Wstrząs mózgu
Etiologia i przyczyny

Wstrząs mózgu (commotio cerebri) to łagodne urazowe uszkodzenie mózgu (mTBI) powstałe wskutek gwałtownego ruchu mózgu w czaszce, prowadzące do mechanicznego uszkodzenia neuronów, zaburzeń jonowych, kryzysu energetycznego trwającego do 30 dni, zmniejszonego przepływu krwi oraz reakcji zapalnej. Do najczęstszych przyczyn należą urazy sportowe (do 3,8 mln rocznie w USA), upadki (48% wizyt na SOR z TBI), wypadki komunikacyjne oraz akty przemocy. Czynniki ryzyka obejmują wcześniejsze wstrząsy (4-5-krotnie zwiększone ryzyko kolejnych), wiek (poniżej 24 i powyżej 75 lat), płeć (kobiety zgłaszają cięższe objawy), zaburzenia neuropsychiatryczne, migreny, alkohol i ryzykowne zachowania. Wstrząs mózgu może prowadzić do zespołu pozawstrząsowego (PCS, ok. 20% przypadków), syndromu drugiego uderzenia (SIS) oraz przewlekłej encefalopatii pourazowej (CTE), uznanej przez NINDS za chorobę neurodegeneracyjną wywołaną powtarzającymi się urazami głowy.

Definicja wstrząsu mózgu

Wstrząs mózgu (łac. commotio cerebri, ang. concussion) to rodzaj lekkiego urazowego uszkodzenia mózgu (mTBImild Traumatic Brain Injury), które powstaje w wyniku uderzenia, wstrząsu lub gwałtownego szarpnięcia głową, powodującego gwałtowny ruch mózgu wewnątrz czaszki12. Ten nagły ruch może prowadzić do odbijania się lub skręcania mózgu w czaszce, powodując rozciąganie i uszkodzenie komórek mózgowych oraz zmiany chemiczne w mózgu34. Mimo że wstrząs mózgu jest klasyfikowany jako „łagodne” uszkodzenie mózgu, jego skutki mogą być poważne i wpływać na funkcje poznawcze, emocjonalne i fizyczne5.

Mechanizmy powstawania wstrząsu mózgu

Wstrząs mózgu jest wynikiem złożonych mechanizmów biomechanicznych i patofizjologicznych, które wpływają na funkcjonowanie mózgu. Zrozumienie tych mechanizmów jest kluczowe dla właściwej diagnostyki i leczenia tego urazu6.

Biomechanika urazu

Wstrząs mózgu może powstać w wyniku różnych mechanizmów urazowych, które prowadzą do przemieszczenia się mózgu wewnątrz czaszki7:

  • Bezpośrednie uderzenie w głowę – powoduje gwałtowne zderzenie mózgu z wewnętrzną ścianą czaszki17
  • Siły przyspieszenia-opóźnienia – powodują przesunięcie, rozciągnięcie lub obrót mózgu wewnątrz czaszki67
  • Siły rotacyjne – ruch obrotowy powoduje ścinanie i rozrywanie włókien nerwowych w mózgu78
  • Urazy wybuchowe – generują fale uderzeniowe, które rozchodzą się przez tkankę mózgową7

Warto podkreślić, że wstrząs mózgu może wystąpić nie tylko w wyniku bezpośredniego uderzenia w głowę, ale również w wyniku uderzenia w inne części ciała, które przekazują siłę do głowy, powodując jej gwałtowny ruch59.

Patofizjologia wstrząsu mózgu

Na poziomie komórkowym i biochemicznym wstrząs mózgu powoduje szereg zmian, które prowadzą do zaburzenia funkcji mózgu1011:

  • Mechaniczne uszkodzenie neuronów – rozciąganie lub ścinanie neuronów i innych struktur neuronalnych1012
  • Zaburzenia jonowe – dochodzi do nieprawidłowego przepływu jonów wewnątrz i na zewnątrz komórki, co przyczynia się do stanu kryzysu metabolicznego11
  • Kryzys energetyczny – zwiększone zapotrzebowanie na ATP w celu przywrócenia potencjału spoczynkowego błony, przy jednoczesnym upośledzeniu zdolności mózgu do jego produkcji, może trwać do 30 dni u ludzi1113
  • Zmniejszony przepływ krwi – obniżone krążenie krwi w mózgu po urazie zmniejsza dostarczanie tlenu i składników odżywczych do komórek, czyniąc je bardziej podatnymi na uszkodzenia1314
  • Zakłócenie bariery krew-mózg – może prowadzić do zwiększonej przepuszczalności, co może skutkować stanem zapalnym i dalszym przyczyniać się do dysfunkcji neuronalnej11
  • Reakcja zapalna – może przyczyniać się do rozwoju przewlekłej encefalopatii pourazowej (CTE) lub innych chorób neurodegeneracyjnych11

Te zmiany metaboliczne i fizjologiczne w mózgu powodują czasowe zaburzenie funkcji mózgu, co manifestuje się różnorodnymi objawami wstrząsu mózgu6.

Główne przyczyny wstrząsu mózgu

Wstrząs mózgu może wystąpić w różnych okolicznościach, a jego częstość występowania zależy od wielu czynników, takich jak wiek, płeć, aktywność i środowisko15. Według danych, w Stanach Zjednoczonych szacuje się, że około 2,8 miliona osób rocznie doznaje nowych urazów mózgu, a większość z nich to właśnie wstrząsy mózgu15.

Urazy sportowe

Sport jest jedną z najczęstszych przyczyn wstrząsów mózgu, szczególnie w sportach kontaktowych i kolizyjnych1617. Szacuje się, że do 3,8 miliona wstrząsów mózgu rocznie w USA występuje podczas uprawiania sportu i aktywności rekreacyjnych15.

  • Sporty kontaktowe – wstrząsy mózgu są najczęściej związane z futbolem amerykańskim, hokejem na lodzie, rugby, boksem i piłką nożną1716
  • Sporty niekonktaktowe – także w sportach takich jak kolarstwo, gimnastyka czy jazda na nartach istnieje ryzyko wstrząsu mózgu18
  • Pozycja i styl gry – wpływają na ryzyko wstrząsu mózgu u sportowca19

Badania wskazują, że około 10% sportowców uczestniczących w sportach kontaktowych doświadczy urazowego uszkodzenia mózgu o charakterze wstrząsu20.

Upadki

Upadki są wiodącą przyczyną wstrząsów mózgu, szczególnie wśród dzieci i osób starszych2122. Według Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), w 2014 roku upadki stanowiły 48% wszystkich wizyt na oddziale ratunkowym związanych z TBI23.

  • Upadki u dzieci – są zdecydowanie najczęstszą przyczyną wizyt na oddziale ratunkowym z powodu TBI wśród dzieci do 4 roku życia24
  • Upadki u osób starszych – ryzyko wstrząsu mózgu wzrasta z wiekiem, szczególnie po 75 roku życia19
  • Upadki na placach zabaw – częsta przyczyna wstrząsów mózgu u dzieci25

Wypadki komunikacyjne

Wypadki komunikacyjne są drugą najczęstszą przyczyną wstrząsów mózgu i główną przyczyną hospitalizacji związanych z TBI u nastolatków i dorosłych w wieku od 15 do 44 lat2224.

