Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10303003/

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is sexually transmitted, one of the three most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in both males and females, and the most common viral STI. A crucial public health strategy to protect people against HPV is vaccination, which has shown its effectiveness in preventing HPV-related diseases. Presently, three types of vaccines are available (bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonvalent), and they all target the two most oncogenic virus genotypes (HPV 16 and 18). In recent years, the need to implement vaccination programmes that include all genders has been discussed in order to achieve herd immunity against HPV. To date, only a few countries have included young males in their vaccination programmes. Thus, our objective with this review is to provide an overview of the epidemiology of HPV and HPV prevention strategies and report the latest findings from the scientific literature.

• #2 Chapter 11: Human Papillomavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-11-human-papillomavirus.html

  This chapter discusses pathogenesis, clinical features, epidemiology, vaccination, and surveillance of human papillomavirus, or HPV. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. […] Epidemiologic studies demonstrating a consistent association between HPV and cervical cancer were published in the 1990s; more recently, HPV has been identified as a cause of certain other mucosal cancers. […] HPV infection is extremely common throughout the world. Most sexually active adults will have an HPV infection at some point during their lives, although they may be unaware of their infection. […] Humans are the only natural reservoir for HPV. […] HPV is transmitted through intimate, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. […] HPV is presumed to be communicable during both acute and persistent infections. Communicability can be presumed high because of the large number of new infections estimated to occur each year.

• #3 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10303003/

  HPV infections and related diseases affect both women and men. In fact, it is estimated that about 80% of sexually active women and men will be infected with HPV at least once during their lifetime. HPV infection is the second most common cause of cancer after gastric cancer, which is caused by Helicobacter pylori. However, the epidemiology of HPV differs between male and female populations. […] The epidemiology of HPV is heterogeneous between the sexes, with a higher prevalence of infection in ano-genital areas among males, which is even higher in some subgroups. To date, the only way to block the chain of transmission is vaccination, but HPV vaccination programs, especially gender-neutral ones, are still in their infancy in many countries, particularly in less-developed countries. This makes it difficult to achieve herd immunity, especially in males who were only invited to get vaccinated years after the first vaccine was introduced. There is growing evidence that only gender-neutral vaccination will lead to substantial control of HPV-related diseases in both women and men and maximize cervical cancer prevention, especially if the vaccination coverage for girls in a particular region is not high.

• #4 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/6/1060

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. They are prevalent in young women, but infections may also occur in sexually active adults. […] Globally, 4.5% of all cancers are attributable to HPVs, which are responsible for 8.6% of cancer cases in women (the third most prevalent cause, with a high mortality) and 0.8% in men. […] HPV infections and related diseases affect both women and men. In fact, it is estimated that about 80% of sexually active women and men will be infected with HPV at least once during their lifetime. HPV infection is the second most common cause of cancer after gastric cancer, which is caused by Helicobacter pylori. […] HPV-16 and 18 cause 90% of HPV-related cancers, although cases linked to HPV 45, 33, and 35 have been increasing.

• #5 Epidemiology and Natural History of Human Papillomavirus Infections in the Female Genital Tract

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1581465/

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common newly diagnosed sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Although the majority of sexually active adults will be infected with HPV at least once in their lives, it is sexually active women less than 25 years of age who consistently have the highest rates of infection. […] Approximately 6.2 million new HPV infections occur every year in the United States, and approximately 20 million individuals are currently infected. HPV is spread by skin-to-skin sexual contact and is prevalent in all sexually active populations. The Centers for Disease Control estimates that at least half of all sexually active individuals will acquire HPV at some point in their lives, whereas at least 80% of women will acquire an HPV infection by age 50. […] The greatest risk factors for infection are gender, youth, and sexual activity, with the highest rates being consistently found in sexually active women less than 25 years of age.

• #6

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a group of 200 known viruses. They do not cause concerns in most people, but infection with some high-risk types is common and can cause genital warts or cancer. […] In 90% of people the body controls the infection by itself. Persistent HPV infection with high-risk HPV types is the cause of cervical cancer and is associated with cancers of the vulva, vagina, mouth/throat, penis and anus (1). […] In 2019, HPV caused an estimated 620 000 cancer cases in women and 70 000 cancer cases in men (1). […] Cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer caused by HPV, other less common cancers affecting men and women, including anal, vulvar, vaginal, mouth/throat and penile cancers. […] The highest prevalence of cervical HPV among women is in sub-Saharan Africa (24%), followed by Latin America and the Caribbean (16%), eastern Europe (14%), and South-East Asia (14%) (2).

• #7

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Globally, it is estimated that 620 000 new cancer cases in women and 70 000 new cancer cases in men were caused by HPV in 2019 (1). Cervical cancer was the fourth leading cause of cancer and cancer deaths in women in 2022, with some 660 000 new cases and around 350 000 deaths worldwide (3). Cervical cancers account for over 90% of HPV-related cancers in women (1). […] The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in low- and middle-income countries. This reflects major inequities driven by lack of access to national HPV vaccination, cervical screening and treatment services, and social and economic determinants. […] HPV vaccines should be given to all girls aged 9-14 years, before they become sexually active. […] Testing cells from a woman’s cervix for HPV is used to screen women for cervical cancer. Women should be screened every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25.

• #8 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  Globally, 12% of women are positive for HPV DNA, with rates varying by age and country. The highest rates of HPV are in younger women, with a rate of 24% in women under 25 years. Rates decline in older age groups in Europe and the Americas, but less so in Africa and Asia. The rates are highest in Sub-Saharan Africa (24%) and Eastern Europe (21%) and lowest in North America (5%) and Western Asia (2%). […] The most common types of HPV worldwide are HPV16 (3.2%), HPV18 (1.4%), HPV52 (0.9%), HPV31 (0.8%), and HPV58 (0.7%). High-risk types of HPV are also distributed unevenly, with HPV16 having a rate of around 13% in Africa and 30% in West and Central Asia. […] Like many diseases, HPV disproportionately affects low-income and resource-poor countries. The higher rates of HPV in Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, may be related to high exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the region. A factor which impacts the global spread of the disease is sexual behavior – including age of sexual debut, number of sexual partners, and ease of access to barrier contraception, all of which vary globally.

• #9 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  Globally, 12% of women are positive for HPV DNA, with rates varying by age and country. The highest rates of HPV are in younger women, with a rate of 24% in women under 25 years. Rates decline in older age groups in Europe and the Americas, but less so in Africa and Asia. The rates are highest in Sub-Saharan Africa (24%) and Eastern Europe (21%) and lowest in North America (5%) and Western Asia (2%). […] The most common types of HPV worldwide are HPV16 (3.2%), HPV18 (1.4%), HPV52 (0.9%), HPV31 (0.8%), and HPV58 (0.7%). High-risk types of HPV are also distributed unevenly, with HPV16 having a rate of around 13% in Africa and 30% in West and Central Asia. […] Like many diseases, HPV disproportionately affects low-income and resource-poor countries. The higher rates of HPV in Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, may be related to high exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the region. A factor which impacts the global spread of the disease is sexual behavior – including age of sexual debut, number of sexual partners, and ease of access to barrier contraception, all of which vary globally.

• #10

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a group of 200 known viruses. They do not cause concerns in most people, but infection with some high-risk types is common and can cause genital warts or cancer. […] In 90% of people the body controls the infection by itself. Persistent HPV infection with high-risk HPV types is the cause of cervical cancer and is associated with cancers of the vulva, vagina, mouth/throat, penis and anus (1). […] In 2019, HPV caused an estimated 620 000 cancer cases in women and 70 000 cancer cases in men (1). […] Cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer caused by HPV, other less common cancers affecting men and women, including anal, vulvar, vaginal, mouth/throat and penile cancers. […] The highest prevalence of cervical HPV among women is in sub-Saharan Africa (24%), followed by Latin America and the Caribbean (16%), eastern Europe (14%), and South-East Asia (14%) (2).

• #11 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Each year, approximately 33,700 cancers in the United States are caused by HPV. These include 12,900 oropharyngeal cancers among men and women, 10,800 cervical cancers among women, and 6,000 anal cancers among men and women. Vaginal, vulvar, and penile cancers are less common. The United States does not have a reporting system for HPV infections. HPV infections and the development of warts are common throughout life. Generally, genital HPV infection is considered to have become significantly more frequent over the past several decades. […] In the 1559 year age group, the prevalence of any HPV infection from 2013 to 2016 was 40.0% overall, 41.8% among males, and 38.4% among females, totaling 77.3 million individuals overall, with 40.5 million males and 37.0 million females having a prevalent HPV infection in 2018. The prevalence of disease-associated HPV infection was 22.0% overall, 24.2% in males, and 19.9% in females, amounting to 42.5 million individuals, with 23.4 million males and 19.2 million females having an infection of at least one disease-associated HPV type in 2018.

• #12 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Each year, approximately 33,700 cancers in the United States are caused by HPV. These include 12,900 oropharyngeal cancers among men and women, 10,800 cervical cancers among women, and 6,000 anal cancers among men and women. Vaginal, vulvar, and penile cancers are less common. The United States does not have a reporting system for HPV infections. HPV infections and the development of warts are common throughout life. Generally, genital HPV infection is considered to have become significantly more frequent over the past several decades. […] In the 1559 year age group, the prevalence of any HPV infection from 2013 to 2016 was 40.0% overall, 41.8% among males, and 38.4% among females, totaling 77.3 million individuals overall, with 40.5 million males and 37.0 million females having a prevalent HPV infection in 2018. The prevalence of disease-associated HPV infection was 22.0% overall, 24.2% in males, and 19.9% in females, amounting to 42.5 million individuals, with 23.4 million males and 19.2 million females having an infection of at least one disease-associated HPV type in 2018.

• #13 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  Globally, 12% of women are positive for HPV DNA, with rates varying by age and country. The highest rates of HPV are in younger women, with a rate of 24% in women under 25 years. Rates decline in older age groups in Europe and the Americas, but less so in Africa and Asia. The rates are highest in Sub-Saharan Africa (24%) and Eastern Europe (21%) and lowest in North America (5%) and Western Asia (2%). […] The most common types of HPV worldwide are HPV16 (3.2%), HPV18 (1.4%), HPV52 (0.9%), HPV31 (0.8%), and HPV58 (0.7%). High-risk types of HPV are also distributed unevenly, with HPV16 having a rate of around 13% in Africa and 30% in West and Central Asia. […] Like many diseases, HPV disproportionately affects low-income and resource-poor countries. The higher rates of HPV in Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, may be related to high exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the region. A factor which impacts the global spread of the disease is sexual behavior – including age of sexual debut, number of sexual partners, and ease of access to barrier contraception, all of which vary globally.

• #14 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  Globally, 12% of women are positive for HPV DNA, with rates varying by age and country. The highest rates of HPV are in younger women, with a rate of 24% in women under 25 years. Rates decline in older age groups in Europe and the Americas, but less so in Africa and Asia. The rates are highest in Sub-Saharan Africa (24%) and Eastern Europe (21%) and lowest in North America (5%) and Western Asia (2%). […] The most common types of HPV worldwide are HPV16 (3.2%), HPV18 (1.4%), HPV52 (0.9%), HPV31 (0.8%), and HPV58 (0.7%). High-risk types of HPV are also distributed unevenly, with HPV16 having a rate of around 13% in Africa and 30% in West and Central Asia. […] Like many diseases, HPV disproportionately affects low-income and resource-poor countries. The higher rates of HPV in Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, may be related to high exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the region. A factor which impacts the global spread of the disease is sexual behavior – including age of sexual debut, number of sexual partners, and ease of access to barrier contraception, all of which vary globally.

