Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Concussion – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/patients/conditions-treatments/concussion/

  A concussion is an injury to the brain that results in temporary loss of normal brain function. Medically, it is defined as a clinical syndrome characterized by immediate and transient alteration in brain function, including alteration of mental status or level of consciousness, that results from mechanical force or trauma. […] Brain imaging studies with MRI and CT scans should not be performed routinely in the diagnosis of concussions. They typically do not show any significant changes and, with CT scans, expose individuals to unnecessary radiation. While such tests are more useful for identifying structural defects, an injury from concussion is metabolic and microscopic in nature that often presents normally on neuroimaging. […] The doctor asks a variety of questions about how the injury occurred, where on the head and what symptoms are shown. The patient should report any unusual experiences to the health care provider.

• #2 Concussion: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15038-concussion

  Only a healthcare provider can diagnose a concussion. Its important to visit a provider if you hit your head, experience an injury or think you have any concussion symptoms. […] Your provider will diagnose a concussion with a physical exam, a neurological exam or a specific concussion test. Theyll ask about any symptoms youre experiencing and when they first started. […] Imaging tests cant diagnose a concussion, but your provider may recommend a CT scan (computed tomography scan) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to look for serious complications like bleeding in or around your brain.

• #3 Concussion: Practice Essentials, Background, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/92095-overview

  Concussion, or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is common among contact and collision sports participants. The 2022 6th International Conference on Concussion in Sports defines concussion as „a traumatic brain injury caused by a direct blow to the head, neck or body resulting in an impulsive force being transmitted to the brain that occurs in sports and exercise-related activities.” […] The following imaging studies can be used in the examination of head injury. Note that although these studies may be useful in the evaluation of head trauma, they will be negative for a concussion with no other injury: Computed tomography (CT) scanning: CT scanning continues to be the imaging study of choice for evaluating acute head injury. CT should be utilized only when appropriate. A validated clinical decision tool can be used to identify children with mTBI at low risk for intracranial injury, such as the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) head injury prediction rule.

• #4 Diagnosis | BrainLine

  https://www.brainline.org/identifying-and-treating-concussionmtbi-service-members-and-veterans/diagnosis

  When you see a patient who has sustained a concussion/mTBI, you’re going to make your diagnosis primarily based on patient history. […] Concussion/mTBI is diagnosed by one or more of the following signs immediately after a traumatic blow or jolt to the head: Loss of consciousness for less than 30 minutes, Loss of memory for events before or after the injury resolving within 24 hours, Alteration of consciousness (confusion, disorientation, or dazed feeling) resolving within 24 hours. […] While a loss of consciousness is sufficient for a diagnosis of concussion/mTBI, it is not necessary. […] A TBI is classified as mild if the alteration of consciousness (including amnesia) has resolved within 24 hours of the trauma. If the patient lost consciousness, the period of unconsciousness must be less than 30 minutes for the designation concussion/mTBI.

• #5 Concussion Recognition, Diagnosis, and Acute Management – Sports-Related Concussions in Youth – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK185340/

  One of the first challenges in responding to sports-related concussions is to recognize that a player may have sustained a concussion and therefore should be removed from the activity for further evaluation. […] In this chapter, the committee responds to the portions of its charge concerning cognitive, affective, and behavioral changes that can occur during the acute phase of concussion; hospital- and non-hospital-based diagnostic tools; and the treatment and management of sports concussion. The chapter provides an overview of concussion screening and diagnosis, including sideline assessments at the time of injury, subsequent clinical evaluation, and the use of evaluation tools such as symptom checklists, and neuropsychological testing. […] Given the absence of a diagnostic test or biomarker for concussion, the current cornerstone of concussion diagnosis is confirming the presence of a constellation of signs and symptoms after an individual has experienced a hit to the head or body. Symptoms are self-reported by the athlete, often using a symptom scale.

• #5 Concussion Recognition, Diagnosis, and Acute Management – Sports-Related Concussions in Youth – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK185340/

  Neuropsychological testing has become commonplace in the evaluation of concussed athletes. […] Neuropsychological testing has a long tradition in measuring cognitive function after traumatic brain injury and is one of several tools (along with symptom assessment, clinical evaluation, and the like) that may aid in the diagnosis and management of concussions in youth. […] Neuropsychological test scores appear to reflect the presence of a concussion, although, again, the complexity and associated factors make interpretation more difficult than it might seem on the surface. […] The expert consensus opinion is that an individualized treatment plan including physical and cognitive rest is beneficial for recovery from concussion.

