Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Trachoma – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/trachoma/trachoma+-+including+symptoms%2C+treatment+and+prevention

  Trachoma is a preventable disease of the eyes caused by infection with the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis (different from the sexually transmitted form of this germ). […] Australia has signed the World Health Organization (WHO) agreement to eliminate blinding trachoma as a public health problem by 2020 and South Australia is on track reach this target. […] The WHO and the Communicable Disease Network Australia recommend the SAFE strategy, 4 actions which aim to eliminate trachoma: […] Surgery for trichiasis […] Antibiotics (azithromycin) for cases of active trachoma and their contacts […] Facial cleanliness by promoting clean faces to reduce spread of infection […] Environmental improvements to improve overcrowding, water and sanitation facilities.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma

  Elimination programmes in endemic countries are being implemented using the WHO-recommended SAFE strategy. This consists of: […] Most endemic countries have agreed to accelerate the implementation of this strategy to achieve elimination targets. […] Data reported to WHO by Member States for 2023 show that 130 746 people with trachomatous trichiasis were provided with corrective surgery in that year, and 32.9 million people in endemic communities were treated with antibiotics to eliminate trachoma. […] Elimination efforts need to continue to ensure that we reach the target set by World Health Assembly resolution WHA 51.11, which is elimination of trachoma as a public health problem. […] WHO adopted the SAFE strategy in 1993. WHOs mandate is to provide leadership and coordination to international efforts aiming to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem, and to report on progress towards that target. […] The World Health Assembly adopted resolution WHA51.11 in 1998, targeting the global elimination of trachoma as a public health problem with 2020 as the target date.

• #1 Trachoma control: the SAFE strategy – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6288535/

  As a contagious bacterial infection that affects the conjunctival covering of the eye, the cornea and the eyelids, trachoma is controlled by an endorsed integrated strategy consisting of surgery for trichiasis, antibiotic therapy, facial cleanliness and environmental improvement, namely, the SAFE strategy developed by World Health Organization. […] The prevention and treatment of trachoma has always been the priority for the international community. The WHO developed SAFE strategy for the prevention and treatment of trachoma based on community intervention: Surgery for trachomatous trichiasis, aiming at reducing trachomatous trichiasis caused by eyelid entropion (Surgery, S); Application of antibiotics, especially the highly effective azithromycin, so as to eliminate infection of chlamydia trachomatis in trachoma patients (Antibiotic, A); Facial cleanliness for better personal hygiene (Facial cleanliness, F); Environmental improvement, in order to reduce the risk of infection and reinfection of Chlamydia trachomatis (Environmental improvement, E).

• #1 Trachoma: An Update on Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4791051/

  Azithromycin has been the drug of choice for trachoma due to its safety profile in children, efficacy as a single oral dose (20 mg/1kg), long half-life in tissues, and efficacy against intra-cellular bacteria such as C. trachomatis. […] Surgery can clearly correct trichiasis and prevent blinding complications. […] The WHO currently warrants tarsal rotation surgery for individuals with a single trichiatic lash. […] The challenges in surgical interventions can be ascribed to the need for sufficient and sustainable health systems in workforce training and in management of infrastructure.

• #1

  https://www.sightsaversusa.org/programmes/safe-trachoma-control/

  The SAFE strategy aims to stop the spread of blinding trachoma through surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness and environmental improvements. […] The SAFE strategy is endorsed by the World Health Organization as a way to control trachoma, the worlds leading infectious cause of blindness. […] Surgery: to stop eyelashes from rubbing against the eyeball and helping to halt the cycle of repeated infection that can lead to blindness. […] Antibiotics: medication called Zithromax is used to treat the trachoma infection and reduce the spread of the disease. The treatment is often distributed via mass drug administration, and is usually repeated annually for three or more years. […] Facial cleanliness: teaching local communities the importance of face washing, to prevent the infection being spread through contact with an infected persons eyes or nose.

• #1 Trachoma: An Update on Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4791051/

  Trachoma programs have had remarkable success at reducing chlamydial infection and clinical signs of trachoma. […] The WHO Global Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma (GET 2020) promotes implementation of the SAFE strategy: Surgery for trichiasis, Antibiotic distribution, Facial cleanliness, and Environmental improvements. […] Current WHO recommendations include mass treatment with a single dose of azithromycin to those over 6 months of age in areas where follicular trachoma prevalence is 10% or greater in children 1-9 years of age. […] In regards to treatment strategies, WHO recommends MDA in communities where follicular trachoma is 10% in children. […] Mass distribution of antibiotics over a number of years can significantly reduce prevalence of infection. […] Biannual treatment may expedite elimination efforts, but does not affect prevalence after a few years.

• #1 Trachoma – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/trachoma

  Trachoma can be eliminated as a public health problem. The SAFE strategy is the trachoma elimination strategy recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), which includes interventions in S-surgery for TT management, A-antibiotics to treat infection, F-facial hygiene, and E-improved environmental conditions (improved access to water and basic sanitation) to prevent infection and interrupt disease transmission. […] Major interventions should be directed at preventing trachoma infection including improved sanitation and increased facial hygiene activities (with clean water) for children at risk for the disease. […] Depending on the prevalence of follicular trachomatous inflammation (TF) in children aged 1 to 9 years at the district level, mass administration of antibiotics to all residents of these communities is recommended once a year. WHO recommends two antibiotics for the control of trachoma: tetracycline 1% in ophthalmic ointment for children under 6 months, and oral azithromycin.

• #1 Trachoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/25148-trachoma

  Improving access to water supplies and sanitation services is key to stopping trachoma. Other strategies include improving crowded housing and getting rid of fly populations. Authorities throughout the world are making efforts to putting these actions into place to try to eliminate trachoma and trachoma blindness everywhere. The primary prevention strategy has an acronym SAFE: […] Some areas give children antibiotics at least once a year when theyre between 1 and 9 years old. This effort is known as blanket therapy, or blanket antibiotic therapy. There are some concerns about antibiotic resistance. […] If you live in or visit an area known to have trachoma an eye condition caused by a bacterium infection its important to take precautions to prevent transmission. You can help yourself by practicing vigorous hand washing and facial cleanliness. If your eyes get red or irritated, make sure you contact your healthcare provider. They can give you antibiotics to clear up symptoms and infections.

• #1 Trachoma Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-treatment

  Facial cleanliness and environmental improvement are major components of the SAFE strategy. […] Many regard the lack of facial cleanliness in children as the key factor for the persistence of trachoma.

• #1 Effect of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene on the Prevention of Trachoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001605

  Having a clean face was significantly associated with reduced odds of TF/TI (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.320.52), as were facial cleanliness indicators lack of ocular discharge (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.230.61) and lack of nasal discharge (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.520.72). […] We found strong evidence to support F and E components of the SAFE strategy. […] These findings support the importance of WASH in trachoma elimination strategies and the need for the development of standardized approaches to measuring WASH in trachoma control programs. […] Overall, the results support that notion that water, sanitation, and hygiene are important components of an integrated strategy to control trachoma. […] The findings also point to ways in which current policy could be improved. […] The second policy area to target is access to good quality sanitation.

