Materiały źródłowe

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma

  Trachoma is a disease of the eye caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] In 2023, 130 746 people received surgical treatment for advanced stage of the disease, and 32.9 million people were treated with antibiotics. Global antibiotic coverage in 2023 was 29%. […] Elimination programmes in endemic countries are being implemented using the WHO-recommended SAFE strategy. This consists of: Surgery to treat the blinding stage (trachomatous trichiasis); Antibiotics to clear infection, particularly mass drug administration of the antibiotic azithromycin, which is donated by the manufacturer to elimination programmes, through the International Trachoma Initiative; Facial cleanliness; and Environmental improvement, particularly improving access to water and sanitation. […] Data reported to WHO by Member States for 2023 show that 130 746 people with trachomatous trichiasis were provided with corrective surgery in that year, and 32.9 million people in endemic communities were treated with antibiotics to eliminate trachoma. […] WHO adopted the SAFE strategy in 1993.

• #2 Trachoma Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-treatment

  The key to the treatment of trachoma is the SAFE strategy developed by the WHO. Antibiotics („A”), facial cleanliness („F”), and environmental improvement („E”) are described in this section. […] The WHO recommends 2 antibiotics for trachoma control: oral azithromycin and tetracycline eye ointment. Azithromycin is the drug of choice because it is easy to administer as a single oral dose. Its administration can be directly observed. Therefore, compliance is higher than with tetracycline and can actually be measured, whereas, with the home administration of tetracycline, the level of compliance is unknown. […] Current WHO recommendations for antibiotic treatment of trachoma are as follows: Determine the district-level prevalence of follicular trachoma in 1- to 9-year-old children. If the prevalence is 10% or higher, conduct mass treatment with antibiotic of all people throughout the district.

• #3 Antibiotics for trachoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6760986/

  The WHO recommends the following antibiotic treatment for trachoma: either topical treatment of 1% tetracycline ointment to both eyes, twice daily for six weeks, or azithromycin, given as a single oral dose of 1 g in adults and 20 mg/kg of body weight in children. […] Antibiotics can be used to treat the eye infection and may be given as an ointment or by mouth. The two antibiotics commonly used for the treatment of trachoma are azithromycin (single dose by mouth) and tetracycline (ointment applied to the eye over several weeks). […] Oral azithromycin versus control (communities) […] There was high-certainty evidence of an increased risk of resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli to azithromycin, tetracycline, and clindamycin in communities treated with azithromycin, with approximately 5-fold risk ratios at 12 months.

• #4 Trachoma Medication: Antibiotics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-medication

  The aim in treatment is to reduce the amount C trachomatis in the infection reservoir in the family. Treating an individual and not treating infected family members leaves the individual at risk for repeat infection. All family members, including infants, should be treated. […] The antibiotic of choice for treating active trachoma is azithromycin. The dose for children is 20 mg/kg in a single dose; adults receive a single dose of 1 g. The second-line treatment is topical tetracycline eye ointment 1%. Topical tetracycline is applied to both eyes twice a day for 6 weeks. […] If the patient lives in a hyperendemic area, the whole district (or whole community) is eligible for antibiotic treatment. […] Antibiotic therapy is part of the WHO SAFE strategy for trachoma. […] Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is the drug of choice for trachoma. Plasma concentrations are low, but tissue concentrations are higher, giving it value in treating intracellular organisms. It has a long tissue half-life. A single dose is recommended. […] Use if azithromycin is unavailable. Minimal systemic adverse effects.

• #5 Trachoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559035/

  Trachoma is a debilitating eye disease caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium and is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. […] Essential interventions for at-risk patients include preventive and empirical antibiotic treatment, adequate patient assessment, and surgical solutions for ocular complications. […] The SAFE strategy (surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement) recommended by WHO includes surgery for trichiasis, antibiotics, facial hygiene, and environmental improvement measures. […] Antibiotics should be administered to the patient and all the family members. […] Azithromycin (20 mg/kg up to 1 g), as a single dose, stands out as the preferred antibiotic or treatment of choice, given its effectiveness and convenient dosing regimen, particularly when taken orally either as a single dose or as part of a mass drug administration approach.

• #6 Trachoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trachoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20378505

  Trachoma is a bacterial infection that affects your eyes. […] Early treatment may help prevent trachoma complications. […] One episode of trachoma caused by Chlamydia trachomatis is easily treated with early detection and use of antibiotics. […] If you’ve been treated for trachoma with antibiotics or surgery, reinfection is always a concern. […] The WHO has developed a strategy to prevent trachoma, with the goal of eliminating it by 2020. The strategy, titled SAFE, involves: Surgery to treat advanced forms of trachoma, Antibiotics to treat and prevent the infection, Facial cleanliness, Environmental improvements, particularly in water, sanitation and fly control.

• #7 Trachoma Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-treatment

  The key to the treatment of trachoma is the SAFE strategy developed by the WHO. Antibiotics („A”), facial cleanliness („F”), and environmental improvement („E”) are described in this section. […] The WHO recommends 2 antibiotics for trachoma control: oral azithromycin and tetracycline eye ointment. Azithromycin is the drug of choice because it is easy to administer as a single oral dose. Its administration can be directly observed. Therefore, compliance is higher than with tetracycline and can actually be measured, whereas, with the home administration of tetracycline, the level of compliance is unknown. […] Current WHO recommendations for antibiotic treatment of trachoma are as follows: Determine the district-level prevalence of follicular trachoma in 1- to 9-year-old children. If the prevalence is 10% or higher, conduct mass treatment with antibiotic of all people throughout the district.

• #8 Trachoma Medication: Antibiotics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-medication

  The aim in treatment is to reduce the amount C trachomatis in the infection reservoir in the family. Treating an individual and not treating infected family members leaves the individual at risk for repeat infection. All family members, including infants, should be treated. […] The antibiotic of choice for treating active trachoma is azithromycin. The dose for children is 20 mg/kg in a single dose; adults receive a single dose of 1 g. The second-line treatment is topical tetracycline eye ointment 1%. Topical tetracycline is applied to both eyes twice a day for 6 weeks. […] If the patient lives in a hyperendemic area, the whole district (or whole community) is eligible for antibiotic treatment. […] Antibiotic therapy is part of the WHO SAFE strategy for trachoma. […] Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is the drug of choice for trachoma. Plasma concentrations are low, but tissue concentrations are higher, giving it value in treating intracellular organisms. It has a long tissue half-life. A single dose is recommended. […] Use if azithromycin is unavailable. Minimal systemic adverse effects.