• #5 Concussion Recognition, Diagnosis, and Acute Management – Sports-Related Concussions in Youth – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK185340/

  Using multiple evaluation tools, such as symptom scales and checklists, balance testing, and neurocognitive assessments, may increase the sensitivity and specificity of concussion identification, and this is the current preferred method of diagnosing a concussion, although existing evidence is insufficient to determine the best combination of measures. […] Traditional neuroimaging techniques, such as standard computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used to rule out more severe head and brain injuries, such as skull fractures and intracranial hemorrhages, as well as cerebral swelling that would require surgical intervention. […] Although MRIs avoid the use of ionizing radiation, instead using a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to image different types of brain and body tissue, they too are of little diagnostic value for concussions per se, because structural imaging results are normal in concussions that are uncomplicated by skull fracture or hematoma.

• #6 Current Concepts in Concussion: Initial Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0401/p426.html

  Mild traumatic brain injury, also known as concussion, is common in adults and youth and is a major health concern. […] Concussion diagnosis and management can be challenging, complicated by the lack of a universal definition. […] No single objective measure or combination of measures for diagnosis and no definitive evidence-based treatments exist. […] Physicians must rely on expert guidelines and available assessment tools with clinical judgment for diagnosis and treatment. […] Initial evaluation involves eliminating concern for cervical spine injury and more serious traumatic brain injury before diagnosis is established. […] Tools to aid diagnosis and monitor recovery include symptom checklists, neuropsychological tests, postural stability tests, and sideline assessment tools. […] Imaging should be used only to eliminate concerns of more significant injuries and not for evaluation of uncomplicated concussion.

• #6 Current Concepts in Concussion: Initial Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0401/p426.html

  Early patient education and reassurance are a cornerstone of concussion management. […] Initial management of concussion includes brief cognitive and physical rest. […] An individualized approach to the gradual return to activity after concussion is favored over rigid guidelines, and most algorithms allow for patients to progress at various rates. […] None of the numerous assessment tools for diagnosis and management of concussion are exclusively effective. […] Combining tools increases sensitivity and specificity. […] Neuropsychological tests identify cognitive deficits, but they are not well validated for concussion. […] Balance testing is recommended as part of postconcussion evaluation; however, the evidence regarding its utility is insufficient. […] If concussion is suspected, an athlete should be removed from play and immediately evaluated by a qualified clinician.

• #6 Current Concepts in Concussion: Initial Evaluation and Management | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0401/p426.html

  The hospital or clinic evaluation is similar to the sideline evaluation but encompasses a detailed history and neurologic examination. […] Imaging is not indicated for the evaluation of uncomplicated concussion. […] The most commonly used imaging guidelines for patients 16 years and older with mild head injury include the Canadian CT Head Rule and the New Orleans Criteria. […] Management of concussion is summarized in the article. […] Patient education, reassurance, and written instructions of when and how to seek medical attention are required at discharge. […] Gradual return to activity and return to play start with 24 to 48 hours of rest and add activities in progressive steps. […] A multidisciplinary approach should be considered for those with prolonged symptoms, including referral to a physician experienced in concussion management. […] Recommendations for return to activity or return to play are similar to those for adults; however, guidelines recommend waiting until the child or adolescent has successfully tolerated returning to school before resuming full activity or play.

• #7 Concussion – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537017/

  A concussion is a „traumatically induced transient disturbance of brain function.” Concussions are a subset of the neurologic injuries known as traumatic brain injuries. […] Diagnosis of a concussion remains an exclusively clinical diagnosis based on history and exam findings. However, there is no single pathognomonic finding or a minimum number of symptoms for diagnosing a concussion. […] The Sports Concussion Assessment Tool 6 (SCAT6) is 1 of the most commonly used tools for a concussion assessment, particularly by athletic trainers and sports medicine providers, to assess athletes on the sideline after a potential head injury. […] Formal neuropsychological assessment by a trained neuropsychologist can supplement a clinician’s assessment of the multiple domains impacted by concussions. […] Testing for serum biomarkers of concussion is still under development but may have a role in future clinical evaluation. […] If the symptoms are prolonged for more than 7 days, consider an MRI, which offers more details.