• #1 Effect of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene on the Prevention of Trachoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  https://ideas.repec.org/a/plo/pmed00/1001605.html

  Having a clean face was significantly associated with reduced odds of TF/TI (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.320.52), as were facial cleanliness indicators lack of ocular discharge (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.230.61) and lack of nasal discharge (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.520.72). […] Facial cleanliness indicators were also associated with reduced odds of C. trachomatis infection: lack of ocular discharge (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.310.49) and lack of nasal discharge (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.370.76). […] Other hygiene factors found to be significantly associated with reduced TF/TI included face washing at least once daily (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.570.96), face washing at least twice daily (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.800.90), soap use (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.590.93), towel use (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.530.78), and daily bathing practices (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.530.99).

• #1 Prevalence and associated factors of active trachoma among children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4686-8

  Moreover, the result of this study (review of pre-intervention surveys) showed that face washing using soap has a protective association against active trachoma among children. Children who were not using soap while washing their face were 3.3 times more likely to suffer from trachoma than those children who were using soap during face washing. […] Therefore, based on our findings, we recommend that the government and other concerned bodies shall undertake successful SAFE strategy implementation integrated with health education and health promotion to prevent and eliminate trachoma as a public health problem from the country.

• #1 Trachoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachoma

  The WHO-recommended SAFE strategy includes: Surgery to correct advanced stages of the disease, Antibiotics to treat active infection, using azithromycin, Facial cleanliness to reduce disease transmission, and Environmental change to increase access to clean water and improve sanitation. […] Intensive community-based health education programs to promote face-washing can reduce the rates of active trachoma, especially intense trachoma. […] If an individual is already infected, washing one’s face is encouraged, especially a child, to prevent reinfection.

• #1

  https://www.sightsaversusa.org/programmes/safe-trachoma-control/

  Environmental improvements: to improve access to water and basic sanitation to reduce exposure and re-infection, and eliminate the conditions in which flies breed. […] The programme raised awareness in 106 trachoma-endemic health districts about the importance of facial cleanliness and environmental improvement practices intended to stop the spread of the trachoma infection. […] At Sightsavers, we continue to follow and champion the SAFE approach in all our trachoma programmes.

• #1 Effect of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene on the Prevention of Trachoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001605

  Trachoma is the world’s leading cause of infectious blindness. The World Health Organization (WHO) has endorsed the SAFE strategy in order to eliminate blindness due to trachoma by 2020 through surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement. […] Data on the impact of WASH on trachoma are needed to support policy and program recommendations. Our objective was to systematically review the literature and conduct meta-analyses where possible to report the effects of WASH conditions on trachoma and identify research gaps. […] Access to sanitation was associated with lower trachoma as measured by the presence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular or trachomatous inflammation-intense (TF/TI) (odds ratio [OR] 0.85, 95% CI 0.750.95) and C. trachomatis infection (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.550.78).

• #1 Trachoma Control Program

  https://www.cartercenter.org/health/trachoma/index.html

  The Carter Center works to control and prevent blinding trachoma in Ethiopia, Niger, South Sudan, and Sudan. […] The Carter Center’s Trachoma Control Program was established in 1998. As a global leader in the fight against trachoma, the Center and partners implement the World Health Organization-endorsed SAFE strategy for trachoma control. SAFE is a multipronged approach to trachoma prevention that comprises Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, and Environmental improvement. […] Since 1999, The Carter Center has assisted in the distribution of more than 230 million doses of Zithromax (donated by Pfizer Inc.), an effective trachoma-fighting antibiotic. […] The Carter Center continues to support the construction of household latrines. Since 2002, more than 3.6 million household latrines have been built to help reduce breeding sites for flies, a principal source of infection transmission. […] Antibiotic distribution to treat children’s active trachoma infections brings auxiliary benefits to public health and may reduce child mortality, since antibiotics can help cure common childhood killers like diarrheal diseases.

• #1 Mexico eliminates trachoma, leading infectious cause of blindness – Mexico | ReliefWeb

  https://reliefweb.int/report/mexico/mexico-eliminates-trachoma-leading-infectious-cause-blindness

  After Oman and Morocco, Mexico becomes the third country in the world and the first in the Americas to receive validation of trachoma elimination as a public health problem. […] Trachoma has been eliminated as a public health problem in Mexico, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced today. […] Actions to combat trachoma were strengthened in 2004 with the creation of the Trachoma Prevention and Control Program of the Ministry of Health of Chiapas and the strengthening of the WHO SAFE strategy. […] This strategy consists of a comprehensive package of interventions including surgery for advanced disease, antibiotics to clear C. trachomatis infection, facial cleanliness and environmental improvement to reduce transmission. […] To maintain elimination and prevent a resurgence of the disease, PAHO / WHO recommends continuous monitoring of trachoma and delivery of care to affected patients.

• #1 Effect of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene on the Prevention of Trachoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001605

  Our analysis revealed evidence of an association between improved WASH conditions and exposures and reduced trachoma in 11 of the 15 meta-analyses conducted with the available literature. […] The relative strength of the association between sanitation access and C. trachomatis infection compared to TF/TI may be due in part to the persistence of clinical signs of trachoma for some time after infection is eliminated. […] Our review finds that the F and E components of the SAFE strategyspecifically face washing, facial cleanliness, and sanitation accessbut also general hygiene behaviors for trachoma control are well supported by evidence.

• #1 Trachoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachoma

  Efforts to prevent the disease include improving access to clean water and treatment with antibiotics to decrease the number of people infected with the bacterium. […] This may include treating, all at once, whole groups of people in whom the disease is known to be common. […] A systematic review examining the effectiveness of environmental sanitary measures on the prevalence of active trachoma in endemic areas showed that the use of insecticide spray resulted in significant reductions of trachoma and fly density in some studies. […] Health education also resulted in reductions of active trachoma when implemented. […] WHO Guidelines recommend that a region should receive community-based, mass antibiotic treatment when the prevalence of active trachoma among one- to nine-year-old children is greater than 10%.

• #1 Preventing trachoma in Ethiopian classrooms | Uniting to Combat NTDs

  https://unitingtocombatntds.org/en/neglected-tropical-diseases/resources/preventing-trachoma-in-ethiopian-classrooms/

  Preventing trachoma in Ethiopian classrooms […] Abadit was sent on a training course to help her teach trachoma prevention methods to her students. […] Because trachoma often begins in early childhood, good prevention methods can help to stop the cycle of transmission and infection. […] Educating children about sanitation, the importance of keeping clean and how the disease is transmitted are all useful prevention methods. […] The idea is to stop children getting trachoma, especially focusing on keeping their faces clean and teaching them how the disease is spread. […] Its important the children understand the importance of preventing diseases like trachoma, so we sing songs and draw posters. […] Weve made a daily routine to help prevent trachoma in the classroom. […] I monitor the childrens daily personal hygiene and also teach them about prevention. […] Since we started using games, songs, the charts and the mirror on the wall, things have definitely improved.