• #9 Trachoma Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-treatment

  The key to the treatment of trachoma is the SAFE strategy developed by the WHO. Antibiotics („A”), facial cleanliness („F”), and environmental improvement („E”) are described in this section. […] The WHO recommends 2 antibiotics for trachoma control: oral azithromycin and tetracycline eye ointment. Azithromycin is the drug of choice because it is easy to administer as a single oral dose. Its administration can be directly observed. Therefore, compliance is higher than with tetracycline and can actually be measured, whereas, with the home administration of tetracycline, the level of compliance is unknown. […] Current WHO recommendations for antibiotic treatment of trachoma are as follows: Determine the district-level prevalence of follicular trachoma in 1- to 9-year-old children. If the prevalence is 10% or higher, conduct mass treatment with antibiotic of all people throughout the district.

• #10 Antibiotics for trachoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6760986/

  The WHO recommends the following antibiotic treatment for trachoma: either topical treatment of 1% tetracycline ointment to both eyes, twice daily for six weeks, or azithromycin, given as a single oral dose of 1 g in adults and 20 mg/kg of body weight in children. […] Antibiotics can be used to treat the eye infection and may be given as an ointment or by mouth. The two antibiotics commonly used for the treatment of trachoma are azithromycin (single dose by mouth) and tetracycline (ointment applied to the eye over several weeks). […] Oral azithromycin versus control (communities) […] There was high-certainty evidence of an increased risk of resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli to azithromycin, tetracycline, and clindamycin in communities treated with azithromycin, with approximately 5-fold risk ratios at 12 months.

• #11 Trachoma Medication: Antibiotics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-medication

  The aim in treatment is to reduce the amount C trachomatis in the infection reservoir in the family. Treating an individual and not treating infected family members leaves the individual at risk for repeat infection. All family members, including infants, should be treated. […] The antibiotic of choice for treating active trachoma is azithromycin. The dose for children is 20 mg/kg in a single dose; adults receive a single dose of 1 g. The second-line treatment is topical tetracycline eye ointment 1%. Topical tetracycline is applied to both eyes twice a day for 6 weeks. […] If the patient lives in a hyperendemic area, the whole district (or whole community) is eligible for antibiotic treatment. […] Antibiotic therapy is part of the WHO SAFE strategy for trachoma. […] Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is the drug of choice for trachoma. Plasma concentrations are low, but tissue concentrations are higher, giving it value in treating intracellular organisms. It has a long tissue half-life. A single dose is recommended. […] Use if azithromycin is unavailable. Minimal systemic adverse effects.

• #12 Trachoma Medication: Antibiotics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-medication

  The aim in treatment is to reduce the amount C trachomatis in the infection reservoir in the family. Treating an individual and not treating infected family members leaves the individual at risk for repeat infection. All family members, including infants, should be treated. […] The antibiotic of choice for treating active trachoma is azithromycin. The dose for children is 20 mg/kg in a single dose; adults receive a single dose of 1 g. The second-line treatment is topical tetracycline eye ointment 1%. Topical tetracycline is applied to both eyes twice a day for 6 weeks. […] If the patient lives in a hyperendemic area, the whole district (or whole community) is eligible for antibiotic treatment. […] Antibiotic therapy is part of the WHO SAFE strategy for trachoma. […] Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is the drug of choice for trachoma. Plasma concentrations are low, but tissue concentrations are higher, giving it value in treating intracellular organisms. It has a long tissue half-life. A single dose is recommended. […] Use if azithromycin is unavailable. Minimal systemic adverse effects.

• #13 Trachoma Medication: Antibiotics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-medication

  The aim in treatment is to reduce the amount C trachomatis in the infection reservoir in the family. Treating an individual and not treating infected family members leaves the individual at risk for repeat infection. All family members, including infants, should be treated. […] The antibiotic of choice for treating active trachoma is azithromycin. The dose for children is 20 mg/kg in a single dose; adults receive a single dose of 1 g. The second-line treatment is topical tetracycline eye ointment 1%. Topical tetracycline is applied to both eyes twice a day for 6 weeks. […] If the patient lives in a hyperendemic area, the whole district (or whole community) is eligible for antibiotic treatment. […] Antibiotic therapy is part of the WHO SAFE strategy for trachoma. […] Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is the drug of choice for trachoma. Plasma concentrations are low, but tissue concentrations are higher, giving it value in treating intracellular organisms. It has a long tissue half-life. A single dose is recommended. […] Use if azithromycin is unavailable. Minimal systemic adverse effects.

• #14 Trachoma Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-treatment

  The key to the treatment of trachoma is the SAFE strategy developed by the WHO. Antibiotics („A”), facial cleanliness („F”), and environmental improvement („E”) are described in this section. […] The WHO recommends 2 antibiotics for trachoma control: oral azithromycin and tetracycline eye ointment. Azithromycin is the drug of choice because it is easy to administer as a single oral dose. Its administration can be directly observed. Therefore, compliance is higher than with tetracycline and can actually be measured, whereas, with the home administration of tetracycline, the level of compliance is unknown. […] Current WHO recommendations for antibiotic treatment of trachoma are as follows: Determine the district-level prevalence of follicular trachoma in 1- to 9-year-old children. If the prevalence is 10% or higher, conduct mass treatment with antibiotic of all people throughout the district.

• #15 Trachoma Medication: Antibiotics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-medication

  The aim in treatment is to reduce the amount C trachomatis in the infection reservoir in the family. Treating an individual and not treating infected family members leaves the individual at risk for repeat infection. All family members, including infants, should be treated. […] The antibiotic of choice for treating active trachoma is azithromycin. The dose for children is 20 mg/kg in a single dose; adults receive a single dose of 1 g. The second-line treatment is topical tetracycline eye ointment 1%. Topical tetracycline is applied to both eyes twice a day for 6 weeks. […] If the patient lives in a hyperendemic area, the whole district (or whole community) is eligible for antibiotic treatment. […] Antibiotic therapy is part of the WHO SAFE strategy for trachoma. […] Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is the drug of choice for trachoma. Plasma concentrations are low, but tissue concentrations are higher, giving it value in treating intracellular organisms. It has a long tissue half-life. A single dose is recommended. […] Use if azithromycin is unavailable. Minimal systemic adverse effects.