• #15 Epidemiology and Natural History of Human Papillomavirus Infections in the Female Genital Tract

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1581465/

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common newly diagnosed sexually transmitted infection in the United States. Although the majority of sexually active adults will be infected with HPV at least once in their lives, it is sexually active women less than 25 years of age who consistently have the highest rates of infection. […] Approximately 6.2 million new HPV infections occur every year in the United States, and approximately 20 million individuals are currently infected. HPV is spread by skin-to-skin sexual contact and is prevalent in all sexually active populations. The Centers for Disease Control estimates that at least half of all sexually active individuals will acquire HPV at some point in their lives, whereas at least 80% of women will acquire an HPV infection by age 50. […] The greatest risk factors for infection are gender, youth, and sexual activity, with the highest rates being consistently found in sexually active women less than 25 years of age.

• #16 Chapter 11: Human Papillomavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-11-human-papillomavirus.html

  Risk factors for HPV infection are primarily related to sexual behavior, including higher numbers of lifetime and recent sex partners. […] Genital HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States and worldwide. […] The National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program and CDC’s National Program of Cancer Registries provide data on the number of HPV cancers in the United States. […] HPV infection is not a nationally notifiable condition.

• #17 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview

  In the United States, young adults aged 15-24 years account for approximately half of new HPV infections each year. The frequency of genital infections is associated with the number of sexual partners and the age of sexual debut. Patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs and those with defects in cell-mediated immunity, including those infected with HIV, are especially susceptible to developing HPV infections. […] The population-based incidence of genital warts was estimated at 106 cases per 100,000 population in Rochester, Minnesota (1975-1978) and at 160 cases per 100,000 population in Manitoba, Canada (1992), with the highest incidence rate among residents aged 20-24 years. […] HPV infection causes virtually all cases of cervical cancer. In cervical neoplasias, the HPV genome can be detected in more than 95% of tumors.

• #18 Faculty Collaboration Database – Epidemiology and pathology of HPV disease in males. Gynecol Oncol 2010 May;117(2 Suppl):S15-9

  https://fcd.mcw.edu/?search/showPublication/id/835216

  It is currently recognized that besides the significant impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in females, HPV causes substantial disease in men as well. Genital warts are a common manifestation of male infection with HPV. Genital warts are highly infectious and approximately 65% of people who have sex with an infected partner will develop warts themselves. More than 90% of genital warts are caused by non-oncogenic HPV types 6 and 11. […] Several cancers of the anogenital tract and upper aero-digestive tract, and their precursor lesions in men are now understood to be caused by infection with sexually transmitted HPV. For example, there is increasing incidence of anal cancer in western countries; however, there are limited data on its primary cause, anal canal HPV infection. Genital HPV infection is very common in men with an ongoing international study estimating a prevalence of 65.2% in asymptomatic males aged 18-70 years. Lifetime number of sexual partners was the most significant risk factor for the acquisition of HPV infection (P0.05), and circumcision has been associated with reduced detection of HPV infection in men. HPV infections may be less likely to persist in men than in women. In men, the median time to clearance of any HPV infection was 5.9 months, with 75% of infections clearing within 12 months. More data are needed to better understand the natural history of HPV infection. Although the quadrivalent HPV vaccine has been shown to be effective and safe in men, low awareness of HPV in males may be a barrier to its use for the prevention of HPV infection.

• #19 Epidemiology and Natural History of Human Papillomavirus Infections in the Female Genital Tract

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1581465/

  A number of factors are associated with an increased risk of initial infection and/or clinical sequelae such as genital warts, CIN or invasive cancer. […] Immunosuppressed and HIV positive individuals are at a high risk of both HPV infection and HPV-associated disease. […] The strong correlation between infection with high-risk types of HPV and LSIL, HSIL, and cervical cancer suggests that HPV DNA testing would be a useful tool for the management of women with abnormal Pap test results, especially in the case of those with equivocal test results. […] HPV is one of the most common infections of the female genital tract, and it is also one of the most costly. HPV-associated health care costs include routine Pap tests, treatment of genital warts, follow-up of cytological abnormalities, and management of cervical malignancies. […] Prophylactic HPV vaccines that confer protection against both high- and low-risk HPV types are expected to substantially reduce the burden of HPV-associated disease.

• #20 SciELO Brazil – Update on human papilloma virus – part I: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical spectrum^,, Update on human papilloma virus – part I: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical spectrumhttps://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/ZZtwyNTQsx3RfBfhpctD8rt/

  In Brazil, the national HPV vaccination program was instituted in 2014 for girls between 9 and 13 years old, later expanded to boys between 12 and 13 years old. […] Immunosuppression is an important risk factor for HPV lesions. […] The incidence of skin cancer associated with HPV in these patients is estimated to increase by 5% per year, with a cumulative risk of 44% after nine years. […] The risks vary for the various locations of HPV-related neoplasms among patients with SOT and individuals living with HIV, which can reach an incidence of up to 80 times higher than in the general population in the case of anal cancer in some subpopulations.

• #21 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10303003/

  HPV infections and related diseases affect both women and men. In fact, it is estimated that about 80% of sexually active women and men will be infected with HPV at least once during their lifetime. HPV infection is the second most common cause of cancer after gastric cancer, which is caused by Helicobacter pylori. However, the epidemiology of HPV differs between male and female populations. […] The epidemiology of HPV is heterogeneous between the sexes, with a higher prevalence of infection in ano-genital areas among males, which is even higher in some subgroups. To date, the only way to block the chain of transmission is vaccination, but HPV vaccination programs, especially gender-neutral ones, are still in their infancy in many countries, particularly in less-developed countries. This makes it difficult to achieve herd immunity, especially in males who were only invited to get vaccinated years after the first vaccine was introduced. There is growing evidence that only gender-neutral vaccination will lead to substantial control of HPV-related diseases in both women and men and maximize cervical cancer prevention, especially if the vaccination coverage for girls in a particular region is not high.

• #22 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/6/1060

  The purpose of this overview is to summarize recent studies in order to highlight how epidemiology and prevention strategies have developed in recent years. […] To date, vaccines provide the best and most cost-effective option for prevention. […] Primary prevention against HPV is available due to the presence of vaccines targeting high-risk genotypes; in fact, since 2006, more than 110 countries have implemented vaccination campaigns against HPV, but only about 40 countries have introduced programs that are gender-neutral. […] Herd immunity is impossible to achieve if males are not included in vaccination programs. […] The epidemiology of HPV is heterogeneous between the sexes, with a higher prevalence of infection in ano-genital areas among males, which is even higher in some subgroups. To date, the only way to block the chain of transmission is vaccination, but HPV vaccination programs, especially gender-neutral ones, are still in their infancy in many countries, particularly in less-developed countries.

• #23 Faculty Collaboration Database – Epidemiology and pathology of HPV disease in males. Gynecol Oncol 2010 May;117(2 Suppl):S15-9

  https://fcd.mcw.edu/?search/showPublication/id/835216

  It is currently recognized that besides the significant impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in females, HPV causes substantial disease in men as well. Genital warts are a common manifestation of male infection with HPV. Genital warts are highly infectious and approximately 65% of people who have sex with an infected partner will develop warts themselves. More than 90% of genital warts are caused by non-oncogenic HPV types 6 and 11. […] Several cancers of the anogenital tract and upper aero-digestive tract, and their precursor lesions in men are now understood to be caused by infection with sexually transmitted HPV. For example, there is increasing incidence of anal cancer in western countries; however, there are limited data on its primary cause, anal canal HPV infection. Genital HPV infection is very common in men with an ongoing international study estimating a prevalence of 65.2% in asymptomatic males aged 18-70 years. Lifetime number of sexual partners was the most significant risk factor for the acquisition of HPV infection (P0.05), and circumcision has been associated with reduced detection of HPV infection in men. HPV infections may be less likely to persist in men than in women. In men, the median time to clearance of any HPV infection was 5.9 months, with 75% of infections clearing within 12 months. More data are needed to better understand the natural history of HPV infection. Although the quadrivalent HPV vaccine has been shown to be effective and safe in men, low awareness of HPV in males may be a barrier to its use for the prevention of HPV infection.

• #24 Epidemiology of Anal HPV Infection in High-Risk Men Attending a Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic in Puerto Rico | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0083209

  Epidemiology of Anal HPV Infection in High-Risk Men Attending a Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic in Puerto Rico […] Recent studies in Puerto Rico have reported an increasing incidence of anal cancer in Puerto Rican men. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, genotype distribution and risk factors associated with anal HPV infection among men attending an STI clinic in Puerto Rico. […] The mean age of the study sample was 38.013.5 years. The most common HR types were 58, 51 and 31. Overall, HR anal HPV infection was found in 53.5% of the participants. Multiple HPV types in the anal canal were found in 47.6% of the sample. A third (29.8%) of participants reported being men who had sex with men (MSM). MSM had a significantly higher prevalence of any, HR and multiple HPV infection (p-value0.05).

• #25 Epidemiology of Anal HPV Infection in High-Risk Men Attending a Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic in Puerto Rico | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0083209

  Separate multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that being MSM was associated with any (OR=4.5; [95%CI: 1.910.7]), HR (OR=3.4; [95%CI: 1.110.3) and multiple anal HPV infection (OR=3.6; [95%CI: 1.59.1). HIV was marginally associated with multiple anal HPV infection in multivariate analysis (OR=3.3; 95%CI=1.011.0). […] Anal HPV is common among sexually active men attending this STI clinic, with higher likelihood of anal HPV infection among MSM. […] Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes approximately 600,000 cases of cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx annually, as well as benign diseases such as genital warts and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. HPV is responsible for 100% of the cervical cancer cases and more than 80% of anal cancer cases. Increasing interest in understanding the burden of HPV in men has been documented recently, particularly since the incidence of anal cancer, for which there are no effective screening programs, has been rising over the last couple of decades.

• #26 Epidemiology of Anal HPV Infection in High-Risk Men Attending a Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinic in Puerto Rico | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0083209

  Separate multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that being MSM was associated with any (OR=4.5; [95%CI: 1.910.7]), HR (OR=3.4; [95%CI: 1.110.3) and multiple anal HPV infection (OR=3.6; [95%CI: 1.59.1). HIV was marginally associated with multiple anal HPV infection in multivariate analysis (OR=3.3; 95%CI=1.011.0). […] Anal HPV is common among sexually active men attending this STI clinic, with higher likelihood of anal HPV infection among MSM. […] Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes approximately 600,000 cases of cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, anus and oropharynx annually, as well as benign diseases such as genital warts and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. HPV is responsible for 100% of the cervical cancer cases and more than 80% of anal cancer cases. Increasing interest in understanding the burden of HPV in men has been documented recently, particularly since the incidence of anal cancer, for which there are no effective screening programs, has been rising over the last couple of decades.

