Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Concussion epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Concussion_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Most cases of traumatic brain injury are concussions. A World Health Organization (WHO) study estimated that between 70 and 90% of head injuries that receive treatment are mild. […] Estimates of the incidence of concussion may be artificially low, for example due to underreporting. At least 25% of MTBI sufferers fail to get assessed by a medical professional. […] The WHO group reviewed studies on the epidemiology of MTBI and found a hospital treatment rate of 13 per 1000 people, but since not all concussions are treated in hospitals, they estimated that the rate per year in the general population is over 6 per 1000 people. […] Young children have the highest concussion rate among all age groups. […] Studies suggest males suffer MTBI at about twice the rate of their female counterparts.

• #1 Concussion Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/concussion

  Concussions are common, especially among athletes. Each year, UPMC concussion experts treat thousands of people, of which 70% are high school athletes. […] According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Children age 17 and younger account for about seven out of 10 emergency department visits for sports- and recreation-related TBIs and concussions. […] Contact sports, including football, basketball, and soccer, account for 45% of emergency department visits for concussion and TBI in children. […] Boys tackle football, girls soccer, and boys lacrosse are the sports with the highest rates of concussion. […] In high school sports, two out of three concussions are caused by collisions. […] Concussions aren’t limited to athletes. They can happen to anyone. They happen in older adults, often as a result of falls. People may miss the signs of concussion in older adults because they aren’t looking for them.

• #1 TBI Data | Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/traumatic-brain-injury/data-research/index.html

  CDC collects and reports TBI data to understand: how many people are affected by this injury, who is most at risk, the leading ways a person may get a TBI, and whether programs to prevent TBI are working. […] CDC conducts research on preventing TBIs and reducing the chance for disability and other potential effects of these injuries. […] Learn more about the National Concussion Surveillance System, a state-of-the-art data collection effort designed to learn how many Americans (children and adults) get a concussion each year and the leading causes of this injury.

• #1 Concussion epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Concussion_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Up to five percent of sports injuries are concussions. […] The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 300,000 sports-related concussions occur yearly in the U.S., but that number includes only athletes who lost consciousness. […] Since loss of consciousness is thought to occur in less than 10% of concussions, the CDC estimate is likely lower than the real number. […] Due to the lack of a consistent definition, the economic costs of MTBI are not known, but they are estimated to be very high. […] These high costs are due in part to the large percentage of hospital admissions for head injury that are due to mild head trauma, but indirect costs such as lost work time and early retirement account for the bulk of the costs.

• #1 Ivy League-Big Ten Epidemiology of Concussion Study | U-M Injury Center

  https://injurycenter.umich.edu/ivy-league-big-ten-epidemiology-of-concussion-study/

  Started in the Ivy League in 2013 as a multi-site, prospective, cohort study to characterize the epidemiology of concussions among student athletes in the Ivy League and Big Ten Conferences. […] To improve the understanding of the epidemiology of sports-related concussion (SRC) and foster safe participation in collegiate athletics. […] To obtain epidemiologic data regarding the incidence of concussion, mechanism of injury, and return to academic and sport participation timelines of concussion for varsity and club sports endorsed by the Ivy League and Big Ten conferences. […] The Ivy League-Big Ten Epidemiology of Concussion Study is an achievement of the Big Ten–Ivy League Traumatic Brain Injury Research Collaboration (TBI Collaboration), and now a free-standing study with the vision and goals listed below.

• #1 Concussion – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concussion

  Most cases of traumatic brain injury are concussions. A World Health Organization (WHO) study estimated that between 70 and 90% of head injuries that receive treatment are mild. However, due to under reporting and to the widely varying definitions of concussion and mTBI, it is difficult to estimate how common the condition is. Estimates of the incidence of concussion may be artificially low, for example, due to under reporting. At least 25% of people with mTBI fail to get assessed by a medical professional. The WHO group reviewed studies on the epidemiology of mTBI and found a hospital treatment rate of 13 per 1000 people, but since not all concussions are treated in hospitals, they estimated that the rate per year in the general population is over 6 per 1000 people. […] Young children have the highest concussion rate among all age groups. However, most people with a concussion are young adults. A Canadian study found that the yearly incidence of mTBI is lower in older age groups. Studies suggest males develop mTBI at about twice the rate of their female counterparts. However, female athletes may be at a higher risk of sustaining a concussion than their male counterparts.