• #16 Antibiotics for trachoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6760986/

  The WHO recommends the following antibiotic treatment for trachoma: either topical treatment of 1% tetracycline ointment to both eyes, twice daily for six weeks, or azithromycin, given as a single oral dose of 1 g in adults and 20 mg/kg of body weight in children. […] Antibiotics can be used to treat the eye infection and may be given as an ointment or by mouth. The two antibiotics commonly used for the treatment of trachoma are azithromycin (single dose by mouth) and tetracycline (ointment applied to the eye over several weeks). […] Oral azithromycin versus control (communities) […] There was high-certainty evidence of an increased risk of resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli to azithromycin, tetracycline, and clindamycin in communities treated with azithromycin, with approximately 5-fold risk ratios at 12 months.

• #17 Trachoma Medication: Antibiotics

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-medication

  The aim in treatment is to reduce the amount C trachomatis in the infection reservoir in the family. Treating an individual and not treating infected family members leaves the individual at risk for repeat infection. All family members, including infants, should be treated. […] The antibiotic of choice for treating active trachoma is azithromycin. The dose for children is 20 mg/kg in a single dose; adults receive a single dose of 1 g. The second-line treatment is topical tetracycline eye ointment 1%. Topical tetracycline is applied to both eyes twice a day for 6 weeks. […] If the patient lives in a hyperendemic area, the whole district (or whole community) is eligible for antibiotic treatment. […] Antibiotic therapy is part of the WHO SAFE strategy for trachoma. […] Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic and is the drug of choice for trachoma. Plasma concentrations are low, but tissue concentrations are higher, giving it value in treating intracellular organisms. It has a long tissue half-life. A single dose is recommended. […] Use if azithromycin is unavailable. Minimal systemic adverse effects.

• #18 Trachoma Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-treatment

  The key to the treatment of trachoma is the SAFE strategy developed by the WHO. Antibiotics („A”), facial cleanliness („F”), and environmental improvement („E”) are described in this section. […] The WHO recommends 2 antibiotics for trachoma control: oral azithromycin and tetracycline eye ointment. Azithromycin is the drug of choice because it is easy to administer as a single oral dose. Its administration can be directly observed. Therefore, compliance is higher than with tetracycline and can actually be measured, whereas, with the home administration of tetracycline, the level of compliance is unknown. […] Current WHO recommendations for antibiotic treatment of trachoma are as follows: Determine the district-level prevalence of follicular trachoma in 1- to 9-year-old children. If the prevalence is 10% or higher, conduct mass treatment with antibiotic of all people throughout the district.

• #19 Trachoma Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-treatment

  The key to the treatment of trachoma is the SAFE strategy developed by the WHO. Antibiotics („A”), facial cleanliness („F”), and environmental improvement („E”) are described in this section. […] The WHO recommends 2 antibiotics for trachoma control: oral azithromycin and tetracycline eye ointment. Azithromycin is the drug of choice because it is easy to administer as a single oral dose. Its administration can be directly observed. Therefore, compliance is higher than with tetracycline and can actually be measured, whereas, with the home administration of tetracycline, the level of compliance is unknown. […] Current WHO recommendations for antibiotic treatment of trachoma are as follows: Determine the district-level prevalence of follicular trachoma in 1- to 9-year-old children. If the prevalence is 10% or higher, conduct mass treatment with antibiotic of all people throughout the district.

• #20 Trachoma Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-treatment

  The key to the treatment of trachoma is the SAFE strategy developed by the WHO. Antibiotics („A”), facial cleanliness („F”), and environmental improvement („E”) are described in this section. […] The WHO recommends 2 antibiotics for trachoma control: oral azithromycin and tetracycline eye ointment. Azithromycin is the drug of choice because it is easy to administer as a single oral dose. Its administration can be directly observed. Therefore, compliance is higher than with tetracycline and can actually be measured, whereas, with the home administration of tetracycline, the level of compliance is unknown. […] Current WHO recommendations for antibiotic treatment of trachoma are as follows: Determine the district-level prevalence of follicular trachoma in 1- to 9-year-old children. If the prevalence is 10% or higher, conduct mass treatment with antibiotic of all people throughout the district.

• #21 Trachoma | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/trachoma?content_id=CON-20378488

  Trachoma treatment options depend on the stage of the disease. […] In the early stages of trachoma, treatment with antibiotics alone may be enough to eliminate the infection. Your doctor may prescribe tetracycline eye ointment or oral azithromycin (Zithromax). Azithromycin appears to be more effective than tetracycline, but it’s more expensive. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends giving antibiotics to an entire community when more than 10% of children have been affected by trachoma. The goal of this guideline is to treat anyone who has been exposed to trachoma and reduce the spread of trachoma. […] Treatment of later stages of trachoma including painful eyelid deformities may require surgery. […] In eyelid rotation surgery (bilamellar tarsal rotation), your doctor makes an incision in your scarred lid and rotates your eyelashes away from your cornea. The procedure limits the progression of corneal scarring and may help prevent further loss of vision. […] If your cornea has become clouded enough to seriously impair your vision, corneal transplantation may be an option that could improve vision. […] You may have a procedure to remove eyelashes (epilation) in some cases. This procedure may need to be done repeatedly.

• #22 Antibiotics for trachoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6760986/

  These studies provided low-certainty evidence that people with active trachoma treated with antibiotics experienced a reduction in active trachoma at three months (risk ratio (RR) 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69 to 0.89; 1961 people; 9 RCTs; I2 = 73%) and 12 months (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.00; 1035 people; 4 RCTs; I2 = 90%). […] Antibiotic treatment may reduce the risk of active trachoma and ocular infection in people infected with C trachomatis, compared to no treatment/placebo, but the size of the treatment effect in individuals is uncertain. Mass antibiotic treatment with single dose oral azithromycin reduces the prevalence of active trachoma and ocular infection in communities. […] There is evidence of an increased risk of antibiotic resistance at 12 months in communities treated with antibiotics. The review shows that antibiotic treatment of people and communities with trachoma leads to less eye infection due to trachoma and less eye disease. Mass treatment of communities with antibiotics is associated with increased antimicrobial resistance.