• #8 What Happens In A Concussion Diagnosis | Franciscan Health

  https://www.franciscanhealth.org/community/blog/concussion-diagnosis

  Dr. Scheidler explains that commonly utilized forms include: Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC), Acute Concussion Evaluation (ACE), Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5th Edition (SCAT5). […] „The most important questions for concussion diagnosis are the ones that get the details of the injury from the patient or witnesses,” Dr. Scheidler said. […] Dr. Scheidler explains that while many concussion-related symptoms can be recognized at home, associated new symptoms will be reviewed by your provider. […] „Finally, the physician will want to rule out other conditions that would cause such symptoms, including alcohol or drug intoxication, post-traumatic stress disorder, or other injuries,” Dr. Scheidler said. […] „Concussion symptoms are usually immediate, but some can progress or worsen over time,” Dr. Scheidler said. […] „A concussion is a clinical diagnosis, meaning a clinician must diagnose the condition based on a history and physical exam,” Dr. Scheidler said.

• #9 Concussion | Brain Institute | OHSU

  https://www.ohsu.edu/brain-institute/concussion

  The concussion experts at OHSU treat most stages of injury for children and adults. We bring specialists together as a team for your care. […] Doctors with the expertise to give you a precise diagnosis. […] At OHSU, you’ll find specialists with the expertise to give you a clear diagnosis. […] Tests may include: A neurological exam to test your vision, balance, hearing, strength and reflexes. A cognitive (thinking) test to evaluate your memory and ability to concentrate. […] Concussions can be difficult to identify because symptoms may develop over hours or days.

• #10 Do You Have A Mild Concussion? New AI Might Aid Diagnosis – USC Viterbi | School of Engineering

  https://viterbischool.usc.edu/news/2024/07/do-you-have-a-mild-concussion-new-ai-might-aid-diagnosis/

  CT images of the brain. Photo/Pexels […] Even if a patient goes to the ER with their injury, it’s estimated that 50% – 90% of concussion cases go without a formal diagnosis, putting them at risk of dangerous complications such as brain bleeds and cognitive impairment. […] A concussion is a form of traumatic brain injury that can cause temporary changes to the brain’s function. […] Hacker said that current clinical practice for concussion diagnosis often relies on basic cognitive tests such as the Glasgow Coma Scale, a tool used to assess a patient’s level of consciousness, responsiveness and memory. […] Yet, many mild concussion patients never lose consciousness and may not present with the traditional cognitive symptoms that would make them easy to diagnose. […] Hacker said that this existing testing was not sensitive enough to detect many milder cases. […] The classifier that the research team created has the potential to form the basis of a concussion diagnosis platform that could be applied in clinical settings.

• #11 Diagnosing Concussion | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/concussion/diagnosis

  Your doctor also asks questions about your medical history, including details about the injury its cause and when it occurred, for example and any symptoms you have noticed. […] Evidence of a concussion may not always be visible on MRI or CT scans, so a doctor may perform neuropsychological tests to determine if you are having difficulty with cognition and memory after a concussion. […] To help diagnose a brain injury and pinpoint its location in the brain, NYU Langone doctors might perform a neurodiagnostic test called EyeBoxCNS to track eye movements.

• #11 Diagnosing Concussion | NYU Langone Health

  https://nyulangone.org/conditions/concussion/diagnosis

  Concussion is caused by an injury to the brain and may or may not be accompanied by a loss of consciousness. […] Any time a concussion is suspected, you should see a doctor immediately. […] Its recommended that you see a concussion specialist if symptoms continue for more than three days. […] At the Concussion Center, our experts diagnose concussion in children, who receive treatment through Hassenfeld Childrens Hospital at NYU Langone, and adults, determining the best course of treatment for each person. […] Doctors at the Concussion Center evaluate and, if necessary, manage any symptoms caused by injuries to the head and brain. […] If your NYU Langone doctor suspects a concussion, he or she may perform a physical exam to check your strength, balance, coordination, and reflexes.