  • Wypadki samochodowe – nagłe zatrzymanie lub kolizja może spowodować wstrząs mózgu nawet przy zapięciu pasów bezpieczeństwa26
  • Wypadki motocyklowe – zwiększone ryzyko bezpośredniego urazu głowy27
  • Wypadki rowerowe – dane z oddziałów ratunkowych w USA pokazują, że liczba wstrząsów mózgu podczas jazdy na rowerze wzrosła o 67% między 1997 a 2011 rokiem28

Wypadki komunikacyjne są odpowiedzialne za nieco mniej niż połowę wszystkich zgonów związanych z TBI u dzieci i młodzieży24.

Przemoc i napaść

Akty przemocy, w tym napaści fizyczne i przemoc domowa, są istotną przyczyną wstrząsów mózgu2930.

  • Napaść fizyczna – uderzenie w głowę pięścią lub innym przedmiotem może spowodować wstrząs mózgu31
  • Przemoc domowa – ofiary przemocy domowej są bardziej narażone na wstrząs mózgu32
  • Zespół dziecka potrząsanego – ciężka forma urazu głowy spowodowana potrząsaniem niemowlęcia, powodująca szybki ruch mózgu wewnątrz czaszki33

Napaść jest wiodącą przyczyną zgonów związanych z TBI wśród dzieci poniżej 4 roku życia, a także częstą przyczyną wizyt na oddziale ratunkowym i hospitalizacji starszych nastolatków24.

Urazy wybuchowe

Urazy wybuchowe są szczególnie istotną przyczyną wstrząsów mózgu wśród personelu wojskowego3233.

  • Fale uderzeniowe – mogą powodować uszkodzenia mózgu bez widocznych obrażeń zewnętrznych7
  • Zwiększone ryzyko – personel wojskowy jest bardziej narażony na wstrząs mózgu w porównaniu z cywilami15
  • Skutki długoterminowe – szacuje się, że od 5% do 35% weteranów doznało wstrząsu mózgu podczas służby34

Czynniki ryzyka wstrząsu mózgu

Istnieją pewne czynniki, które zwiększają ryzyko wystąpienia wstrząsu mózgu lub wpływają na jego przebieg i rokowanie1931.

Wcześniejsze urazy głowy

Przebyty wcześniej wstrząs mózgu znacząco zwiększa ryzyko kolejnych wstrząsów3517.

  • Zwiększone ryzyko – badania wykazały, że ryzyko doznania wstrząsu mózgu jest 4-5 razy wyższe u pacjentów, którzy przebyli co najmniej jeden wstrząs mózgu w przeszłości35
  • Efekt kumulacyjny – skutki kolejnych wstrząsów mózgu mogą się kumulować, prowadząc do trwałych zmian w mózgu3637
  • Dłuższy czas powrotu do zdrowia – badania pokazują, że po drugim wstrząsie mózgu powrót do zdrowia trwa dłużej i może wiązać się z większą liczbą i intensywnością objawów, a także zwiększoną podatnością38

Wiek i płeć

Wiek i płeć mogą wpływać na ryzyko wystąpienia wstrząsu mózgu oraz na jego przebieg19.

  • Wiek – osoby poniżej 24 roku życia i powyżej 75 roku życia są najbardziej narażone na wstrząs mózgu19
  • Dzieci i młodzież – młodsze mózgi są nadal w fazie rozwoju, co czyni je bardziej podatnymi na wstrząs mózgu niż przeciętni dorośli39
  • Płeć – sportsmenki zgłaszają więcej wstrząsów mózgu i cięższe objawy niż ich męscy odpowiednicy uprawiający ten sam sport19

Warunki zdrowotne i styl życia

Pewne schorzenia i czynniki stylu życia mogą zwiększać ryzyko wstrząsu mózgu lub wpływać na jego przebieg3140.

  • Zaburzenia neuropsychiatryczne – osoby z ADHD, trudnościami w uczeniu się lub zaburzeniami nastroju mogą mieć bardziej skomplikowany powrót do zdrowia po wstrząsie mózgu1940
  • Migreny – niektórzy eksperci podejrzewają, że osoby cierpiące na migreny są bardziej narażone na wstrząs mózgu i/lub mogą mieć dłuższy czas powrotu do zdrowia po wstrząsie mózgu19
  • Alkohol – spożywanie alkoholu zwiększa ryzyko urazów głowy41
  • Ryzykowne zachowania – osoby angażujące się w ryzykowne zachowania, takie jak jazda pod wpływem alkoholu, mają zwiększone ryzyko wstrząsu mózgu19

Potencjalne powikłania i następstwa wstrząsu mózgu

Choć większość wstrząsów mózgu ustępuje bez długotrwałych skutków, w niektórych przypadkach mogą wystąpić poważne powikłania, zwłaszcza przy wielokrotnych urazach lub nieodpowiednim leczeniu642.

Zespół pozawstrząsowy

Zespół pozawstrząsowy (Post-Concussion Syndrome, PCS) charakteryzuje się utrzymywaniem się objawów przez tygodnie lub miesiące po początkowym urazie6.

  • Częstość występowania – około 20% pacjentów doświadcza utrzymujących się objawów pozawstrząsowych43
  • Przyczyny – dokładna przyczyna PCS nie jest znana, ale może być związana z zaburzeniami chemicznymi w mózgu lub uszkodzeniem komórek nerwowych44
  • Prognoza – jeśli objawy nie ustępują po trzech miesiącach, prawdopodobnie nie ustąpią bez terapii45

Badania opublikowane w JAMA Neurology wskazują, że wielu pacjentów z wstrząsem mózgu doświadcza ewolucji objawów pięć lat po mTBI, a nie ich ustąpienia. 72% pacjentów miało pogorszenie globalnej niepełnosprawności po pięciu latach45.

Syndrom drugiego uderzenia

Syndrom drugiego uderzenia (Second Impact Syndrome, SIS) pojawia się, gdy osoba dozna kolejnego urazu głowy przed całkowitym wyzdrowieniem po pierwszym wstrząsie mózgu42.

  • Ryzyko – kolejny wstrząs mózgu przed ustąpieniem objawów poprzedniego wiąże się z gorszymi wynikami41
  • Konsekwencje – może prowadzić do masywnego obrzęku mózgu i trwałego uszkodzenia mózgu, a w niektórych przypadkach nawet do śmierci4246
  • Grupa ryzyka – najbardziej narażone są dzieci i młodzi dorośli46

Przewlekła encefalopatia pourazowa

Przewlekła encefalopatia pourazowa (Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, CTE) to postępująca choroba neurodegeneracyjna związana z powtarzającymi się urazami głowy3.

  • Przyczyny – CTE jest częściowo spowodowana przez powtarzające się urazowe uszkodzenia mózgu, które obejmują wstrząsy mózgu i niekonwulsyjne uderzenia3
  • Mechanizmpowtarzające się urazy głowy (RHI) są ostatecznie uznane za definitywną przyczynę CTE347
  • Objawy – CTE wpływa na to, jak różne obszary mózgu funkcjonują, komunikują się i współpracują ze sobą2

Warto podkreślić, że w październiku 2022 roku Narodowy Instytut Zaburzeń Neurologicznych i Udarów (NINDS), część Narodowych Instytutów Zdrowia USA (NIH), oficjalnie uznał, że CTE jest spowodowana przez powtarzające się urazowe uszkodzenia mózgu48.

Inne długoterminowe następstwa

Wstrząsy mózgu, zwłaszcza powtarzające się, mogą prowadzić do różnych długoterminowych problemów zdrowotnych3634.