• #1 ​​Viet Nam eliminates trachoma as a public health problem | International Coalition for Trachoma Control

  https://www.trachomacoalition.org/news-blogs/viet-nam-eliminates-trachoma-as-a-public-health-problem

  The national trachoma programme collaborated closely with other government ministries, including the Ministry of Education, to integrate trachoma prevention into the school health curriculum nationwide. […] Additionally, in partnership with water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) agencies, the national programme ensured that latrine construction and other sanitation initiatives were prioritized in trachoma-endemic areas. […] Trachoma elimination was also supported by the United States Agency for International Developments Act to End NTDs | East program, which provided financial and technical support to implement trachoma surveys and manage TT cases in the country. […] Additionally, the programme received support from the International Trachoma Initiative, which maintained an office in Viet Nam to support SAFE strategy implementation, including mass drug administration of azithromycin, donated by Pfizer Inc.

• #1 Program: SAFE Strategy to Control Trachoma | GiveWell

  https://www.givewell.org/international/technical/programs/SAFE

  A Cochrane review evaluated 15 high-quality studies, which in total included 8,678 participants, and concluded that „there is some evidence that antibiotics reduce active trachoma but results are not consistent.” […] A Cochrane review found two high-quality studies, which in total included 2,560 participants, and concluded, „Current evidence does not … support a beneficial effect of face washing alone or in combination with topical tetracycline in reducing active trachoma.” […] A Cochrane review evaluated four high-quality studies, which in total involved 10,356 participants, and concluded, „There is a dearth of data to determine the effectiveness of all aspects of environmental sanitation in the control of trachoma.” […] The Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries report estimates that surgeries cost $4-82 per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted. Antibiotics are estimated as being less cost-effective, in the range of $4,000 per DALY averted. These estimates imply that surgery is relatively cost-effective while antibiotics are not at all cost-effective. […] Using a simple conversion calculation, we estimate that $100 prevents 1-30 years of blindness and an additional 1-30 years of low vision when spent on surgeries (though insignificant benefits, in these terms, when spent on antibiotics).

• #1 International Trachoma Initiative Release: New Study Reaffirms Progress Towards Eliminating Blinding Trachoma – BioSpace

  https://www.biospace.com/b-international-trachoma-initiative-b-release-new-study-reaffirms-progress-towards-eliminating-blinding-trachoma

  „Based on the progress to date, it is now realistic to hope for something that was unimaginable just a few years ago-that within the next 20 years … no one, anywhere in the world, is ever blinded by trachoma again.” […] „We are winning the fight against blindness from trachoma because we have an extraordinary strategy and effective partnerships in our program countries,” said Dr. Jacob Kumaresan, ITI President. „Building on the momentum of our achievements to date, we are broadening the scope of the trachoma programs already in place and will support additional country programs.” […] In the 1990s, the World Health Organization endorsed a public health strategy called SAFE to eliminate blinding trachoma by the year 2020. Pfizer’s Zithromax is a key component of the SAFE strategy: Surgery to correct advanced stages of the disease; Antibiotics to treat active infection; Face washing to reduce disease transmission; and Environmental change to increase access to clean water and improve sanitation. […] The effectiveness of a single annual dose of Zithromax, as reaffirmed in this latest study in Tanzania, has significantly accelerated progress toward the elimination of this disease.

• #1 Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Hygiene and the Prevention of Trachoma in the Indigenous Population of the Colombian Amazon Vaupés Department

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/5/4632

  Integrating ancestral and non-ancestral knowledge in the implementation of the “F” component of the SAFE strategy facilitates the participation and engagement of the indigenous stakeholders to integrate the strategy in many aspects of the daily life of the community; this is especially important in zones with no permanent health workers.

• #1 ​​Viet Nam eliminates trachoma as a public health problem | International Coalition for Trachoma Control

  https://www.trachomacoalition.org/news-blogs/viet-nam-eliminates-trachoma-as-a-public-health-problem

  In 2016, Viet Nam launched its „National Strategy on Blindness Prevention until 2020 with a Vision to 2030,” which implemented a campaign to manage TT. […] The strategy focused on increasing access to eye care services and strengthening the national eye care service network. […] This included training village health workers, commune (community) health workers, and Womens Union members to detect cases. […] Health workers were provided with materials related to case identification, referral, health promotion messages, and follow-up. […] Viet Nams elimination of trachoma as a public health problem provides an important example of what can be achieved through comprehensive cross-sectoral programmes and long-term public health strategies based on principles of sustainability. […] Trachoma is targeted for global elimination as a public health problem by 2030 through the global road map for neglected tropical diseases 20212030, published by WHO, and endorsed by WHO Member States at the 73rd World Health Assembly in November 2020.

• #1 How communities can control trachoma without a big budget | Community Eye Health Journal

  https://cehjournal.org/articles/616

  There are many steps to prevent trachoma that require little cost to households or to the wider community. Preventing trachoma starts with simple tasks. […] Promote face washing among families especially children. […] Teach families that sharing towels or cloths can put their loved ones at risk of infection if someone has trachoma. […] Ensure that trachoma prevention and hygiene education are taught in primary schools. […] Encourage every household in your community to maintain access to a latrine. […] Encourage families to dispose of childrens faeces safely. […] Congratulate families who sweep their compounds every day to keep them clean, and celebrate them as community role models. […] Organise womens groups, village trachoma control committees, or school health and hygiene clubs to actively promote trachoma prevention. […] Make connections with local NGOs that work in water, sanitation and hygiene. Help them to target WASH improvements in communities where trachoma is highly prevalent.

• #1 Trachoma prevention practice and associated factors among mothers having children aged under nine years in Andabet district, northwest Ethiopia, 2022: A multi-level analysis | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0011433

  The world health organization (WHO) adopted the Surgery, Antibiotic, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement (SAFE) strategy for the prevention of trachoma, and different prevention strategies have been employed in Andabet district. […] Therefore, changes in hygiene behavior and improvements in environmental infrastructure are ideal long-term strategies for trachoma control. […] The proportion of poor TPP was high relative to other studies. Level of education, occupation, time taken to the water point, and health education were significantly associated with poor TPP. […] Therefore, special attention should be given to these high-risk groups so that this devastating health problem can be decreased. […] To governmental and non-governmental organizations: focus on facial cleanliness (F) and Environmental improvement (E) components of the WHO recommended SAFE strategy for the elimination of trachoma especially in highly endemic countries like Ethiopia.

• #1 Trachoma prevention practice and associated factors among mothers having children aged under nine years in Andabet district, northwest Ethiopia, 2022: A multi-level analysis | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0011433

  To the health office in Andabet district: special attention should be given to those mothers with no formal education and primary education and who reside far from a water source. Besides, health education programs about trachoma should be strengthened. […] The low coverage in Trachoma Prevention Practice will negatively affect the efforts of the WHO-launched global alliance for the elimination of blinding Trachoma. Therefore, it is recommended to give special attention to those communities regarding the Facial cleanliness (F) and Environmental Improvement (E) components of the SAFE strategy.