• #12 How Concussions Are Diagnosed

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-concussions-are-diagnosed-4132462

  Diagnosing a concussion can be tricky. Although many degrees of head trauma can cause one, the most common concussions—those that result from mild head injuries—generally do not involve identifiable bleeding or bruising in the brain. […] Since brain scans can identify bruising or bleeding in the brain but not the cellular damage thought to cause concussion symptoms, healthcare professionals must rely on a careful assessment of symptoms and neuropsychological function. […] Because there’s no simple test for diagnosing a concussion, several steps are involved. […] Interview testing for various types of amnesia: These include the documentation of the presence and extent of any retrograde amnesia (a lack of memory about what happened just before the injury), anterograde amnesia (a lack of memory about what happened just after the injury), loss of consciousness, and post-traumatic amnesia.

• #13 Mastering Minor Care: Concussion — Taming the SRU

  https://www.tamingthesru.com/blog/masteringminorcare/concussion

  Several definitions have been set forth for this common injury, with perhaps the most well accepted definition being introduced by the Centers for Disease Control and World Health Organization. By these criteria, a concussion is defined as a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 13-15 either 30 minutes following a head injury or at the time of presentation in the presence of loss of consciousness or altered consciousness following the injury, retrograde and/or anterograde amnesia to the event, ongoing alterations in mental status, or presence of a neurologic deficit. Concussions are often further characterized as sports-related or non-sports related. […] Clinching the diagnosis relies on history-taking and the physical examination. Patients who present with a GCS of 13-15 following an episode of head trauma with either loss of consciousness, amnesia, altered mental status, or a neurological deficit meet the diagnostic criteria.

• #14 How to Get a Concussion Diagnosis and What to Do Next

  https://neuraleffects.com/blog/how-to-get-a-concussion-diagnosis/

  This is the approach we follow at Neural Effects to diagnose a concussion. […] To start our concussion assessment, we ask our patients what symptoms theyre experiencing, from headaches and blurred vision to dizziness and memory loss. […] This checklist reveals important information about how the concussion may have affected your brain and the results are used to decide which therapies are best to ensure your recovery. […] During our assessment, we also go over your medical history. […] For professional athletes, we will also ask for your baseline testing results to compare cognitive values before and after the concussion. […] Because these nerves are found in different locations in the brain, detecting any related issues can be useful to identify which areas of the brain were affected by the concussion.

• #14 How to Get a Concussion Diagnosis and What to Do Next

  https://neuraleffects.com/blog/how-to-get-a-concussion-diagnosis/

  The most common way to assess athletes for concussion is the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool, 5th Edition (SCAT5). […] Concussed athletes can begin concussion treatment within 48 hours of injury. […] Its very important not to return to play (or participate in any other activity with an increased risk of head injury) while the brain heals from a concussion. […] After a brain injury, proteins start leaking from damaged brain cells into the cerebrospinal fluid, then cross the blood-brain barrier to eventually enter the bloodstream. […] For decades, scientists have been trying to use the presence of these proteins in the bloodstream to identify concussions, but these attempts have had limited success. […] Abbott Laboratories, a global health care company, received FDA approval to market the first quick blood test to aid in the diagnosis of a brain injury. […] Researchers are also working on a saliva test that can be done immediately after a suspected concussion. […] Such tests could make an accurate diagnosis possible for many patients who either do not have access to good concussion doctors or who receive inaccurate diagnoses.

• #15 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353357

  No single test can prove you have persistent post-concussive symptoms. A healthcare professional may start with taking your full medical history and may use these tests to help determine your diagnosis: […] A neurological exam. This includes testing your thinking and memory, senses, strength, coordination, and reflexes. […] Neurological testing. These tests further check your concentration, memory, language, thinking and planning skills. […] Imaging. You may need brain imaging such as a CT scan or an MRI scan. Healthcare professionals may recommend brain imaging if you have concerning symptoms, such as a very bad headache, memory loss or vomiting. Imaging also can check for structural brain changes, such as damage to brain tissue, and other conditions that may be affecting the brain. But images cannot see persistent post-concussive symptoms.

• #15 Persistent post-concussive symptoms (Post-concussion syndrome) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/post-concussion-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353357

  You may see other healthcare professionals based on your symptoms. This may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, or a psychologist for anxiety or memory problems. For dizziness, you may see an ear, nose and throat specialist. For vision changes, you might go to an eye specialist, known as an ophthalmologist. Or you might see a specialist in visual symptoms related to traumatic brain injuries or neurological conditions, known as a neuro-optometrist. […] You first may see a member of your healthcare team, who makes the initial diagnosis of a concussion. Or the diagnosis might be made by a healthcare professional in the emergency room. […] You may be referred to a brain and nervous system disorder specialist, known as a neurologist, or a brain rehabilitation specialist, known as a physiatrist.