• #27 Human papillomavirus (HPV): Symptoms and treatment – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/human-papillomavirus-hpv.html

  HPV is a group of over 200 types of related viruses. Around 40 of them infect the genital area, mouth and throat. […] HPV infections can cause: cancers and pre-cancerous lesions, anogenital warts (relating to the anus and genitals). […] The HPV types that are more likely to cause cancer are classified as high risk. […] HPV is responsible for nearly: 100% of cervical cancers, 90% of anal cancers, 60% to 73% of throat (oropharyngeal) cancers, 40% to 50% of penile cancers, 40% of vaginal and vulva cancers. […] Over the past few decades, cancers of the throat caused by HPV have been rising in Canada and worldwide. Throat (oropharyngeal) cancer is now the most common type of HPV-related cancer in Canada. […] For cervical cancer screening, your health care provider can give you a Pap test to detect abnormal cells in the cervix caused by HPV. […] There’s no routine screening available to detect precancerous cells for other HPV-related cancers. […] Most HPV infections go away without treatment within a couple of years. […] Treatments are available for anogenital warts or pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions.

• #28 Chapter 5: Human Papillomavirus | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-5-human-papillomavirus.html

  This chapter provides general guidance for vaccine-preventable disease surveillance, describing the disease background/epidemiology, case investigation and reporting/notification, disease case definitions, and activities for enhancing surveillance, case investigation, and outbreak control for human papillomavirus. […] Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. An estimated 14 million persons newly infected every year, resulting in approximately $1.7 billion (estimates range from $800 million to $2.9 billion) in direct medical costs. […] Persistent HPV infection can cause cervical cancer in women as well as other anogenital cancers, oropharyngeal cancer, and genital warts in men and women. […] Nearly all cervical cancers are attributable to high-risk HPV types, and approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases worldwide are caused by types 16 and 18.

• #29 Epidemiology and Natural History of Human Papillomavirus Infections in the Female Genital Tract

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1581465/

  HPV 16 alone is linked to more than 50% of all cervical cancers; thus, the prevalence of HPV 16 is of special interest. […] Sexual activity is the primary risk factor for HPV infection, but condoms, although effective at preventing the spread of many other sexually transmitted infections, may not prevent all HPV infections. […] HPV is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. High-risk, oncogenic HPV types (including HPV 16 and HPV 18) are associated with 99.7% of all cervical cancers, as well as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), and abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) test results, which carry significant health care costs and psychosocial morbidity. […] HPV infection, unlike many genitourinary infections, is not usually associated with immediate symptoms such as itching, burning, and vaginal discharge. Rather, the majority of those infected with HPV will not develop clinical disease or symptoms because the host immune system resolves most infections.

• #30 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/6/1060

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. They are prevalent in young women, but infections may also occur in sexually active adults. […] Globally, 4.5% of all cancers are attributable to HPVs, which are responsible for 8.6% of cancer cases in women (the third most prevalent cause, with a high mortality) and 0.8% in men. […] HPV infections and related diseases affect both women and men. In fact, it is estimated that about 80% of sexually active women and men will be infected with HPV at least once during their lifetime. HPV infection is the second most common cause of cancer after gastric cancer, which is caused by Helicobacter pylori. […] HPV-16 and 18 cause 90% of HPV-related cancers, although cases linked to HPV 45, 33, and 35 have been increasing.

• #31

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Globally, it is estimated that 620 000 new cancer cases in women and 70 000 new cancer cases in men were caused by HPV in 2019 (1). Cervical cancer was the fourth leading cause of cancer and cancer deaths in women in 2022, with some 660 000 new cases and around 350 000 deaths worldwide (3). Cervical cancers account for over 90% of HPV-related cancers in women (1). […] The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in low- and middle-income countries. This reflects major inequities driven by lack of access to national HPV vaccination, cervical screening and treatment services, and social and economic determinants. […] HPV vaccines should be given to all girls aged 9-14 years, before they become sexually active. […] Testing cells from a woman’s cervix for HPV is used to screen women for cervical cancer. Women should be screened every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25.

• #32

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Globally, it is estimated that 620 000 new cancer cases in women and 70 000 new cancer cases in men were caused by HPV in 2019 (1). Cervical cancer was the fourth leading cause of cancer and cancer deaths in women in 2022, with some 660 000 new cases and around 350 000 deaths worldwide (3). Cervical cancers account for over 90% of HPV-related cancers in women (1). […] The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in low- and middle-income countries. This reflects major inequities driven by lack of access to national HPV vaccination, cervical screening and treatment services, and social and economic determinants. […] HPV vaccines should be given to all girls aged 9-14 years, before they become sexually active. […] Testing cells from a woman’s cervix for HPV is used to screen women for cervical cancer. Women should be screened every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25.

• #33

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Globally, it is estimated that 620 000 new cancer cases in women and 70 000 new cancer cases in men were caused by HPV in 2019 (1). Cervical cancer was the fourth leading cause of cancer and cancer deaths in women in 2022, with some 660 000 new cases and around 350 000 deaths worldwide (3). Cervical cancers account for over 90% of HPV-related cancers in women (1). […] The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in low- and middle-income countries. This reflects major inequities driven by lack of access to national HPV vaccination, cervical screening and treatment services, and social and economic determinants. […] HPV vaccines should be given to all girls aged 9-14 years, before they become sexually active. […] Testing cells from a woman’s cervix for HPV is used to screen women for cervical cancer. Women should be screened every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25.

• #34 The epidemiology and burden of HPV disease | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/the-epidemiology-and-burden-of-hpv-disease-08-09-2008/

  Margaret Stanley describes what human papillomavirus is and how it causes disease. […] About 30-40 HPVs regularly or sporadically infect the anogenital squamous epithelium of men and women. […] The high-risk genital HPVs viruses are true human cancer or oncogenic viruses and cause cancer of the cervix and a proportion of other anogenital cancers. […] The majority of CIN1 infections will be cleared by immune responses. […] About 15 oncogenic HPV types are associated with cervical cancer, HPV 16 and HPV 18 being the most important. […] Oncogenic HPV DNA sequences are detected in about 50% of carcinomas of the penis, vulva and vagina. […] Carcinoma of the anus and the precursor lesion, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, is associated in more than 90% of cases with HPV infection. […] Cervical cancer contributes only 2% of all cancers in developed countries but to 7% in developing countries.

• #35 Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-overview

  The percentages of other cancers caused by oncogenic HPV are as follows: Anal cancer: 90%; Vulvar cancer: 40%; Vaginal cancer: 40%; Oropharyngeal cancer: 12%; Oral cancer: 3%. […] Globally, HPV infection is the most common STD. Genital warts have affected as many as 30 million individuals worldwide. […] In many less-developed countries, cervical cancer is the most common cancer among women due to the lack of effective screening programs that monitor cervical cytology by Pap smear. […] The prevalence of high-risk HPV in women with normal cervical cytology varies among different regions of the world. Although the global HPV prevalence is estimated to be approximately 12%, higher prevalences are noted in sub-Saharan Africa (24%), eastern Europe (21.4%), and Latin America (16.1%). […] In many developing nations, cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality among women. Worldwide, it is the second most common cause of cancer mortality among women. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 570,000 new cases of cervical cancer occurred globally in 2018, and approximately 311,000 women died of cervical cancer during the same year.

• #36 Human papillomavirus (HPV): Symptoms and treatment – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/human-papillomavirus-hpv.html

  HPV is a group of over 200 types of related viruses. Around 40 of them infect the genital area, mouth and throat. […] HPV infections can cause: cancers and pre-cancerous lesions, anogenital warts (relating to the anus and genitals). […] The HPV types that are more likely to cause cancer are classified as high risk. […] HPV is responsible for nearly: 100% of cervical cancers, 90% of anal cancers, 60% to 73% of throat (oropharyngeal) cancers, 40% to 50% of penile cancers, 40% of vaginal and vulva cancers. […] Over the past few decades, cancers of the throat caused by HPV have been rising in Canada and worldwide. Throat (oropharyngeal) cancer is now the most common type of HPV-related cancer in Canada. […] For cervical cancer screening, your health care provider can give you a Pap test to detect abnormal cells in the cervix caused by HPV. […] There’s no routine screening available to detect precancerous cells for other HPV-related cancers. […] Most HPV infections go away without treatment within a couple of years. […] Treatments are available for anogenital warts or pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions.

• #37 HPV and the Changing Epidemiology of Head and Neck Cancer – Eye & Ear Foundation of Pittsburgh

  https://eyeandear.org/2023/08/hpv-and-the-changing-epidemiology-of-head-and-neck-cancer/

  An important paper published in 2011 in the Journal of Clinical Oncology found there was a 28% increase in all OPSCC, a 225% increase in HPV+ OPSCC, and a 50% decrease in HPV- OPSSC. It is now the most common HPV-associated malignancy in the U.S., surpassing cervical cancer. […] Rates continue to increase and will likely increase by even more over the next 20 years until vaccination, Dr. Zevallos said. This is a clear and present problem that were facing on a daily basis in our clinics and across the country. […] OPSCC is primarily a problem in developed nations like the U.S. and Europe, though it is beginning in underdeveloped nations. Rural areas are just not as tested. […] About 85% of people will get an HPV infection in their lifetime. Vaccinating all 11-12 year-olds can protect them long before they are ever exposed. The CDC recommends two doses of HPV vaccine for all adolescents at age 11 or 12 years. […] HPV+ OPSCC has dramatically altered the epidemiology, demographics, and outcomes in HNC.

• #38 Chapter 5: Human Papillomavirus | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-5-human-papillomavirus.html

  HPV infection has been considered the most important worldwide, with about 570,000 new cases and over 300,000 attributable deaths in 2018. […] Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types is widely recognized as the primary causative factor for development of cervical cancer. […] Most HPV infections are transient and asymptomatic. More than 90% of new HPV infections, including those caused by high-risk HPV types, clear or become undetectable within 2 years. […] In the United States, increased use of Papanicolaou (Pap) screening and treatment of precancers before they progress to cancer during the past decades has reduced the incidence of and mortality from cervical cancers. […] In 2012-2016, invasive cervical cancer incidence in the United States was 7.2 per 100,000 women, with over 12,000 new cases reported annually.

• #39 Chapter 5: Human Papillomavirus | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-5-human-papillomavirus.html

  HPV infection has been considered the most important worldwide, with about 570,000 new cases and over 300,000 attributable deaths in 2018. […] Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types is widely recognized as the primary causative factor for development of cervical cancer. […] Most HPV infections are transient and asymptomatic. More than 90% of new HPV infections, including those caused by high-risk HPV types, clear or become undetectable within 2 years. […] In the United States, increased use of Papanicolaou (Pap) screening and treatment of precancers before they progress to cancer during the past decades has reduced the incidence of and mortality from cervical cancers. […] In 2012-2016, invasive cervical cancer incidence in the United States was 7.2 per 100,000 women, with over 12,000 new cases reported annually.