Według badań, nawet pojedynczy wstrząs mózgu wiązał się ze zwiększonym ryzykiem rozwoju choroby Parkinsona i demencji w przyszłości34.

Epidemiologia wstrząsu mózgu

Wstrząsy mózgu stanowią znaczący problem zdrowia publicznego, dotykając miliony ludzi każdego roku na całym świecie1526.

Częstotliwość występowania

  • Ogólna częstość – szacuje się, że 2,8 miliona osób rocznie doznaje nowych urazów mózgu w USA, a większość z nich to wstrząsy mózgu15
  • Urazy sportowe – do 3,8 miliona wstrząsów mózgu rocznie występuje w USA podczas uprawiania sportu i aktywności rekreacyjnych15
  • Niedoszacowanie – ze względu na znaczne niedodiagnozowanie wstrząsów mózgu, dokładna liczba wstrząsów mózgu rocznie nie jest znana, ale jest to wielkość rzędu milionów tylko w Stanach Zjednoczonych26

Grupy wysokiego ryzyka

  • Sportowcy – szczególnie w sportach kontaktowych, jak futbol amerykański, hokej, rugby i boks1619
  • Dzieci i młodzież – bardziej podatne na wstrząs mózgu z powodu rozwijającego się mózgu39
  • Osoby starsze – zwiększone ryzyko upadków i związanych z nimi urazów głowy19
  • Personel wojskowy – narażony na urazy wybuchowe i inne urazy głowy związane z działaniami wojskowymi15

Tendencje i wzorce

  • Zwiększona świadomość – w ostatnich latach wzrosła świadomość na temat wstrząsów mózgu, zwłaszcza w kontekście sportu52
  • Zmiany w protokołach sportowych – wiele organizacji sportowych wprowadziło surowsze protokoły dotyczące wstrząsów mózgu, aby chronić sportowców51
  • Wyzwania badawcze – nieprzewidywalność wstrząsu mózgu i niemożność identyfikacji przypadków w populacji ogólnej utrudniały realizację szeroko zakrojonych projektów badawczych52

Zapobieganie wstrząsom mózgu

Choć wstrząs mózgu może być trudny do przewidzenia, istnieje wiele metod zapobiegania, które mogą zmniejszyć ryzyko jego wystąpienia5343.

Ochrona podczas aktywności sportowych

  • Odpowiedni sprzęt ochronny – używanie kasków, ochraniaczy i innego sprzętu ochronnego podczas uprawiania sportu7
  • Przestrzeganie zasad – przestrzeganie zasad bezpieczeństwa w sporcie może pomóc zmniejszyć ryzyko wstrząsu mózgu29
  • Szkolenia – właściwe szkolenie, używanie odpowiedniego sprzętu ochronnego i przestrzeganie protokołów bezpieczeństwa może pomóc zmniejszyć ryzyko wstrząsu mózgu w sporcie7

Zapobieganie wypadkom i upadkom

  • Bezpieczeństwo w domu – poprawa bezpieczeństwa w domu, np. instalacja poręczy i usunięcie przeszkód, może zapobiec upadkom i zmniejszyć ryzyko wstrząsu mózgu29
  • Bezpieczeństwo na drodze – noszenie pasów bezpieczeństwa, używanie fotelików dla dzieci i unikanie jazdy pod wpływem alkoholu lub w stanie rozproszenia uwagi29
  • Kaski rowerowe – noszenie odpowiednio dopasowanych kasków i przestrzeganie przepisów ruchu drogowego może pomóc zapobiec wstrząsom mózgu29

Edukacja i świadomość

  • Rozpoznawanie objawów – zwiększenie świadomości na temat objawów wstrząsu mózgu może prowadzić do wcześniejszego rozpoznania i leczenia54
  • Protokoły powrotu do gry – przestrzeganie protokołów powrotu do gry po wstrząsie mózgu może zapobiec zespołowi drugiego uderzenia17
  • Znaczenie odpoczynku – zrozumienie znaczenia odpoczynku i pełnego wyzdrowienia po wstrząsie mózgu20

Podsumowanie przyczyn wstrząsu mózgu

Wstrząs mózgu jest powszechnym, ale poważnym urazem mózgu, który może mieć znaczący wpływ na zdrowie i jakość życia. Główne przyczyny wstrząsów mózgu obejmują urazy sportowe, upadki, wypadki komunikacyjne, przemoc i urazy wybuchowe255.

Zrozumienie mechanizmów, przyczyn i czynników ryzyka wstrząsu mózgu jest kluczowe dla skutecznego zapobiegania i leczenia tego urazu. Choć większość wstrząsów mózgu ustępuje bez długotrwałych skutków, niektóre mogą prowadzić do poważnych powikłań, zwłaszcza jeśli są powtarzające się lub nieodpowiednio leczone636.

Zwiększona świadomość na temat wstrząsów mózgu, właściwa edukacja i przestrzeganie protokołów bezpieczeństwa mogą znacząco przyczynić się do zmniejszenia częstości występowania i ciężkości wstrząsów mózgu w populacji5251.