• #2 Trachoma – The International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness

  https://www.iapb.org/learn/knowledge-hub/eye-conditions/trachoma/

  Trachoma results from bacterial infection of the conjunctiva by Chlamydia Trachomatis. […] Infection occurs primarily among younger children and is transmitted from person to person mainly through contact and sometimes by eye-seeking flies. […] Progress to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem has been accelerated by significant coordination between health ministries, donors, implementing partners to scale up the WHO-endorsed SAFE strategy, which consists of multiple interventions to target various routes of transmission, as well as treating infection and its disabling effects. The strategy consists of: […] Surgery to correct trachomatous trichiasis […] Antibiotics for C. trachomatis infection […] Facial cleanliness to reduce transmission […] Environmental improvement to reduce risk of transmission and infection.

• #2 Trachoma control: the SAFE strategy – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6288535/

  As a contagious bacterial infection that affects the conjunctival covering of the eye, the cornea and the eyelids, trachoma is controlled by an endorsed integrated strategy consisting of surgery for trichiasis, antibiotic therapy, facial cleanliness and environmental improvement, namely, the SAFE strategy developed by World Health Organization. […] The prevention and treatment of trachoma has always been the priority for the international community. The WHO developed SAFE strategy for the prevention and treatment of trachoma based on community intervention: Surgery for trachomatous trichiasis, aiming at reducing trachomatous trichiasis caused by eyelid entropion (Surgery, S); Application of antibiotics, especially the highly effective azithromycin, so as to eliminate infection of chlamydia trachomatis in trachoma patients (Antibiotic, A); Facial cleanliness for better personal hygiene (Facial cleanliness, F); Environmental improvement, in order to reduce the risk of infection and reinfection of Chlamydia trachomatis (Environmental improvement, E).

• #2

  https://www.sightsaversusa.org/programmes/safe-trachoma-control/

  The SAFE strategy aims to stop the spread of blinding trachoma through surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness and environmental improvements. […] The SAFE strategy is endorsed by the World Health Organization as a way to control trachoma, the worlds leading infectious cause of blindness. […] Surgery: to stop eyelashes from rubbing against the eyeball and helping to halt the cycle of repeated infection that can lead to blindness. […] Antibiotics: medication called Zithromax is used to treat the trachoma infection and reduce the spread of the disease. The treatment is often distributed via mass drug administration, and is usually repeated annually for three or more years. […] Facial cleanliness: teaching local communities the importance of face washing, to prevent the infection being spread through contact with an infected persons eyes or nose.

• #2 Trachoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachoma

  The WHO-recommended SAFE strategy includes: Surgery to correct advanced stages of the disease, Antibiotics to treat active infection, using azithromycin, Facial cleanliness to reduce disease transmission, and Environmental change to increase access to clean water and improve sanitation. […] Intensive community-based health education programs to promote face-washing can reduce the rates of active trachoma, especially intense trachoma. […] If an individual is already infected, washing one’s face is encouraged, especially a child, to prevent reinfection.

• #2 Trachoma: An Update on Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4791051/

  Azithromycin has been the drug of choice for trachoma due to its safety profile in children, efficacy as a single oral dose (20 mg/1kg), long half-life in tissues, and efficacy against intra-cellular bacteria such as C. trachomatis. […] Surgery can clearly correct trichiasis and prevent blinding complications. […] The WHO currently warrants tarsal rotation surgery for individuals with a single trichiatic lash. […] The challenges in surgical interventions can be ascribed to the need for sufficient and sustainable health systems in workforce training and in management of infrastructure.

• #2 Trachoma – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/trachoma

  Trachoma can be eliminated as a public health problem. The SAFE strategy is the trachoma elimination strategy recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), which includes interventions in S-surgery for TT management, A-antibiotics to treat infection, F-facial hygiene, and E-improved environmental conditions (improved access to water and basic sanitation) to prevent infection and interrupt disease transmission. […] Major interventions should be directed at preventing trachoma infection including improved sanitation and increased facial hygiene activities (with clean water) for children at risk for the disease. […] Depending on the prevalence of follicular trachomatous inflammation (TF) in children aged 1 to 9 years at the district level, mass administration of antibiotics to all residents of these communities is recommended once a year. WHO recommends two antibiotics for the control of trachoma: tetracycline 1% in ophthalmic ointment for children under 6 months, and oral azithromycin.

• #2 International Trachoma Initiative Release: New Study Reaffirms Progress Towards Eliminating Blinding Trachoma – BioSpace

  https://www.biospace.com/b-international-trachoma-initiative-b-release-new-study-reaffirms-progress-towards-eliminating-blinding-trachoma

  „Based on the progress to date, it is now realistic to hope for something that was unimaginable just a few years ago-that within the next 20 years … no one, anywhere in the world, is ever blinded by trachoma again.” […] „We are winning the fight against blindness from trachoma because we have an extraordinary strategy and effective partnerships in our program countries,” said Dr. Jacob Kumaresan, ITI President. „Building on the momentum of our achievements to date, we are broadening the scope of the trachoma programs already in place and will support additional country programs.” […] In the 1990s, the World Health Organization endorsed a public health strategy called SAFE to eliminate blinding trachoma by the year 2020. Pfizer’s Zithromax is a key component of the SAFE strategy: Surgery to correct advanced stages of the disease; Antibiotics to treat active infection; Face washing to reduce disease transmission; and Environmental change to increase access to clean water and improve sanitation. […] The effectiveness of a single annual dose of Zithromax, as reaffirmed in this latest study in Tanzania, has significantly accelerated progress toward the elimination of this disease.

• #2 Effect of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene on the Prevention of Trachoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  https://ideas.repec.org/a/plo/pmed00/1001605.html

  Matthew Freeman and colleagues identified 86 individual studies that reported a measure of the effect of water, sanitation, and hygiene on trachoma and conducted 15 meta-analyses for specific exposure-outcome pairs. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) has endorsed the SAFE strategy in order to eliminate blindness due to trachoma by 2020 through surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement. […] Data on the impact of WASH on trachoma are needed to support policy and program recommendations. […] Access to sanitation was associated with lower trachoma as measured by the presence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular or trachomatous inflammation-intense (TF/TI) (odds ratio [OR] 0.85, 95% CI 0.750.95) and C. trachomatis infection (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.550.78).

• #2 Effect of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene on the Prevention of Trachoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  https://ideas.repec.org/a/plo/pmed00/1001605.html

  Having a clean face was significantly associated with reduced odds of TF/TI (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.320.52), as were facial cleanliness indicators lack of ocular discharge (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.230.61) and lack of nasal discharge (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.520.72). […] Facial cleanliness indicators were also associated with reduced odds of C. trachomatis infection: lack of ocular discharge (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.310.49) and lack of nasal discharge (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.370.76). […] Other hygiene factors found to be significantly associated with reduced TF/TI included face washing at least once daily (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.570.96), face washing at least twice daily (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.800.90), soap use (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.590.93), towel use (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.530.78), and daily bathing practices (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.530.99).