• #16 Concussion Diagnosis, Symptoms & Treatment | Baptist Health

  https://www.baptisthealth.com/care-services/conditions-treatments/concussion

  Neurological examination: During this exam, the physician assesses balance, coordination, reflexes, strength, sensation, vision and hearing. […] Observation: In some cases, after a severe concussion and/or loss of consciousness, a person may need to stay in the hospital overnight for observation by physicians and nurses. If the concussion is deemed more minor, someone should stay with and check on the injured person for 24 hours to ensure symptoms arent getting worse. […] X-rays: A common imaging test to rapidly assess injuries to the spine, head and other bones.

• #17 Concussion Diagnosis & Treatment – NYC | Columbia Neurosurgery in New York City

  https://www.neurosurgery.columbia.edu/patient-care/conditions/concussion

  A concussion is an injury to the brain that temporarily alters normal brain function. […] A neurological examination is performed to identify changes in brain function and mental status. This exam consists of evaluating sense of smell, motor function, swallowing, hearing, sensation, eye movements, balance and coordination. […] Also, the Glasgow coma scale, which is a 15-item scoring system, is used to measure an individual’s level of consciousness. The score is then used to identify whether an injury was mild, moderate or severe. […] Imaging tests, such as computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sean, may be ordered to view the brain and identify intracranial hematoma or other brain injury. These imaging scans themselves cannot lead to a diagnosis of concussion but can identify bleeding.

• #18 Protecting Your Brain: Concussion Diagnosis and Treatment » INSIGHT Chicago

  https://insightchicago.com/protecting-your-brain-concussion-diagnosis-and-treatment/

  Concussion Diagnosis The sooner you see a physician after you experience a head injury, the easier it will be for you to receive the diagnosis and treatment you need to prevent further complications. Healthcare professionals use a variety of tests for concussion diagnosis, with the most common being a neurological exam. This type of exam assesses: Neurological function, Reflexes, Vision, Eye movements, Reaction to light, Balance and coordination, Hearing ability, Strength, Mobility of the neck muscles. […] Verbal, written, and computerized tests are also used to measure thinking ability, memory, concentration, and problem-solving skills. […] In some cases, a CT scan or MRI may be used during the diagnostic process. This is especially common if a physician suspects severe injuries to the brain, including internal bleeding, brain swelling, and injuries to the cervical spine (top portion of the spine) or spinal cord. Imaging is also used if symptoms get worse over time.

• #19 Concussions: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/brain/concussion-traumatic-brain-injury-symptoms-causes-treatments

  Concussion Diagnosis […] Most people with concussions fully recover with appropriate treatment. But because a concussion can be serious, safeguarding yourself is important. […] Seek medical attention. A health care professional can decide how serious the concussion is and whether you require treatment. […] Theyll ask how the head injury happened and discuss the symptoms. The doctor may also ask you simple questions such as „Where do you live?,” „What is your name?,” or „Who is the president?” The doctor asks these questions to evaluate memory and concentration skills. […] The doctor may test coordination and reflexes, which are both functions of the central nervous system. They may also order a CT scan or an MRI to rule out bleeding or other serious brain injury. […] Emergency symptoms of a concussion include: […]

• #20 Concussion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concussion

  A thorough evaluation by a qualified medical provider working in their scope of practice (such as a physician or nurse practitioner) is required to rule out life-threatening head injuries, injuries to the cervical spine, and neurological conditions and to use information obtained from the medical evaluation to diagnose a concussion. […] Diagnosis of concussion requires an assessment performed by a physician or nurse practitioner to rule out severe injuries to the brain and cervical spine, mental health conditions, or other medical conditions. […] Diagnosis is based on physical and neurological examination findings, duration of unconsciousness (usually less than 30 minutes) and post-traumatic amnesia (usually less than 24 hours), and the Glasgow Coma Scale (people with mTBI have scores of 13 to 15).

• #20 Concussion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concussion

  A CT scan or MRI is not required to diagnose concussion. […] Concussion may be under-diagnosed because of the lack of the highly noticeable signs and symptoms while athletes may minimize their injuries to remain in the competition. […] Direct impact to the head is not required for a concussion diagnosis, as other bodily impacts with a subsequent force transmission to the head are also causes. […] There are no fluid biomarkers (i.e., blood or urine tests) that are validated for diagnosing concussion in children or adolescents.