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  1. 10.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Concussion – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/concussion/symptoms-causes/syc-20355594
    Concussions usually are caused by an impact to the head or body that is associated with a change in brain function. […] Common injuries that cause concussions include falls or other direct hits to the head, car accidents, and blast injuries from explosions. […] During a concussion, the brain slides back and forth against the inner walls of the skull. This forceful movement can be caused by a violent blow to the head and neck or upper body. […] These movements injure the brain and affect brain function, usually for a brief period of time.
  • #2 Concussion: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes & Treatments
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15038-concussion
    Concussions happen when something jolts or shakes your body. If the force is strong enough, it can make your brain move back and forth or side to side and damage it. […] The most common causes of concussions include: Falls. Motor vehicle accidents. Bike accidents. Physical violence like fights or assaults. Sports injuries. […] Concussions (especially repeated concussions) can cause some serious complications. […] Experiencing multiple concussions and other head injuries increases your risk of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE affects how areas of your brain function, communicate and work with each other.
  • #3 What is CTE? | Concussion Legacy Foundation
    https://concussionfoundation.org/cte-resources/what-is-cte/
    Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy is a degenerative brain disease found in athletes, military veterans, and others with a history of repetitive brain trauma. […] CTE is caused in part by repeated traumatic brain injuries, which include concussions and nonconcussive impacts. This does not mean a handful of concussions, in the absence of other hits to the head, puts you at risk for CTE; most people diagnosed with CTE suffered hundreds or thousands of head impacts over the course of many years playing contact sports, serving in the military, or, more rarely, as victims of interpersonal violence. […] The causal relationship was explored thoroughly in in the 2022 article Applying the Bradford Hill Criteria for Causation to Repetitive Head Impacts and CTE, published in Frontiers in Neurology. The authors concluded with the highest confidence that repetitive head impacts (RHI) are the definitive cause of CTE.
  • #4 Brain Injury and Concussion Causes – Headway of WNY
    https://www.headwayofwny.org/get-support/education/brain-injury-and-concussion-causes/
    A Traumatic brain injury can be classified as mild or moderate/severe. Even if a TBI is classified as mild, the effect on the family and the injured person can be devastating. […] By definition, a concussion is a traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth. This sudden movement can cause the brain to bounce around or twist in the skull, stretching and damaging brain cells and creating chemical changes in the brain. […] A concussion can cause diffuse axonal type of brain injury, resulting in temporary or permanent damage. […] However, when an individual sustains a concussion and their symptoms do not resolve after 3-6 months, they may then be diagnosed with Post-Concussion Syndrome. Post-Concussion Syndrome is a complex disorder with various symptoms from headaches, dizziness, and sleep issues-to psychological (i.e. depression, anxiety, irritability) and cognitive problems (i.e memory and concentration issues); these symptoms can range from transient, mild symptoms to ongoing disabling problems.
  • #5 Concussion Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
    https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/concussion
    Concussion happens because of a blow to your head or an injury that shakes your brain inside your skull. […] A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). You can get a concussion if you take a direct or indirect hit to your head or body. […] A strong impact can cause your brain to shake or collide with the inside of your skull. […] There are many ways to get a concussion that aren’t related to athletic injuries. Some common causes of concussion include fights, falls, playground injuries, car crashes, and bike accidents. […] Concussions are common, especially among athletes. […] Concussions can have significant emotional and psychological effects, including anxiety and depression. […] A concussion can disrupt the delicate chemical balance in the brain, affecting areas responsible for regulating mood and emotions.
  • #6 Concussion – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537017/
    A concussion occurs as a result of either a direct or indirect injury to the head. Providers often consider a direct, traumatic blow to the head as a significant cause of a concussion. However, indirect traumatic forces elsewhere in the body can lead to an acute acceleration/deceleration injury to the brain, which can also lead to a concussion. […] Frequent causes of concussions are motor vehicle crashes, being struck by an object, assault, and participation in recreational athletics. […] The pathophysiologic mechanism of a concussion is complex. The acute symptoms of a concussion are due primarily to a „functional disturbance rather than structural injury.” […] The severity of symptoms within the first few days after a head injury is the most consistent prognostic indicator. […] The most commonly seen complication of a concussion is post-concussion syndrome (PCS), characterized by persistent symptoms lasting weeks to months after the initial injury.
  • #7 Advanced Concussion Clinic | What is Concussion
    https://www.avcphysio.com.au/causes-of-concussion/
    Common causes of Concussion […] Concussions can occur in a number of settings. Understanding the common causes is crucial for prevention and early intervention. […] Concussions can occur due to several different mechanisms each with unique challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. These include: […] […] Direct Impact to the Head […] Causes the brain to forcefully collide with the inner walls of the skull. […] Acceleration-Deceleration forces […] Causes the brain to shift, stretch, or rotate within the skull. […] Rotational Forces […] Rotational movement causes shearing and tearing of nerve fibers in the brain. […] Blast Injuries […] These can generate shockwaves that propagate through the brain tissue. […] Participation in sports, particularly contact sports like rugby or football, is a significant cause of concussions. […] Proper training, use of appropriate protective gear and adherence to safety protocols can help reduce the risk of concussion in sport
  • #8 Concussion: Practice Essentials, Background, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/92095-overview
    The 2022 6th International Conference of Concussion in Sports defines concussion as „a traumatic brain injury caused by a direct blow to the head, neck or body resulting in an impulsive force being transmitted to the brain that occurs in sports and exercise-related activities. This initiates a neurotransmitter and metabolic cascade, with possible axonal injury, blood flow change and inflammation affecting the brain. Symptoms and signs may present immediately, or evolve over minutes or hours, and commonly resolve within days, but may be prolonged.” […] The mechanisms of concussion may differ among sports activities. Possible mechanisms of injury include compressive forces, which may directly injure the brain at the point of contact (coup); tensile forces produce injury at the point opposite the injury (contrecoup) because the axons and nerves are stretched; finally, rotational forces may result in a shearing of axons.
  • #9 Concussion | MedlinePlus
    https://medlineplus.gov/concussion.html
    A concussion is a type of brain injury. It involves a short loss of normal brain function. It happens when a hit to the head or body causes your head and brain to move rapidly back and forth. This sudden movement can cause the brain to bounce around or twist in the skull, creating chemical changes in your brain. Sometimes it can also stretch and damage your brain cells. […] Concussions are a common type of sports injury. Other causes of concussions include blows to the head, bumping your head when you fall, being violently shaken, and car accidents.
  • #10 Pathophysiology of Concussion | Complete Concussions
    https://completeconcussions.com/concussion/pathophysiology-of-concussion/
    Concussions are a subset of mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs), and are characterized by temporary disruptions in brain function, resulting from external kinetic forces applied to the head or body. […] A concussion typically occurs when a sudden force causes rapid acceleration and deceleration of the head, which can be the result of a direct blow to the head, face, neck, or elsewhere on the body with an “impulsive” force transmitted to the head. […] The acceleration/deceleration movement is particularly associated with rotational forces that contribute to the severity of the concussion. […] The immediate aftermath of such a kinetic impact is the stretching or shearing of neurons and other neural structures. […] This mechanical disruption can produce a variety of neuropathological events.
  • #11 Pathophysiology of Concussion | Complete Concussions
    https://completeconcussions.com/concussion/pathophysiology-of-concussion/
    Following the mechanical insult, there is a period of altered neurometabolic activity, which may last from minutes to days. […] One hallmark of concussion is ionic flux. […] This disruption in the normal balance of ions inside and outside of the cell contributes to a state of metabolic crisis. […] The increased demand for ATP to help restore resting membrane potential, coupled with the impaired ability of the brain to produce it, results in a metabolic energy crisis that can last up to 30 days in humans. […] After a concussion, this barrier can become compromised, leading to an increased permeability, which may result in inflammation and further contribute to neural dysfunction. […] This sustained inflammatory response may contribute to the development of CTE or other neurodegenerative diseases.