• #2 Prevalence and associated factors of active trachoma among children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4686-8

  From this review, it has been concluded that active trachoma among children is still a public health problem in different districts of Ethiopia. The prevalence of almost all studies are significantly higher than WHO target for elimination. Absence of latrine, unclean faces of children, no reported use of soap for washing are the important factors associated with active trachoma among children. […] The possible plausible reason for the situation could be owing to scarcity of clean water supply in many areas of the community. Moreover, about 48% of the population lack functional latrine access and virtually all the community experience open field animal waste product disposal. […] We have also systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed the factors associated with active trachoma among children that have been addressed by the included studies. In the studies that examined the associated factors, presence of latrine, facial cleanliness and reported use of soap were meta-analyzable, and significantly associated with prevalence of active trachoma among children. Children that are from families who did not use latrine were 6.0 times more likely to be infected by active trachoma than those children with families who had access to functional latrine.

• #2 Effect of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene on the Prevention of Trachoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | PLOS Medicine

  https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001605

  Having a clean face was significantly associated with reduced odds of TF/TI (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.320.52), as were facial cleanliness indicators lack of ocular discharge (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.230.61) and lack of nasal discharge (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.520.72). […] We found strong evidence to support F and E components of the SAFE strategy. […] These findings support the importance of WASH in trachoma elimination strategies and the need for the development of standardized approaches to measuring WASH in trachoma control programs. […] Overall, the results support that notion that water, sanitation, and hygiene are important components of an integrated strategy to control trachoma. […] The findings also point to ways in which current policy could be improved. […] The second policy area to target is access to good quality sanitation.

• #2 Trachoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trachoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20378505

  Early treatment may help prevent trachoma complications. […] If you’ve been treated for trachoma with antibiotics or surgery, reinfection is always a concern. For your protection and for the safety of others, be sure that family members or others you live with are screened and, if necessary, treated for trachoma. […] When in regions where trachoma is common, take extra care in practicing good hygiene, which can help prevent infection. […] Proper hygiene practices include: […] Keeping faces and hands clean may help break the cycle of reinfection. […] Reducing fly populations can help eliminate a source of transmission. […] Properly disposing of animal and human waste can reduce breeding grounds for flies. […] Having a fresh water source nearby can help improve hygienic conditions.

• #2 Trachoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachoma

  Efforts to prevent the disease include improving access to clean water and treatment with antibiotics to decrease the number of people infected with the bacterium. […] This may include treating, all at once, whole groups of people in whom the disease is known to be common. […] A systematic review examining the effectiveness of environmental sanitary measures on the prevalence of active trachoma in endemic areas showed that the use of insecticide spray resulted in significant reductions of trachoma and fly density in some studies. […] Health education also resulted in reductions of active trachoma when implemented. […] WHO Guidelines recommend that a region should receive community-based, mass antibiotic treatment when the prevalence of active trachoma among one- to nine-year-old children is greater than 10%.

• #2 Prevention of Blindness: Trachoma Control

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001178.htm

  Trachoma can be controlled, and blindness and visual loss can be prevented by appropriate application of relatively simple and inexpensive measures. […] Trachoma-control programs must be aimed primarily at those severely affected communities where the disease leads to blindness. […] This new field guide presents simple and effective methods suitable for widespread implementation in underserved communities with blinding trachoma. […] The guide also outlines basic principles for the organization of trachoma-control programs.

• #2 Trachoma | NNN

  https://www.ntd-ngonetwork.org/trachoma

  Trachoma can destroy the economic well-being of entire communities, keeping affected families trapped in a cycle of poverty as the disease passes from one generation to the next. […] In 1998, the WHO Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020 (GET2020 Alliance) was created to address this health and development burden. […] The SAFE strategy consists of: Surgery, to halt the damage caused by inverted eyelashes; Antibiotics, to treat infection and prevent transmission; Face washing, to improve hygiene and reduce the spread of infection; and Environmental change, to improve sanitation and access to clean water. […] The delivery of this comprehensive approach is critical for the sustainability of trachoma elimination, which may be particularly contingent on the facial cleanliness and environmental improvement components.

• #2 Fighting Trachoma With Azithromycin | International Trachoma Initiative

  https://www.trachoma.org/fighting-trachoma-azithromycin

  Pfizer Inc. donates the antibiotic azithromycin through ITI to prevent and treat trachoma. It is a safe and effective medication that is well-tolerated and has a low incidence of side effects. […] Trachoma cannot be eliminated through antibiotic distribution alone. For this reason, national health programs seeking an azithromycin donation to fight trachoma must demonstrate their ability to utilize the antibiotic as part of the World Health Organization-recommended SAFE Strategy for trachoma prevention. […] Evidence of support for implementation of the full SAFE Strategy for trachoma control.

• #2 ​​Viet Nam eliminates trachoma as a public health problem | International Coalition for Trachoma Control

  https://www.trachomacoalition.org/news-blogs/viet-nam-eliminates-trachoma-as-a-public-health-problem

  Viet Nam has been actively tackling trachoma since the 1950s, when surveys indicated that the prevalence of active (inflammatory) trachoma ranged from 5090%, and the prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT), the blinding stage of trachoma, was up to 6.4% in some communities. […] In response, the country implemented community-based interventions from 1951, deploying mobile outreach teams to deliver eyelid surgery, administer tetracycline eye ointment, and provide health education to affected communities. […] In 1999, the Ministry of Health’s Department of Preventative Medicine expanded trachoma elimination efforts through the creation of a national trachoma programme, in partnership with the Viet Nam National Eye Hospital (formerly known as the Viet Nam National Institute of Ophthalmology), which implemented the WHO-endorsed SAFE strategy in 21 provinces.

• #2 Eyes – trachoma | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eyes-trachoma

  A clean face and clean environment are the main prevention strategies to combat trachoma (no visible secretions from the eyes or nose). The Australian guidelines (prepared by Communicable Disease Network Australia) closely follow those outlined in SAFE, the World Health Organizations proposed form of trachoma control. SAFE stands for Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness and Environmental improvement. […] Prevention of trachoma in remote communities is proving to be difficult. During the 1970s, the Australian Government treated nearly 40,000 Australians affected with trachoma. In November 2006, the National Trachoma Surveillance and Reporting Unit (NTSRU) was established to combat trachoma among remote Aboriginal communities. […] The proper implementation of the full SAFE Strategy has significantly reduced trachoma in many communities. The overall prevalence of trachoma in children between five and nine years old in endemic areas in 2009 was 14% and, in 2021, this had been reduced to 3.3%. However, according to the NTRSU, 11% of communities had rates over 20%.

• #2 Effect of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene on the Prevention of Trachoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

  https://ideas.repec.org/a/plo/pmed00/1001605.html

  These findings support the importance of WASH in trachoma elimination strategies and the need for the development of standardized approaches to measuring WASH in trachoma control programs. […] The overall goal was to summarize the evidence in order to devise strategic and cost-effective approaches to trachoma prevention. […] Overall, the results support that notion that water, sanitation, and hygiene are important components of an integrated strategy to control trachoma. […] Based on the research available to date, the two most effective ways are face washing and having access to a household-level sanitation facility, typically a simple pit latrine.

• #2 Prevalence and associated factors of active trachoma among children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4686-8

  Moreover, the result of this study (review of pre-intervention surveys) showed that face washing using soap has a protective association against active trachoma among children. Children who were not using soap while washing their face were 3.3 times more likely to suffer from trachoma than those children who were using soap during face washing. […] Therefore, based on our findings, we recommend that the government and other concerned bodies shall undertake successful SAFE strategy implementation integrated with health education and health promotion to prevent and eliminate trachoma as a public health problem from the country.