• #21 Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT5)

  https://cattonline.com/scat

  The SCAT5 is a standardized tool for evaluating for a suspected concussion and can be used on individuals aged 13 years and older. If a concussion is suspected, adults should undergo medical assessment by a medical doctor or nurse practitioner. The Child SCAT5 is a standardized tool for evaluating injured children for concussion and can be used in children aged from 5 to 12 years. If a concussion is suspected, youth should undergo medical assessment by a medical doctor or nurse practitioner. The Concussion Awareness Training Tool (CATT) is a series of online educational modules and resources addressing concussion recognition, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Good concussion management is pivotal to minimizing the risk of brain damage and may reduce long-term health consequences.

• #22 Assessment of concussion | Concussion in Australian Sport

  https://www.concussioninsport.gov.au/medical_practitioners/link_listing/assessment_of_concussion

  Diagnosing concussion can be difficult – but is critical to correctly managing and preventing further injury. […] Diagnosis relies on the clinical assessment of symptoms and signs. There is no specific diagnostic test which confirms the presence or otherwise of concussion. […] For Adults: Health care practitioners can use the Concussion in Sport Group Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 6 (SCAT6) as part of an overall clinical assessment to assess potential concussions. […] For Children: The Child Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (Child-SCAT6) can be used to assess concussion in children aged 5 12 years. […] People without medical training can use the Concussion Recognition Tool 6, also developed by the Concussion in Sport Group. […] For the management of concussion for 3-days or longer post-concussion incident, The Sport Concussion Office Assessment Tool 6 (SCOAT6) (bmj.com) can be used.

• #23 Concussion Diagnostics: How We Evaluate Concussion in Children and Teens | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/treatments/concussion-diagnostics-how-we-evaluate-concussion-children-and-teens

  Concussions can happen anywhere and everywhere from the school yard to the playing field, from the playground to the home. Historically, clinicians have had to rely on symptom self-reporting from patients and observational reporting from parents and family members. […] A team of clinicians and researchers from CHOPs Minds Matter Concussion Program have developed and are evaluating several cutting-edge tools to better diagnose concussion in youth, provide information regarding prognosis, and assess treatment outcomes. These concussion diagnostic tools include: […] The visio-vestibular examination (VVE) is a series of physical exam maneuvers that tests the concussed youths vision and the function of their vestibular system, which controls elements such as balance and eye movements. […] Learn more about our teams ongoing research into visio-vestibular markers for concussion and how this line of research has the potential to improve concussion diagnosis and recovery.

• #23 Concussion Diagnostics: How We Evaluate Concussion in Children and Teens | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/treatments/concussion-diagnostics-how-we-evaluate-concussion-children-and-teens

  Another instrument that we’re really excited about is the pupillometer. […] What the pupillometry does, is it shines a light at your eye, and then it uses an infrared camera to capture how your pupil responds to that light. […] And so we’re actually able to get very precise measurements in terms of how quickly your pupil responds to light. And that seems to be changed after concussion. […] We’re hopefully moving the diagnosis of concussion from, „Hey, how you feeling? Do you think you have a concussion?” […] The automated eye tracking assessment is a rapid, objective and non-invasive aid in the diagnosis of concussion and does not require a patients pre-injury baseline as a comparison to identify concussion. […] CHOP researchers were among the first to evaluate this technology as an objective method for identifying concussions in young patients.

• #23 Concussion Diagnostics: How We Evaluate Concussion in Children and Teens | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/treatments/concussion-diagnostics-how-we-evaluate-concussion-children-and-teens

  Our research showed the complex tandem gait evaluation possessed the greatest sensitivity in diagnosing and ruling out concussion. […] One of the most promising new concussion diagnostic tools is the automated dynamic infrared pupillometry hand-held device commonly called the pupillometer which measures the pupils automated response to light. […] In a recent study, CHOP researchers explored whether pupillary light reflex (PLR) measured by the pupillometer could distinguish between youth with concussion and those without. Researchers assessed nine specific PLR metrics and found significant differences between the concussed and non-concussed adolescents for eight of those studied.