• #1 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment Strategies of Concussions: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/epidemiology-pathophysiology-and-treatment-strategies-of-concussions-a-comprehensive-review.html

  According to Saatian et al. [21], there is a higher prevalence of TBI in males compared to females in high-income nations. However, it is important to note that although the male prevalence is frequently documented in high-income nations at a ratio of approximately 2 to 1, this ratio significantly increases to 4 to 1 in low- and middle-income countries such as Tanzania, and even further to 6.5 to 1 in India [22]. […] In contrast to high-income countries, low- and middle-income countries exhibit a younger population with the highest prevalence of TBI, often ranging between the ages of 28.8 and 33.1, as extensively documented. […] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a significant proportion of fatalities resulting from injuries, around 90%, transpire in countries categorized as low- and middle-income. These nations are home to approximately 85% of the global population.

• #1 Concussion and Mild-Traumatic Brain Injury in Rural Settings: Epidemiology and Specific Health Care Considerations – Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice

  https://ruralneuropractice.com/concussion-and-mild-traumatic-brain-injury-in-rural-settings-epidemiology-and-specific-health-care-considerations/

  Mild-traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and concussions cause significant morbidity. To date, synthesis of specific health care disparities and gaps in care for rural mTBI/concussion patients remains needed. […] mTBI/concussion incidence was higher in rural compared with urban areas. Compared with urban patients, rural patients were at increased risk for vehicular injuries, lifetime number of concussions, admissions for observation without neuroimaging, and injury-related costs. Rural patients were less likely to utilize ambulatory and mental health services following mTBI/concussion. […] Understanding unique considerations in rural health care utilization after mTBI/concussion is critical to improve access and reduce health care burden. We provide a comprehensive review of the current evidence on rural mTBI/concussion epidemiology, risk factors, management, and prevention efforts in rural settings for this vulnerable group of patients.

• #1 Concussion Epidemiology, Natural History and Long Term Outcomes – Lab Foci – Bazarian Lab – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/labs/bazarian/foci/concussion-epidemiology

  Concussionalso known as mild TBI– is a growing public health problem affecting over 3.8 million Americans annually and resulting in over 2.2 million emergency department visits each year. […] Between 2010 and 2015, diagnoses for concussion and post-concussion syndrome increased by 43% and 81%, respectively. […] Disability resulting from concussion costs the US nearly $17 billion each year. […] However, several studies published since 2004 suggest that as many as 40-50% of concussion patients are not recovered at 3 months, and that there are large differences in the percent of recovered subjects across studies.

• #1 Concussion and Traumatic Brain Injury Prevention Program

  https://portal.ct.gov/dph/health-education-management–surveillance/the-office-of-injury-prevention/concussion-and-traumatic-brain-injury-prevention-program

  According to results from the 2017 Connecticut School Health Survey, administered by the Connecticut Department of Public Health (CT DPH) and the state Department of Education, 16.8% of high school students reported concussions from injuries and had to seek medical treatment while playing sports, exercising or being physically active during the previous year. […] In Connecticut, from 2007 to 2013 there were 22,047 hospital in-patient discharges and about 40,096 emergency department encounters. The emergency department costs totaled over $138 million. […] The Connecticut State Department of Education Health (CSDE) Services Concussion Reports indicate an overall decline (about 67% lower) in student concussions from the 2015-2016 school year to the 2022-2023 school year. This trend includes potential impacts from the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic of the 2019-2020 school year that took hold after the fall soccer and football season. The top three activities contributing to a concussion diagnosis (interscholastic school athletics, activities outside of school, and non-school related sports) remained the same over the eight years.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/headtraumarehab/fulltext/2025/01000/summary_of_the_centers_for_disease_control_and.7.aspx

  Survey data based on self-reported concussions and TBIs resulted in larger prevalence estimates than would be expected based on traditional surveillance methods. […] Efforts can be made to optimize and standardize data collection approaches to ensure consistent measurement across settings and populations. […] Relying on administrative healthcare data alone undercounts the true burden of TBI in the United States. […] An alternative approach to TBI surveillance is to make use of national self-report surveys that ask respondents to report their experience with head injuries. […] CDC has made progress to fill this data need through self-reported national surveys. […] Without such estimates, it is difficult to determine whether strategies and programs to prevent TBI have been effective.