  • #12 What happens to your brain when you get a concussion? — Concussion Alliance
    https://www.concussionalliance.org/what-happens-to-your-brain
    A concussion, also known as a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is an injury to the brain caused by a blow or jolt to the head or a blow to the body that causes the head to move and the brain to shift rapidly inside the skull that disrupts normal brain functioning. […] A concussion causes damage to cells in the brain on a tiny level. […] The main ways you can get a concussion are from direct force to the head, or a hit to your body that is strong enough to cause your head to forcefully jerk backwards, forwards or to the side. Falls, car accidents, and sports-related injuries are the leading causes of documented concussions in the US. […] This brain movement hurts your neurons by causing them to stretch and sometimes break. […] Injured neurons have a harder time communicating, and some connections between neurons in the brain may also be broken because of the concussion.
  • #13 Concussion Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments
    https://www.upmc.com/services/orthopaedics/conditions/concussion
    When your brain suffers a blow, a series of things happen at the cellular level. Essentially, there’s a chain reaction. The result is that you have decreased blood supply to your brain. […] Lower blood supply makes your cells vulnerable, and another injury can damage them more severely. That’s why it’s so dangerous for athletes with concussions to stay in the game or continue their activity.
  • #14 Post-Concussion Headaches: Causes & Treatment Options
    https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/concussion-headaches-and-post-concussion-headaches
    Most concussion symptoms, including headaches, resolve within 3-6 weeks. […] Concussion headaches are unlikely to fully resolve without concussion treatment. […] The best treatment for post-traumatic headaches is to treat the concussion itself rather than medicate the pain. […] ANS headaches won’t completely resolve until the autonomic nervous system is re-regulated, but this doesn’t just happen with time. […] Overall, treating headaches with medication isn’t ideal because it doesn’t solve the root issue, might cause side effects, puts additional strain on your liver, and may result in dependency. […] Neurovascular coupling (NVC) is the connection between neurons and the blood vessels that supply them with oxygen, which is often damaged as a result of mTBI. […] Improving NVC is important for recovering from a concussion since vascular issues are so connected to ANS dysfunction and post-traumatic headaches.
  • #15 Statistics and Causes of Mild TBI & Concussion | MyShepherdConnection
    https://myshepherdconnection.org/conditions/mild-tbi-concussion/introduction/statistics-and-causes/
    According to the Brain Injury Association of America, an estimated 2.8 million people sustain new brain injuries annually in the U.S., and most of these are considered mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI), or concussions. […] Falls, being struck by an object, and motor vehicle accidents are thought to be the most common causes of traumatic brain injury overall. […] Up to 3.8 million concussions are estimated to occur in the U.S. during sports and recreational activities each year (National Library of Medicine). […] Risk factors for concussion include participation in contact sports, unsafe driving practices, and employment in certain occupations. […] Military service members are at an increased risk for concussion compared to civilian peers.
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  • #17 Sports Concussion – OrthoInfo – AAOS
    https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases–conditions/sports-concussion/
    Concussions are traumatic brain injuries. They occur in a wide range of sports and affect athletes at every level, from little league to the pros. […] A concussion happens when a force causes the brain to rapidly move back and forth inside the skull. This may be caused by either a direct blow or by a blow to the body that forces the head to quickly rotate. […] Although some sports have higher instances of concussion such as football, ice hockey, and soccer concussions can happen in any sport or recreational activity. […] Getting back into the game too soon puts you at risk for another concussion. […] If you suffer a repeat concussion before your first concussion heals, it may take much longer for your symptoms to resolve and you may have long-term problems, such as learning difficulties or chronic headaches. Although it rarely happens, repeat concussion can cause permanent brain damage and even death.
  • #18 Concussion – symptoms, signs and treatment | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/concussion
    Concussion is a brain injury caused by a knock or blow to the head or a sudden change in motion. […] A concussion is a brain injury that happens when your brain is shaken inside your skull. Concussion can also result from a sudden change in motion. […] Concussion can be caused by many things, such as: sports injuries, falls, car accidents, violence including domestic violence. […] Concussion is a common sporting injury, especially in contact sports such as: Australian Rules Football, boxing, rugby league and rugby union, soccer, touch football.
  • #19 Concussion Causes and Risk Factors
    https://www.sports-health.com/sports-injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/concussion-causes-and-risk-factors
    In emergency departments, the leading causes of concussions are falls, motor vehicle trauma, assaults, and sports. […] In sports-related concussions, contact sports have the highest rate of concussions. […] An athletes position and style of play also affect his or her risk of concussion. […] People who have suffered a concussion(s) in the past are more likely to sustain another concussion in the future. […] People younger than 24 and people older than 75 are at the greatest risk for concussion. […] Female athletes report more concussions and more severe symptoms than their male counterparts playing the same sport. […] Concussions in people with learning disorder or mood disorders may have a more complicated recovery. […] Some experts suspect that people who suffer migraines are more likely suffer a concussion and/or may have a longer concussion recovery. […] People engaging in risky behavior, such as drinking and driving, have an increased risk for concussion.
  • #20 Concussion and Traumatic Brain Injury | Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute | Condition | UT Southwestern Medical Center
    https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/concussion/
    At UT Southwestern Medical Center, we provide comprehensive patient care for concussions resulting from injuries received while playing sports, being in a household or motor vehicle accident, serving in the military, or hits to the head or body occurring in countless other scenarios. […] Concussion, a type of traumatic brain injury, can result from a bump, strike, or jolt to the head or to the body that causes the brain to bounce around or twist within the skull. This sudden movement causes stretching and tearing of connections between brain cells and creates chemical changes that alter normal brain function. […] Concussion causes temporary dysfunction of brain cells and require rest for a full recovery. Patients can usually recover at home, requiring only rest and over-the-counter pain relievers. Rest is very important after a concussion because it helps the brain to heal however, too much rest might not be good for recovery. […] About 10% of athletes participating in contact sports will experience a concussive brain injury. When such injuries happen, allowing time for the brain to heal is key.
  • #21 Top Causes of Concussion in Children and Adolescents – Elizabeth Sandel, M.D.
    https://elizabethsandelmd.com/insights/top-causes-concussion-tbi-children-adolescents/
    When we think of “youth” and “concussion,” the first thing that likely comes to mind is a teenager engaging in a high-risk activity such as football, soccer, or snowboarding. But not all youth brain injury results from these risky activities. Of the millions of concussions reported by emergency rooms every year, figures put concussions related to sports and recreation at just 30% – so 70% of concussions result from other causes. […] Blunt force injury, inertial injury (an acceleration/deceleration event such as occurs during a car crash), or a gunshot or other head-penetrating wound can cause a brain injury. The CDC, using emergency room data, has determined that the leading causes of TBIs in children up to age 14 age are unintentional falls and blunt trauma, whereas motor vehicle crashes and falls lead the list of causes for people ages 15 to 24.
  • #22 Leading Cause of Concussions | Causes of Concussions | Gomez Trial Attorneys
    https://www.thegomezfirm.com/blog/causes-of-concussions/
    Concussions can happen in a matter of seconds, but they can change how we feel, how we function, and how we behave. […] In the United States, nearly three million people every year visit the emergency room for traumatic brain injuries, with 70 percent to 90 percent sustaining so-called mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI), more commonly known as concussions. […] The leading causes of TBI (which include concussions) are: Falls (28 percent). Among all age groups, falls were the most common cause of concussions. […] Motor vehicle crashes (20 percent). Motor vehicle accidents were the leading cause of TBI-related hospitalizations for teenagers and adults from ages 15 to 44. […] Being struck by or colliding with an object (19 percent). […] Assaults (11 percent). […] Many veterans are dealing with TBI sustained while serving in the military.
