Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv.htm

  Treatment is directed to the macroscopic (e.g., genital warts) or pathologic precancerous lesions caused by HPV. Subclinical genital HPV infection typically clears spontaneously; therefore, specific antiviral therapy is not recommended to eradicate HPV infection. Precancerous lesions are detected through cervical cancer screening; HPV-related precancer should be managed on the basis of existing guidance (see Cervical Cancer). […] Treatments are available for the conditions caused by HPV but not for the virus itself.

• #2 Human papillomavirus (HPV)

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/human-papilloma-virus-hpv/

  There’s no treatment for the HPV infection. Most HPV infections do not cause any problems and are cleared by your body within 2 years. […] If HPV causes problems, such as genital warts or changes to cells in the cervix, you can have treatment for these.

• #3 Human papillomavirus (HPV): Treatment, symptoms, and causes

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/246670

  There is no way to cure HPV, to remove the virus from the body. […] However, a person can take various steps to remove the warts that HPV can cause. […] A doctor may prescribe one of the following medications: imiquimod (Aldara, Zyclara), podofilox (Condylox), trichloroacetic acid, podophyllin. […] Also, surgical intervention may be necessary. […] A doctor may recommend: Cryotherapy: This involves using liquid nitrogen to freeze off warts. […] Electrocautery: This involves using an electrical current to burn away the warts. […] Laser or light therapy: This involves using a high-powered, targeted beam to remove the unwanted tissue. […] Surgical removal: A surgeon can cut away warts in an outpatient procedure that involves a local anesthetic. […] The best option will depend upon the type and location of the wart. Treatments can remove warts, but the virus will remain in the body and remain transmissible. […] Routine screening can lead to an early diagnosis, and receiving prompt treatment can prevent the cancer from spreading. […] The best course of treatment will depend on the type of cancer, its stage, and the age and overall health of the person.

• #4 Is HPV Curable? – Superdrug Health Clinic

  https://healthclinics.superdrug.com/is-hpv-curable/

  Not without getting rid of the infection – treatments to remove genital warts may be effective in temporarily removing growths, but these forms of removal do not treat the underlying HPV infection that cause the warts to develop. […] HPV can clear up naturally – as there is no cure for the underlying HPV infection, the only way to get rid of HPV is to wait for the immune system to clear the virus naturally. […] The HPV vaccine cannot cure existing infections – the HPV vaccine is able to prevent future infections of high-risk types of HPV that can cause cancer, and a number of low-risk types that can develop into genital warts. […] Yes, there is ongoing research into developing a cure for HPV – while the HPV vaccine has been greatly effective in stopping the spread of certain types of HPV, there is currently no cure for existing HPV infections.

• #5 Human papillomavirus infection – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection

  HPV vaccines can prevent the most common types of infection. […] Cervical cancer screening, such as the Papanicolaou test („pap smear”), or examination of the cervix after applying acetic acid, can detect both early cancer and abnormal cells that may develop into cancer. Screening allows for early treatment which results in better outcomes. […] Genital warts can be removed by freezing. […] There is currently no specific treatment for HPV infection. […] However, the viral infection is usually cleared to undetectable levels by the immune system. […] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the body’s immune system clears HPV naturally within two years for 90% of cases. […] Follow up care is usually recommended and practiced by many health clinics.

• #6 HPV Treatments Symptoms Information Help Human Papillomavirus

  https://www.drsadaty.com/hpv-human-papillomavirus-std-treatment-symptoms-causes/

  The good news is that the natural history of HPV infection is benign they tend to be temporary infections, without clinical symptoms and will not lead to severe disease. In fact, 70% of new infections will spontaneously clear within one year and 90% will clear within 2 years. […] There is no conventional treatment recommended for subclinical HPV infection. Unless you have warts, precancerous changes of the cervix or cervical cancer, the recommendation is to watch and wait. If you DO have HPV-related disease (not just evidence of carrying the virus) treatment may include antiviral drugs, topical medications or surgery. […] Genital Warts may be treated by patient-applied, topical formulations with immune modulating properties: Podofilox .5%, applied once a day, three days on, four days off for one month; Imiquimod 5% applied once a day, three times per week for 16 weeks; Sinecatechins 15% applied three times a day for 16 weeks.

• #7 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Considerations in Specific Patient Subgroups, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-treatment

  The goal of treatment is to remove warts and alleviate any present symptoms. The appearance of warts can cause significant psychosocial distress, and their removal can address cosmetic concerns. If untreated, anogenital warts may spontaneously resolve, remain unchanged, or increase in size or number. Since warts might resolve on their own in less than a year, some individuals may choose to wait for spontaneous resolution instead of undergoing treatment. Available therapies for anogenital warts may reduce, but are unlikely to completely eradicate HPV infectivity or risk of developing cancer. […] The primary goal of treatment is to eradicate or reduce symptoms. Treatment is typically reserved for visible warts. The general strategy involves removing as many visible lesions as possible until the host immune system can manage viral replication. Treating subclinical anogenital or mucosal HPV infections in the absence of dysplasia is not recommended, as there is no evidence that treatment eliminates HPV infection or reduces infectivity. Recurrence of warts after treatment can occur due to activation of latent virus in surrounding healthy skin.

• #8 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Considerations in Specific Patient Subgroups, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-treatment

  It is challenging to find a single curative treatment for condylomata acuminata (genital warts). Although various therapies exist for genital warts, no single modality has demonstrated superiority, and no single treatment is ideal for all wart types. Factors influencing treatment decisions include lesion size, morphology, number, location, cost, adverse effects, patient preferences, prior treatments, and provider experience. […] Common treatments involve direct lesion ablation such as surgical excision, chemical ablation, and cryotherapy. Improper use of these treatments can lead to unnecessary tissue damage. Most patients require multiple treatments over weeks to months. If substantial improvement is not seen after three physician-administered treatments or complete clearance is not achieved after six treatments, a different approach should be considered. HIV-positive patients or those immunosuppressed may require multiple treatment methods, as their warts often do not respond well to therapy. Recurrence is noted in 20-30% of patients regardless of the chosen therapy, which can be frustrating for both patients and physicians alike.

• #9 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Considerations in Specific Patient Subgroups, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-treatment

  Both provider-applied treatments and patient-applied treatments are available for HPV disease. All medications used for treatment are applied topically on cutaneous surfaces. Local skin reactions and pain are common adverse effects. These medications should not be applied to mucosal surfaces, dysplastic lesions, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), verrucous carcinoma, or Bowenoid papulosis. […] There are two broad categories of medications effective in treating HPV disease: Cytotoxic agents and Immune response modifiers. […] Podofilox gel or solution is the first-line treatment choice for external genital warts in nonpregnant patients. It is applied twice daily for 3 consecutive days each week, repeated for up to 4 weeks, and stimulates necrosis of wart tissue. […] Podophyllin resin, containing podophyllotoxin, is a cytotoxic agent used for physician-applied treatment of external genital warts. It can be applied weekly for up to 6 weeks, but warts visible after 6 treatments may not respond further.