• #1 Addressing Concussion in Youth Sports | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/addressing-concussion-youth-sports/2014-07

  Even used together, these surveillance reports do not give a complete picture of sports injuries in young people. […] A 2004 study by McCrea showed that only 47.3 percent of affected athletes reported a concussion. […] Therefore, I believe that injury rates are higher than what is currently reported in the medical literature. […] To truly improve injury prevention and reduce concussion incidence, we need to accomplish several things: Establish a national injury surveillance program to determine with accuracy the incidence of sports-related concussion in youth. […] The IOM believes that a better understanding of the true incidence of concussion will allow researchers to target injury prevention strategies to needed groups and better evaluate their effectiveness.

• #1 National Concussion Surveillance System | Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/traumatic-brain-injury/programs/index.html

  CDC finished pilot testing a survey about TBI experienced by children and adults in fall 2019. […] The pilot results are helping to refine plans for a National Concussion Surveillance System (NCSS). […] The state-of-the-art NCSS will be able to accurately determine how many Americans (children and adults) get a concussion each year and determine the cause. […] In addition, the results of a national system would inform and equip leaders within communities and states across the U.S. by: Creating for the first time ever true national estimates of the number of people living with a disability caused by a brain injury. […] Providing the first national estimates of sports-related concussions among youth that occur both in and outside of organized sports. […] Providing information about the most common cause of injury for concussion, including motor vehicle crashes, falls, and self-harm. […] Monitoring trends to understand whether the number of concussions is increasing or decreasing, and assessing whether prevention efforts are working. […] Giving insight to healthcare providers and hospitals about where patients seek care for concussion and their recovery needs.

• #1

  https://journals.lww.com/headtraumarehab/fulltext/2025/01000/summary_of_the_centers_for_disease_control_and.7.aspx

  Objective: Surveillance of traumatic brain injury (TBI), including concussion, in the United States has historically relied on healthcare administrative datasets, but these methods likely underestimate the true burden of TBI. […] The objective of this article is to summarize their recent efforts and report TBI prevalence estimates. […] TBI prevalence varied depending on the question wording and data source. Overall 12-month prevalence of concussion/TBI among adults ranged from 2% to 12% while overall lifetime prevalence of concussion or TBI ranged from 19% to 29%. Overall 12-month prevalence of concussion/TBI among children and adolescents was 10% while 12-month prevalence of sports- and recreation-related concussion for youth ranged from 7% to 15%. Overall lifetime prevalence of TBI among youth ranged from 6% to 14%.

• #2 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment Strategies of Concussions: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/epidemiology-pathophysiology-and-treatment-strategies-of-concussions-a-comprehensive-review.html

  A concussion is a particular manifestation of a traumatic brain injury, which is the leading cause of mortality and disabilities across the globe. The global prevalence of traumatic brain injury is estimated to be 939 instances per 100,000 individuals, with approximately 5.48 million people per year experiencing severe traumatic brain injury. […] Epidemiology varies amongst different countries by socioeconomic status with diverse clinical manifestations. Additionally, classifying concussions is an ambiguous process as clinical diagnoses are the only current classification method, and morbidity rates differ by demographic location as well as populations examined. […] Furthermore, analysis of the current research regarding the incidence of concussion based traumatic brain injuries and future directions are discussed.

• #2 CDC Publishes Reports on National Concussion Surveillance System Pilot – RCPA

  https://paproviders.org/cdc-publishes-reports-on-national-concussion-surveillance-system-pilot/

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently published the following reports in the Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation that examine and address gaps in traumatic brain injury (TBI) surveillance, including concussions that occur in youth sports. […] Many concussions and other TBIs are first treated outside of emergency departments, suggesting that surveillance systems that rely only on hospital datasets are undercounting the true number of these injuries in the United States. […] CDCs National Concussion Surveillance System (NCSS) Pilot used a random-digit-dial telephone survey to collect information on concussions and other TBIs. In addition to gathering data on more than just hospital-treated TBIs, the CDC report also describes a new tiered case definition with rising levels of certainty that a concussion or other TBI occurred based on the number and types of symptoms reported.