• #40

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a group of 200 known viruses. They do not cause concerns in most people, but infection with some high-risk types is common and can cause genital warts or cancer. […] In 90% of people the body controls the infection by itself. Persistent HPV infection with high-risk HPV types is the cause of cervical cancer and is associated with cancers of the vulva, vagina, mouth/throat, penis and anus (1). […] In 2019, HPV caused an estimated 620 000 cancer cases in women and 70 000 cancer cases in men (1). […] Cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer caused by HPV, other less common cancers affecting men and women, including anal, vulvar, vaginal, mouth/throat and penile cancers. […] The highest prevalence of cervical HPV among women is in sub-Saharan Africa (24%), followed by Latin America and the Caribbean (16%), eastern Europe (14%), and South-East Asia (14%) (2).

• #41 SciELO Brazil – Update on human papilloma virus – part I: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical spectrum^,, Update on human papilloma virus – part I: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical spectrumhttps://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/ZZtwyNTQsx3RfBfhpctD8rt/

  Infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) is related to a great number of cutaneous and mucosal manifestations. […] Knowledge regarding their epidemiology and pathogenesis is important to understand not only infection and disease processes, but also to formulate the clinical and laboratory basis for diagnosis, therapeutics, and prophylactic measures. […] The high prevalence of infection by the human papilloma virus (HPV) and its relationship with diseases, ranging from benign conditions in the skin and mucous membranes to the most frequent sexually transmitted infection (STI), indicate its importance in the public health scenario and the role of the dermatologist as one of the professionals trained to diagnose and treat many of these diseases. […] Currently, approximately 218 types of HPV have been isolated and identified as causing infections in humans.

• #42 Human papillomavirus (HPV): Symptoms and treatment – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/human-papillomavirus-hpv.html

  HPV is a group of over 200 types of related viruses. Around 40 of them infect the genital area, mouth and throat. […] HPV infections can cause: cancers and pre-cancerous lesions, anogenital warts (relating to the anus and genitals). […] The HPV types that are more likely to cause cancer are classified as high risk. […] HPV is responsible for nearly: 100% of cervical cancers, 90% of anal cancers, 60% to 73% of throat (oropharyngeal) cancers, 40% to 50% of penile cancers, 40% of vaginal and vulva cancers. […] Over the past few decades, cancers of the throat caused by HPV have been rising in Canada and worldwide. Throat (oropharyngeal) cancer is now the most common type of HPV-related cancer in Canada. […] For cervical cancer screening, your health care provider can give you a Pap test to detect abnormal cells in the cervix caused by HPV. […] There’s no routine screening available to detect precancerous cells for other HPV-related cancers. […] Most HPV infections go away without treatment within a couple of years. […] Treatments are available for anogenital warts or pre-cancerous and cancerous lesions.

• #43 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/HPV.aspx

  HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. In 2018, there were about 43 million HPV infections in the US, many among people in their late teens and early 20s. HPV is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Most people who become infected with HPV will not have any symptoms and will clear the infection on their own. Yet, when HPV infections persist, they might lead to abnormal Pap tests, genital warts, or cancer. […] There are many different strains of HPV, which are classified into two main groups: high risk and low risk. High-risk HPV can cause cancer of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and throat. Low-risk HPV can cause genital and anal warts. […] The HPV vaccine offers protection against most HPV related cancers and anogenital warts. Routine HPV vaccination is recommended for all children at age 11 or 12, and can begin as early as age 9. Catch up vaccination is available until age 26. Some adults ages 27-45 may decide to get the HPV vaccine based on discussion with their clinician, if they were not vaccinated when they were younger. […] Data Surveillance […] HPV-Related Cancer Statistics (CDC) […] HPV-Associated Cancers and HPV Vaccination Coverage in California (CDPH) (PDF) […] HPV/Cervical Pre-Cancer Surveillance Impact (HPV Impact) […] California Cancer Facts and Figures.

• #44 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/HPV.aspx

  HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. In 2018, there were about 43 million HPV infections in the US, many among people in their late teens and early 20s. HPV is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Most people who become infected with HPV will not have any symptoms and will clear the infection on their own. Yet, when HPV infections persist, they might lead to abnormal Pap tests, genital warts, or cancer. […] There are many different strains of HPV, which are classified into two main groups: high risk and low risk. High-risk HPV can cause cancer of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and throat. Low-risk HPV can cause genital and anal warts. […] The HPV vaccine offers protection against most HPV related cancers and anogenital warts. Routine HPV vaccination is recommended for all children at age 11 or 12, and can begin as early as age 9. Catch up vaccination is available until age 26. Some adults ages 27-45 may decide to get the HPV vaccine based on discussion with their clinician, if they were not vaccinated when they were younger. […] Data Surveillance […] HPV-Related Cancer Statistics (CDC) […] HPV-Associated Cancers and HPV Vaccination Coverage in California (CDPH) (PDF) […] HPV/Cervical Pre-Cancer Surveillance Impact (HPV Impact) […] California Cancer Facts and Figures.

• #45 The epidemiology and burden of HPV disease | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/the-epidemiology-and-burden-of-hpv-disease-08-09-2008/

  Margaret Stanley describes what human papillomavirus is and how it causes disease. […] About 30-40 HPVs regularly or sporadically infect the anogenital squamous epithelium of men and women. […] The high-risk genital HPVs viruses are true human cancer or oncogenic viruses and cause cancer of the cervix and a proportion of other anogenital cancers. […] The majority of CIN1 infections will be cleared by immune responses. […] About 15 oncogenic HPV types are associated with cervical cancer, HPV 16 and HPV 18 being the most important. […] Oncogenic HPV DNA sequences are detected in about 50% of carcinomas of the penis, vulva and vagina. […] Carcinoma of the anus and the precursor lesion, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, is associated in more than 90% of cases with HPV infection. […] Cervical cancer contributes only 2% of all cancers in developed countries but to 7% in developing countries.

• #46 The epidemiology and burden of HPV disease | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/the-epidemiology-and-burden-of-hpv-disease-08-09-2008/

  Margaret Stanley describes what human papillomavirus is and how it causes disease. […] About 30-40 HPVs regularly or sporadically infect the anogenital squamous epithelium of men and women. […] The high-risk genital HPVs viruses are true human cancer or oncogenic viruses and cause cancer of the cervix and a proportion of other anogenital cancers. […] The majority of CIN1 infections will be cleared by immune responses. […] About 15 oncogenic HPV types are associated with cervical cancer, HPV 16 and HPV 18 being the most important. […] Oncogenic HPV DNA sequences are detected in about 50% of carcinomas of the penis, vulva and vagina. […] Carcinoma of the anus and the precursor lesion, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, is associated in more than 90% of cases with HPV infection. […] Cervical cancer contributes only 2% of all cancers in developed countries but to 7% in developing countries.

• #47 The epidemiology and burden of HPV disease | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/the-epidemiology-and-burden-of-hpv-disease-08-09-2008/

  Margaret Stanley describes what human papillomavirus is and how it causes disease. […] About 30-40 HPVs regularly or sporadically infect the anogenital squamous epithelium of men and women. […] The high-risk genital HPVs viruses are true human cancer or oncogenic viruses and cause cancer of the cervix and a proportion of other anogenital cancers. […] The majority of CIN1 infections will be cleared by immune responses. […] About 15 oncogenic HPV types are associated with cervical cancer, HPV 16 and HPV 18 being the most important. […] Oncogenic HPV DNA sequences are detected in about 50% of carcinomas of the penis, vulva and vagina. […] Carcinoma of the anus and the precursor lesion, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, is associated in more than 90% of cases with HPV infection. […] Cervical cancer contributes only 2% of all cancers in developed countries but to 7% in developing countries.

• #48 The epidemiology and burden of HPV disease | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/the-epidemiology-and-burden-of-hpv-disease-08-09-2008/

  Margaret Stanley describes what human papillomavirus is and how it causes disease. […] About 30-40 HPVs regularly or sporadically infect the anogenital squamous epithelium of men and women. […] The high-risk genital HPVs viruses are true human cancer or oncogenic viruses and cause cancer of the cervix and a proportion of other anogenital cancers. […] The majority of CIN1 infections will be cleared by immune responses. […] About 15 oncogenic HPV types are associated with cervical cancer, HPV 16 and HPV 18 being the most important. […] Oncogenic HPV DNA sequences are detected in about 50% of carcinomas of the penis, vulva and vagina. […] Carcinoma of the anus and the precursor lesion, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, is associated in more than 90% of cases with HPV infection. […] Cervical cancer contributes only 2% of all cancers in developed countries but to 7% in developing countries.

• #49 The epidemiology and burden of HPV disease | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/the-epidemiology-and-burden-of-hpv-disease-08-09-2008/

  Margaret Stanley describes what human papillomavirus is and how it causes disease. […] About 30-40 HPVs regularly or sporadically infect the anogenital squamous epithelium of men and women. […] The high-risk genital HPVs viruses are true human cancer or oncogenic viruses and cause cancer of the cervix and a proportion of other anogenital cancers. […] The majority of CIN1 infections will be cleared by immune responses. […] About 15 oncogenic HPV types are associated with cervical cancer, HPV 16 and HPV 18 being the most important. […] Oncogenic HPV DNA sequences are detected in about 50% of carcinomas of the penis, vulva and vagina. […] Carcinoma of the anus and the precursor lesion, anal intraepithelial neoplasia, is associated in more than 90% of cases with HPV infection. […] Cervical cancer contributes only 2% of all cancers in developed countries but to 7% in developing countries.

• #50 Epidemiology of HPV infection in China – Innovation Lab for Vaccine Delivery Research | Duke Kunshan University

  https://vaxlab.dukekunshan.edu.cn/en/evidence-db-expert/hpv-vaccine-policy-advocacy-evidence-repository/epidemiology-of-hpv-infection-in-china/

  The epidemiology of HPV infection in China has both similarities and differences compared to the global data. The total corrected HPV infection rate in the general population ranges from about 13.1-18.8%, with a corrected infection rate of 12.95-17.1% for high-risk HPV and 3.28% for low-risk HPV. The prevalence of HPV infection varies according to the region and the population group, with a range of about 14.9%-16.0% in urban areas and about 13.7%-16.3% in rural areas. The highest infection rates of total HPV, high-risk and low-risk types among women population were in East China, with 17.54%, 14.17% and 3.75%, respectively. The total HPV infection rate, high-risk and low-risk HPV type infection rates were higher in South China than in the North. HPV infection rates also vary by age groups. A multicenter cross-sectional survey study indicated that the rate of high-risk HPV infection in China showed a double-peak in puberty and perimenopause. Higher infection rates were observed in those younger than 25 and those between the ages of 41-45. The second peak of infection may be related to the increase in exposure to HPV, and the changes in the internal environment of the female organism and the immune system.

• #51 Epidemiology of HPV infection in China – Innovation Lab for Vaccine Delivery Research | Duke Kunshan University

  https://vaxlab.dukekunshan.edu.cn/en/evidence-db-expert/hpv-vaccine-policy-advocacy-evidence-repository/epidemiology-of-hpv-infection-in-china/

  The epidemiology of HPV infection in China has both similarities and differences compared to the global data. The total corrected HPV infection rate in the general population ranges from about 13.1-18.8%, with a corrected infection rate of 12.95-17.1% for high-risk HPV and 3.28% for low-risk HPV. The prevalence of HPV infection varies according to the region and the population group, with a range of about 14.9%-16.0% in urban areas and about 13.7%-16.3% in rural areas. The highest infection rates of total HPV, high-risk and low-risk types among women population were in East China, with 17.54%, 14.17% and 3.75%, respectively. The total HPV infection rate, high-risk and low-risk HPV type infection rates were higher in South China than in the North. HPV infection rates also vary by age groups. A multicenter cross-sectional survey study indicated that the rate of high-risk HPV infection in China showed a double-peak in puberty and perimenopause. Higher infection rates were observed in those younger than 25 and those between the ages of 41-45. The second peak of infection may be related to the increase in exposure to HPV, and the changes in the internal environment of the female organism and the immune system.