• #24 Vestibular Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) | Concussion Diagnosis

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/services/sports-medicine/services/concussion/voms

  VOMS is a tool designed by the experts at UPMC to detect signs and symptoms of a concussion. […] But research shows it’s 90% accurate in diagnosing people with concussion. […] It’s a reliable and consistent tool for concussion diagnosis when combined with: […] The VOMS test takes five to 10 minutes and may help us detect problems that other tests, like the following, don’t always find: […] Once thought useful in diagnosing concussion, these tests focus just on balance, potentially missing vital issues. […] Pinpointing balance and vision motor problems early can help us treat people sooner. […] Used with other measures, VOMS helps identify concussions so we can design the best course of treatment. […] The vestibular ocular system is the most accurate predictor of long-term outcomes from sports-related concussions. […] The VOMS isolates and properly assesses these areas to help us better manage concussions.

• #25 Concussion Center Information | The University of Kansas Health System

  https://www.kansashealthsystem.com/care/conditions/concussion

  A concussion is a type of brain injury that occurs when you hit or injure your head. […] While the effects of concussion are usually temporary, early diagnosis and timely treatment are critical. […] Doctors at The University of Kansas Health System treat mild to severe concussions in adults, children and adolescents. […] Our concussion specialists use a computerized concussion evaluation tool to help with recovery and returning to activities. The tool is called ImPACT (immediate post-concussion assessment and cognitive testing). This test measures attention span, memory, problem-solving and reaction times. It also provides baseline testing before a concussion for after-injury comparisons. […] Your doctor may also diagnose a concussion using: A neurological evaluation, Cognitive testing, conducted by a neuropsychologist, Imaging studies, such as computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). […] Research suggests that those who are not fully recovered from a concussion are significantly more vulnerable for recurrent, cumulative and serious consequences of a second concussion. The best way to manage a concussion is to seek medical care promptly by a trained concussion medical specialist.

• #26 Concussion and Brain Health Testing Tools – Mid-Atlantic Concussion Alliance

  https://macconcussion.com/concussion-and-brain-health-testing-tools/

  FDA Cleared Concussion Testing Tools […] We stay on top of the latest technologies to provide patients todays best screening and assessment tools for faster and more accurate diagnosis of concussions, also known as mild traumatic brain injuries (TBI). […] Health care professionals and educators rely on FDA-cleared ImPACT to track recovery of cognitive processes and to make decisions about academic and professional needs following concussion. […] BrainScope One is FDA-cleared technology that provides an objective, quantitative, and comprehensive assessment of EEG measurement and cognitive performance for mildly presenting concussions. […] With FDA-cleared RightEye, the first commercialized high-precision measurement eye-tracking solution, MAC Alliance partners can uncover brain health issues in minutes.

• #27 Concussion: Screenings & Diagnosis | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/concussion/diagnosis

  Baseline testing is most effective when performed at a healthy state and can be compared when an athlete suffers a concussion. […] At Banner Health, we perform a protocol for balance testing that is performed on either the Sway mobile application or a Bertec force plate to provide objective information on sway (how steady you are) when performing various tasks. […] Visual acuity and visual integration Tests that measure the speed and accuracy of vision and the brains ability to integrate that information.

• #28 Concussion – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/concussion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355600

  To diagnose a concussion, your healthcare professional evaluates your symptoms and reviews your medical history. You may need tests that help diagnose a concussion. Tests may include a neurological exam, cognitive testing and imaging tests. […] Brain imaging may be recommended for some people who have had a concussion. Imaging may be done in people with symptoms such as bad headaches, seizures, repeated vomiting or symptoms that are becoming worse. Imaging tests may determine whether the injury has caused bleeding or swelling in the skull. […] A computerized tomography (CT) scan of the head is the standard test in adults to assess the brain right after injury. A CT scan uses a series of X-rays to obtain cross-sectional images of the skull and brain. […] For children with a suspected concussion, CT scans are used only if specific criteria are met, such as the type of injury or signs of a skull fracture. This is to limit radiation exposure in young children. […] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to identify changes in your brain or to diagnose complications that may occur after a concussion. An MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves to produce detailed images of your brain.