• #2 Epidemiology of concussion in sport: a literature review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3838722/

  The purpose of this study was to summarize sport concussion incidence data, identify sports that present higher injury frequency, reveal the degree of risk in some lesser-known sports, and outline specific details within the sports literature that raise additional concerns, such as helmet-to-helmet contact and player positions that experience frequent impact. […] The overall incidence of concussion in sport ranged from 0.1 to 21.5 per 1000 athletic exposures. […] The literature reviewed included incidence of concussion on the field of play under real-world conditions and influenced by the current culture of sport. […] The studies examined in this article show that there is risk of concussion in nearly every sport. […] Younger athletes have a higher incidence of concussion, and female incidence is greater than male in many comparable sports.

• #2 National Concussion Surveillance System | Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/traumatic-brain-injury/programs/index.html

  CDC finished pilot testing a survey about TBI experienced by children and adults in fall 2019. […] The pilot results are helping to refine plans for a National Concussion Surveillance System (NCSS). […] The state-of-the-art NCSS will be able to accurately determine how many Americans (children and adults) get a concussion each year and determine the cause. […] In addition, the results of a national system would inform and equip leaders within communities and states across the U.S. by: Creating for the first time ever true national estimates of the number of people living with a disability caused by a brain injury. […] Providing the first national estimates of sports-related concussions among youth that occur both in and outside of organized sports. […] Providing information about the most common cause of injury for concussion, including motor vehicle crashes, falls, and self-harm. […] Monitoring trends to understand whether the number of concussions is increasing or decreasing, and assessing whether prevention efforts are working. […] Giving insight to healthcare providers and hospitals about where patients seek care for concussion and their recovery needs.

• #2 2024 Ivy League Big Ten Epidemiology of Concussion Study Symposium | U-M Injury Center

  https://injurycenter.umich.edu/2024-epidemiology-of-concussion-study-symposium/

  The annual study symposium is an opportunity to understand study progress, investigate opportunities for improvement, and discuss data-driven opportunities to prevent sport-related injury. […] Ivy League-Big Ten Epidemiology of Concussion Study Symposium (BOC AP#: P12119) is approved by the Board of Certification, Inc. to provide continuing education to Athletic Trainers (ATs). This program is eligible for a maximum of (8) Category A hours/CEUs. ATs should claim only those hours actually spent in the educational program.

• #2 Avenues for prevention using the epidemiology of sport-related concussion from a large high school surveillance study in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 57 Issue 1 (2024) Journals

  https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/57/1/article-pE3.xml

  These findings can help understand the potential impact of interventions aimed at preventing or reducing SRC. Including girls sports within this study extends research for a largely underrepresented group. […] SRC is a public health concern, particularly in younger, at-risk athletic populations, given that approximately 1.9 million SRCs are reported annually among children and adolescents. […] Basic epidemiology and investigations to identify patterns are essential to identify the preventive effect that could be achieved if countermeasures were used to safeguard the health of this vulnerable population. […] Prior studies indicate that high school girls participating in sports comparable to those played by boys have a 2-times-higher SRC injury rate. […] Recent evidence suggests that boys and girls exhibit differences in mechanism of SRC in comparable activities.

• #2 Concussion and Mild-Traumatic Brain Injury in Rural Settings: Epidemiology and Specific Health Care Considerations – Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice

  https://ruralneuropractice.com/concussion-and-mild-traumatic-brain-injury-in-rural-settings-epidemiology-and-specific-health-care-considerations/

  In general, incidence of mTBI/concussion, proportion of motorized vehicle accidents and presence of polytrauma were increased in rural compared with urban settings. […] Rural patients comprised a minority of all patients (13%). Rural less likely to have speech therapy, mental health, and other outpatient services. Overall healthcare costs were 11% higher in rural compared with urban children. […] Rural patients are at unique risk for mTBI/concussions and health care costs. Barriers to care include lower socioeconomic status, longer distances to regional medical center, and decreased availability of neuroimaging and consultants. […] Telemedicine is an emerging tool for remote triage and evaluation. Future studies applying mTBI management practices to specific rural locales are needed.