• #52

  http://reproduct-endo.com/article/view/88249

  The article presents data on the prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV) in Ukraine on the basis of studies of more than 40 000 women of different ages, surveyed in a medical laboratory DILA for the period from 2014 to 2016. […] Among all surveyed the number of women with HPV was 34%, the majority of which (65%) were infected with high risk HPV genotypes, and in 90% of cases it was mixed infection. […] The structure of the detection of various high risk HPV genotypes in Ukraine is: 16th genotype 23%, 53th genotype 16%, 31th genotype 14%, 33th genotype 11%, 66th genotype 11%, 68th genotype 11%. […] The greatest proportion of HPV-infected women had an young age (less than 20 years and 2029 years). […] Regardless of the severity of intraepithelial lesions the largest share of infected with human papilloma virus Ukrainian women accounted for 16th genotype: 24% with CIN I, 61% with CIN II, and 70% with CIN III. […] Thus, we can assume that in Ukraine the 16th, 31th, 33th and 18th genotypes associated with various degrees of CIN, i.e. women which is infected with these genotypes make up a high-risk group.

• #53

  http://reproduct-endo.com/article/view/88249

  The article presents data on the prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV) in Ukraine on the basis of studies of more than 40 000 women of different ages, surveyed in a medical laboratory DILA for the period from 2014 to 2016. […] Among all surveyed the number of women with HPV was 34%, the majority of which (65%) were infected with high risk HPV genotypes, and in 90% of cases it was mixed infection. […] The structure of the detection of various high risk HPV genotypes in Ukraine is: 16th genotype 23%, 53th genotype 16%, 31th genotype 14%, 33th genotype 11%, 66th genotype 11%, 68th genotype 11%. […] The greatest proportion of HPV-infected women had an young age (less than 20 years and 2029 years). […] Regardless of the severity of intraepithelial lesions the largest share of infected with human papilloma virus Ukrainian women accounted for 16th genotype: 24% with CIN I, 61% with CIN II, and 70% with CIN III. […] Thus, we can assume that in Ukraine the 16th, 31th, 33th and 18th genotypes associated with various degrees of CIN, i.e. women which is infected with these genotypes make up a high-risk group.

• #54 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/6/1060

  The purpose of this overview is to summarize recent studies in order to highlight how epidemiology and prevention strategies have developed in recent years. […] To date, vaccines provide the best and most cost-effective option for prevention. […] Primary prevention against HPV is available due to the presence of vaccines targeting high-risk genotypes; in fact, since 2006, more than 110 countries have implemented vaccination campaigns against HPV, but only about 40 countries have introduced programs that are gender-neutral. […] Herd immunity is impossible to achieve if males are not included in vaccination programs. […] The epidemiology of HPV is heterogeneous between the sexes, with a higher prevalence of infection in ano-genital areas among males, which is even higher in some subgroups. To date, the only way to block the chain of transmission is vaccination, but HPV vaccination programs, especially gender-neutral ones, are still in their infancy in many countries, particularly in less-developed countries.

• #55 Preventing HPV infection and HPV-related diseases | Australian Centre for Disease Control

  https://www.cdc.gov.au/newsroom/news-and-articles/preventing-hpv-infection-and-hpv-related-diseases

  Australia was the first country to implement a fully funded national population based human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program aiming to prevent HPV infection and HPV-related diseases. […] The HPV Surveillance Working Group (a working group of the Communicable Diseases Network Australia) has prepared a national plan to support HPV surveillance and monitoring in Australia. This plan incorporates selected indicators and data sources from existing national programs in the context of an HPV vaccination under the National Immunisation Program (NIP). […] The NIP introduced the HPV vaccination in 2007. Between 2007 and 2009, all females aged 12 to 26 years were offered vaccination against HPV through schools and a community-based program. […] In 2013, the program was extended to include males. As of February 2023, the routine 2-dose HPV vaccine schedule provided to young people aged 12 to 13 years became a single dose schedule using the Gardasil®9 vaccine.

• #56 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10303003/

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is sexually transmitted, one of the three most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in both males and females, and the most common viral STI. A crucial public health strategy to protect people against HPV is vaccination, which has shown its effectiveness in preventing HPV-related diseases. Presently, three types of vaccines are available (bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonvalent), and they all target the two most oncogenic virus genotypes (HPV 16 and 18). In recent years, the need to implement vaccination programmes that include all genders has been discussed in order to achieve herd immunity against HPV. To date, only a few countries have included young males in their vaccination programmes. Thus, our objective with this review is to provide an overview of the epidemiology of HPV and HPV prevention strategies and report the latest findings from the scientific literature.

• #57 Factsheet about human papillomavirus

  https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/human-papillomavirus/factsheet

  Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer after breast cancer to affect women aged 1544 years in the European Union. The primary cause of cervical cancer is a persistent infection of the genital tract by some specific types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is present in most cases of cervical lesions, which can further develop into cancer. At least 14 HPV types classified as high risk can cause cervical cancer in women, and are associated with other anogenital cancers and head and neck cancers in both men and women. HPV 16 and HPV 18 are the most common high-risk types, causing about 70 %of all cases of cervical cancer. […] All of the licensed vaccines contain antigens that provide protection against conditions caused by HPV types 16 and 18 and are shown to prevent more than 90% of precancerous lesions associated with these 2 types of viruses. […] The nine-valent vaccine additionally prevents more than 90% of precancerous lesions associated with HPV 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58 types. […] HPV vaccines are given in a two dose regimen over a six-month period for 9 to15 years old and in three doses to individuals aged 16 years or older.

• #58 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10303003/

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is sexually transmitted, one of the three most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in both males and females, and the most common viral STI. A crucial public health strategy to protect people against HPV is vaccination, which has shown its effectiveness in preventing HPV-related diseases. Presently, three types of vaccines are available (bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonvalent), and they all target the two most oncogenic virus genotypes (HPV 16 and 18). In recent years, the need to implement vaccination programmes that include all genders has been discussed in order to achieve herd immunity against HPV. To date, only a few countries have included young males in their vaccination programmes. Thus, our objective with this review is to provide an overview of the epidemiology of HPV and HPV prevention strategies and report the latest findings from the scientific literature.

• #59 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/6/1060

  The purpose of this overview is to summarize recent studies in order to highlight how epidemiology and prevention strategies have developed in recent years. […] To date, vaccines provide the best and most cost-effective option for prevention. […] Primary prevention against HPV is available due to the presence of vaccines targeting high-risk genotypes; in fact, since 2006, more than 110 countries have implemented vaccination campaigns against HPV, but only about 40 countries have introduced programs that are gender-neutral. […] Herd immunity is impossible to achieve if males are not included in vaccination programs. […] The epidemiology of HPV is heterogeneous between the sexes, with a higher prevalence of infection in ano-genital areas among males, which is even higher in some subgroups. To date, the only way to block the chain of transmission is vaccination, but HPV vaccination programs, especially gender-neutral ones, are still in their infancy in many countries, particularly in less-developed countries.

• #60 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/6/1060

  The purpose of this overview is to summarize recent studies in order to highlight how epidemiology and prevention strategies have developed in recent years. […] To date, vaccines provide the best and most cost-effective option for prevention. […] Primary prevention against HPV is available due to the presence of vaccines targeting high-risk genotypes; in fact, since 2006, more than 110 countries have implemented vaccination campaigns against HPV, but only about 40 countries have introduced programs that are gender-neutral. […] Herd immunity is impossible to achieve if males are not included in vaccination programs. […] The epidemiology of HPV is heterogeneous between the sexes, with a higher prevalence of infection in ano-genital areas among males, which is even higher in some subgroups. To date, the only way to block the chain of transmission is vaccination, but HPV vaccination programs, especially gender-neutral ones, are still in their infancy in many countries, particularly in less-developed countries.

• #61 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/6/1060

  The purpose of this overview is to summarize recent studies in order to highlight how epidemiology and prevention strategies have developed in recent years. […] To date, vaccines provide the best and most cost-effective option for prevention. […] Primary prevention against HPV is available due to the presence of vaccines targeting high-risk genotypes; in fact, since 2006, more than 110 countries have implemented vaccination campaigns against HPV, but only about 40 countries have introduced programs that are gender-neutral. […] Herd immunity is impossible to achieve if males are not included in vaccination programs. […] The epidemiology of HPV is heterogeneous between the sexes, with a higher prevalence of infection in ano-genital areas among males, which is even higher in some subgroups. To date, the only way to block the chain of transmission is vaccination, but HPV vaccination programs, especially gender-neutral ones, are still in their infancy in many countries, particularly in less-developed countries.

• #62 Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention: Is There Still a Gender Gap?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10303003/

  HPV infections and related diseases affect both women and men. In fact, it is estimated that about 80% of sexually active women and men will be infected with HPV at least once during their lifetime. HPV infection is the second most common cause of cancer after gastric cancer, which is caused by Helicobacter pylori. However, the epidemiology of HPV differs between male and female populations. […] The epidemiology of HPV is heterogeneous between the sexes, with a higher prevalence of infection in ano-genital areas among males, which is even higher in some subgroups. To date, the only way to block the chain of transmission is vaccination, but HPV vaccination programs, especially gender-neutral ones, are still in their infancy in many countries, particularly in less-developed countries. This makes it difficult to achieve herd immunity, especially in males who were only invited to get vaccinated years after the first vaccine was introduced. There is growing evidence that only gender-neutral vaccination will lead to substantial control of HPV-related diseases in both women and men and maximize cervical cancer prevention, especially if the vaccination coverage for girls in a particular region is not high.

• #63 Epidemiology and Natural History of Human Papillomavirus Infections in the Female Genital Tract

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1581465/

  A number of factors are associated with an increased risk of initial infection and/or clinical sequelae such as genital warts, CIN or invasive cancer. […] Immunosuppressed and HIV positive individuals are at a high risk of both HPV infection and HPV-associated disease. […] The strong correlation between infection with high-risk types of HPV and LSIL, HSIL, and cervical cancer suggests that HPV DNA testing would be a useful tool for the management of women with abnormal Pap test results, especially in the case of those with equivocal test results. […] HPV is one of the most common infections of the female genital tract, and it is also one of the most costly. HPV-associated health care costs include routine Pap tests, treatment of genital warts, follow-up of cytological abnormalities, and management of cervical malignancies. […] Prophylactic HPV vaccines that confer protection against both high- and low-risk HPV types are expected to substantially reduce the burden of HPV-associated disease.