• #23

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma

  Trachoma is a disease of the eye caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] In 2023, 130 746 people received surgical treatment for advanced stage of the disease, and 32.9 million people were treated with antibiotics. Global antibiotic coverage in 2023 was 29%. […] Elimination programmes in endemic countries are being implemented using the WHO-recommended SAFE strategy. This consists of: Surgery to treat the blinding stage (trachomatous trichiasis); Antibiotics to clear infection, particularly mass drug administration of the antibiotic azithromycin, which is donated by the manufacturer to elimination programmes, through the International Trachoma Initiative; Facial cleanliness; and Environmental improvement, particularly improving access to water and sanitation. […] Data reported to WHO by Member States for 2023 show that 130 746 people with trachomatous trichiasis were provided with corrective surgery in that year, and 32.9 million people in endemic communities were treated with antibiotics to eliminate trachoma. […] WHO adopted the SAFE strategy in 1993.

• #24

  https://www.sightsavers.org/journey-of-the-treatment/

  Trachoma can be treated and even eliminated. […] One of the ways to treat the disease is through the use of antibiotics, which help to control further transmission. […] Once people take the treatment, its journey is complete and families like the Muchimbas are protected against the disease. […] However, to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem, the treatment needs to be repeated annually for up to five years. […] However, there is still work to be done. We need more funding and support to reach everyone affected and rid the world of trachoma. […] could help treat 250 children with the antibiotics needed to end the agony of trachoma. […] could help pay for life-changing surgery for one person suffering with advanced trachoma.

• #25

  https://www.sightsaversusa.org/eye-conditions/trachoma/

  An operation can stop the eyelashes from rubbing against the eyeball and help to prevent blindness or further sight loss. […] Giving antibiotics to communities helps to treat the infection and reduce its spread. This can be repeated annually for up to five years or more, depending on the level of infection within a community. […] Its vital to educate communities about the importance of face washing and maintaining good hygiene, which helps to prevent the disease from being passed from person to person. […] Ensuring people have clean water and sanitation reduces their chances of being exposed to the infection, and helps to avoid the conditions that allow flies to breed.

• #26 Antibiotics for trachoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6760986/

  These studies provided low-certainty evidence that people with active trachoma treated with antibiotics experienced a reduction in active trachoma at three months (risk ratio (RR) 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69 to 0.89; 1961 people; 9 RCTs; I2 = 73%) and 12 months (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.00; 1035 people; 4 RCTs; I2 = 90%). […] Antibiotic treatment may reduce the risk of active trachoma and ocular infection in people infected with C trachomatis, compared to no treatment/placebo, but the size of the treatment effect in individuals is uncertain. Mass antibiotic treatment with single dose oral azithromycin reduces the prevalence of active trachoma and ocular infection in communities. […] There is evidence of an increased risk of antibiotic resistance at 12 months in communities treated with antibiotics. The review shows that antibiotic treatment of people and communities with trachoma leads to less eye infection due to trachoma and less eye disease. Mass treatment of communities with antibiotics is associated with increased antimicrobial resistance.

• #27 Antibiotics for trachoma – Evans, JR – 2019 | Cochrane Library

  https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001860.pub4/full

  These studies provided low-certainty evidence that people with active trachoma treated with antibiotics experienced a reduction in active trachoma at three months (risk ratio (RR) 0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69 to 0.89; 1961 people; 9 RCTs; I2 = 73%) and 12 months (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.00; 1035 people; 4 RCTs; I2 = 90%). […] Antibiotic treatment may reduce the risk of active trachoma and ocular infection in people infected with C trachomatis, compared to no treatment/placebo, but the size of the treatment effect in individuals is uncertain. Mass antibiotic treatment with single dose oral azithromycin reduces the prevalence of active trachoma and ocular infection in communities. […] There is evidence of an increased risk of antibiotic resistance at 12 months in communities treated with antibiotics.

• #28 Antibiotics for trachoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6760986/

  Oral azithromycin versus topical tetracycline (communities) […] The evidence was inconsistent for active trachoma and ocular infection at three and 12 months (low-certainty evidence) and was not pooled due to considerable heterogeneity. […] Different dosing strategies […] There was no strong evidence to support any variation in the recommended annual mass treatment. […] The desired primary endpoint of any intervention against active disease is reduction of blindness, but this can only be demonstrated 20 to 30 years after the start of the intervention. The usual surrogate outcome measure in trachoma intervention trials is clinically active disease. […] This review was important to systematically evaluate the safety and effectiveness of these recommended treatment regimens.

• #29 Antibiotics for trachoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6760986/

  The WHO recommends the following antibiotic treatment for trachoma: either topical treatment of 1% tetracycline ointment to both eyes, twice daily for six weeks, or azithromycin, given as a single oral dose of 1 g in adults and 20 mg/kg of body weight in children. […] Antibiotics can be used to treat the eye infection and may be given as an ointment or by mouth. The two antibiotics commonly used for the treatment of trachoma are azithromycin (single dose by mouth) and tetracycline (ointment applied to the eye over several weeks). […] Oral azithromycin versus control (communities) […] There was high-certainty evidence of an increased risk of resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli to azithromycin, tetracycline, and clindamycin in communities treated with azithromycin, with approximately 5-fold risk ratios at 12 months.

• #30 Trachoma Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-treatment

  Eyelid surgery to correct trichiasis is important in people with trichiasis, who are at high-risk for trachomatous visual impairment and blindness. […] Evidence supports the adjuvant use of single-dose azithromycin to patients at the time of surgery. […] Facial cleanliness and environmental improvement are major components of the SAFE strategy. […] Long-term, intermittent follow-up care is required for patients with active or cicatricial disease.