  • #23 Concussion: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatments
    https://www.healthline.com/health/concussion
    Concussions are caused by some type of impact injury to your head. […] Causes of a concussion include: falling down, getting hit in the head (especially when playing sports), being in a car accident, being injured in a blast or explosion. […] Our brains float in a jelly-like fluid inside our skulls. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Head injuries can cause our brain and its surrounding membrane (meninges) to hit the side of our skull. This kind of impact can damage the brain’s tissues, and even cause our CSF to leak. […] In severe head injuries, part of our skull can fracture. Skull fractures can cause jagged edges of bone to poke at our brain and cause harm. […] Some traumatic brain injuries involve more than an impact of the brain against our own skull. TBI and concussion can also occur if a foreign object enters your skull, such as a bullet or shrapnel.
  • #24 Top Causes of Concussion in Children and Adolescents – Elizabeth Sandel, M.D.
    https://elizabethsandelmd.com/insights/top-causes-concussion-tbi-children-adolescents/
    Falls are by far the leading cause of TBI-related ED visits among children up to age 4. Falls also lead the list of emergency department visit causes for children 5-14. […] Blunt-force injuries occur when an object hits someone on the head or the person runs into an object. Blunt force is the second leading cause of TBI in children. […] Motor vehicle accidents are much more likely to be the cause of TBI-related deaths, responsible for a little under half of all TBI-related deaths in children and adolescents. […] Assault is the leading cause of TBI-related deaths among children under the age of 4 as well as a common cause of TBI-related ED visits and hospitalizations for older teens.
  • #25 Concussions in Children | Boston Children’s Hospital
    https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/concussions
    A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a rapid acceleration of the brain. Concussions are often the result of a direct hit to the head but can also result from any blow to neck, face, or body that places a rotational force on the brain. […] Children can get concussions from any hard hit to the head, neck, face, or body that cause a rapid acceleration of the brain. This typically happens when they are struck in the head. It can also occur if an athlete is hit on the facemask or chest, causing the head to snap forward or backward. […] Some of the most common causes of concussion in children include: Falls, Sports injuries, Motor vehicle accidents, Being hit by an object or another person. […] The most common long-term problem is delayed or incomplete recovery. This can happen after multiple concussions, or when a child has another concussion before fully recovering from a previous one. In some cases, repeated concussions can cause massive brain swelling and permanent brain damage. […] People who have already sustained a concussion are at greater risk for subsequent concussions. The effects are likely to accumulate, in other words, each concussion causes more severe symptoms and requires longer recovery times.
  • #26 What Are My Risk Factors for Getting a Concussion?
    https://www.universalclass.com/articles/health/concussion-causes-and-risk-factors.htm
    Due to the major under-diagnosing of concussions, the exact number of concussions per year is not known, but it is in the millions for the United States alone. Great varieties of causes are responsible for this high number of mild traumatic brain injuries, but some of the leading causes are sports, automobile accidents, and falls. […] A bump from the car behind you could cause you to lurch forward, and this simple motion can cause a mild brain injury, even if you were wearing your seatbelt at the time and feel fine. […] Falling is the leading cause of concussions in the United States. Falling makes up over half of the traumatic brain injuries in young children, since they are not yet steady on their feet. […] Concussions can occur in nearly any sport, but a particular focus has been placed on football and the high-impact hits that the players suffer from.
  • #27 Concussion: Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/neuro/brain-spine-trauma/concussion
    Concussions are mild traumatic brain injuries that may be sustained from a blow to the head after a fall, accident, or during contact sports. […] The brain is a soft, delicate organ surrounded by cushioning spinal fluid and is encased in your skull for protection. If your head or body is hit hard, your brain may bounce around or twist inside the skull and become injured. […] Some of the most common ways that people experience concussions include: Impact to the head during sports, such as football, soccer, hockey, boxing, skiing, and snowboarding, Physical violence, Falls, Playground injuries, Car crashes and other motor vehicle accidents, Bicycle accidents.
  • #28
    https://www.anapolweiss.com/blog/concussion-causes/
    Anyone can sustain a concussion. […] Concussion causes include: Amusement park injuries, Assault, Bicycle accidents, Falls, Product defects, Auto accidents, Playground injuries. […] Any event that causes a blow or jolt to the head can result in a concussion. […] A vehicle collision can result in a concussion when the impact causes a persons head to whip back and forth or make contact with a hard surface such as the window or steering wheel. […] Roller coasters and other amusement park rides are generally considered safe. But when something goes wrong, a persons head can knock against the ride or whip around too hard and result in a concussion. […] Bicycle-related concussions are on the rise U.S. hospital emergency room data shows the number of concussions sustained while biking increased 67 percent between 1997 and 2011. […] Products such as airbags, seat belts and helmets can fail to do their job during a collision and result in driver or passenger concussions.
  • #29 Advanced Concussion Clinic | What is Concussion
    https://www.avcphysio.com.au/causes-of-concussion/
    Car accidents, motorcycle crashes, and other motor vehicle collisions frequently result in concussions. […] Wearing seatbelts, using child safety seats, and avoiding distracted or impaired driving are essential for preventing head injuries in motor vehicle accidents […] Intentional acts of violence, including physical assaults and domestic abuse are unfortunately significant causes of concussions. […] […] Falls are a leading cause of concussion among older adults and young children. […] Taking measures to improve home safety, such as installing handrails and removing trip hazards as well as completing balance exercises, can help to prevent falls and reduce the risk of concussion […] Bicycle accidents and pedestrian collisions are significant causes of concussion. […] Wearing properly fitted helmets and following traffic rules can help prevent concussions in these scenarios. […] Engaging in recreational activities such as surfing, skateboarding, skiing, or horseback riding can also lead to concussions. […]
  • #30 What Are My Risk Factors for Getting a Concussion?
    https://www.universalclass.com/articles/health/concussion-causes-and-risk-factors.htm
    Being in a car accident of any type increases the risk of getting a concussion, and one should always check for symptoms no matter the severity of the impact. Even just a simple jolt can cause a mild concussion, and proper medical attention should be given to this brain injury. […] While other causes of concussions may take the spotlight in media and society, it is important to realize that physical assaults or abuse can also lead to brain injuries. […] It is necessary for the injured individual to make sure that their health is taken care of, although this may be a difficult step in cases of physical abuse.
  • #31 Concussions: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/brain/concussion-traumatic-brain-injury-symptoms-causes-treatments
    The most common and least serious type of traumatic brain injury is called a concussion. A concussion is most often caused by a sudden direct blow or bump to the head. […] Other causes include car and bicycle accidents, work-related injuries, falls, and fighting. […] The brain is made of soft tissue. It’s cushioned by spinal fluid and encased in the protective shell of the skull. When you have a blow or bump to your head, the impact can jolt your brain. Sometimes, it literally causes it to move around in your head. Traumatic brain injuries can cause bruising, damage to the blood vessels, and injury to the nerves. […] Some things increase your risk for a concussion, including: Falls, particularly in children and older adults; Playing a contact sport; Lack of proper safety gear or supervision for contact sports; Car, motorcycle, bicycle, and other accidents that cause a blow to the head; Being hit, struck with an object, or other physical abuse; Military service; An earlier concussion.
  • #32 Empowering Ourselves: Discovering the Truth About Concussion Causes – Propel Sports Physical TherapyPhoneLocationExpandExpandExpandPhoneToggle MenuPreviousContinueContinueContinueContinueContinueContinueContinueFacebookInstagramExpandExpandExpandFacebookX
    https://propel-performance.com/concussion-causes/
    Sports-related injuries are a significant cause of concussions, especially in contact sports such as football, soccer, and hockey. […] While many of us are familiar with common concussion causes such as sports-related injuries and head impacts, there are several lesser-known causes that can also lead to concussions. […] Explosions and blast injuries are significant causes of concussions, particularly in military settings. […] Whiplash injuries are typically associated with car accidents but can occur in other situations where there is a rapid back-and-forth movement of the neck. […] Abuse or assault is an alarming cause of concussions that we must recognize. […] Certain health conditions can increase the likelihood of sustaining a concussion. […] Environmental factors play a crucial role in the occurrence of concussions. […] Understanding these risk factors enables us to take preventative measures, such as wearing protective gear during sports or following head injury guidelines, to minimize the chances of experiencing a concussion.