• #64 HPV and Cervical Cancer: Molecular and Immunological Aspects, Epidemiology and Effect of Vaccination in Latin American Women

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/3/327

  Vaccination is one of the most efficient strategies worldwide for reducing HPV-related cancers and infections. […] The implementation of vaccine campaigns has been an adequate strategy adopted by several countries attempting to reduce the incidence of HPV-related diseases. […] Cervarix®, Gardasil®, and Gardasil 9® are preventive vaccines directed to certain serotypes of HPV and they are designed as virus-like particles (VLP), meaning they resemble the external part of the HPV but do not have any infectious material in the inner side, making the vaccination safer. […] Even though the most popular types of vaccines are the prophylactic ones, used to prevent infection by HPVs, there are other kinds of vaccines called “therapeutic vaccines”, useful in treating patients who are already infected and present some symptoms caused by HPVs.

• #65 Preventing HPV infection and HPV-related diseases | Australian Centre for Disease Control

  https://www.cdc.gov.au/newsroom/news-and-articles/preventing-hpv-infection-and-hpv-related-diseases

  Australia has aligned its goal of eliminating cervical cancer as a public health problem with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) 2030 goals. […] By 2035, Australia aims to achieve the following targets beyond the WHO goals: extending the 90% HPV vaccination target to include males as well as females.

• #66 Preventing HPV infection and HPV-related diseases | Australian Centre for Disease Control

  https://www.cdc.gov.au/newsroom/news-and-articles/preventing-hpv-infection-and-hpv-related-diseases

  Australia has aligned its goal of eliminating cervical cancer as a public health problem with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) 2030 goals. […] By 2035, Australia aims to achieve the following targets beyond the WHO goals: extending the 90% HPV vaccination target to include males as well as females.

• #67 Chapter 5: Human Papillomavirus | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-5-human-papillomavirus.html

  HPV was detected in about 90% of cervical cancers. […] HPV infections are not nationally notifiable. […] However, special studies to monitor HPV infection and HPV-associated diseases can help determine the impact of HPV vaccines. […] After the quadrivalent HPV vaccine was licensed in 2006, Healthy People 2020 stated an objective of 80% coverage with 3 doses of HPV vaccine for females by age 13 to 15 years. […] HPV infections and most HPV-associated conditions are not nationally notifiable. However, invasive cancers and in situ cancers (including cancers and precancers caused by HPV) are reportable to central cancer registries. […] The primary goal of HPV vaccination is to prevent cervical cancers, other HPV-associated cancers, and genital warts associated with vaccine-targeted HPV infections. […] Surveillance data on HPV-associated cancers, including cervical cancer, are collected in 2 population-based central cancer registries NPCR and SEER which together collect data on cancers diagnosed in 100% of the US population.

• #68 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  One study found that, during 2003-2004, at any given time, 26.8% of women aged 14 to 59 were infected with at least one type of HPV. This was higher than previous estimates; 15.2% were infected with one or more of the high-risk types that can cause cancer. […] Human papillomavirus is not included among the diseases that are typically reportable to the CDC as of 2011.

• #69 Chapter 5: Human Papillomavirus | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-5-human-papillomavirus.html

  HPV was detected in about 90% of cervical cancers. […] HPV infections are not nationally notifiable. […] However, special studies to monitor HPV infection and HPV-associated diseases can help determine the impact of HPV vaccines. […] After the quadrivalent HPV vaccine was licensed in 2006, Healthy People 2020 stated an objective of 80% coverage with 3 doses of HPV vaccine for females by age 13 to 15 years. […] HPV infections and most HPV-associated conditions are not nationally notifiable. However, invasive cancers and in situ cancers (including cancers and precancers caused by HPV) are reportable to central cancer registries. […] The primary goal of HPV vaccination is to prevent cervical cancers, other HPV-associated cancers, and genital warts associated with vaccine-targeted HPV infections. […] Surveillance data on HPV-associated cancers, including cervical cancer, are collected in 2 population-based central cancer registries NPCR and SEER which together collect data on cancers diagnosed in 100% of the US population.

• #70 Chapter 5: Human Papillomavirus | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-5-human-papillomavirus.html

  HPV was detected in about 90% of cervical cancers. […] HPV infections are not nationally notifiable. […] However, special studies to monitor HPV infection and HPV-associated diseases can help determine the impact of HPV vaccines. […] After the quadrivalent HPV vaccine was licensed in 2006, Healthy People 2020 stated an objective of 80% coverage with 3 doses of HPV vaccine for females by age 13 to 15 years. […] HPV infections and most HPV-associated conditions are not nationally notifiable. However, invasive cancers and in situ cancers (including cancers and precancers caused by HPV) are reportable to central cancer registries. […] The primary goal of HPV vaccination is to prevent cervical cancers, other HPV-associated cancers, and genital warts associated with vaccine-targeted HPV infections. […] Surveillance data on HPV-associated cancers, including cervical cancer, are collected in 2 population-based central cancer registries NPCR and SEER which together collect data on cancers diagnosed in 100% of the US population.

• #71

  https://www.oregon.gov/oha/ph/diseasesconditions/communicabledisease/emerginginfections/pages/hpv-impact.aspx

  The Human Papillomavirus Impact Monitoring Project (HPV-IMPACT) is a component of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Emerging Infections Programs (EIP), a collaboration between CDC, state health departments, and universities. […] HPV-IMPACT is a population-based surveillance system that evaluates the impact and effectiveness of the HPV vaccination program by monitoring trends in cervical precancers and cervical cancers. […] An estimated 13 million persons are newly infected with a disease-associated type every year in the US. […] HPV causes cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and oropharynx (throat). […] Almost all cervical cancers are due to genital HPV infection, and about 70% are caused by two high risk types, HPV-16 and -18. […] HPV-IMPACT conducts surveillance for cervical precancers and cancers: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN-2), Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 (CIN-2/3), Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN-3), Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), Invasive cervical cancer.

• #72

  https://www.oregon.gov/oha/ph/diseasesconditions/communicabledisease/emerginginfections/pages/hpv-impact.aspx

  The Human Papillomavirus Impact Monitoring Project (HPV-IMPACT) is a component of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Emerging Infections Programs (EIP), a collaboration between CDC, state health departments, and universities. […] HPV-IMPACT is a population-based surveillance system that evaluates the impact and effectiveness of the HPV vaccination program by monitoring trends in cervical precancers and cervical cancers. […] An estimated 13 million persons are newly infected with a disease-associated type every year in the US. […] HPV causes cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and oropharynx (throat). […] Almost all cervical cancers are due to genital HPV infection, and about 70% are caused by two high risk types, HPV-16 and -18. […] HPV-IMPACT conducts surveillance for cervical precancers and cancers: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN-2), Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3 (CIN-2/3), Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN-3), Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), Invasive cervical cancer.

• #73 Monitoring of HPV in the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases (MSIS) – NIPH

  https://www.fhi.no/en/ou/msis/msis-biobank/monitoring-of-hpv-in-msis/

  The vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) was introduced into the childhood immunisation programme in 2009. The effectiveness of the vaccine is evaluated through the national surveillance of the HPV vaccination programme. Since 2017, the incidence of HPV genotypes in cervical cancer and precursors to cervical cancer is monitored in MSIS. […] Following the introduction of the HPV vaccine into the childhood immunisation programme in 2009, the incidence and changes in human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in precursors to cervical cancer or cervical cancer in the population are being tracked. […] The purpose of the testing is to evaluate the effectiveness of the HPV vaccine on HPV incidence and the distribution of HPV genotypes. […] The Norwegian Institute of Public Health records positive HPV results in MSIS and monitors changes in HPV genotype. […] National surveillance of the HPV vaccination programme

• #74

  https://www.oregon.gov/oha/ph/diseasesconditions/communicabledisease/emerginginfections/pages/hpv-impact.aspx

  Monitor trends in overall incidence of CIN2+ (including precancers and invasive cancer) over time in defined populations. […] Monitor prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes in CIN2+ precancer cases aged 18-39 years and in cancer cases aged 18 years. […] Estimate and monitor trends in cervical cancer screening utilization among residents of the catchment areas; and estimate the proportion of patients with CIN2+ who received the HPV vaccine and estimate vaccine effectiveness. […] Oregon law, Oregon Administrative Rule 333-010-0032, requires pathology labs to report cervical biopsy reports that show evidence of high-grade dysplasia. […] We produce estimates of disease burden over time for various population groups, and we measure impact of vaccine on cervical disease. […] Increase the proportion of teens who receive the recommended doses of the HPV vaccine.

• #75

  https://www.oregon.gov/oha/ph/diseasesconditions/communicabledisease/emerginginfections/pages/hpv-impact.aspx

  Monitor trends in overall incidence of CIN2+ (including precancers and invasive cancer) over time in defined populations. […] Monitor prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes in CIN2+ precancer cases aged 18-39 years and in cancer cases aged 18 years. […] Estimate and monitor trends in cervical cancer screening utilization among residents of the catchment areas; and estimate the proportion of patients with CIN2+ who received the HPV vaccine and estimate vaccine effectiveness. […] Oregon law, Oregon Administrative Rule 333-010-0032, requires pathology labs to report cervical biopsy reports that show evidence of high-grade dysplasia. […] We produce estimates of disease burden over time for various population groups, and we measure impact of vaccine on cervical disease. […] Increase the proportion of teens who receive the recommended doses of the HPV vaccine.

• #76

  https://www.oregon.gov/oha/ph/diseasesconditions/communicabledisease/emerginginfections/pages/hpv-impact.aspx

  Monitor trends in overall incidence of CIN2+ (including precancers and invasive cancer) over time in defined populations. […] Monitor prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes in CIN2+ precancer cases aged 18-39 years and in cancer cases aged 18 years. […] Estimate and monitor trends in cervical cancer screening utilization among residents of the catchment areas; and estimate the proportion of patients with CIN2+ who received the HPV vaccine and estimate vaccine effectiveness. […] Oregon law, Oregon Administrative Rule 333-010-0032, requires pathology labs to report cervical biopsy reports that show evidence of high-grade dysplasia. […] We produce estimates of disease burden over time for various population groups, and we measure impact of vaccine on cervical disease. […] Increase the proportion of teens who receive the recommended doses of the HPV vaccine.

• #77

  https://www.oregon.gov/oha/ph/diseasesconditions/communicabledisease/emerginginfections/pages/hpv-impact.aspx

  Monitor trends in overall incidence of CIN2+ (including precancers and invasive cancer) over time in defined populations. […] Monitor prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes in CIN2+ precancer cases aged 18-39 years and in cancer cases aged 18 years. […] Estimate and monitor trends in cervical cancer screening utilization among residents of the catchment areas; and estimate the proportion of patients with CIN2+ who received the HPV vaccine and estimate vaccine effectiveness. […] Oregon law, Oregon Administrative Rule 333-010-0032, requires pathology labs to report cervical biopsy reports that show evidence of high-grade dysplasia. […] We produce estimates of disease burden over time for various population groups, and we measure impact of vaccine on cervical disease. […] Increase the proportion of teens who receive the recommended doses of the HPV vaccine.

