genital warts, your health care provider will offer you one of several ways to treat them. […] If you are pregnant, you should not use podophyllin or podofilox because they are absorbed by your skin and may cause birth defects in your baby. In addition, you should not use 5-fluorouracil cream if you are expecting. If you have small warts, your health care provider can remove them by one of three methods. […] If you have large warts that have not responded to other treatment, you may have to have surgery to remove them. Some health care providers use the antiviral drug alpha interferon, which they inject directly into the warts, to treat warts that have returned after removal by traditional means. The drug is expensive, however, and does not reduce the rate that the genital warts return. Although treatments can get rid of the warts, none get rid of the virus. Because the virus is still present in your body, warts often come back after treatment.

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