• #2 Trust Trachoma – Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs

  https://ccp.jhu.edu/projects/trust-trachoma/

  In Uganda, CCP focused its efforts on trachoma prevention in two regions still affected by the disease. Clean hands, clean face, clean homestead keeps Trachoma away! is the call to action carried on radio and by community water, sanitation and hygiene workers. […] The aim is to encourage people to use latrines and adopt healthy hand and face washing techniques. […] Worked with the Ugandan government to develop updated sanitation guidelines for schools and communities and to produce another video to raise greater attention and resources for trachoma elimination in Uganda.

• #2 Celebrating Global Handwashing Day: Transforming Trachoma Prevention in Ethiopia – The Global Handwashing Partnership

  https://globalhandwashing.org/celebrating-global-handwashing-day-transforming-trachoma-prevention-in-ethiopia/

  NALA’s approach revolved around incorporating the program’s four key action areas into a comprehensive framework, with an emphasis on local ownership and behavioral change as the linchpins for sustained trachoma control outcomes. […] One of the cornerstones of the project, Gamification, made up of 3-age differentiated gamified activities; a storybook for younger children, a board game for older primary, and a competition for Health Club Members, targeted school-aged children, conveying critical trachoma prevention messages. […] With the conclusion of the Accelerate project in May 2023, we celebrate these unexpected successes on Global Handwashing Day. While the project’s primary makeup did not include direct WASH infrastructure, it inadvertently fostered significant improvements in handwashing practices among Ethiopian school children. This achievement underscores the profound interplay of health promotion efforts and the pivotal role of hygiene education in diverse health initiatives. In the ongoing battle with trachoma and other hygiene-related health challenges, the messaging of clean hands remains ever important, paving the way for a disease-free future.

• #2 Trachoma prevention practice and associated factors among mothers having children aged under nine years in Andabet district, northwest Ethiopia, 2022: A multi-level analysis | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0011433

  To the health office in Andabet district: special attention should be given to those mothers with no formal education and primary education and who reside far from a water source. Besides, health education programs about trachoma should be strengthened. […] The low coverage in Trachoma Prevention Practice will negatively affect the efforts of the WHO-launched global alliance for the elimination of blinding Trachoma. Therefore, it is recommended to give special attention to those communities regarding the Facial cleanliness (F) and Environmental Improvement (E) components of the SAFE strategy.

• #2 Trachoma prevention practice and associated factors among mothers having children aged under nine years in Andabet district, northwest Ethiopia, 2022: A multi-level analysis | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0011433

  The world health organization (WHO) adopted the Surgery, Antibiotic, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement (SAFE) strategy for the prevention of trachoma, and different prevention strategies have been employed in Andabet district. […] Therefore, changes in hygiene behavior and improvements in environmental infrastructure are ideal long-term strategies for trachoma control. […] The proportion of poor TPP was high relative to other studies. Level of education, occupation, time taken to the water point, and health education were significantly associated with poor TPP. […] Therefore, special attention should be given to these high-risk groups so that this devastating health problem can be decreased. […] To governmental and non-governmental organizations: focus on facial cleanliness (F) and Environmental improvement (E) components of the WHO recommended SAFE strategy for the elimination of trachoma especially in highly endemic countries like Ethiopia.

• #2 Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Hygiene and the Prevention of Trachoma in the Indigenous Population of the Colombian Amazon Vaupés Department

  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/5/4632

  Integrating ancestral and non-ancestral knowledge in the implementation of the “F” component of the SAFE strategy facilitates the participation and engagement of the indigenous stakeholders to integrate the strategy in many aspects of the daily life of the community; this is especially important in zones with no permanent health workers.

• #2 Trachoma – The International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness

  https://www.iapb.org/learn/knowledge-hub/eye-conditions/trachoma/

  The World Health Organizations World Report on Vision and Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A road map for neglected tropical diseases 20212030, provide blue prints to accelerate progress towards the elimination of trachoma as a public health problem by 2030, through comprehensive integrated people centred approaches.

• #2 Trachoma: Definition, Causes and Treatment

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/infections-allergies/trachoma/

  Trachoma prevention is a serious public health issue. This requires available eye exams and medical treatment, access to clean drinking and bathing water, and fly control and waste management. […] In general, good hygiene practices, including face and hand washing, may help prevent trachoma infection. […] In some areas where trachoma is widespread, a whole community can be treated at the same time as a preventative measure to stop the spread of the disease from person to person, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

• #2 How communities can control trachoma without a big budget | Community Eye Health Journal

  https://cehjournal.org/articles/616

  There are many steps to prevent trachoma that require little cost to households or to the wider community. Preventing trachoma starts with simple tasks. […] Promote face washing among families especially children. […] Teach families that sharing towels or cloths can put their loved ones at risk of infection if someone has trachoma. […] Ensure that trachoma prevention and hygiene education are taught in primary schools. […] Encourage every household in your community to maintain access to a latrine. […] Encourage families to dispose of childrens faeces safely. […] Congratulate families who sweep their compounds every day to keep them clean, and celebrate them as community role models. […] Organise womens groups, village trachoma control committees, or school health and hygiene clubs to actively promote trachoma prevention. […] Make connections with local NGOs that work in water, sanitation and hygiene. Help them to target WASH improvements in communities where trachoma is highly prevalent.

• #2 How communities can control trachoma without a big budget | Community Eye Health Journal

  https://cehjournal.org/articles/616

  Facial cleanliness, hygiene promotion, and access to water and sanitation should be thought of as the cornerstones of trachoma prevention to which antibiotics (the A component) can be added. […] The importance of the F component is two-fold: first, washing childrens faces ensures that infectious eye and nose discharge that can be spread to others is washed away. […] The E component, access to water and sanitation, changes the environment from one that favours transmission of trachoma to one which reduces it and simultaneously contributes to the Millennium Development Goals, which call on each country to reduce by half the population of those without access to safe water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015. […] Ensuring facial cleanliness and environmental sanitation is not just about expensive water projects.

• #2 Trachoma Prevention Practice and Associated Factors in Rural Lemo District, Southern Ethiopia, 2021 | Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences

  https://ethjhealths.org/trachoma-prevention-practice-and-associated-factors-rural-lemo-district-southern-ethiopia-2021

  Trachoma is a leading cause of preventable blindness. It is more prevalent in areas where there is poor personal and environmental sanitation. Implementing a SAFE strategy will reduce the incidence of trachoma. […] The study found that 59.6% (95% CI: 55.5%63.7%) of participants had good trachoma prevention practices. […] Having a favorable attitude (odds ratio [AOR]: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.26-2.89), receiving health education (AOR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.46-3.21), and obtaining water from a public pipe (AOR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.09-5.66) were significantly associated with good trachoma prevention practice. […] Fifty-nine percent of the participants had good prevention practices for trachoma. Health education, a favorable attitude, and a water source from public pipes were variables associated with good trachoma prevention practice. Improving water sources and disseminating health information are vital to increasing trachoma prevention practices.