• #10 HPV: An Updated Guide to Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hpv-an-updated-guide-to-treatment-and-prevention

  Most HPV infections and resulting lesions are self-limiting and resolve on their own in 1 to 2 years; therefore, treatment is often not required. The CDC does not recommend any specific antiviral therapy for asymptomatic or subclinical infection. However, there are a number of treatments available for symptomatic or bothersome lesions, none of which are curative in nature. Current treatment methods vary depending on manifestation and location. Selection of therapy can also be dependent on patient preference, cost, and failure of previous therapies. […] There are multiple treatment options for external and perianal genital warts. Some therapies can be self-administered by patients, while other treatments require administration by healthcare providers. Per the CDCs 2015 sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, there are three recommended options for self-administration by patients: podofilox 0.5% solution or gel, imiquimod 3.75% or 5% cream, and sinecatechins 15% ointment. The provider-administered options include cryotherapy, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) 80%-90%, bichloroacetic acid (BCA) 80%-90%, and surgical removal.

• #11 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Considerations in Specific Patient Subgroups, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-treatment

  Both provider-applied treatments and patient-applied treatments are available for HPV disease. All medications used for treatment are applied topically on cutaneous surfaces. Local skin reactions and pain are common adverse effects. These medications should not be applied to mucosal surfaces, dysplastic lesions, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), verrucous carcinoma, or Bowenoid papulosis. […] There are two broad categories of medications effective in treating HPV disease: Cytotoxic agents and Immune response modifiers. […] Podofilox gel or solution is the first-line treatment choice for external genital warts in nonpregnant patients. It is applied twice daily for 3 consecutive days each week, repeated for up to 4 weeks, and stimulates necrosis of wart tissue. […] Podophyllin resin, containing podophyllotoxin, is a cytotoxic agent used for physician-applied treatment of external genital warts. It can be applied weekly for up to 6 weeks, but warts visible after 6 treatments may not respond further.

• #12 HPV: An Updated Guide to Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hpv-an-updated-guide-to-treatment-and-prevention

  Podofilox 0.5% solution or gel (Condylox) should be applied two times daily for 3 days, followed by a period of 4 days without therapy. This dosing cycle can be repeated up to four times. The solution should be applied using a cotton swab or provided applicator, and the gel should be applied with a finger. No more than 0.5 mL of podofilox should be applied per day. Patients should be counseled that mild-to-moderate local pain or irritation may occur. […] Imiquimod 5% cream (Aldara) should be applied at bedtime three times per week for a maximum of 16 weeks. Imiquimod is also available as a 3.75% cream (Zyclara), which is applied every night at bedtime. Regardless of dosage strength used, patients should wash the area 6 to 10 hours after applying the medication. Patients should be counseled to expect local reactions such as redness and irritation.

• #13 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Considerations in Specific Patient Subgroups, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-treatment

  5-FU interferes with DNA and RNA synthesis, causing cell death. Limited data on efficacy exist, with clearance rates reported in 10-50% of cases. […] TCA and BCA are potent keratolytic agents used for all types of cutaneous warts, while salicylic acid is milder and used primarily for nongenital warts. […] Imiquimod stimulates cytokine production (including interferon alfa) but lacks direct antiviral activity. It is effective for external genital warts, with up to 50% clearance in clinical trials. […] Interferon alfa is used for the intralesional treatment of external anogenital warts and condyloma acuminatum. […] Various surgical techniques are available for the treatment of HPV disease. […] Primary surgical therapy can often be accomplished in the office and includes the following options: Cryosurgery, Electrosurgery with either electrodesiccation or loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), Simple surgical excision with a scalpel, scissors, or curette.

• #14 Core Concepts – Human Papillomavirus Infection – Self-Study Lessons – National STD Curriculum

  https://www.std.uw.edu/go/comprehensive-study/hpv/core-concept/all

  Multiple patient-applied and provider-administered therapies are recommended as options for the treatment of external anogenital warts. Medical providers should have appropriate knowledge and training for at least one provider-administered and one patient-applied treatment. Some clinicians will initiate therapy with a provider-administered option to make rapid initial progress in the treatment of warts and then transition to patient-applied therapy when the bulk of warts have been significantly reduced. The following summarizes several recommendations for the use of patient-applied and provider-administered therapies for external anogenital warts. […] The recommended patient-applied options include imiquimod cream, podofilox (podophyllotoxin) solution or gel, and sinecatechins (green tea extract); all require repeated applications. Imiquimod Cream: The imiquimod 5% cream should be applied to the warts 3 times per week at bedtime for up to 16 weeks, whereas the lower-strength imiquimod 3.75% cream requires application every night at bedtime for up to 8 weeks; with either cream, it should be left on the warts for 6-10 hours and then thoroughly washed off with soap and water.

• #15 New Treatments for Human Papillomavirus Infection | Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas

  https://www.actasdermo.org/es-new-treatments-for-human-papillomavirus-articulo-S1578219013002400

  New formulations of imiquimod cream at concentrations of 2.5% and 3.75% are now available on the market. […] Imiquimod 3.75% was more effective than the 2.5% formulation in both comparisons (complete remission and percentage of lesions cleared) though not to a statistically significant degree and the higher concentration produced no increase in undesirable effects. […] Polyphenon E is a standardized extract of green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis). […] In the United States, an ointment containing sinecatechins at a concentration of 15% (Veregen 15%) has been approved for the treatment of external anogenital warts. […] Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on the immune response to tissue destruction caused by a phototoxic reaction. […] Reports of single cases and small series of patients receiving intralesional immunotherapy for the treatment of recalcitrant warts especially plantar and periungual lesions have been published in recent years.

• #16 HPV: An Updated Guide to Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hpv-an-updated-guide-to-treatment-and-prevention

  Sinecatechins 15% ointment (Veregen) should be applied three times daily for a maximum of 16 weeks. Unlike imiquimod, sinecatechins ointment should not be washed off after administration. Patients should be counseled to avoid sexual contact while the ointment is on the skin. Common adverse effects include local reactions such as redness, irritation, burning, or pain. […] Provider-administered options recommended by the CDC include cryotherapy, TCA 80%-90% (Tri-Chlor 80%), BCA 80%-90%, and surgical removal. Cryotherapy involves freezing off the warts using liquid nitrogen or a cryoprobe. TCA and BCA are widely used agents to chemically remove warts. These treatments may also be used on a weekly basis as needed. Surgical removal typically only requires one office visit and is preferred in patients with many lesions. Some providers will use a combination of methods due to the failure rate of these treatments.