• #2 Epidemiology of sports concussion in the United States – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30482376/

  Sports and recreation-related (SRR) activities are common in the United States. Public awareness about the risk of concussion has grown as the long-term consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI) have become better known, and likely explains the increasing concussion incidence rates. Currently, surveillance systems capture SRR concussions among high school and college athletes participating in sanctioned sports. National estimates of SRR TBI presenting to an emergency department also exist. Persons under the age of 19 sustain a majority of SRR concussions. Concussion risk is greatest for boys in contact/collision sports like football, ice hockey, and lacrosse, and is more likely to occur in competition versus practice settings. […] Despite better data, concussions are still underreported, undermanaged, and often not properly identified. This is especially true for concussions occurring outside organized sports, in nonsport recreational activities, and for concussions either not seen or evaluated in nonemergency department settings. A new surveillance system proposed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention aims to fill the gap.

• #2 Concussion in high school sports: findings from injury surveillance – Athletic Equipment Managers Association

  https://equipmentmanagers.org/concussion-in-high-school-sports-findings-from-injury-surveillance/

  We aimed to examine the epidemiology of concussions within high school (HS) boys and girls sports, and to assess the incidence of concussion within HS sports during the timespan inclusive of the COVID-19 pandemic. […] A total of 4663 concussions were reported during the study period (Rate=3.50 per 10,000 AEs). Overall rates were highest in boys football (8.22 per 10,000 AEs) and girls soccer (6.11 per 10,000 AEs). Among sex-comparable sports, overall concussion rates were higher in girls sports as compared with boys sports (IRR=2.15; 95%CI = [1.94, 2.37]). […] Our findings underscore the necessity for continuous surveillance of concussions in HS sports and suggest that concussion incidence in girls sports warrants targeted attention. […] In this surveillance study (2018/19-2022/23), boys football and girls soccer had the highest concussion rates, with a decrease in incidence observed during the COVID-19 pandemic as compared with surrounding years. […] The incidence of concussions in girls sports requires increased scrutiny, especially due to an overall increase in incidence density observed after an initial decrease during the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/headtraumarehab/fulltext/2025/01000/summary_of_the_centers_for_disease_control_and.7.aspx

  Survey data based on self-reported concussions and TBIs resulted in larger prevalence estimates than would be expected based on traditional surveillance methods. […] Efforts can be made to optimize and standardize data collection approaches to ensure consistent measurement across settings and populations. […] Relying on administrative healthcare data alone undercounts the true burden of TBI in the United States. […] An alternative approach to TBI surveillance is to make use of national self-report surveys that ask respondents to report their experience with head injuries. […] CDC has made progress to fill this data need through self-reported national surveys. […] Without such estimates, it is difficult to determine whether strategies and programs to prevent TBI have been effective.

• #2

  https://www.isakos.com/GlobalLink/Abstract/4965

  Rates of emergency department diagnosed concussions in high school football players decreased following 2014 NFHS targeting rule implementation. […] Concussions occur at higher rates in high school football as compared to all other high school sports. In 2014 the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) implemented rules defining illegal contact against a defenseless player above the shoulders to reduce concussions in football players. […] This study is the first to identify a decreased trend in overall and helmet-to-helmet related high school concussions diagnosed in the ED following implementation of the targeting rule. This study adds to the growing literature regarding the importance and efficacy of rule implementation in reducing sports-related concussions.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/headtraumarehab/fulltext/2025/01000/summary_of_the_centers_for_disease_control_and.7.aspx

  Capturing and reflecting on recent TBI surveillance efforts will help support continued refinement of methods aimed at obtaining the most accurate and reliable estimates of TBI burden. […] Based on the self-report surveys included in this review, the past year prevalence of TBI among adults varied, ranging from 2% to 12%, while the past year prevalence of TBI among youth was about 10%. […] Lifetime prevalence of TBI among adults likely ranges around 19% to 29% and the lifetime prevalence of TBI in children and adolescents likely ranges between 7% and 14%. […] These results demonstrate that TBI is a common health condition in the United States, and one that is likely underestimated by typical healthcare surveillance estimates that only capture the number of Americans who are seen in an emergency department or hospitalized for a TBI.