• #2 Trachoma control: the SAFE strategy – PMC Lock

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6288535/

  In conclusion, the SAFE strategy provides a feasible way to eliminate trachoma. More resources should be invested in “S”. The quality of surgery should be closely followed through education and postoperative follow-up. Substantial increase in antibiotic input is needed for “A” and antibiotics should be widely distributed in all regions, such as distribution of oral azithromycin of 1-2-year dose. “F” should be a long-term behavior so as to consolidate the elimination of blinding trachoma as a public health issue. Strategic alliances and collaboration between “E” and other strategies are the key to achieving environmental changes.

• #2 ​​Viet Nam eliminates trachoma as a public health problem | International Coalition for Trachoma Control

  https://www.trachomacoalition.org/news-blogs/viet-nam-eliminates-trachoma-as-a-public-health-problem

  In 2016, Viet Nam launched its „National Strategy on Blindness Prevention until 2020 with a Vision to 2030,” which implemented a campaign to manage TT. […] The strategy focused on increasing access to eye care services and strengthening the national eye care service network. […] This included training village health workers, commune (community) health workers, and Womens Union members to detect cases. […] Health workers were provided with materials related to case identification, referral, health promotion messages, and follow-up. […] Viet Nams elimination of trachoma as a public health problem provides an important example of what can be achieved through comprehensive cross-sectoral programmes and long-term public health strategies based on principles of sustainability. […] Trachoma is targeted for global elimination as a public health problem by 2030 through the global road map for neglected tropical diseases 20212030, published by WHO, and endorsed by WHO Member States at the 73rd World Health Assembly in November 2020.

• #3 Trachoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trachoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20378505

  No trachoma vaccine is available, but prevention is possible. The WHO has developed a strategy to prevent trachoma, with the goal of eliminating it by 2020. […] The strategy, titled SAFE, involves: […] Surgery to treat advanced forms of trachoma […] Antibiotics to treat and prevent the infection […] Facial cleanliness […] Environmental improvements, particularly in water, sanitation and fly control.

• #3 Trachoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachoma

  The WHO-recommended SAFE strategy includes: Surgery to correct advanced stages of the disease, Antibiotics to treat active infection, using azithromycin, Facial cleanliness to reduce disease transmission, and Environmental change to increase access to clean water and improve sanitation. […] Intensive community-based health education programs to promote face-washing can reduce the rates of active trachoma, especially intense trachoma. […] If an individual is already infected, washing one’s face is encouraged, especially a child, to prevent reinfection.

• #3 Trachoma – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/trachoma

  Trachoma can be eliminated as a public health problem. The SAFE strategy is the trachoma elimination strategy recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), which includes interventions in S-surgery for TT management, A-antibiotics to treat infection, F-facial hygiene, and E-improved environmental conditions (improved access to water and basic sanitation) to prevent infection and interrupt disease transmission. […] Major interventions should be directed at preventing trachoma infection including improved sanitation and increased facial hygiene activities (with clean water) for children at risk for the disease. […] Depending on the prevalence of follicular trachomatous inflammation (TF) in children aged 1 to 9 years at the district level, mass administration of antibiotics to all residents of these communities is recommended once a year. WHO recommends two antibiotics for the control of trachoma: tetracycline 1% in ophthalmic ointment for children under 6 months, and oral azithromycin.

• #3 Trachoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachoma

  Efforts to prevent the disease include improving access to clean water and treatment with antibiotics to decrease the number of people infected with the bacterium. […] This may include treating, all at once, whole groups of people in whom the disease is known to be common. […] A systematic review examining the effectiveness of environmental sanitary measures on the prevalence of active trachoma in endemic areas showed that the use of insecticide spray resulted in significant reductions of trachoma and fly density in some studies. […] Health education also resulted in reductions of active trachoma when implemented. […] WHO Guidelines recommend that a region should receive community-based, mass antibiotic treatment when the prevalence of active trachoma among one- to nine-year-old children is greater than 10%.

• #3 Trachoma Medication: Antibiotics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-medication

  The aim in treatment is to reduce the amount C trachomatis in the infection reservoir in the family. Treating an individual and not treating infected family members leaves the individual at risk for repeat infection. All family members, including infants, should be treated. […] If the patient lives in a hyperendemic area, the whole district (or whole community) is eligible for antibiotic treatment. […] Antibiotic therapy is part of the WHO SAFE strategy for trachoma.

• #3 Trachoma Control Program

  https://www.cartercenter.org/health/trachoma/index.html

  The Carter Center works to control and prevent blinding trachoma in Ethiopia, Niger, South Sudan, and Sudan. […] The Carter Center’s Trachoma Control Program was established in 1998. As a global leader in the fight against trachoma, the Center and partners implement the World Health Organization-endorsed SAFE strategy for trachoma control. SAFE is a multipronged approach to trachoma prevention that comprises Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness, and Environmental improvement. […] Since 1999, The Carter Center has assisted in the distribution of more than 230 million doses of Zithromax (donated by Pfizer Inc.), an effective trachoma-fighting antibiotic. […] The Carter Center continues to support the construction of household latrines. Since 2002, more than 3.6 million household latrines have been built to help reduce breeding sites for flies, a principal source of infection transmission. […] Antibiotic distribution to treat children’s active trachoma infections brings auxiliary benefits to public health and may reduce child mortality, since antibiotics can help cure common childhood killers like diarrheal diseases.

• #3

  https://www.sightsaversusa.org/programmes/safe-trachoma-control/

  Environmental improvements: to improve access to water and basic sanitation to reduce exposure and re-infection, and eliminate the conditions in which flies breed. […] The programme raised awareness in 106 trachoma-endemic health districts about the importance of facial cleanliness and environmental improvement practices intended to stop the spread of the trachoma infection. […] At Sightsavers, we continue to follow and champion the SAFE approach in all our trachoma programmes.

• #3 Prevalence and associated factors of active trachoma among children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text

  https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4686-8

  From this review, it has been concluded that active trachoma among children is still a public health problem in different districts of Ethiopia. The prevalence of almost all studies are significantly higher than WHO target for elimination. Absence of latrine, unclean faces of children, no reported use of soap for washing are the important factors associated with active trachoma among children. […] The possible plausible reason for the situation could be owing to scarcity of clean water supply in many areas of the community. Moreover, about 48% of the population lack functional latrine access and virtually all the community experience open field animal waste product disposal. […] We have also systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed the factors associated with active trachoma among children that have been addressed by the included studies. In the studies that examined the associated factors, presence of latrine, facial cleanliness and reported use of soap were meta-analyzable, and significantly associated with prevalence of active trachoma among children. Children that are from families who did not use latrine were 6.0 times more likely to be infected by active trachoma than those children with families who had access to functional latrine.

• #3 Trachoma – The International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness

  https://www.iapb.org/learn/knowledge-hub/eye-conditions/trachoma/

  The World Health Organizations World Report on Vision and Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A road map for neglected tropical diseases 20212030, provide blue prints to accelerate progress towards the elimination of trachoma as a public health problem by 2030, through comprehensive integrated people centred approaches.