  • #33 Causes And Symptoms Of Concussion – Klarity Health Library
    https://my.klarity.health/causes-and-symptoms-of-concussion/
    Direct impact to the head is not required to result in a concussion. A concussion can occur with a blow to the chest, causing a whiplash effect on the brain. […] These are associated with explosive events performed in military combat. […] This is a severe form of abusive head trauma that occurs when a caregiver forcefully shakes an infant, causing rapid back-and-forth movement of the brain within the skull.
  • #34 Leading Cause of Concussions | Causes of Concussions | Gomez Trial Attorneys
    https://www.thegomezfirm.com/blog/causes-of-concussions/
    Between 5 percent and 35 percent of them have sustained a concussion, also called mild traumatic brain injury during their deployment. […] In addition to other risks associated with concussions, new research suggests that there may be a connection between mild brain injuries and the risk of developing Parkinsons disease and dementia. […] Even a single concussion was associated with an increased risk of developing Parkinsons disease and dementia in the future. […] A study of deceased former NFL players found that over 99 percent had permanent brain damage. […] The symptoms of CTE may not appear for many years after the injury.
  • #35 Concussion: Practice Essentials, Background, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/92095-overview
    A previous concussion is a significant risk factor for sustaining a subsequent concussion. […] One study reported that the risk of sustaining a concussion was 4-5 times higher in patients who had at least 1 concussion in the past. […] Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive degenerative disease that persons with a history of repetitive brain trauma, including boxers and football players, are at risk for developing. […] The condition is also characterized by ventricular dilatation and by fenestration of the cavum septum pellucidum, as well as the accumulation of phosphorylated tau in the brain, with deposits of the protein being found in the sulci and in perivascular areas of the cerebral cortex.
  • #36 Concussion: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments
    https://patient.info/brain-nerves/head-injuries/concussion
    Concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury that can happen after a blow to the head or a sudden, severe jolt. […] Concussion can happen after a blow to the head or a fall on to the head. It can also happen if the head is jolted very suddenly – for example, coming to a sudden halt in a car accident. […] The most common causes of concussion are falling (especially from a height), road traffic accidents and accidents whilst playing sports such as football, rugby, American football, skiing, boxing and cycling. […] Concussion is also known by other terms: minor head injury, minor brain injury and minor traumatic brain injury. […] Although concussion is not thought to have permanent effects on the brain, having repeated episodes of concussion may cause permanent damage. It has been recognised for many years that repeated minor brain injury from boxing can cause a form of dementia called chronic traumatic encephalopathy. There also appears to be an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease following minor head injury.
  • #37 Concussions: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments | Guadalupe Regional Medical Center
    https://www.grmedcenter.com/concussions-symptoms-causes-treatments/
    A concussion is a brain injury that happens when your brain bounces off the inside of your skull. […] A concussion is a head injury that happens when your brain moves or twists inside your skull. Concussions are a type of traumatic brain injury. […] One concussion usually doesnt cause permanent brain damage. But experiencing multiple concussions over a lifetime can change your brains structure or how it works, which can lead to severe complications and increase your risk of developing serious health conditions. […] Concussions happen when something jolts or shakes your body. If the force is strong enough, it can make your brain move back and forth or side to side and damage it. […] The most common causes of concussions include falls, motor vehicle accidents, bike accidents, physical violence like fights or assaults, and sports injuries. […] Concussions (especially repeated concussions) can cause some serious complications. […] People whove experienced one concussion have an increased risk for another, more serious concussion if they return to physical activities or sports too soon.
  • #38 What happens to your brain when you get a concussion? — Concussion Alliance
    https://www.concussionalliance.org/what-happens-to-your-brain
    A concussion weakens your brain’s ability to make and supply energy for healing. […] Research shows that, after a second concussion, your recovery takes longer and you may have a greater number and intensity of symptoms, as well as increased vulnerability. […] According to The Berlin 5th International Consensus on Concussion, metabolic recovery takes 10-14 days for adults and one month for youth 18 and under. […] It is valuable to remember that your brain can be retrained.
  • #39 Understanding Concussion: Causes, Symptoms, and Care | GuideWell Emergency Doctors
    https://www.guidewellemergency.com/blog/discussion-on-concussion
    Concussions are most often caused by a sudden, direct blow or bump to the head due to a fall. A concussion may also result from rapid acceleration-deceleration of the head [commonly called whiplash]. Blast injuries resulting in shaking inside the skull cause concussions, too. This risk of concussion is common in military combat. […] Concussions are inherent in sports, particularly competitive team sports like football, hockey, rugby, and soccer. […] Interesting to note that adolescents are at higher risk of concussion than any other age group—with sports and cycling accidents being the main cause. Researchers add the fact that young brains are still developing, making young people more vulnerable to a concussion than average adults.
  • #40 Post-Concussion Syndrome: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24900-post-concussion-syndrome
    What causes post-concussion syndrome? Experts dont know exactly why post-concussion syndrome affects only some people who experience a concussion. They suspect its a combination of factors adding up. […] Several risk factors can make PCS more likely to happen. Some of these include: […] Past concussion(s) or head injuries. Your risk of PCS goes up with every successive concussion or head injury. […] Concussions with complications. Youre more likely to experience PCS if the concussion causes other complications that affect your brain or skull. Some examples include midline shift (the brain moving off-center inside your skull), a skull fracture (a broken bone) or bleeding inside the skull or brain. […] Having other brain-related conditions. People with conditions like attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or learning difficulties may have a higher risk of developing PCS.
  • #41 Concussion – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concussion
    A concussion, also known as a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is a head injury that temporarily affects brain functioning. […] Common causes include motor vehicle collisions, falls, sports injuries, and bicycle accidents. […] Risk factors include physical violence, drinking alcohol and a prior history of concussion. […] The mechanism of injury involves either a direct blow to the head or forces elsewhere on the body that are transmitted to the head. […] This is believed to result in neuron dysfunction, as there are increased glucose requirements, but not enough blood supply. […] Another concussion before the symptoms of a prior concussion have resolved is associated with worse outcomes. […] Repeated concussions may also increase the risk in later life of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Parkinson’s disease and depression.
  • #42 Concussion – StatPearls – NCBI BookshelfTwitterFacebookLinkedInGitHubNCBI Insights BlogTwitterFacebookYoutube
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537017/
    The transition from a concussion to the post-concussion syndrome is „ill-defined and poorly understood.” […] One of the most feared and concerning complications of a concussion, although rare, is a second-impact syndrome. Second-impact syndrome (SIS) involves a repeat blow or injury to the head before the complete resolution of the initial concussion, resulting in usually rapid, severe swelling of the brain. […] Research on the long-term consequences of a concussion is still limited. Of greatest concern is the potential for the development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
  • #43 What is a Concussion? | Concussion Legacy Foundation UK
    https://concussionfoundation.org/en-uk/concussion-resources/what-is-concussion/
    Approximately 20 percent of patients will have persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS), or what used to be known as Post-Concussion Syndrome (PCS). […] Second Impact Syndrome (SIS) is a severe and potentially fatal condition that can occur when an individual suffers a head impact before fully recovered from a concussion. […] The good news is that we can stop many concussions before they happen.
  • #44 Post-concussion syndrome | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/injuries/head-and-neck-injuries/post-concussion-syndrome-pcs/