• #17 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Considerations in Specific Patient Subgroups, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-treatment

  Overall, physical destruction or excision has been more effective in eradicating genital warts than medical therapy. Recurrences are common due to the virus residing in the basal layer of the epidermis in a latent state, and retreatment is frequently necessary. […] Cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen or nitrous oxide is a rapid and effective means of treating simple HPV disease. […] Electrocautery is effective for ablation of vulvar or vaginal lesions, typically requiring one treatment session. […] Simple surgical excision with a scalpel, scissors, or curette can remove warts, particularly large genital warts, and treat SILs of the genital tract. […] Carbon dioxide laser vaporization typically is used for treatment of refractory HPV disease or extensive warts of the anogenital-mucosal category and is particularly useful in the treatment of periurethral and vaginal warts and vaginal SILs. […] Overall, complications of wart treatment are rare. They are generally confined to the treatment site and include scarring and, in the case of genital warts, vulvodynia or hyperesthesia.

• #18 Core Concepts – Human Papillomavirus Infection – Self-Study Lessons – National STD Curriculum

  https://www.std.uw.edu/go/comprehensive-study/hpv/core-concept/all

  The recommended treatments for anogenital warts administered by a medical provider include cryotherapy, surgical removal, and application of TCA or BCA. Cryotherapy: This process uses the application of liquid nitrogen to destroy the anogenital warts via thermal-induced cytolysis. Most clinicians can easily learn how to use cryotherapy for the treatment of external anogenital warts, but appropriate training should include instruction on the appropriate duration of freezing with each treatment. […] Management of cervical warts or intra-anal warts should include consultation with a specialist.

• #19 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Considerations in Specific Patient Subgroups, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-treatment

  Overall, physical destruction or excision has been more effective in eradicating genital warts than medical therapy. Recurrences are common due to the virus residing in the basal layer of the epidermis in a latent state, and retreatment is frequently necessary. […] Cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen or nitrous oxide is a rapid and effective means of treating simple HPV disease. […] Electrocautery is effective for ablation of vulvar or vaginal lesions, typically requiring one treatment session. […] Simple surgical excision with a scalpel, scissors, or curette can remove warts, particularly large genital warts, and treat SILs of the genital tract. […] Carbon dioxide laser vaporization typically is used for treatment of refractory HPV disease or extensive warts of the anogenital-mucosal category and is particularly useful in the treatment of periurethral and vaginal warts and vaginal SILs. […] Overall, complications of wart treatment are rare. They are generally confined to the treatment site and include scarring and, in the case of genital warts, vulvodynia or hyperesthesia.

• #20 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Considerations in Specific Patient Subgroups, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-treatment

  Overall, physical destruction or excision has been more effective in eradicating genital warts than medical therapy. Recurrences are common due to the virus residing in the basal layer of the epidermis in a latent state, and retreatment is frequently necessary. […] Cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen or nitrous oxide is a rapid and effective means of treating simple HPV disease. […] Electrocautery is effective for ablation of vulvar or vaginal lesions, typically requiring one treatment session. […] Simple surgical excision with a scalpel, scissors, or curette can remove warts, particularly large genital warts, and treat SILs of the genital tract. […] Carbon dioxide laser vaporization typically is used for treatment of refractory HPV disease or extensive warts of the anogenital-mucosal category and is particularly useful in the treatment of periurethral and vaginal warts and vaginal SILs. […] Overall, complications of wart treatment are rare. They are generally confined to the treatment site and include scarring and, in the case of genital warts, vulvodynia or hyperesthesia.

• #21 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Considerations in Specific Patient Subgroups, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-treatment

  Overall, physical destruction or excision has been more effective in eradicating genital warts than medical therapy. Recurrences are common due to the virus residing in the basal layer of the epidermis in a latent state, and retreatment is frequently necessary. […] Cryosurgery with liquid nitrogen or nitrous oxide is a rapid and effective means of treating simple HPV disease. […] Electrocautery is effective for ablation of vulvar or vaginal lesions, typically requiring one treatment session. […] Simple surgical excision with a scalpel, scissors, or curette can remove warts, particularly large genital warts, and treat SILs of the genital tract. […] Carbon dioxide laser vaporization typically is used for treatment of refractory HPV disease or extensive warts of the anogenital-mucosal category and is particularly useful in the treatment of periurethral and vaginal warts and vaginal SILs. […] Overall, complications of wart treatment are rare. They are generally confined to the treatment site and include scarring and, in the case of genital warts, vulvodynia or hyperesthesia.

• #22 HPV: An Updated Guide to Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hpv-an-updated-guide-to-treatment-and-prevention

  Sinecatechins 15% ointment (Veregen) should be applied three times daily for a maximum of 16 weeks. Unlike imiquimod, sinecatechins ointment should not be washed off after administration. Patients should be counseled to avoid sexual contact while the ointment is on the skin. Common adverse effects include local reactions such as redness, irritation, burning, or pain. […] Provider-administered options recommended by the CDC include cryotherapy, TCA 80%-90% (Tri-Chlor 80%), BCA 80%-90%, and surgical removal. Cryotherapy involves freezing off the warts using liquid nitrogen or a cryoprobe. TCA and BCA are widely used agents to chemically remove warts. These treatments may also be used on a weekly basis as needed. Surgical removal typically only requires one office visit and is preferred in patients with many lesions. Some providers will use a combination of methods due to the failure rate of these treatments.

• #23 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Considerations in Specific Patient Subgroups, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-treatment

  Both provider-applied treatments and patient-applied treatments are available for HPV disease. All medications used for treatment are applied topically on cutaneous surfaces. Local skin reactions and pain are common adverse effects. These medications should not be applied to mucosal surfaces, dysplastic lesions, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), verrucous carcinoma, or Bowenoid papulosis. […] There are two broad categories of medications effective in treating HPV disease: Cytotoxic agents and Immune response modifiers. […] Podofilox gel or solution is the first-line treatment choice for external genital warts in nonpregnant patients. It is applied twice daily for 3 consecutive days each week, repeated for up to 4 weeks, and stimulates necrosis of wart tissue. […] Podophyllin resin, containing podophyllotoxin, is a cytotoxic agent used for physician-applied treatment of external genital warts. It can be applied weekly for up to 6 weeks, but warts visible after 6 treatments may not respond further.

• #24 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Considerations in Specific Patient Subgroups, Pharmacologic Therapy

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/219110-treatment

  It is challenging to find a single curative treatment for condylomata acuminata (genital warts). Although various therapies exist for genital warts, no single modality has demonstrated superiority, and no single treatment is ideal for all wart types. Factors influencing treatment decisions include lesion size, morphology, number, location, cost, adverse effects, patient preferences, prior treatments, and provider experience. […] Common treatments involve direct lesion ablation such as surgical excision, chemical ablation, and cryotherapy. Improper use of these treatments can lead to unnecessary tissue damage. Most patients require multiple treatments over weeks to months. If substantial improvement is not seen after three physician-administered treatments or complete clearance is not achieved after six treatments, a different approach should be considered. HIV-positive patients or those immunosuppressed may require multiple treatment methods, as their warts often do not respond well to therapy. Recurrence is noted in 20-30% of patients regardless of the chosen therapy, which can be frustrating for both patients and physicians alike.