• #31 Trachoma | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/trachoma?content_id=CON-20378488

  Trachoma treatment options depend on the stage of the disease. […] In the early stages of trachoma, treatment with antibiotics alone may be enough to eliminate the infection. Your doctor may prescribe tetracycline eye ointment or oral azithromycin (Zithromax). Azithromycin appears to be more effective than tetracycline, but it’s more expensive. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends giving antibiotics to an entire community when more than 10% of children have been affected by trachoma. The goal of this guideline is to treat anyone who has been exposed to trachoma and reduce the spread of trachoma. […] Treatment of later stages of trachoma including painful eyelid deformities may require surgery. […] In eyelid rotation surgery (bilamellar tarsal rotation), your doctor makes an incision in your scarred lid and rotates your eyelashes away from your cornea. The procedure limits the progression of corneal scarring and may help prevent further loss of vision. […] If your cornea has become clouded enough to seriously impair your vision, corneal transplantation may be an option that could improve vision. […] You may have a procedure to remove eyelashes (epilation) in some cases. This procedure may need to be done repeatedly.

• #32 Trachoma | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/trachoma?content_id=CON-20378488

  Trachoma treatment options depend on the stage of the disease. […] In the early stages of trachoma, treatment with antibiotics alone may be enough to eliminate the infection. Your doctor may prescribe tetracycline eye ointment or oral azithromycin (Zithromax). Azithromycin appears to be more effective than tetracycline, but it’s more expensive. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends giving antibiotics to an entire community when more than 10% of children have been affected by trachoma. The goal of this guideline is to treat anyone who has been exposed to trachoma and reduce the spread of trachoma. […] Treatment of later stages of trachoma including painful eyelid deformities may require surgery. […] In eyelid rotation surgery (bilamellar tarsal rotation), your doctor makes an incision in your scarred lid and rotates your eyelashes away from your cornea. The procedure limits the progression of corneal scarring and may help prevent further loss of vision. […] If your cornea has become clouded enough to seriously impair your vision, corneal transplantation may be an option that could improve vision. […] You may have a procedure to remove eyelashes (epilation) in some cases. This procedure may need to be done repeatedly.

• #33 Trachoma | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/trachoma?content_id=CON-20378488

  Trachoma treatment options depend on the stage of the disease. […] In the early stages of trachoma, treatment with antibiotics alone may be enough to eliminate the infection. Your doctor may prescribe tetracycline eye ointment or oral azithromycin (Zithromax). Azithromycin appears to be more effective than tetracycline, but it’s more expensive. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends giving antibiotics to an entire community when more than 10% of children have been affected by trachoma. The goal of this guideline is to treat anyone who has been exposed to trachoma and reduce the spread of trachoma. […] Treatment of later stages of trachoma including painful eyelid deformities may require surgery. […] In eyelid rotation surgery (bilamellar tarsal rotation), your doctor makes an incision in your scarred lid and rotates your eyelashes away from your cornea. The procedure limits the progression of corneal scarring and may help prevent further loss of vision. […] If your cornea has become clouded enough to seriously impair your vision, corneal transplantation may be an option that could improve vision. […] You may have a procedure to remove eyelashes (epilation) in some cases. This procedure may need to be done repeatedly.

• #34 Can blinding trachoma be eliminated by 20/20? | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/6701963

  Trachoma is the leading cause of preventable blindness in the world today. […] In 1998, WHO passed a resolution calling for member states to take action to eliminate blinding trachoma by the year 2020. […] The SAFE strategy consists of: Surgery for trichiasis, Antibiotics for active treatment of active (inflammatory) trachoma, Face washing, Environmental change. […] Trachomatous trichiasis (stage TT) can be corrected surgically through a quick and simple procedure called bilamellar tarsal rotation, which involves division of the upper eyelid tarsal plate with external rotation of the distal margin by use of three or four sutures. […] Active or inflammatory trachoma can be treated with antibiotics. […] By contrast, azithromycin is a single-dose oral systemic antibiotic that results in high tissue to serum concentrations; its concentration in phagocytes ensures delivery to infected tissues, and it provides high, sustained tissue levels as well as high concentrations in tears.

• #35 Trachoma Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Prevention

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-treatment

  Eyelid surgery to correct trichiasis is important in people with trichiasis, who are at high-risk for trachomatous visual impairment and blindness. […] Evidence supports the adjuvant use of single-dose azithromycin to patients at the time of surgery. […] Facial cleanliness and environmental improvement are major components of the SAFE strategy. […] Long-term, intermittent follow-up care is required for patients with active or cicatricial disease.

• #36 Trachoma | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/trachoma.htm

  Trachoma treatment and prevention […] A Cochrane review concluded that several studies found modest improvement in vision following intervention. Certain interventions have been shown to be more effective at eliminating trichiasis: […] Full-thickness incision of the tarsal plate and rotation of the lash-bearing lid margin was found to be the best technique and is preferably delivered in the community. […] Surgery performed with silk or absorbable sutures gave comparable results. […] Post-operative azithromycin was found to improve outcomes where overall recurrence was low. […] Elimination programmes in endemic countries are being implemented using the WHO-recommended SAFE strategy. This consists of: […] Surgery to treat the blinding stage (trachomatous trichiasis). […] Antibiotics to clear infection, particularly mass drug administration of the antibiotic azithromycin, which is donated by the manufacturer to elimination programmes, through the International Trachoma Initiative.

• #37 Trachoma | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/trachoma?content_id=CON-20378488

  Trachoma treatment options depend on the stage of the disease. […] In the early stages of trachoma, treatment with antibiotics alone may be enough to eliminate the infection. Your doctor may prescribe tetracycline eye ointment or oral azithromycin (Zithromax). Azithromycin appears to be more effective than tetracycline, but it’s more expensive. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends giving antibiotics to an entire community when more than 10% of children have been affected by trachoma. The goal of this guideline is to treat anyone who has been exposed to trachoma and reduce the spread of trachoma. […] Treatment of later stages of trachoma including painful eyelid deformities may require surgery. […] In eyelid rotation surgery (bilamellar tarsal rotation), your doctor makes an incision in your scarred lid and rotates your eyelashes away from your cornea. The procedure limits the progression of corneal scarring and may help prevent further loss of vision. […] If your cornea has become clouded enough to seriously impair your vision, corneal transplantation may be an option that could improve vision. […] You may have a procedure to remove eyelashes (epilation) in some cases. This procedure may need to be done repeatedly.