• #2

  https://journals.lww.com/headtraumarehab/fulltext/2025/01000/summary_of_the_centers_for_disease_control_and.7.aspx

  Each survey has different reasons for choosing the format and number of questions to assess self-reported TBI. […] Specific head injury terminology was an important factor that impacted the prevalence. […] Future research may focus on refining the content and wording of TBI questions for surveys based on the findings of this summary. […] Self-report surveys have shown to be an effective way to gain information about difficult to identify conditions including TBI.

• #3 Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment Strategies of Concussions: A Comprehensive Review

  https://www.fortunejournals.com/articles/epidemiology-pathophysiology-and-treatment-strategies-of-concussions-a-comprehensive-review.html

  According to Dewan et al. [6], the reported TBIs on a global scale are distributed as follows: mild TBIs account for 81%, moderate TBIs account for 11%, and severe TBIs account for 8%. […] Consequently, this phenomenon has been referred to as a „silent epidemic” because of significant gaps in the data provided by epidemiological investigations. […] Therefore, it is possible that TBI is not accurately reflected in data due to its asymptomatic character and the lack of comprehensive injury surveillance or reporting mechanisms in many regions globally. […] According to the initial findings of the 2010 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Project conducted by Bryan-Hancock and Harrison [9], the worldwide occurrence rate of TBI was 200 cases per 100,000 individuals annually, resulting in an estimated impact on about 15 million individuals.

• #3 Addressing Concussion in Youth Sports | Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association

  https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/addressing-concussion-youth-sports/2014-07

  Even used together, these surveillance reports do not give a complete picture of sports injuries in young people. […] A 2004 study by McCrea showed that only 47.3 percent of affected athletes reported a concussion. […] Therefore, I believe that injury rates are higher than what is currently reported in the medical literature. […] To truly improve injury prevention and reduce concussion incidence, we need to accomplish several things: Establish a national injury surveillance program to determine with accuracy the incidence of sports-related concussion in youth. […] The IOM believes that a better understanding of the true incidence of concussion will allow researchers to target injury prevention strategies to needed groups and better evaluate their effectiveness.

• #3 Concussion in high school sports: findings from injury surveillance – Athletic Equipment Managers Association

  https://equipmentmanagers.org/concussion-in-high-school-sports-findings-from-injury-surveillance/

  We aimed to examine the epidemiology of concussions within high school (HS) boys and girls sports, and to assess the incidence of concussion within HS sports during the timespan inclusive of the COVID-19 pandemic. […] A total of 4663 concussions were reported during the study period (Rate=3.50 per 10,000 AEs). Overall rates were highest in boys football (8.22 per 10,000 AEs) and girls soccer (6.11 per 10,000 AEs). Among sex-comparable sports, overall concussion rates were higher in girls sports as compared with boys sports (IRR=2.15; 95%CI = [1.94, 2.37]). […] Our findings underscore the necessity for continuous surveillance of concussions in HS sports and suggest that concussion incidence in girls sports warrants targeted attention. […] In this surveillance study (2018/19-2022/23), boys football and girls soccer had the highest concussion rates, with a decrease in incidence observed during the COVID-19 pandemic as compared with surrounding years. […] The incidence of concussions in girls sports requires increased scrutiny, especially due to an overall increase in incidence density observed after an initial decrease during the COVID-19 pandemic.

• #3 CDC Publishes Reports on National Concussion Surveillance System Pilot – RCPA

  https://paproviders.org/cdc-publishes-reports-on-national-concussion-surveillance-system-pilot/

  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently published the following reports in the Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation that examine and address gaps in traumatic brain injury (TBI) surveillance, including concussions that occur in youth sports. […] Many concussions and other TBIs are first treated outside of emergency departments, suggesting that surveillance systems that rely only on hospital datasets are undercounting the true number of these injuries in the United States. […] CDCs National Concussion Surveillance System (NCSS) Pilot used a random-digit-dial telephone survey to collect information on concussions and other TBIs. In addition to gathering data on more than just hospital-treated TBIs, the CDC report also describes a new tiered case definition with rising levels of certainty that a concussion or other TBI occurred based on the number and types of symptoms reported.