• #25 Genital Herpes and HPV Infection: Latest Treatment Guidelines From the CDC

  https://www.patientcareonline.com/view/genital-herpes-and-hpv-infection-latest-treatment-guidelines-cdc

  Renewed emphasis on counseling for patients with genital herpes and those with HPV infection. […] The primary goal of treatment is the removal of symptomatic warts. […] The available therapies for external genital warts are patient-applied (podofilox 0.5% solution or gel and imiquimod 5% cream) or provider-administered (cryotherapy, podophyllin resin, trichloroacetic acid [TCA], bichloroacetic acid [BCA], interferon, and surgery). […] Most patients with HPV infection have 1 to 10 genital warts; these warts usually respond to most types of treatment. […] Factors to consider when selecting therapy include: Size, number, site, and morphology of the warts. Patient preference. Treatment cost. Convenience. Adverse effects. Provider experience. […] Surgical removal by tangential scissor excision, tangential shave excision, curettage, or electrosurgery can destroy all visible genital warts in a single visit; however, substantial training and equipment are required.

• #26 HPV: An Updated Guide to Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hpv-an-updated-guide-to-treatment-and-prevention

  All therapies for internal vaginal and anal warts should be administered by a healthcare provider. Cryotherapy using liquid nitrogen or application of TCA or BCA 80%-90% are options for vaginal or anal warts. Additionally, surgical excision can be used for anal warts. […] As with vaginal and anal warts, treatment for urethral meatus warts is limited to provider-administered options. These options include cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen or surgical removal. […] Patients should be educated that HPV infections often recur regardless of treatment method utilized, especially in the first few months. When using self-applied treatment methods, patients should wash their hands before and after administration of any therapy to avoid further spreading of infection. Once diagnosed, patients with genital warts should be counseled to contact all recent sexual partners. All sexual partners can benefit from general STI screening. Patients with active warts should abstain from sexual activity until the warts have resolved. Surgical removal of warts can be considered in pregnant women, though efficacy is not well established. The CDC does not currently recommend podofilox or sinecatechins during pregnancy (imiquimod may be low risk). Overall, the CDC recommends avoiding drug therapy during pregnancy until more data are available. If precancerous lesions are detected, further follow-up is necessary to determine the appropriate course of action.

• #27 HPV: An Updated Guide to Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/hpv-an-updated-guide-to-treatment-and-prevention

  All therapies for internal vaginal and anal warts should be administered by a healthcare provider. Cryotherapy using liquid nitrogen or application of TCA or BCA 80%-90% are options for vaginal or anal warts. Additionally, surgical excision can be used for anal warts. […] As with vaginal and anal warts, treatment for urethral meatus warts is limited to provider-administered options. These options include cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen or surgical removal. […] Patients should be educated that HPV infections often recur regardless of treatment method utilized, especially in the first few months. When using self-applied treatment methods, patients should wash their hands before and after administration of any therapy to avoid further spreading of infection. Once diagnosed, patients with genital warts should be counseled to contact all recent sexual partners. All sexual partners can benefit from general STI screening. Patients with active warts should abstain from sexual activity until the warts have resolved. Surgical removal of warts can be considered in pregnant women, though efficacy is not well established. The CDC does not currently recommend podofilox or sinecatechins during pregnancy (imiquimod may be low risk). Overall, the CDC recommends avoiding drug therapy during pregnancy until more data are available. If precancerous lesions are detected, further follow-up is necessary to determine the appropriate course of action.

• #28 Core Concepts – Human Papillomavirus Infection – Self-Study Lessons – National STD Curriculum

  https://www.std.uw.edu/go/comprehensive-study/hpv/core-concept/all

  The recommended treatments for anogenital warts administered by a medical provider include cryotherapy, surgical removal, and application of TCA or BCA. Cryotherapy: This process uses the application of liquid nitrogen to destroy the anogenital warts via thermal-induced cytolysis. Most clinicians can easily learn how to use cryotherapy for the treatment of external anogenital warts, but appropriate training should include instruction on the appropriate duration of freezing with each treatment. […] Management of cervical warts or intra-anal warts should include consultation with a specialist.

• #29 HPV infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351596

  HPV infections cause almost all cervical cancers. But cervical cancer may take 20 years or longer to develop after an HPV infection. The HPV infection and early cervical cancer typically don’t cause symptoms. Getting vaccinated against HPV infection is the best way to protect against cervical cancer. […] Gardasil 9 is an HPV vaccine approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and can be used for males and females to protect against cervical cancer and genital warts. […] The vaccine works best if a person gets it before having the first sexual contact. Once someone has HPV, the vaccine might not work as well or at all. Also, younger people respond better to the vaccine than older people do. If given before someone has HPV infection, the vaccine can prevent most cervical cancers.

• #30 How Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Is Treated

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hpv-treatment-514135

  Specialist procedures, including surgery, are sometimes used to treat genital warts that are not responsive to prescribed treatments. […] If it doesn’t and prescription medications fail to clear them, there are several in-office procedures that may help: Trichloroacetic acid, Cryotherapy, Electrocautery, Laser therapy, and Surgery. […] Infection by high-risk HPV types can lead to abnormal changes in cells known as dysplasia. […] While mild dysplasia usually resolves on its own within two years, more aggressive forms may progress to an early form of cancer known as carcinoma in situ (CIS). […] If there is evidence of cervical dysplasia, the healthcare provider may take a watch-and-wait approach if the dysplasia is mild. If the dysplasia is severe, they will want to remove the affected tissues with one of several procedures: Cryosurgery, Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), and Cold knife conization.

• #31 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/human-papillomavirus-hpv-infection

  Interferon-alpha injections into the wart have been found to be somewhat effective. […] Precancerous lesions of the cervix (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, or CIN) are managed based on how severe the changes are, with either more frequent Pap tests, often with HPV testing, or a large cervical biopsy (called a cone biopsy or a loop electrocautery excision procedure, or LEEP).

• #32 HPV Treatments Symptoms Information Help Human Papillomavirus

  https://www.drsadaty.com/hpv-human-papillomavirus-std-treatment-symptoms-causes/

  Cervical Dysplasia (precancerous changes of the cervix): Low Grade Dysplasia: in general, low-grade changes of the cervix often resolve on their own. Persistent low grade disease can be observed with frequent and proper follow-up or can be treated with cryotherapy or local excision; High Grade Dysplasia: the risks of these cervical cell changes progressing to full blown cervical cancer are less than 1-2% within 24 months with approximately 50% regressing to less severe dysplasia. Most physicians recommend intervention to prevent possible progression to cancer. Treatments include a LEEP procedure (Loop electrocautery excision procedure) or a cone biopsy (a cone-shaped excision) to remove the affected area. […] Consider basic supplementation to help clear the infection and reduce the chance of developing precancerous or cancerous changes of the cervix. Check with your healthcare provider prior to initiating treatment. Take a B complex vitamin with adequate folate (400 mcg) and B12 (800 to 1000 mcg) daily; Take a multivitamin with plenty of vitamin A, C, and E; Check your vitamin D levels. If you have low normal or below normal vitamin D levels, make sure to take between 2000 and 5000 IU of vitamin D daily until normal serum levels are reached. […] The majority of HPV related diseases are self-limited, will spontaneously disappear and are of no cause for concern.