• #38 Trachoma: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/25148-trachoma

  Trachoma is an eye disease caused by a bacterium called Chlamydia trachomatis. The infection can cause irreversible blindness. […] In early stages, your provider can treat and cure trachoma by giving you antibiotics. The two drugs recommended for trachoma are azithromycin and an ointment made with tetracycline. […] Trachoma that isnt treated, or trachoma that happens repeatedly, can develop into trachomatous trichiasis. Your provider may suggest surgery. This can change the position of eyelashes so they no longer scrape your eye. This should prevent further scarring. […] Severe damage to your cornea may lead your provider to recommend a corneal transplant. […] If trachoma isnt treated, you wont be able to reverse the blindness that occurs.

• #39

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-trachoma

  Antibiotics are effective in treating early cases of trachoma. Early treatment can prevent long-term complications. […] More advanced cases may need surgery. The surgery repositions eyelashes that are growing inward toward the eye. This can help limit further scarring of the cornea and prevent further loss of vision. […] An ophthalmologist can also treat severe scarring from trachoma with corneal transplantation. A corneal transplant can help if the cornea is so clouded that vision is significantly impaired. The position of the eyelids must be improved prior to transplant. […] In order to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem, there is a WHO-recommended S.A.F.E. strategy, which includes: Surgery for trichiasis, Antibiotics to clear Chlamydia trachomatis infection, Facial cleanliness, and Environmental improvement to reduce transmission.

• #40 Trachoma | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/trachoma?content_id=CON-20378488

  Trachoma treatment options depend on the stage of the disease. […] In the early stages of trachoma, treatment with antibiotics alone may be enough to eliminate the infection. Your doctor may prescribe tetracycline eye ointment or oral azithromycin (Zithromax). Azithromycin appears to be more effective than tetracycline, but it’s more expensive. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends giving antibiotics to an entire community when more than 10% of children have been affected by trachoma. The goal of this guideline is to treat anyone who has been exposed to trachoma and reduce the spread of trachoma. […] Treatment of later stages of trachoma including painful eyelid deformities may require surgery. […] In eyelid rotation surgery (bilamellar tarsal rotation), your doctor makes an incision in your scarred lid and rotates your eyelashes away from your cornea. The procedure limits the progression of corneal scarring and may help prevent further loss of vision. […] If your cornea has become clouded enough to seriously impair your vision, corneal transplantation may be an option that could improve vision. […] You may have a procedure to remove eyelashes (epilation) in some cases. This procedure may need to be done repeatedly.

• #41 Trachoma | MSF Medical Guidelines

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CG/english/trachoma-16689733.html

  Trachoma is a highly contagious keratoconjunctivitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis. […] The WHO classifies trachoma into 5 stages. Early diagnosis and treatment of first stages is essential to avoid the development of trichiasis and associated complications. […] Stages 1 and 2: Clean eyes and face several times per day. Antibiotic treatment: The treatment of choice is azithromycin PO: Children: 20 mg/kg single dose Adults: 1 g single dose Failing the above, 1% tetracycline eye ointment: one application 2 times daily for 6 weeks, or, as a last resort, erythromycin PO: 20 mg/kg (max. 1 g) 2 times daily for 14 days. […] Stage 4: surgical treatment While waiting for surgery, if regular patient follow-up is possible, taping eyelashes to the eyelid is a palliative measure that can help protect the cornea. […] Note: epilation of ingrowing eyelashes is not recommended since it offers only temporary relief and regrowing eyelashes are more abrasive to the cornea.

• #42

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma

  Trachoma is a disease of the eye caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] In 2023, 130 746 people received surgical treatment for advanced stage of the disease, and 32.9 million people were treated with antibiotics. Global antibiotic coverage in 2023 was 29%. […] Elimination programmes in endemic countries are being implemented using the WHO-recommended SAFE strategy. This consists of: Surgery to treat the blinding stage (trachomatous trichiasis); Antibiotics to clear infection, particularly mass drug administration of the antibiotic azithromycin, which is donated by the manufacturer to elimination programmes, through the International Trachoma Initiative; Facial cleanliness; and Environmental improvement, particularly improving access to water and sanitation. […] Data reported to WHO by Member States for 2023 show that 130 746 people with trachomatous trichiasis were provided with corrective surgery in that year, and 32.9 million people in endemic communities were treated with antibiotics to eliminate trachoma. […] WHO adopted the SAFE strategy in 1993.

• #43 Trachoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559035/

  Surgical intervention may be necessary to address conditions such as entropion and trichiasis, ensuring functional and complete lid closure. […] Effective management of trichiasis and cicatricial entropion in trachoma is imperative to prevent visual disability. […] A movement to teach simple procedures to ancillary healthcare team members is necessary in areas where this disease is endemic. […] This will enable early intervention to prevent corneal injury and scarring.

• #44 Program: SAFE Strategy to Control Trachoma | GiveWell

  https://www.givewell.org/international/technical/programs/SAFE

  The Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries report estimates that surgeries cost $4-82 per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted. Antibiotics are estimated as being less cost-effective, in the range of $4,000 per DALY averted. […] The Center for Global Development’s Success Stories project cites the use of the SAFE strategy in Morocco as a major large-scale success story. […] An evaluation of four program sites with a total population of approximately 220,000 people was completed after three years of the SAFE Strategy. Active trachoma had fallen significantly in two areas, and slightly in the other two.

• #45

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma

  Trachoma is a disease of the eye caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] In 2023, 130 746 people received surgical treatment for advanced stage of the disease, and 32.9 million people were treated with antibiotics. Global antibiotic coverage in 2023 was 29%. […] Elimination programmes in endemic countries are being implemented using the WHO-recommended SAFE strategy. This consists of: Surgery to treat the blinding stage (trachomatous trichiasis); Antibiotics to clear infection, particularly mass drug administration of the antibiotic azithromycin, which is donated by the manufacturer to elimination programmes, through the International Trachoma Initiative; Facial cleanliness; and Environmental improvement, particularly improving access to water and sanitation. […] Data reported to WHO by Member States for 2023 show that 130 746 people with trachomatous trichiasis were provided with corrective surgery in that year, and 32.9 million people in endemic communities were treated with antibiotics to eliminate trachoma. […] WHO adopted the SAFE strategy in 1993.