• #3 Epidemiology of concussion in sport: a literature review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3838722/

  Accurate knowledge of the incidence of concussion in athletes and the factors affecting the risk of concussion will be instrumental in evaluating current rules, regulations and safety equipment and in guiding future changes in various sports. […] The current trend of increased attention on concussion is likely to result in higher reported incidence. […] Concussion risk includes modifiable risk factors such as use of protective gear, prevention through strength training, improved education, rules modification, and changes to player position techniques. […] The studies examined in this article show that there is risk of concussion in nearly every sport. Some sports have higher concussion frequency than others, which may depend upon the forces and roles of the positions played in these sports.

• #3 In law enforcement, a link between head injuries and depression, PTSD

  https://news.osu.edu/in-law-enforcement-a-link-between-head-injuries-and-depression-ptsd/

  A new study is the first to shed light on the high prevalence of head injuries, and related mental health symptoms, in a previously overlooked population when it comes to concussion surveillance: law enforcement officers. […] The survey of Ohio law enforcement officers found that 74% reported a lifetime history of one or more head injuries, and 30% had a head injury that happened on the job. […] The medical and law enforcement researchers who co-authored the study have published a separate paper advocating for implementation of a concussion return-to-duty protocol for law enforcement officers similar to practices already in place in sports and the military. […] Researchers estimated that fewer than 1 in 4 head injuries was diagnosed or treated by a health care provider. […] Caccese said researchers are still learning about the long-term effects of concussions, but current evidence suggests head injuries that go untreated may increase risk for depression, anxiety, PTSD and problems with cognitive function and memory. […] The next step is working to adopt the return-to-duty protocol proposed by the team removal from duty, a gradual increase in activity, and screening by a medical provider before returning to full duty and testing its effectiveness and adaptability to different organizations.

• #3 Concussion and Mild-Traumatic Brain Injury in Rural Settings: Epidemiology and Specific Health Care Considerations – Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice

  https://ruralneuropractice.com/concussion-and-mild-traumatic-brain-injury-in-rural-settings-epidemiology-and-specific-health-care-considerations/

  In general, incidence of mTBI/concussion, proportion of motorized vehicle accidents and presence of polytrauma were increased in rural compared with urban settings. […] Rural patients comprised a minority of all patients (13%). Rural less likely to have speech therapy, mental health, and other outpatient services. Overall healthcare costs were 11% higher in rural compared with urban children. […] Rural patients are at unique risk for mTBI/concussions and health care costs. Barriers to care include lower socioeconomic status, longer distances to regional medical center, and decreased availability of neuroimaging and consultants. […] Telemedicine is an emerging tool for remote triage and evaluation. Future studies applying mTBI management practices to specific rural locales are needed.

• #3 Neurosurgery Urges Congress to Fund National Concussion Surveillance System – AANS

  https://www.aans.org/advocacy/articles/neurosurgery-urges-congress-to-fund-national-concussion-surveillance-system-2/

  As you consider appropriations for fiscal year 2021 for the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions(CDC) National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, the undersigned organizations request that you appropriate $5 million to fund the National Concussion Surveillance System, authorized by the Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Program Reauthorization Act of 2018 (Pub. Law 115-377). […] This recommendation came about as the Committee concluded that there is currently insufficient data to accurately estimate the incidence of sports-related concussions in youth and in subpopulations of youth.

• #4 Concussion and Traumatic Brain Injury Prevention Program

  https://portal.ct.gov/dph/health-education-management–surveillance/the-office-of-injury-prevention/concussion-and-traumatic-brain-injury-prevention-program

  According to results from the 2017 Connecticut School Health Survey, administered by the Connecticut Department of Public Health (CT DPH) and the state Department of Education, 16.8% of high school students reported concussions from injuries and had to seek medical treatment while playing sports, exercising or being physically active during the previous year. […] In Connecticut, from 2007 to 2013 there were 22,047 hospital in-patient discharges and about 40,096 emergency department encounters. The emergency department costs totaled over $138 million. […] The Connecticut State Department of Education Health (CSDE) Services Concussion Reports indicate an overall decline (about 67% lower) in student concussions from the 2015-2016 school year to the 2022-2023 school year. This trend includes potential impacts from the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic of the 2019-2020 school year that took hold after the fall soccer and football season. The top three activities contributing to a concussion diagnosis (interscholastic school athletics, activities outside of school, and non-school related sports) remained the same over the eight years.