• #33 HPV infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602

  A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose HPV infection by looking at the warts. […] Warts often go away without treatment, particularly in children. But there’s no cure for the virus. So the warts can come back in the same place or other places. […] Medicines to get rid of warts usually go directly on the warts. These medicines might need to be used many times before the warts go away. Examples include: […] If medicines don’t work, one of these methods can remove warts: […] A procedure called a colposcopy can remove HPV from the cervix. A healthcare professional uses a tool, called a coloscope, to see the cervix and take tissue samples, called a biopsy, of areas that look atypical. […] Precancerous lesions need to be removed. Options include freezing, called cryosurgery, and laser surgical removal. Another method called loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) uses a thin looped wire charged with an electric current to remove a thin layer of a section of the cervix. And cold knife conization is a surgical procedure that removes a cone-shaped piece of the cervix.

• #34 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV vaccination can prevent cancer: HPV vaccines can prevent infection with disease-causing HPV types, preventing many HPV-related cancers and cases of genital warts. […] If you have been diagnosed with moderate or high-grade dysplasia, your health care provider will talk with you about your treatment options. […] Most people with moderate cervical dysplasia (CIN 2) or high-grade cervical dysplasia (CIN 3) are treated with loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) or cold knife conization. Talk with your health care provider to learn about the best treatment option for you. […] These types of moderate or high-grade dysplasia may be treated with surgery (such as wide local excision) or topical treatments: anal dysplasia (also called anal intraepithelial neoplasia, or AIN), penile dysplasia (also called penile intraepithelial neoplasia, or PeIN), vaginal dysplasia (also called vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, or VAIN), and vulvar dysplasia (also called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, or VIN). […] HPV infection causes cells to undergo changes. If not treated these cells can, over time, become cancer cells. […] Clinical trials are an important step in learning about better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, such as cancers caused by HPV.

• #35 HPV infection – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351602

  A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose HPV infection by looking at the warts. […] Warts often go away without treatment, particularly in children. But there’s no cure for the virus. So the warts can come back in the same place or other places. […] Medicines to get rid of warts usually go directly on the warts. These medicines might need to be used many times before the warts go away. Examples include: […] If medicines don’t work, one of these methods can remove warts: […] A procedure called a colposcopy can remove HPV from the cervix. A healthcare professional uses a tool, called a coloscope, to see the cervix and take tissue samples, called a biopsy, of areas that look atypical. […] Precancerous lesions need to be removed. Options include freezing, called cryosurgery, and laser surgical removal. Another method called loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) uses a thin looped wire charged with an electric current to remove a thin layer of a section of the cervix. And cold knife conization is a surgical procedure that removes a cone-shaped piece of the cervix.

• #36 Open Search

  https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/hpv/how-hpv-treated

  Most HPV infections go away on their own. If not, dont worry. While theres no cure for the virus, there are treatment options for the problems HPV can cause. […] There is no treatment for HPV itself, but if you have high-risk HPV, it could cause abnormal cell changes that might lead to cancer. If you have an abnormal Pap test result, you may need further tests and/or treatment including: […] Cryotherapy a treatment to freeze and remove precancerous cells from the cervix. […] LEEP or Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure a treatment to remove precancerous cells from the cervix with an electrical current. […] Theres no cure for HPV, but there are plenty of things you can do to stay healthy and safe, and its even preventable! […] However, with regular testing, your nurse or doctor can find abnormal cells in your cervix and treat them before they turn into cancer. And most HPV infections go away on their own and dont cause any serious health problems. If you get genital warts from HPV, they can be treated and removed.

• #37 How Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Is Treated

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/hpv-treatment-514135

  Specialist procedures, including surgery, are sometimes used to treat genital warts that are not responsive to prescribed treatments. […] If it doesn’t and prescription medications fail to clear them, there are several in-office procedures that may help: Trichloroacetic acid, Cryotherapy, Electrocautery, Laser therapy, and Surgery. […] Infection by high-risk HPV types can lead to abnormal changes in cells known as dysplasia. […] While mild dysplasia usually resolves on its own within two years, more aggressive forms may progress to an early form of cancer known as carcinoma in situ (CIS). […] If there is evidence of cervical dysplasia, the healthcare provider may take a watch-and-wait approach if the dysplasia is mild. If the dysplasia is severe, they will want to remove the affected tissues with one of several procedures: Cryosurgery, Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), and Cold knife conization.

• #38 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV vaccination can prevent cancer: HPV vaccines can prevent infection with disease-causing HPV types, preventing many HPV-related cancers and cases of genital warts. […] If you have been diagnosed with moderate or high-grade dysplasia, your health care provider will talk with you about your treatment options. […] Most people with moderate cervical dysplasia (CIN 2) or high-grade cervical dysplasia (CIN 3) are treated with loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) or cold knife conization. Talk with your health care provider to learn about the best treatment option for you. […] These types of moderate or high-grade dysplasia may be treated with surgery (such as wide local excision) or topical treatments: anal dysplasia (also called anal intraepithelial neoplasia, or AIN), penile dysplasia (also called penile intraepithelial neoplasia, or PeIN), vaginal dysplasia (also called vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, or VAIN), and vulvar dysplasia (also called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, or VIN). […] HPV infection causes cells to undergo changes. If not treated these cells can, over time, become cancer cells. […] Clinical trials are an important step in learning about better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, such as cancers caused by HPV.

• #39 Therapy of Human Papillomavirus-Related Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4155500/

  This chapter reviews the current treatment of chronic and neoplastic HPV-associated conditions and the development of novel therapeutic approaches. […] Only high-risk HPV-driven chronic, preneoplastic lesions and some very early cancers cannot be successfully treated by surgical procedures alone. […] Topical agents such as imiquimod (immune response modifier), cidofovir (inhibition of viral replication; induction apoptosis) or photodynamic therapy (direct damage of tumour and augmentation of anti-tumour immunity) have all shown some useful efficacy (~5060%) in treatment of high grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. […] Provider administered treatments of genital warts include cryotherapy, trichloracetic acid, or surgical removal which has the highest primary clearance rate. […] Patient applied therapies include podophyllotoxin and imiquimod.