• #3 Eyes – trachoma | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/eyes-trachoma

  A clean face and clean environment are the main prevention strategies to combat trachoma (no visible secretions from the eyes or nose). The Australian guidelines (prepared by Communicable Disease Network Australia) closely follow those outlined in SAFE, the World Health Organizations proposed form of trachoma control. SAFE stands for Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness and Environmental improvement. […] Prevention of trachoma in remote communities is proving to be difficult. During the 1970s, the Australian Government treated nearly 40,000 Australians affected with trachoma. In November 2006, the National Trachoma Surveillance and Reporting Unit (NTSRU) was established to combat trachoma among remote Aboriginal communities. […] The proper implementation of the full SAFE Strategy has significantly reduced trachoma in many communities. The overall prevalence of trachoma in children between five and nine years old in endemic areas in 2009 was 14% and, in 2021, this had been reduced to 3.3%. However, according to the NTRSU, 11% of communities had rates over 20%.

• #3 International Trachoma Initiative Release: New Study Reaffirms Progress Towards Eliminating Blinding Trachoma – BioSpace

  https://www.biospace.com/b-international-trachoma-initiative-b-release-new-study-reaffirms-progress-towards-eliminating-blinding-trachoma

  „Based on the progress to date, it is now realistic to hope for something that was unimaginable just a few years ago-that within the next 20 years … no one, anywhere in the world, is ever blinded by trachoma again.” […] „We are winning the fight against blindness from trachoma because we have an extraordinary strategy and effective partnerships in our program countries,” said Dr. Jacob Kumaresan, ITI President. „Building on the momentum of our achievements to date, we are broadening the scope of the trachoma programs already in place and will support additional country programs.” […] In the 1990s, the World Health Organization endorsed a public health strategy called SAFE to eliminate blinding trachoma by the year 2020. Pfizer’s Zithromax is a key component of the SAFE strategy: Surgery to correct advanced stages of the disease; Antibiotics to treat active infection; Face washing to reduce disease transmission; and Environmental change to increase access to clean water and improve sanitation. […] The effectiveness of a single annual dose of Zithromax, as reaffirmed in this latest study in Tanzania, has significantly accelerated progress toward the elimination of this disease.

• #3 Celebrating Global Handwashing Day: Transforming Trachoma Prevention in Ethiopia – The Global Handwashing Partnership

  https://globalhandwashing.org/celebrating-global-handwashing-day-transforming-trachoma-prevention-in-ethiopia/

  NALA’s approach revolved around incorporating the program’s four key action areas into a comprehensive framework, with an emphasis on local ownership and behavioral change as the linchpins for sustained trachoma control outcomes. […] One of the cornerstones of the project, Gamification, made up of 3-age differentiated gamified activities; a storybook for younger children, a board game for older primary, and a competition for Health Club Members, targeted school-aged children, conveying critical trachoma prevention messages. […] With the conclusion of the Accelerate project in May 2023, we celebrate these unexpected successes on Global Handwashing Day. While the project’s primary makeup did not include direct WASH infrastructure, it inadvertently fostered significant improvements in handwashing practices among Ethiopian school children. This achievement underscores the profound interplay of health promotion efforts and the pivotal role of hygiene education in diverse health initiatives. In the ongoing battle with trachoma and other hygiene-related health challenges, the messaging of clean hands remains ever important, paving the way for a disease-free future.

• #3 ​​Viet Nam eliminates trachoma as a public health problem | International Coalition for Trachoma Control

  https://www.trachomacoalition.org/news-blogs/viet-nam-eliminates-trachoma-as-a-public-health-problem

  In 2016, Viet Nam launched its „National Strategy on Blindness Prevention until 2020 with a Vision to 2030,” which implemented a campaign to manage TT. […] The strategy focused on increasing access to eye care services and strengthening the national eye care service network. […] This included training village health workers, commune (community) health workers, and Womens Union members to detect cases. […] Health workers were provided with materials related to case identification, referral, health promotion messages, and follow-up. […] Viet Nams elimination of trachoma as a public health problem provides an important example of what can be achieved through comprehensive cross-sectoral programmes and long-term public health strategies based on principles of sustainability. […] Trachoma is targeted for global elimination as a public health problem by 2030 through the global road map for neglected tropical diseases 20212030, published by WHO, and endorsed by WHO Member States at the 73rd World Health Assembly in November 2020.

• #3 How communities can control trachoma without a big budget | Community Eye Health Journal

  https://cehjournal.org/articles/616

  There are many steps to prevent trachoma that require little cost to households or to the wider community. Preventing trachoma starts with simple tasks. […] Promote face washing among families especially children. […] Teach families that sharing towels or cloths can put their loved ones at risk of infection if someone has trachoma. […] Ensure that trachoma prevention and hygiene education are taught in primary schools. […] Encourage every household in your community to maintain access to a latrine. […] Encourage families to dispose of childrens faeces safely. […] Congratulate families who sweep their compounds every day to keep them clean, and celebrate them as community role models. […] Organise womens groups, village trachoma control committees, or school health and hygiene clubs to actively promote trachoma prevention. […] Make connections with local NGOs that work in water, sanitation and hygiene. Help them to target WASH improvements in communities where trachoma is highly prevalent.

• #3 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20201102/Fight-against-trachoma-disrupted-by-COVID-19-pandemic.aspx

  Trachoma is most prevalent in regions of the world that have limited access to clean water and sanitation. […] The WHO had targeted trachoma with an elimination program by the end of 2020. Their approach is named SAFE. […] One of the major ways of trachoma control is the yearly mass drug administration (MDA) of azithromycin to populations living in districts where the infection is endemic. […] Authors wrote in conclusion that if the pandemic continues, efforts must be raised to provide more community-wide and community-specific control strategies to eliminate trachoma. […] „In MDA-subcritical districts, control after a one-year program delay can be achieved by either extending the duration of annual MDA distribution or by providing an additional catch-up round of MDA. Meanwhile, supercritical districts will require adjunctive treatments in order to reach control milestones.” Due to the pandemic trachoma prevention strategies need to be reassessed and revised.

• #3 Trachoma Prevention Practice and Associated Factors in Rural Lemo District, Southern Ethiopia, 2021 | Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences

  https://ethjhealths.org/trachoma-prevention-practice-and-associated-factors-rural-lemo-district-southern-ethiopia-2021

  Trachoma is a leading cause of preventable blindness. It is more prevalent in areas where there is poor personal and environmental sanitation. Implementing a SAFE strategy will reduce the incidence of trachoma. […] The study found that 59.6% (95% CI: 55.5%63.7%) of participants had good trachoma prevention practices. […] Having a favorable attitude (odds ratio [AOR]: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.26-2.89), receiving health education (AOR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.46-3.21), and obtaining water from a public pipe (AOR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.09-5.66) were significantly associated with good trachoma prevention practice. […] Fifty-nine percent of the participants had good prevention practices for trachoma. Health education, a favorable attitude, and a water source from public pipes were variables associated with good trachoma prevention practice. Improving water sources and disseminating health information are vital to increasing trachoma prevention practices.

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