• #46

  https://www.sightsaversusa.org/eye-conditions/trachoma/

  An operation can stop the eyelashes from rubbing against the eyeball and help to prevent blindness or further sight loss. […] Giving antibiotics to communities helps to treat the infection and reduce its spread. This can be repeated annually for up to five years or more, depending on the level of infection within a community. […] Its vital to educate communities about the importance of face washing and maintaining good hygiene, which helps to prevent the disease from being passed from person to person. […] Ensuring people have clean water and sanitation reduces their chances of being exposed to the infection, and helps to avoid the conditions that allow flies to breed.

• #47

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma

  Trachoma is a disease of the eye caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] In 2023, 130 746 people received surgical treatment for advanced stage of the disease, and 32.9 million people were treated with antibiotics. Global antibiotic coverage in 2023 was 29%. […] Elimination programmes in endemic countries are being implemented using the WHO-recommended SAFE strategy. This consists of: Surgery to treat the blinding stage (trachomatous trichiasis); Antibiotics to clear infection, particularly mass drug administration of the antibiotic azithromycin, which is donated by the manufacturer to elimination programmes, through the International Trachoma Initiative; Facial cleanliness; and Environmental improvement, particularly improving access to water and sanitation. […] Data reported to WHO by Member States for 2023 show that 130 746 people with trachomatous trichiasis were provided with corrective surgery in that year, and 32.9 million people in endemic communities were treated with antibiotics to eliminate trachoma. […] WHO adopted the SAFE strategy in 1993.

• #48

  https://www.sightsaversusa.org/eye-conditions/trachoma/

  An operation can stop the eyelashes from rubbing against the eyeball and help to prevent blindness or further sight loss. […] Giving antibiotics to communities helps to treat the infection and reduce its spread. This can be repeated annually for up to five years or more, depending on the level of infection within a community. […] Its vital to educate communities about the importance of face washing and maintaining good hygiene, which helps to prevent the disease from being passed from person to person. […] Ensuring people have clean water and sanitation reduces their chances of being exposed to the infection, and helps to avoid the conditions that allow flies to breed.

• #49

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma

  Trachoma is a disease of the eye caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] In 2023, 130 746 people received surgical treatment for advanced stage of the disease, and 32.9 million people were treated with antibiotics. Global antibiotic coverage in 2023 was 29%. […] Elimination programmes in endemic countries are being implemented using the WHO-recommended SAFE strategy. This consists of: Surgery to treat the blinding stage (trachomatous trichiasis); Antibiotics to clear infection, particularly mass drug administration of the antibiotic azithromycin, which is donated by the manufacturer to elimination programmes, through the International Trachoma Initiative; Facial cleanliness; and Environmental improvement, particularly improving access to water and sanitation. […] Data reported to WHO by Member States for 2023 show that 130 746 people with trachomatous trichiasis were provided with corrective surgery in that year, and 32.9 million people in endemic communities were treated with antibiotics to eliminate trachoma. […] WHO adopted the SAFE strategy in 1993.

• #50

  https://www.sightsaversusa.org/eye-conditions/trachoma/

  An operation can stop the eyelashes from rubbing against the eyeball and help to prevent blindness or further sight loss. […] Giving antibiotics to communities helps to treat the infection and reduce its spread. This can be repeated annually for up to five years or more, depending on the level of infection within a community. […] Its vital to educate communities about the importance of face washing and maintaining good hygiene, which helps to prevent the disease from being passed from person to person. […] Ensuring people have clean water and sanitation reduces their chances of being exposed to the infection, and helps to avoid the conditions that allow flies to breed.

• #51 Trachoma and trichiasis: causes, symptoms, treatment | Orbis

  https://me.orbis.org/en/avoidable-blindness/trachoma

  The antibiotic of choice for treating active trachoma is Azithromycin. For public health intervention in trachoma control and elimination, the dose of Azithromycin is based on measuring the height of patients. […] The World Health Organization recommends giving antibiotics to an entire community when more than 5% of children between 5 and 9 years of age have been affected by trachoma to reduce further spreading. […] Promoting education and awareness of facial cleanliness and personal hygiene such as frequently washing parts of the face with soap and clean, running water will reduce the spread of trachoma. […] Building infrastructure such as clean water points and sanitary toilets can reduce the spread of infection.

• #52

  https://www.sightsaversusa.org/eye-conditions/trachoma/

  An operation can stop the eyelashes from rubbing against the eyeball and help to prevent blindness or further sight loss. […] Giving antibiotics to communities helps to treat the infection and reduce its spread. This can be repeated annually for up to five years or more, depending on the level of infection within a community. […] Its vital to educate communities about the importance of face washing and maintaining good hygiene, which helps to prevent the disease from being passed from person to person. […] Ensuring people have clean water and sanitation reduces their chances of being exposed to the infection, and helps to avoid the conditions that allow flies to breed.

• #53 Trachoma and trichiasis: causes, symptoms, treatment | Orbis

  https://me.orbis.org/en/avoidable-blindness/trachoma

  The antibiotic of choice for treating active trachoma is Azithromycin. For public health intervention in trachoma control and elimination, the dose of Azithromycin is based on measuring the height of patients. […] The World Health Organization recommends giving antibiotics to an entire community when more than 5% of children between 5 and 9 years of age have been affected by trachoma to reduce further spreading. […] Promoting education and awareness of facial cleanliness and personal hygiene such as frequently washing parts of the face with soap and clean, running water will reduce the spread of trachoma. […] Building infrastructure such as clean water points and sanitary toilets can reduce the spread of infection.

• #54

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma

  Trachoma is a disease of the eye caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] In 2023, 130 746 people received surgical treatment for advanced stage of the disease, and 32.9 million people were treated with antibiotics. Global antibiotic coverage in 2023 was 29%. […] Elimination programmes in endemic countries are being implemented using the WHO-recommended SAFE strategy. This consists of: Surgery to treat the blinding stage (trachomatous trichiasis); Antibiotics to clear infection, particularly mass drug administration of the antibiotic azithromycin, which is donated by the manufacturer to elimination programmes, through the International Trachoma Initiative; Facial cleanliness; and Environmental improvement, particularly improving access to water and sanitation. […] Data reported to WHO by Member States for 2023 show that 130 746 people with trachomatous trichiasis were provided with corrective surgery in that year, and 32.9 million people in endemic communities were treated with antibiotics to eliminate trachoma. […] WHO adopted the SAFE strategy in 1993.