• #40 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis/human-papillomavirus-hpv-infection

  By removing the moist underside of the prepuce, circumcision may prevent recurrences in uncircumcised men. […] Current sex partners of people with genital warts should be examined and, if infected, treated. […] For intraurethral lesions, thiotepa (an alkylating medication), instilled in the urethra, is effective. In men, 5-fluorouracil applied 2 to 3 times a day is highly effective for urethral lesions, but rarely, it causes swelling, leading to urethral obstruction. […] Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is monitored with excisional biopsy. […] Vulvar and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia are treated with surgical excision. […] Sex partners of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or carcinoma and of patients with bowenoid papulosis should be counseled and screened regularly for HPV-related lesions. […] Management of cancers caused by HPV is discussed elsewhere in THE MANUAL.

• #41 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV vaccination can prevent cancer: HPV vaccines can prevent infection with disease-causing HPV types, preventing many HPV-related cancers and cases of genital warts. […] If you have been diagnosed with moderate or high-grade dysplasia, your health care provider will talk with you about your treatment options. […] Most people with moderate cervical dysplasia (CIN 2) or high-grade cervical dysplasia (CIN 3) are treated with loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) or cold knife conization. Talk with your health care provider to learn about the best treatment option for you. […] These types of moderate or high-grade dysplasia may be treated with surgery (such as wide local excision) or topical treatments: anal dysplasia (also called anal intraepithelial neoplasia, or AIN), penile dysplasia (also called penile intraepithelial neoplasia, or PeIN), vaginal dysplasia (also called vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, or VAIN), and vulvar dysplasia (also called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, or VIN). […] HPV infection causes cells to undergo changes. If not treated these cells can, over time, become cancer cells. […] Clinical trials are an important step in learning about better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, such as cancers caused by HPV.

• #42 HPV and Cancer – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/infectious-agents/hpv-and-cancer

  HPV vaccination can prevent cancer: HPV vaccines can prevent infection with disease-causing HPV types, preventing many HPV-related cancers and cases of genital warts. […] If you have been diagnosed with moderate or high-grade dysplasia, your health care provider will talk with you about your treatment options. […] Most people with moderate cervical dysplasia (CIN 2) or high-grade cervical dysplasia (CIN 3) are treated with loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) or cold knife conization. Talk with your health care provider to learn about the best treatment option for you. […] These types of moderate or high-grade dysplasia may be treated with surgery (such as wide local excision) or topical treatments: anal dysplasia (also called anal intraepithelial neoplasia, or AIN), penile dysplasia (also called penile intraepithelial neoplasia, or PeIN), vaginal dysplasia (also called vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia, or VAIN), and vulvar dysplasia (also called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, or VIN). […] HPV infection causes cells to undergo changes. If not treated these cells can, over time, become cancer cells. […] Clinical trials are an important step in learning about better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, such as cancers caused by HPV.

• #43 HPV: Treatment, Procedure, Cost, Recovery, Side Effects And More

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/hpv

  In case of cervical cancer also, if the cells are present only on the upper layers and have not migrated into the deeper layers the same surgical treatments can be applied as in case of genital warts. […] Only if the cancer recurs after other treatments, simple hysterectomy is carried out. […] Radiation therapy like high dose X-rays is also used to destroy cancer cells, chemotherapy is a common treatment for getting rid of cancer cells. […] HPV can also cause penile cancer in some men and the treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and biologic therapy. […] Surgery can be performed by cutting the tumor from the skin in thin layers using a microscope or by using laser beam to cut the lesions, circumcision that removes the affected foreskin of the penis or even by amputating partial or the whole penis.

• #44

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papilloma-virus-and-cancer

  There is currently no treatment for HPV infection. Treatments exist for genital warts, cervical precancers and cervical cancer. […] Non-cancerous genital warts and precancerous lesions in the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus or penis can be removed or treated by ablation (freezing or heating) or with surgery. […] Currently, cancer of the cervix (cervical cancer) is the only HPV-caused cancer for which screening tests are available. […] Treatments for cancers caused by HPV (including cervical cancer) are more effective if diagnosed early. Treatment should begin quickly after diagnosis. […] Management pathways for invasive cancer care are important tools to ensure that a patient is referred promptly and supported as they navigate the steps to diagnosis and treatment decisions. […] As low- and middle-income countries scale-up cervical screening, more cases of invasive cervical cancer will be detected, especially in previously unscreened populations. Therefore, referral and treatment strategies need to be implemented and expanded alongside prevention services.

• #45 HPV: Treatment, Procedure, Cost, Recovery, Side Effects And More

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/hpv

  In case of cervical cancer also, if the cells are present only on the upper layers and have not migrated into the deeper layers the same surgical treatments can be applied as in case of genital warts. […] Only if the cancer recurs after other treatments, simple hysterectomy is carried out. […] Radiation therapy like high dose X-rays is also used to destroy cancer cells, chemotherapy is a common treatment for getting rid of cancer cells. […] HPV can also cause penile cancer in some men and the treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and biologic therapy. […] Surgery can be performed by cutting the tumor from the skin in thin layers using a microscope or by using laser beam to cut the lesions, circumcision that removes the affected foreskin of the penis or even by amputating partial or the whole penis.

• #46 HPV-Related Head and Neck Cancer Treatment – UChicago Medicine

  https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/cancer/types-treatments/head-neck-cancers/treatment/hpv-related-head-and-neck-cancer-treatment

  Almost 80 million people have been infected with human papillomavirus (HPV), which is now the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. […] A new, less intense strategy is curing many of these patients while preserving their ability to swallow, speak and eat. Our approach resulted in the nation’s leading survival rate for HPV-related cancers: ~95% of our patients were still alive after two years, and patients treated with reduced radiation were less likely to need feeding tubes. […] We started with clinical research the OPTIMA study was designed to determine if we could successfully decrease the intensity of treatment based on how well a patients cancer responded to chemotherapy. […] We had excellent survival rates: 95 percent of the patients were still alive after two years. And patients treated with less radiation were less likely to need feeding tubes.

• #47 Implications of HPV infectivity in early diagnosis and treatment of advanced/recurrent malignancies | BJC Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s44276-024-00036-y

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype infection causes cervical cancer, pharyngeal cancer, etc. […] Cancer immunotherapy is more effective for HPV infection-positive than for HPV infection-negative cancer. […] HPV vaccines prevent persistent infection by certain HPV types. […] Clinical trials conducted in various countries have revealed that development of pharyngeal, cervical (including vaginal), anal, and penile cancers, as well as the benign disease condyloma acuminata, can be prevented by inoculation with a tetravalent or nonavalent HPV vaccine. […] Previous clinical trials have investigated the efficacy of nivolumab in 11 and 25 patients with HPV-positive and HPV-negative pharyngeal cancer, respectively. The results revealed that nivolumab was more effective at treating the patients with HPV-positive pharyngeal cancer than it was for the patients with HPV-negative pharyngeal cancer.