• #78 Chapter 5: Human Papillomavirus | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-5-human-papillomavirus.html

  HPV was detected in about 90% of cervical cancers. […] HPV infections are not nationally notifiable. […] However, special studies to monitor HPV infection and HPV-associated diseases can help determine the impact of HPV vaccines. […] After the quadrivalent HPV vaccine was licensed in 2006, Healthy People 2020 stated an objective of 80% coverage with 3 doses of HPV vaccine for females by age 13 to 15 years. […] HPV infections and most HPV-associated conditions are not nationally notifiable. However, invasive cancers and in situ cancers (including cancers and precancers caused by HPV) are reportable to central cancer registries. […] The primary goal of HPV vaccination is to prevent cervical cancers, other HPV-associated cancers, and genital warts associated with vaccine-targeted HPV infections. […] Surveillance data on HPV-associated cancers, including cervical cancer, are collected in 2 population-based central cancer registries NPCR and SEER which together collect data on cancers diagnosed in 100% of the US population.

• #79 Monitoring of HPV in the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases (MSIS) – NIPH

  https://www.fhi.no/en/ou/msis/msis-biobank/monitoring-of-hpv-in-msis/

  The vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) was introduced into the childhood immunisation programme in 2009. The effectiveness of the vaccine is evaluated through the national surveillance of the HPV vaccination programme. Since 2017, the incidence of HPV genotypes in cervical cancer and precursors to cervical cancer is monitored in MSIS. […] Following the introduction of the HPV vaccine into the childhood immunisation programme in 2009, the incidence and changes in human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in precursors to cervical cancer or cervical cancer in the population are being tracked. […] The purpose of the testing is to evaluate the effectiveness of the HPV vaccine on HPV incidence and the distribution of HPV genotypes. […] The Norwegian Institute of Public Health records positive HPV results in MSIS and monitors changes in HPV genotype. […] National surveillance of the HPV vaccination programme

• #80 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) | Texas DSHS

  https://www.dshs.texas.gov/hivstd/info/hpv

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the U.S. Most sexually active people will have HPV at some point in their lives. There are more than 150 types of HPV. […] HPV is easily spread by skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity with another person. It is difficult to know when you got HPV or who gave it to you because you can have it for a long time without knowing it. […] Younger women who are sexually active are more vulnerable to HPV infection because their cervical cells are not fully mature and thus more susceptible to infection. […] Women should get regular cervical cancer screenings starting at age 21 and continuing through age 65. Ask your provider how often you need to be screened. […] HPV vaccines do not protect against all types of HPV that cause cervical cancer, so vaccinated women should keep getting regular screening.

• #81 HPV infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351596

  HPV infection occurs when the virus enters the body, usually through a cut or other damage to skin. The virus spreads mainly by skin-to-skin contact. […] Genital HPV infections are contracted through having sex, anal sex and other skin-to-skin contact of the genitals. Some HPV infections spread through oral sex. […] HPV infections are common. Risk factors for HPV infection include: The more sex partners, the higher the risk of getting a genital HPV infection. Having sex with a partner who has had multiple sex partners also increases the risk. […] Certain strains of HPV can cause cervical cancer. These strains also might play a part in cancers of the genitals, anus, mouth and upper respiratory tract. […] Gardasil 9 is an HPV vaccine approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and can be used for males and females to protect against cervical cancer and genital warts.

• #82 HPV infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351596

  HPV infection occurs when the virus enters the body, usually through a cut or other damage to skin. The virus spreads mainly by skin-to-skin contact. […] Genital HPV infections are contracted through having sex, anal sex and other skin-to-skin contact of the genitals. Some HPV infections spread through oral sex. […] HPV infections are common. Risk factors for HPV infection include: The more sex partners, the higher the risk of getting a genital HPV infection. Having sex with a partner who has had multiple sex partners also increases the risk. […] Certain strains of HPV can cause cervical cancer. These strains also might play a part in cancers of the genitals, anus, mouth and upper respiratory tract. […] Gardasil 9 is an HPV vaccine approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and can be used for males and females to protect against cervical cancer and genital warts.

• #83 Chapter 5: Human Papillomavirus | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-5-human-papillomavirus.html

  HPV infection has been considered the most important worldwide, with about 570,000 new cases and over 300,000 attributable deaths in 2018. […] Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types is widely recognized as the primary causative factor for development of cervical cancer. […] Most HPV infections are transient and asymptomatic. More than 90% of new HPV infections, including those caused by high-risk HPV types, clear or become undetectable within 2 years. […] In the United States, increased use of Papanicolaou (Pap) screening and treatment of precancers before they progress to cancer during the past decades has reduced the incidence of and mortality from cervical cancers. […] In 2012-2016, invasive cervical cancer incidence in the United States was 7.2 per 100,000 women, with over 12,000 new cases reported annually.

• #84

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a group of 200 known viruses. They do not cause concerns in most people, but infection with some high-risk types is common and can cause genital warts or cancer. […] In 90% of people the body controls the infection by itself. Persistent HPV infection with high-risk HPV types is the cause of cervical cancer and is associated with cancers of the vulva, vagina, mouth/throat, penis and anus (1). […] In 2019, HPV caused an estimated 620 000 cancer cases in women and 70 000 cancer cases in men (1). […] Cervical cancer is the most common type of cancer caused by HPV, other less common cancers affecting men and women, including anal, vulvar, vaginal, mouth/throat and penile cancers. […] The highest prevalence of cervical HPV among women is in sub-Saharan Africa (24%), followed by Latin America and the Caribbean (16%), eastern Europe (14%), and South-East Asia (14%) (2).

• #85 Epidemiology and Natural History of Human Papillomavirus Infections in the Female Genital Tract

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1581465/

  HPV 16 alone is linked to more than 50% of all cervical cancers; thus, the prevalence of HPV 16 is of special interest. […] Sexual activity is the primary risk factor for HPV infection, but condoms, although effective at preventing the spread of many other sexually transmitted infections, may not prevent all HPV infections. […] HPV is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. High-risk, oncogenic HPV types (including HPV 16 and HPV 18) are associated with 99.7% of all cervical cancers, as well as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), and abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) test results, which carry significant health care costs and psychosocial morbidity. […] HPV infection, unlike many genitourinary infections, is not usually associated with immediate symptoms such as itching, burning, and vaginal discharge. Rather, the majority of those infected with HPV will not develop clinical disease or symptoms because the host immune system resolves most infections.

• #86 Chapter 11: Human Papillomavirus | Pink Book | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-11-human-papillomavirus.html

  This chapter discusses pathogenesis, clinical features, epidemiology, vaccination, and surveillance of human papillomavirus, or HPV. […] Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. […] Epidemiologic studies demonstrating a consistent association between HPV and cervical cancer were published in the 1990s; more recently, HPV has been identified as a cause of certain other mucosal cancers. […] HPV infection is extremely common throughout the world. Most sexually active adults will have an HPV infection at some point during their lives, although they may be unaware of their infection. […] Humans are the only natural reservoir for HPV. […] HPV is transmitted through intimate, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. […] HPV is presumed to be communicable during both acute and persistent infections. Communicability can be presumed high because of the large number of new infections estimated to occur each year.

• #87 Chapter 5: Human Papillomavirus | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-5-human-papillomavirus.html

  HPV infection has been considered the most important worldwide, with about 570,000 new cases and over 300,000 attributable deaths in 2018. […] Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types is widely recognized as the primary causative factor for development of cervical cancer. […] Most HPV infections are transient and asymptomatic. More than 90% of new HPV infections, including those caused by high-risk HPV types, clear or become undetectable within 2 years. […] In the United States, increased use of Papanicolaou (Pap) screening and treatment of precancers before they progress to cancer during the past decades has reduced the incidence of and mortality from cervical cancers. […] In 2012-2016, invasive cervical cancer incidence in the United States was 7.2 per 100,000 women, with over 12,000 new cases reported annually.

• #88 HPV and Cervical Cancer: Molecular and Immunological Aspects, Epidemiology and Effect of Vaccination in Latin American Women

  https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/3/327

  Understanding how HPV evades the immune system is crucial. […] Approximately 10% of women with an HPV infection develop a persistent infection, which can potentially lead to the formation of low-grade intraepithelial lesions (LSIL or CIN 1, Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia grade 1) or high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HSIL or Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia grade 2 and 3). […] While the lifetime risk of acquiring an HPV infection is estimated to be around 70–80%, the actual incidence of cervical cancer without screening is much lower, affecting only about 2–3% of all women. […] The HPV lifecycle begins with the virus interacting with host cells, particularly keratinocytes in the body’s layered tissues. […] Vaccination stands as a powerful tool in the global fight against Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections, significantly reducing the risk of HPV-related cancers.

• #89 Epidemiology of HPV infection in China – Innovation Lab for Vaccine Delivery Research | Duke Kunshan University

  https://vaxlab.dukekunshan.edu.cn/en/evidence-db-expert/hpv-vaccine-policy-advocacy-evidence-repository/epidemiology-of-hpv-infection-in-china/

  Studies in China have also found that in patients with different grades of cervical lesions and different degrees of cervical cancer, the prevalence of HPV infection gradually increases with the severity of lesion grade. A multicenter population-based cross-sectional study found that the prevalence of infection was 37.1% in women with atypical squamous epithelial cell alterations (ASCUS), 90.9% in women with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and 93.06% in women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). In those with varying degrees of cervical lesions, the prevalence of HPV infection increased with the degree of the lesion, common types being HPV16 (59.5%), HPV18 (9.6%), HPV58 (8.2%), HPV52 (6.5%), and HVP33 (3.5%). […] Another systematic review found that the common HPV types among women with CIN1 were HPV52 (20.31%), HPV16 (16.81%), HPV58 (14.44%), HPV18 (6.44%), and HPV53 (5.76%), whereas the common HPV types among women with CIN2/3 were HPV16 (45.69%), HPV58 (15.50%), HPV52 (11.74%), HPV33 (9.35%) and HPV31 (4.34%).

• #90 Epidemiology of HPV infection in China – Innovation Lab for Vaccine Delivery Research | Duke Kunshan University

  https://vaxlab.dukekunshan.edu.cn/en/evidence-db-expert/hpv-vaccine-policy-advocacy-evidence-repository/epidemiology-of-hpv-infection-in-china/

  Studies in China have also found that in patients with different grades of cervical lesions and different degrees of cervical cancer, the prevalence of HPV infection gradually increases with the severity of lesion grade. A multicenter population-based cross-sectional study found that the prevalence of infection was 37.1% in women with atypical squamous epithelial cell alterations (ASCUS), 90.9% in women with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), and 93.06% in women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). In those with varying degrees of cervical lesions, the prevalence of HPV infection increased with the degree of the lesion, common types being HPV16 (59.5%), HPV18 (9.6%), HPV58 (8.2%), HPV52 (6.5%), and HVP33 (3.5%). […] Another systematic review found that the common HPV types among women with CIN1 were HPV52 (20.31%), HPV16 (16.81%), HPV58 (14.44%), HPV18 (6.44%), and HPV53 (5.76%), whereas the common HPV types among women with CIN2/3 were HPV16 (45.69%), HPV58 (15.50%), HPV52 (11.74%), HPV33 (9.35%) and HPV31 (4.34%).

• #91

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Currently, cancer of the cervix (cervical cancer) is the only HPV-caused cancer for which screening tests are available. […] As low- and middle-income countries scale-up cervical screening, more cases of invasive cervical cancer will be detected, especially in previously unscreened populations. Therefore, referral and treatment strategies need to be implemented and expanded alongside prevention services. […] Giving the global public health burden of cervical cancer caused by HPV, the World Health Assembly (WHA. 73.2) adopted the Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem with the following targets: 90% of girls fully vaccinated with HPV vaccine by age 15; 70% of women are screened with a high-performance test by 35, and again by 45 years of age; and 90% of women identified with cervical disease receive treatment (90% of women with pre-cancer treated; 90% of women with invasive cancer managed).