• #4 CDC’s Entire Traumatic Brain Injury Team Eliminated — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/blog/cdc-traumatic-brain-injury-team-eliminated

  On April 1, the entire 5-person traumatic brain injury (TBI) team at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the team responsible for the Heads Up concussion resources, online training courses, and the National Concussion Surveillance System, got an email: their jobs had been furloughed due to the President’s order, and they were to vacate the office that day. […] The TBI team was close to launching the National Concussion Surveillance System, which was to be „a new data system to improve how the U.S. tracks concussions, according to NPR.” […] A pilot study for the surveillance system, published this year in The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, surveyed 10,000 people and found that there are 30x more concussions in adults and 17x more concussions in youth than indicated by the commonly used data from hospital and emergency room visits.

• #4 Avenues for prevention using the epidemiology of sport-related concussion from a large high school surveillance study in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 57 Issue 1 (2024) Journals

  https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/57/1/article-pE3.xml

  Epidemiology provides fundamental opportunities to protect student-athlete health. The goal of this study was to describe the epidemiology of sport-related concussion (SRC) across 8 years (2015/20162022/2023) and compare boys and girls sports for SRC incidence and SRC mechanisms. […] This was a retrospective cohort study performed using a statewide high school head injury surveillance system of high school student-athletes (n = 2,182,128; boys, n = 1,267,389; girls, n = 914,739). […] Among 25,482 total SRCs, the overall clinical incidence of SRC for all boys and girls was 1.17 (95% CI 1.151.18) per 100 player-seasons across all years. Across all years, the overall clinical incidence in boys sports was 1.34 (95% CI 1.321.36) per 100 player-seasons, and 0.93 (95% CI 0.910.95) per 100 player-seasons in girls sports.

• #4 Self-reported concussions in Canada: A cross-sectional study

  https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/2023006/article/00002-eng.htm

  To address this gap, the 2020 CCHS cycle included the Traumatic Brain Injury Rapid Response (TBIRR) module, which allowed for the examination of the incidence of concussions in 2019 among Canadians aged 12 years or older residing in the 10 Canadian provinces. […] This research provides a national examination on the incidence of self-reported concussions occurring in 2019. The results of this study suggest that certain populations, particularly younger individuals, may be more affected by concussions. The ongoing monitoring of concussions among the national population is an important activity in injury surveillance, as it can help evaluate the efficacy of injury prevention intervention, better understand knowledge gaps and the burden of this injury, inform public health policy, and complement future research examining potential long-term outcomes related to concussions.

• #5 CDC’s Entire Traumatic Brain Injury Team Eliminated — Concussion Alliance

  https://www.concussionalliance.org/blog/cdc-traumatic-brain-injury-team-eliminated

  Because Congress approved funding in 2023 to make the surveillance system permanent, it may survive. […] The anonymous TBI team member also emphasized that the Heads Up program „houses the only evidence-based guideline on diagnosis and management of pediatric mild TBI in the United States. […] The TBI team was planning to release an updated version of these guidelines, according to an NPR article. […] The TBI team was about to launch a new program to train workers at domestic violence shelters. Concussion and TBI are common in survivors of domestic violence and intimate partner violence, yet they go largely undetected and unmanaged in these settings. […] Will the Heads Up website be taken down or modified by the Trump administration? […] Tracking and archiving deletion of CDC videos is being done by volunteer archivist Andrew (who goes by „Grumpy”), a member of the subreddit r/DataHoarder, who is referenced in an article by Julian Lucas for The New Yorker.

• #5 Avenues for prevention using the epidemiology of sport-related concussion from a large high school surveillance study in: Neurosurgical Focus Volume 57 Issue 1 (2024) Journals

  https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/57/1/article-pE3.xml

  Our study identified 25,482 total SRCs, with an overall clinical incidence of 1.17 per 100 player-seasons across all years. Moreover, our study highlighted sport-specific SRC mechanisms, and identified mechanism differences between boys and girls in comparable activities, emphasizing the importance of tailored prevention strategies.

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