• #48 Therapy of Human Papillomavirus-Related Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4155500/

  Further improvements could derive from a rational combination of current therapy with new drugs targeting molecular pathways mediated by HPV in cancer. […] Small molecule inhibitors targeting the DNA binding activities of HPV E1/E2 or the anti-apoptotic consequences of E6/E7 oncogenes are in preclinical development. […] Proteasome and histone deacetylase inhibitors, which can enhance apoptosis in HPV positive tumour cells, are being tested in early clinical trials. […] Recently two E6/E7 vaccines have shown some clinical efficacy in high grade VIN patients and this correlated with strong and broad systemic HPV-specific T cell response and modulation of key local immune factors. […] Treatments that can shift the balance of immune effectors locally in combination with vaccination are now being tested.

• #49 Current strategies against persistent human papillomavirus infection (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ijo.2019.4847?text=fulltext

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection, exhibiting a tropism for the epidermis and mucosae. […] Current prophylactic vaccines against HPV have enabled the prevention of associated malignancies. However, the sizeable population base of current infection in whom prophylactic vaccines are not applicable, certain high-risk HPV types not included in vaccines, and the vast susceptible population in developing countries who do not have access to the costly prophylactic vaccines, put forward an imperative need for effective therapies targeting persistent infection. […] Despite the prophylactic effect of currently available vaccines, they are not effective in eradicating pre-existing HPV infection and associated lesions. […] These unresolved issues necessitate screening programs and further exploration of therapeutic modalities for persistent HPV infection and associated lesions.

• #50 Therapy of Human Papillomavirus-Related Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4155500/

  Further improvements could derive from a rational combination of current therapy with new drugs targeting molecular pathways mediated by HPV in cancer. […] Small molecule inhibitors targeting the DNA binding activities of HPV E1/E2 or the anti-apoptotic consequences of E6/E7 oncogenes are in preclinical development. […] Proteasome and histone deacetylase inhibitors, which can enhance apoptosis in HPV positive tumour cells, are being tested in early clinical trials. […] Recently two E6/E7 vaccines have shown some clinical efficacy in high grade VIN patients and this correlated with strong and broad systemic HPV-specific T cell response and modulation of key local immune factors. […] Treatments that can shift the balance of immune effectors locally in combination with vaccination are now being tested.

• #51 Current strategies against persistent human papillomavirus infection (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ijo.2019.4847?text=fulltext

  Therefore, there is a need for non-invasive interventions, such as medications, that are appropriate for both LSIL and HSIL, or even ICC, as well as transformation of the overall concept from treating cancer to treating infection. […] The aim of this review article was to discuss the extensive previous and ongoing investigations into antiviral agents, therapeutic vaccines and immunomodulators, along with their respective advantages and drawbacks. […] Chemical antivirals are crucial for the treatment of several viral infectious diseases, such as viral hepatitis B and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), but little is known on the role of antivirals in HPV infections. […] Several studies and clinical trials have identified and demonstrated the robust anti-HPV potential of certain acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs), among which cidofovir is the most extensively investigated.

• #52 New HPV treatment aims to wipe out virus before it becomes life threatening

  https://www.click2houston.com/health/2019/06/11/new-hpv-treatment-aims-to-wipe-out-virus-before-it-becomes-life-threatening/

  A new treatment is showing promise for people infected with HPV, the human papillomavirus. Until now, nothing was available to clear the infection from the body. Now, researchers say they’re seeing success in phase two trials of a new vaccine that helps the body rid itself of the virus. […] Dr. Diane Harper is studying a new therapy that she hopes will wipe out cervical cancer by eliminating the HPV virus that can cause it. […] Researchers enrolled 200 women with precancerous cervical lesions and gave them three injections one week apart. The therapy was a protein that triggered an immune response. […] At the end of six months, between 25% and 33% of the participants were cleared of lesions and HPV. […] The vaccine that is being tested clears tissue that already have HPV. […] Additional trials are needed before this new vaccine could be considered by the Food and Drug Administration for approval.

• #53 Clinical trial shows promise of immune treatment against HPV infections that lead to cancer | University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center

  https://www.rogelcancercenter.org/news/archive/clinical-trial-shows-promise-immune-treatment-against-hpv-infections-lead-cancer

  A potential new immune-based therapy to treat precancers in the cervix completely eliminated both the lesion and the underlying HPV infection in a third of women enrolled in a clinical trial. […] Women who received the vaccine were more than twice as likely as those who received placebo to see their CIN eliminated regardless of the type of HPV infection. […] With the vaccine, researchers found that it not only eliminated the lesions but also eliminated the HPV infection. […] It actually treats the cause of the disease, which is HPV, Harper says.

• #54

  https://www.who.int/news/item/03-07-2024-vaccines-to-treat-human-papillomavirus-could-be-a-significant-innovation-in-the-fight-against-cervical-cancer

  Innovative vaccines are being developed that could potentially treat dangerous human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in adults and therefore reduce risks of cervical cancer, according to a new report released today by the World Health Organization (WHO). […] Currently, vaccines exist to prevent, but not treat HPV infections, which are the main cause of cervical cancer. Using the latest immunotherapy advances, however, therapeutic vaccines are now also being developed that could clear HPV or treat precancerous cells in those already exposed to the virus. […] Therapeutic HPV vaccines could be a catalytic innovation to complement these efforts, increasing options for the millions of women who have already acquired HPV and reducing their risks of developing life-threatening cancer in the future.

• #55 Current strategies against persistent human papillomavirus infection (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ijo.2019.4847?text=fulltext

  Therefore, there is a need for non-invasive interventions, such as medications, that are appropriate for both LSIL and HSIL, or even ICC, as well as transformation of the overall concept from treating cancer to treating infection. […] The aim of this review article was to discuss the extensive previous and ongoing investigations into antiviral agents, therapeutic vaccines and immunomodulators, along with their respective advantages and drawbacks. […] Chemical antivirals are crucial for the treatment of several viral infectious diseases, such as viral hepatitis B and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), but little is known on the role of antivirals in HPV infections. […] Several studies and clinical trials have identified and demonstrated the robust anti-HPV potential of certain acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs), among which cidofovir is the most extensively investigated.

• #56 Cancer Interception: The First HPV Antiviral Treatment Fights Pre-Cancers | UNM HSC Newsroom

  https://hscnews.unm.edu/news/unmccc-first-hpv-antiviral-treatment-ozbun

  Like a football team disrupting the opponents play, Michelle Ozbun, PhD, and Jason McConville, PhD, at The University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center are designing a gel to prevent cancers caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs). […] The antiviral gel, Ozbun hopes, may help all of these people. The idea for administering a treatment via a topical gel came from research conducted in Ozbun’s lab to study how HPV infects cells and causes diseases. […] We call it cancer interception because we’re keeping the tumor from turning into cancer. […] When Ozbun’s team treated HPV-infected skin cells and lab-grown skin with a drug that hinders the MEK/ERK pathway, these cells stopped producing the E6 and E7 proteins and behaved more normally. […] The team needed another way to get the drug to HPV-infected skin cells, so they created a gel that is absorbed through the skin and shuts down the MEK/ERK pathway. They hope this approach will not only kill the precancerous cells but also hamper further HPV infection.