• #55 Trachoma: how a common cause of blindness can be prevented worldwide – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/trachoma-how-a-common-cause-of-blindness-can-be-prevented-worldwide

  For people who have progressed to later stages of the disease, there are also cheap surgeries, which reshape the patients eyelids or remove in-turned eyelashes. These help prevent the clouding of the cornea and blindness. […] Eighteen countries were able to reduce the disease sufficiently to eliminate the disease as a public health problem as of 2023. […] By using tools more widely such as antibiotics, surgeries, clean water, sanitation, and insecticides we could greatly reduce trachoma, especially after disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Several new technologies could also help eliminate the disease. They include improved rapid tests to diagnose infected people, antibody tests to study immunity toward the disease, new surgical techniques, and vaccines. […] Our efforts so far mapping trachoma, providing antibiotics, surgeries, clean water, sanitation, waste management, and insect control show us that public health initiatives can successfully improve the lives of millions of people. There is a clear path to eliminating this ancient disease; we should decide to take it.

• #56

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma

  Trachoma is a disease of the eye caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] In 2023, 130 746 people received surgical treatment for advanced stage of the disease, and 32.9 million people were treated with antibiotics. Global antibiotic coverage in 2023 was 29%. […] Elimination programmes in endemic countries are being implemented using the WHO-recommended SAFE strategy. This consists of: Surgery to treat the blinding stage (trachomatous trichiasis); Antibiotics to clear infection, particularly mass drug administration of the antibiotic azithromycin, which is donated by the manufacturer to elimination programmes, through the International Trachoma Initiative; Facial cleanliness; and Environmental improvement, particularly improving access to water and sanitation. […] Data reported to WHO by Member States for 2023 show that 130 746 people with trachomatous trichiasis were provided with corrective surgery in that year, and 32.9 million people in endemic communities were treated with antibiotics to eliminate trachoma. […] WHO adopted the SAFE strategy in 1993.

• #57 Can blinding trachoma be eliminated by 20/20? | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/6701963

  Face washing breaks the cycle of reinfection and helps to stop the transmission of disease, especially among children. […] Environmental improvement is an essential part of trachoma elimination. […] ITI’s goal is to achieve global elimination of blinding trachoma by putting the SAFE strategy into action, including donated Zithromax, from Pfizer Inc. […] Where there is political will there is a way for success of programmes: strong government involvement and support was critical to progress both in the Morocco and the Niger programmes. […] Despite all of the gains made in the fight against trachoma, however, there are still many more challenges that lie ahead. […] If political will and public health support can be mobilized, the goal of eliminating trachoma by 2020 can be achieved.

• #58 Trachoma: how a common cause of blindness can be prevented worldwide – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/trachoma-how-a-common-cause-of-blindness-can-be-prevented-worldwide

  For people who have progressed to later stages of the disease, there are also cheap surgeries, which reshape the patients eyelids or remove in-turned eyelashes. These help prevent the clouding of the cornea and blindness. […] Eighteen countries were able to reduce the disease sufficiently to eliminate the disease as a public health problem as of 2023. […] By using tools more widely such as antibiotics, surgeries, clean water, sanitation, and insecticides we could greatly reduce trachoma, especially after disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Several new technologies could also help eliminate the disease. They include improved rapid tests to diagnose infected people, antibody tests to study immunity toward the disease, new surgical techniques, and vaccines. […] Our efforts so far mapping trachoma, providing antibiotics, surgeries, clean water, sanitation, waste management, and insect control show us that public health initiatives can successfully improve the lives of millions of people. There is a clear path to eliminating this ancient disease; we should decide to take it.

• #59 Antibiotics for trachoma

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6760986/

  Oral azithromycin versus topical tetracycline (communities) […] The evidence was inconsistent for active trachoma and ocular infection at three and 12 months (low-certainty evidence) and was not pooled due to considerable heterogeneity. […] Different dosing strategies […] There was no strong evidence to support any variation in the recommended annual mass treatment. […] The desired primary endpoint of any intervention against active disease is reduction of blindness, but this can only be demonstrated 20 to 30 years after the start of the intervention. The usual surrogate outcome measure in trachoma intervention trials is clinically active disease. […] This review was important to systematically evaluate the safety and effectiveness of these recommended treatment regimens.

• #60

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma

  Trachoma is a disease of the eye caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] In 2023, 130 746 people received surgical treatment for advanced stage of the disease, and 32.9 million people were treated with antibiotics. Global antibiotic coverage in 2023 was 29%. […] Elimination programmes in endemic countries are being implemented using the WHO-recommended SAFE strategy. This consists of: Surgery to treat the blinding stage (trachomatous trichiasis); Antibiotics to clear infection, particularly mass drug administration of the antibiotic azithromycin, which is donated by the manufacturer to elimination programmes, through the International Trachoma Initiative; Facial cleanliness; and Environmental improvement, particularly improving access to water and sanitation. […] Data reported to WHO by Member States for 2023 show that 130 746 people with trachomatous trichiasis were provided with corrective surgery in that year, and 32.9 million people in endemic communities were treated with antibiotics to eliminate trachoma. […] WHO adopted the SAFE strategy in 1993.

• #61

  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-trachoma

  Antibiotics are effective in treating early cases of trachoma. Early treatment can prevent long-term complications. […] More advanced cases may need surgery. The surgery repositions eyelashes that are growing inward toward the eye. This can help limit further scarring of the cornea and prevent further loss of vision. […] An ophthalmologist can also treat severe scarring from trachoma with corneal transplantation. A corneal transplant can help if the cornea is so clouded that vision is significantly impaired. The position of the eyelids must be improved prior to transplant. […] In order to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem, there is a WHO-recommended S.A.F.E. strategy, which includes: Surgery for trichiasis, Antibiotics to clear Chlamydia trachomatis infection, Facial cleanliness, and Environmental improvement to reduce transmission.

• #62 Trachoma | ActNTDs

  https://www.actntdswest.org/disease/trachoma

  98% of health districts in 9 countries have succeeded in stopping annual trachoma treatments as of FY 2023. […] Act | West continues to support annual trachoma treatment in two countries: Cameroon and Niger. However, all Act | West-supported countries with trachoma have been able to stop mass treatments in at least one district; and all are on track to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem by the year 2030.

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