• #92 Chapter 5: Human Papillomavirus | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-5-human-papillomavirus.html

  HPV infection has been considered the most important worldwide, with about 570,000 new cases and over 300,000 attributable deaths in 2018. […] Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types is widely recognized as the primary causative factor for development of cervical cancer. […] Most HPV infections are transient and asymptomatic. More than 90% of new HPV infections, including those caused by high-risk HPV types, clear or become undetectable within 2 years. […] In the United States, increased use of Papanicolaou (Pap) screening and treatment of precancers before they progress to cancer during the past decades has reduced the incidence of and mortality from cervical cancers. […] In 2012-2016, invasive cervical cancer incidence in the United States was 7.2 per 100,000 women, with over 12,000 new cases reported annually.

• #93

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Globally, it is estimated that 620 000 new cancer cases in women and 70 000 new cancer cases in men were caused by HPV in 2019 (1). Cervical cancer was the fourth leading cause of cancer and cancer deaths in women in 2022, with some 660 000 new cases and around 350 000 deaths worldwide (3). Cervical cancers account for over 90% of HPV-related cancers in women (1). […] The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in low- and middle-income countries. This reflects major inequities driven by lack of access to national HPV vaccination, cervical screening and treatment services, and social and economic determinants. […] HPV vaccines should be given to all girls aged 9-14 years, before they become sexually active. […] Testing cells from a woman’s cervix for HPV is used to screen women for cervical cancer. Women should be screened every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25.

• #94 Human Papillomavirus

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/hpv.html

  Most women are diagnosed with HPV on the basis of abnormal Pap tests. A Pap test is the primary cancer-screening tool for cervical cancer or pre-cancerous changes in the cervix, many of which are related to HPV. […] There is no cure for HPV infection, although in most women the infection goes away on its own. […] Cervical cancer is most treatable when it is diagnosed and treated early. […] The HPV vaccine is safe and effective in preventing the common infection and is recommended for teenagers and adults who were not vaccinated as children. […] Approximately 10 of the 30 identified genital HPV types can lead, in rare cases, to development of cervical cancer. […] Regular Pap testing and careful medical follow-up, with treatment if necessary, can help ensure that pre-cancerous changes in the cervix caused by HPV infection do not develop into life threatening cervical cancer.

• #95 Human Papillomavirus: A Hidden Epidemic in the United States | PRB

  https://www.prb.org/resources/human-papillomavirus-a-hidden-epidemic-in-the-united-states/

  In the United States, Vietnamese women have the highest incidence of invasive cervical cancer (43 per 100,000); this probably reflects the lack of prior screening with a Pap smear, which can detect cervical cancer at an early treatable phase. […] There is no effective way to prevent HPV infection. […] According to Penny Hitchcock, chief of the Sexually Transmitted Diseases Branch of the U.S. governments National Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, further research on topical microbicides and effective vaccines is critical. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration have approved one HPV DNA test for use as a follow-up to irregular Pap smears. […] A new vaccine against the most common strains of HPV may also be able to protect against 80 percent of cervical cancers. […] According to the latest CDC estimates, more than 65 million people in the country currently live with an incurable STI. Of these, 20 million Americans carry HPV.

• #96 Epidemiology and Natural History of Human Papillomavirus Infections in the Female Genital Tract

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1581465/

  A number of factors are associated with an increased risk of initial infection and/or clinical sequelae such as genital warts, CIN or invasive cancer. […] Immunosuppressed and HIV positive individuals are at a high risk of both HPV infection and HPV-associated disease. […] The strong correlation between infection with high-risk types of HPV and LSIL, HSIL, and cervical cancer suggests that HPV DNA testing would be a useful tool for the management of women with abnormal Pap test results, especially in the case of those with equivocal test results. […] HPV is one of the most common infections of the female genital tract, and it is also one of the most costly. HPV-associated health care costs include routine Pap tests, treatment of genital warts, follow-up of cytological abnormalities, and management of cervical malignancies. […] Prophylactic HPV vaccines that confer protection against both high- and low-risk HPV types are expected to substantially reduce the burden of HPV-associated disease.

• #97 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/HPV.aspx

  HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. In 2018, there were about 43 million HPV infections in the US, many among people in their late teens and early 20s. HPV is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Most people who become infected with HPV will not have any symptoms and will clear the infection on their own. Yet, when HPV infections persist, they might lead to abnormal Pap tests, genital warts, or cancer. […] There are many different strains of HPV, which are classified into two main groups: high risk and low risk. High-risk HPV can cause cancer of the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and throat. Low-risk HPV can cause genital and anal warts. […] The HPV vaccine offers protection against most HPV related cancers and anogenital warts. Routine HPV vaccination is recommended for all children at age 11 or 12, and can begin as early as age 9. Catch up vaccination is available until age 26. Some adults ages 27-45 may decide to get the HPV vaccine based on discussion with their clinician, if they were not vaccinated when they were younger. […] Data Surveillance […] HPV-Related Cancer Statistics (CDC) […] HPV-Associated Cancers and HPV Vaccination Coverage in California (CDPH) (PDF) […] HPV/Cervical Pre-Cancer Surveillance Impact (HPV Impact) […] California Cancer Facts and Figures.

• #98

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  Globally, it is estimated that 620 000 new cancer cases in women and 70 000 new cancer cases in men were caused by HPV in 2019 (1). Cervical cancer was the fourth leading cause of cancer and cancer deaths in women in 2022, with some 660 000 new cases and around 350 000 deaths worldwide (3). Cervical cancers account for over 90% of HPV-related cancers in women (1). […] The highest rates of cervical cancer incidence and mortality are in low- and middle-income countries. This reflects major inequities driven by lack of access to national HPV vaccination, cervical screening and treatment services, and social and economic determinants. […] HPV vaccines should be given to all girls aged 9-14 years, before they become sexually active. […] Testing cells from a woman’s cervix for HPV is used to screen women for cervical cancer. Women should be screened every 5-10 years starting at age 30. Women living with HIV should be screened every 3 years starting at age 25.

• #99 Chapter 5: Human Papillomavirus | Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-5-human-papillomavirus.html

  HPV was detected in about 90% of cervical cancers. […] HPV infections are not nationally notifiable. […] However, special studies to monitor HPV infection and HPV-associated diseases can help determine the impact of HPV vaccines. […] After the quadrivalent HPV vaccine was licensed in 2006, Healthy People 2020 stated an objective of 80% coverage with 3 doses of HPV vaccine for females by age 13 to 15 years. […] HPV infections and most HPV-associated conditions are not nationally notifiable. However, invasive cancers and in situ cancers (including cancers and precancers caused by HPV) are reportable to central cancer registries. […] The primary goal of HPV vaccination is to prevent cervical cancers, other HPV-associated cancers, and genital warts associated with vaccine-targeted HPV infections. […] Surveillance data on HPV-associated cancers, including cervical cancer, are collected in 2 population-based central cancer registries NPCR and SEER which together collect data on cancers diagnosed in 100% of the US population.

• #100 HPV infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351596

  HPV infection occurs when the virus enters the body, usually through a cut or other damage to skin. The virus spreads mainly by skin-to-skin contact. […] Genital HPV infections are contracted through having sex, anal sex and other skin-to-skin contact of the genitals. Some HPV infections spread through oral sex. […] HPV infections are common. Risk factors for HPV infection include: The more sex partners, the higher the risk of getting a genital HPV infection. Having sex with a partner who has had multiple sex partners also increases the risk. […] Certain strains of HPV can cause cervical cancer. These strains also might play a part in cancers of the genitals, anus, mouth and upper respiratory tract. […] Gardasil 9 is an HPV vaccine approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and can be used for males and females to protect against cervical cancer and genital warts.

• #101 Faculty Collaboration Database – Epidemiology and pathology of HPV disease in males. Gynecol Oncol 2010 May;117(2 Suppl):S15-9

  https://fcd.mcw.edu/?search/showPublication/id/835216

  It is currently recognized that besides the significant impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in females, HPV causes substantial disease in men as well. Genital warts are a common manifestation of male infection with HPV. Genital warts are highly infectious and approximately 65% of people who have sex with an infected partner will develop warts themselves. More than 90% of genital warts are caused by non-oncogenic HPV types 6 and 11. […] Several cancers of the anogenital tract and upper aero-digestive tract, and their precursor lesions in men are now understood to be caused by infection with sexually transmitted HPV. For example, there is increasing incidence of anal cancer in western countries; however, there are limited data on its primary cause, anal canal HPV infection. Genital HPV infection is very common in men with an ongoing international study estimating a prevalence of 65.2% in asymptomatic males aged 18-70 years. Lifetime number of sexual partners was the most significant risk factor for the acquisition of HPV infection (P0.05), and circumcision has been associated with reduced detection of HPV infection in men. HPV infections may be less likely to persist in men than in women. In men, the median time to clearance of any HPV infection was 5.9 months, with 75% of infections clearing within 12 months. More data are needed to better understand the natural history of HPV infection. Although the quadrivalent HPV vaccine has been shown to be effective and safe in men, low awareness of HPV in males may be a barrier to its use for the prevention of HPV infection.

• #102

  http://waocp.com/journal/index.php/apjcb/article/view/1444

  our study showed 15% HPV infection identified in studied samples and the most HPV prevalent types were 6, 18, 11, 16, respectively. […] HPV-16 is common in younger ages. […] The most effective strategy for mitigating the incidence and advancement of cervical cancer centers on the implementation of comprehensive screening programs. […] This study seeks to address this gap by employing nested PCR and pyrosequencing to elucidate the prevalence of HPV genotypes in cervical tissue useful for HPV prevention and management efforts in Iranian population. […] The study showed a 15% prevalence rate of HPV infection. […] HPV genotyping based on pyrosequencing method and further BLAST search showed the most common HPV types were types 6, 18, 11, 16, respectively. […] The age group 30-40 years showed highest amounts of HSIL, LISI, and ASCUS lesions.

• #103 The epidemiology and burden of HPV disease | Nursing Times

  https://www.nursingtimes.net/archive/the-epidemiology-and-burden-of-hpv-disease-08-09-2008/

  Overall, HPV contributes to about 4% of all cancers, making HPV, and particularly HPV 16, a major global carcinogen. […] The acquisition of genital HPV occurs soon after the onset of sexual activity. […] Eight out of 10 of all sexually active women (and presumably men) will acquire a genital HPV infection at some point. […] The HPV type that is acquired is important. […] This data and the prevalence of the most common HPV types in CIN2/3 show that HPV 16 and HPV 18 are indeed the most pathogenic, the most dangerous of the high-risk HPV types. […] The development of prophylactic vaccines against the common oncogenic and benign HPV types has revolutionised our prospects for the prevention of the cancers associated with HPV types 16 and 18 and also against the low-grade types 6 and 11. […] These vaccines offer the opportunity, if delivered with high coverage and to the appropriate population, of significantly reducing the incidence of cervical cancer.

Zobacz więcej