• #29 Concussion | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/concussion

  A CT and an MRI will not detect any signs of a concussion. What they’re used for early on in the emergency room is to see if your child has a bleed in the brain, not to diagnose a concussion. […] There’s no blood test for a concussion. There’s no computerized test that will tell you if you have a concussion or not. A concussion occurs after you have a head trauma, followed by symptoms or deficits on physical exam. Each of those individual pieces is a piece of the puzzle. We have to put all the pieces of the puzzle together to make the clinical diagnosis of a concussion.

• #30 Diagnostics — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/diagnostics

  Concussions do not show up on CT or MRI scans, so these scans are not typically ordered by doctors. Doctors use a range of assessment tests to check for concussion symptoms related to cognition, memory, balance, visual processing, and more. […] Currently, whether you go to an emergency room (ER) or a doctor’s clinic, there is no diagnostic tool available to test if you have a concussion. A CT or MRI will be ordered only if the doctor suspects bleeding in the brain or another type of more severe head injury. […] Researchers are using multiple types of diagnostic tools to measure physiological changes after a concussion. In the future, some of these tools may be available to patients at clinics and the emergency room. These diagnostic tools include functional MRI (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), cerebral blood flow (CBF), electrophysiology, fluid biomarkers, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).

• #31 Diagnosing concussion with image tests – Queensland Brain Institute – University of Queensland

  https://qbi.uq.edu.au/concussion/diagnosing-concussion-image-tests

  Researchers can look at changes in brain function by using another type of MRI known as a functional MRI (fMRI). This imaging allows us to see regions in the brain that are active. QBI’s Dr Fatima Nasrallah has been using fMRI and other imaging techniques to study what happens to the brain in the immediate aftermath of a concussion, as well as in the following weeks and months. […] For concussion, research is showing a similar brain network disruption, but one network in particular is affected. Its known as the default mode network and its the one thats most active when our brain is in what could be called idling mode. We dont yet understand why this network is so important, or why it is particularly badly affected by concussion. But, says Dr Nasrallah, changes to this network are apparent soon after concussion.

• #32 Is There a Test to Help Assess Concussion? | Abbott Newsroom

  https://www.abbott.com/corpnewsroom/diagnostics-testing/is-there-a-test-to-help-assess-concussion.html

  Is There a Test to Help Assess Concussion? […] Fortunately, there are lab-based concussion tests that can help bring some clarity to the process. […] Abbotts concussion blood tests on its Alinity i and i-STAT Alinity instruments measure two biomarkers that are released into the bloodstream when the brain is injured. […] The Alinity i TBI test received U.S. Food and Drug Administration clearance in March. […] The test complements Abbott’s i-STAT TBI Plasma test, the first rapid, blood test for concussion on a portable instrument, which the FDA also cleared. […] Our blood test technology does just that, and now doctors have a new tool to help evaluate the need for a head CT scan in a person who may have suffered a concussion. […] Our tests measure two biomarkers in the blood that are released when the brain is injured: Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP).

• #33 What is the lowest threshold to make a diagnosis of concussion? | British Journal of Sports Medicine

  https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/47/5/268

  Objective The purpose of this review is to examine the evidence for determining the lowest threshold for diagnosing a sport-related concussion. […] The majority of concussions in sport occur without loss of consciousness or frank neurological signs. Some of the hallmark signs of acute concussion include mental confusion, memory and balance disturbance. […] Sport-related concussions can be difficult to diagnose. Concussion produces an evolving constellation of somatic, cognitive and neurobehavioral symptoms that are typically most severe during the earliest acute postinjury period (ie, within the first 2448h) and diminish over a matter of several days to weeks in the majority of athletes. Athletes suspected of concussion should be removed from play and evaluated thoroughly.

• #34 New blood test could improve concussion diagnosis: Study

  https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-10-blood-concussion-diagnosis.html

  New blood test could improve concussion diagnosis: Study […] A global blood test for concussion could be a step closer after a Monash University-led study discovered specific proteins or biomarkers that can help diagnose concussions relatively quickly and accurately. […] Once approved, a blood test identifying these biomarkers could improve the diagnostic process of concussion following accidents, sport-related collisions, or other injuries, aiding management and recovery. […] There is no blood test approved globally for concussion, also known as mild traumatic brain injury. […] The collaborative study between Monash University researchers and The Alfred Emergency Department (ED) clinicians discovered that blood levels of three proteins, each reflecting different aspects of the biology of brain trauma, provided precision in classifying concussion for patients under the age of 50 who present to an ED within six hours of injury.

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