• #57 Cancer Interception: The First HPV Antiviral Treatment Fights Pre-Cancers | UNM HSC Newsroom

  https://hscnews.unm.edu/news/unmccc-first-hpv-antiviral-treatment-ozbun

  This gel will be the first of its kind. We don’t have any antivirals for HPVs. […] Ozbun’s team is conducting their first pre-clinical study in live animals. They are using various formulations of the gel to apply trametinib directly to skin tumors. […] Finally, Ozbun plans to use a $2.7 million grant from the National Cancer Institute to further develop the treatment for people.

• #58 Therapy of Human Papillomavirus-Related Disease

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4155500/

  Further improvements could derive from a rational combination of current therapy with new drugs targeting molecular pathways mediated by HPV in cancer. […] Small molecule inhibitors targeting the DNA binding activities of HPV E1/E2 or the anti-apoptotic consequences of E6/E7 oncogenes are in preclinical development. […] Proteasome and histone deacetylase inhibitors, which can enhance apoptosis in HPV positive tumour cells, are being tested in early clinical trials. […] Recently two E6/E7 vaccines have shown some clinical efficacy in high grade VIN patients and this correlated with strong and broad systemic HPV-specific T cell response and modulation of key local immune factors. […] Treatments that can shift the balance of immune effectors locally in combination with vaccination are now being tested.

• #59 Implications of HPV infectivity in early diagnosis and treatment of advanced/recurrent malignancies | BJC Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s44276-024-00036-y

  Therefore, whether HPV infection increases the TMB and/or MSI of malignant cells is being investigated. […] Based on these clinical findings, clinical application of novel antitumour immunotherapies, which involve infecting malignant tumours with pseudoviruses and increasing the anti-immunogenicity against malignant tumours, is being considered. […] The effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy has increased because malignant tumours are infected with HPV. […] Additionally, detecting circulating HPV DNA is more effective than identifying elevated tumour marker values for early diagnosis of advanced/recurrent malignant tumours. […] Furthermore, advances in medical technology have enabled early diagnosis and treatment of advanced/recurrent malignant tumours and are expected to improve medical technology innovations for cancer treatment.

• #60 Current strategies against persistent human papillomavirus infection (Review)

  https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ijo.2019.4847?text=fulltext

  The demand for clearance of established HPV infection and regression of precancerous/cancerous lesions has prompted the design of therapeutic vaccines. […] Therapeutic vaccines appear to be the most promising approach to eliminating HPV in terms of effectiveness, while each type of vaccine comes with its own advantages and disadvantages. […] Antivirals robustly inhibit the proliferation of HPVs, but are unable to eradicate infection, particularly by integrated viruses. […] In summary, the coordinated use of various strategies may act synergistically against HPV infection.

• #61 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/HPV/comments/wlbw5z/i_have_hpv_what_do_i_do_now/

  The short version of this post is: 'there’s not a lot you can do except wait’. […] The reality is that the body’s immune system needs to deal with the HPV infection and, in most cases, it will do this on its own. […] If you have CIN2 or CIN3, sit and wait is probably not great advice, and certainly for CIN3 you are likely to need treatment (LEEP or LLETZ) to help the body along. […] Nevertheless, the majority of low risk HPV infections are also suppressed by the immune system within a few months up to a couple of years, just like high risk. […] A key one is stop smoking. […] Using condoms with a regular partner may be helpful when it comes to cervical infections because it lowers the viral load being rubbed around. […] Studies on oral contraceptives are conflicting – some show a correlation between taking them and lower rates of clearance, and others don’t.

• #62 11 Ways to Build Your Immune System and Fight HPV

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/coping-with-hpv-4164645

  If you have human papillomavirus (HPV), chances are good you will clear the virus, especially if you build up your immune system to fight HPV. Strategies to strengthen immunity include eating a healthy diet rich in B vitamins, decreasing stress, limiting alcohol, and exercising. […] While the HPV vaccine will not cure a preexisting HPV infection, it is the best way to build immunity against future HPV infections and prevent cervical cancer. […] Quitting smoking gives your body a better chance to clear HPV naturally and reduce your long-term cancer risk. […] Reducing stress is important for your overall health. […] If your folic acid levels are too low, your DNA becomes more fragile, giving HPV a better chance to take hold. […] While weight management alone wont cure HPV, keeping your weight in a healthy range can support your immune system and improve your bodys ability to fight off the infection.

• #63 Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection – STI Treatment Guidelines

  https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/hpv.htm

  Treatment is directed to the macroscopic (e.g., genital warts) or pathologic precancerous lesions caused by HPV. Subclinical genital HPV infection typically clears spontaneously; therefore, specific antiviral therapy is not recommended to eradicate HPV infection. Precancerous lesions are detected through cervical cancer screening; HPV-related precancer should be managed on the basis of existing guidance (see Cervical Cancer). […] Treatments are available for the conditions caused by HPV but not for the virus itself.

• #64

  https://www.who.int/news/item/03-07-2024-vaccines-to-treat-human-papillomavirus-could-be-a-significant-innovation-in-the-fight-against-cervical-cancer

  A therapeutic vaccine for HPV could supplement these existing approaches. Such vaccines aim to boost the body’s immune response so that it can either fight and clear high-risk strains of the virus or abnormal precancerous cells. It is likely to be especially beneficial for adult women who did not receive the HPV vaccination before contracting the virus and in poorer countries, where millions of women still lack access to effective cervical screening and cancer treatments. […] There are currently over 20 therapeutic HPV vaccine candidates at different stages of development, with several in clinical trials.

• #65 HPV infection – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hpv-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20351596

  HPV infections cause almost all cervical cancers. But cervical cancer may take 20 years or longer to develop after an HPV infection. The HPV infection and early cervical cancer typically don’t cause symptoms. Getting vaccinated against HPV infection is the best way to protect against cervical cancer. […] Gardasil 9 is an HPV vaccine approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and can be used for males and females to protect against cervical cancer and genital warts. […] The vaccine works best if a person gets it before having the first sexual contact. Once someone has HPV, the vaccine might not work as well or at all. Also, younger people respond better to the vaccine than older people do. If given before someone has HPV infection, the vaccine can prevent most cervical cancers.

• #66 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/prevention-screening/manage-your-risk/hpv.html

  HPV screening, including FDA-approved self-collection tests for HPV, can determine if a woman has a cervical HPV infection. There is no drug or treatment that can eliminate the HPV virus from the body. However, there are ways to treat HPV-related health problems like precancerous lesions and genital warts. […] Cervical cancer and other HPV-associated cancers can be prevented by getting the HPV vaccine early in life. Additionally, cervical cancer can be prevented through screening, which allows precancerous changes in the cervix to be found and treated early, before they become cancer. […] If the test comes back positive, it is very important that the patient get additional tests to see if the virus has caused any changes in the cervix that might progress to cancer. This usually means receiving a Pap test or a diagnostic test called a colposcopy.

Zobacz więcej