    The exact cause of PCS is not known. One theory is that PCS is the result of a chemical imbalance in the brain. This imbalance is triggered by the injury that caused the initial concussion. Another theory suggests PCS may be caused by damage to nerve cells in the brain. […] You may be prescribed antidepressants or anti-migraine medication. This doesn’t mean your healthcare professional thinks you’re depressed or experiencing migraines. These medicines work by reducing abnormal nerve activity in the brain. This means they can help with the physical symptoms of PCS.
  • #45 Concussion Symptoms: Causes & How Long They Last
    https://www.cognitivefxusa.com/blog/symptoms-of-a-concussion-guide
    If symptoms don’t resolve after three months, they probably wont go away without therapy. […] In this article published in JAMA Neurology, the authors state that many concussive patients experience the evolution of symptoms five years after mTBI, not the resolution of symptoms. 72% of patients had worsening global disability after five years. This clearly evidences that chronic concussion symptoms are likely to progress over time. […] Recovery time isnt correlated with the injury source. Someone who has a concussion from a car accident, for example, is likely to need the same recovery time as someone with a concussion in sports such as football or snowboarding. […] Certain post-concussion complications can result in long-term symptoms.
  • #46 Mild head injury and concussion | Headway
    https://www.headway.org.uk/about-brain-injury/individuals/types-of-brain-injury/mild-head-injury-and-concussion/
    Concussion is commonly caused by falls, road crashes, assaults and sports accidents. […] While most mild head injuries result in no long-term damage to the brain, it can cause temporary disruption to brain function that can last for at least a number of weeks. […] Concussion or minor brain injury in simple terms, is a temporary disturbance in the brains functioning as a result of a blow to the head. […] In the majority of cases, there will no long-term damage caused by a concussion if treated appropriately with rest and medical assessment. […] Occasionally, complications can arise from seemingly minor blows to the head, which is why it is vital that people seek medical attention following a concussion. […] There are significant risks in returning to the field of play after sustaining a concussion. If a player sustains another blow to the head before the brain has had a chance to recover from the initial concussion, the damage can be exacerbated to the point that it can be on rare occasions fatal. This is known as Second Impact Syndrome and it is believed to be most common among children and young adults.
  • #47
    https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40318-024-00257-w
    It is against this background that the claimants bring their claim in negligence against the SGBs. […] The claimants must establish that the SGBs ought reasonably, based on the standards of knowledge available at the relevant time that concussion posed a serious risk of injury. […] The issue here is who knew what about mTBI and when?, with a view to determining the exact moment when the risks of CTE ought to have been recognised. […] The 2021 Concussion in Sport report by the DCMS lays out a prominent policy failing and injustice towards elite sports participants: The protections afforded by the state to workers apply as much to footballers and jockeys as they do to miners and construction workers. […] The 2023 UK Concussion Guidelines for Non-Elite (Grassroots) Sport are a marked improvement in many ways, particularly in relation to the 21 day stand-down period for children suspected of suffering a concussion. […] From a causative standpoint, there is unprecedented confidence that repetitive collisions cause CTE.
  • #48 What is CTE? | Concussion Legacy Foundation
    https://concussionfoundation.org/cte-resources/what-is-cte/
    In October 2022, The National Institute Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), part of the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH), formally acknowledged publicly that CTE is caused by repetitive traumatic brain injuries, after CLF sent a letter cosigned by 41 of the world’s top experts on CTE and related areas of science, urging them to review the current evidence outlined the Bradford Hill article.
  • #49 How a Concussion Affects the Brain | HealthFocus SA | University Health
    https://universityhealth.com/blog/concussion
    A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury, or a TBI. Concussions are caused by a bump, blow or jolt to the head or by a hit to the body, like a football tackle, that causes the head to rapidly move back and forth. […] While a concussion causes an immediate impact on brain function, they can also disrupt brain processes for weeks, months and even years afterward. […] Those who have experienced a concussion are also at a greater risk of developing mental health issues such as depression or anxiety in the aftermath of a head injury.
  • #50 Concussion – Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Diagnosis – MedBroadcast.com
    https://medbroadcast.com/condition/getcondition/concussion
    A concussion is often caused by a blow to the head, face, neck, or elsewhere in the body where the force can be transmitted to the head (i.e., hitting your shoulder). It can also be caused by vigorous shaking. A person might suffer a concussion due to a fall, due to injuries resulting from a car accident, or due to any number of types of impact injuries, like a hard tackle in football, or a high-hit or body-check in hockey. […] Symptoms of concussion may linger for months or longer after injuries have healed. In post-concussion syndrome, a person may continue to experience headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and changes in mood, sleep, and memory. Since these symptoms are common in everyday life, it can be difficult to know if they were caused by the concussion. […] Repeated concussions may lead to permanent neurological damage.
  • #51 Concussion: Potential Causes and Long-Term Impact
    https://constanttherapyhealth.com/brainwire/concussion-potential-causes-and-long-term-impact/
    Fact: Sports are second only to car crashes as the leading cause of traumatic brain injury in youth. […] A concussion can be caused by a blow to any part of the body that causes the head to be hurt. […] Events that can cause concussion are widely varied – anything from walking into a door hard enough to a car accident to a sports injury. […] Long term effects of concussion range from behavioral changes to mood disturbances to cognitive difficulties. […] More and more attention is being brought to the fact that although concussions are “invisible” injuries, they can make lasting, negative impacts on lives. […] The media is paying more attention now to the significant risk high school athletes are at for concussions – read this NPR story about how many athletes are more apt to get a concussion at practice rather than at the actual game. […] Professional sports leagues are also taking concussion more seriously as knowledge and press increases – the NHL will be using head injury spotters to make sure to watch for signs of head trauma and potential concussion.
  • #52
  • #53 Concussions: Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/brain/concussion-traumatic-brain-injury-symptoms-causes-treatments
    Other than direct blows to the head, concussions can be caused by foreign objects. You can be struck by something such as during a sports game or get whiplash injuries or blast zone injuries in a war zone. […] Repeat concussions cause cumulative effects on the brain. They can have devastating consequences, including brain swelling, permanent brain damage, long-term disabilities, or even death. […] A concussion is unexpected, so it is tough to prevent. But there are several commonsense precautions you can take to lessen the possibility of traumatic brain injury.
  • #54 Signs of Concussion in a Child & Treatment | Mass General Brigham
    https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/about/newsroom/articles/signs-concussion-child
    Concussions are related to an external force that causes a transient neurologic deficit, explains Dr. Zafonte. They are a common, mild form of brain injury that can happen in a variety of scenarios, including during a fall, in an accident, or while playing sports. They can happen when a person is hit in the head, or when another kind of injury causes their head to shake back and forth very quickly. […] Yes concussions and other head injuries can cause fever. Typically, fever is a short-term symptom of concussion if it occurs at all. […] Post-concussion syndrome, or post-concussive syndrome, occurs when concussion symptoms last longer than the expected recovery period. Children with the condition may receive the diagnosis if their symptoms last longer than 3 weeks. […] The critical element in concussion is reporting it early, and getting early, focused treatment, says Dr. Zafonte. Recent studies on young athletes have shown that recovery within the first week leads to faster recovery times. So, if you believe your child has a concussion, its important to seek medical care as soon as possible so serious injury can be ruled out or addressed.
  • #55 Concussion: Symptoms, causes, and treatment
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/158876
    This article investigates the causes, treatments, and diagnosis of concussion. […] Concussion may also be defined as an injury to the brain, often caused by a jolt, or blow to the head. […] Usually, concussions are caused by a jolt or blow to the head. […] The brain floats in cerebral fluid, which protects it from jolts and bumps. A violent jolt or a severe blow to the head can cause the brain to bump hard against the skull. This can result in the tearing of nerve fibers and the rupturing of blood vessels under the skull, leading to a build-up of blood. […] Concussions are most commonly caused by: automobile accidents, sports injuries, falls, horseback riding accident, playground accidents, cycling accidents, assaults, explosions.