Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Trachoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachoma

  Trachoma is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, serotypes (serovars) A, B, and C. […] It is spread by direct contact with eye, nose, and throat secretions from affected individuals, or contact with fomites (inanimate objects that carry infectious agents), such as towels and/or washcloths, that have had similar contact with these secretions. […] Flies can also be a route of mechanical transmission. […] Untreated, repeated trachoma infections result in entropion (the inward turning of the eyelids), which may result in blindness due to damage to the cornea. […] Blinding endemic trachoma occurs in areas with poor personal and family hygiene. […] Many factors are indirectly linked to the presence of trachoma including lack of water, absence of latrines or toilets, poverty in general, flies, close proximity to cattle, and crowding. […] The final common pathway, though, seems to be the presence of dirty faces in children, facilitating the frequent exchange of infected ocular discharge from one child’s face to another. […] Most transmission of trachoma occurs within the family.

• #2 Trachoma: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-overview

  Trachoma is the worlds leading infectious cause of blindness. This disease causes a chronic keratoconjunctivitis resulting from the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] C trachomatis can be spread by either direct contact with an infected person’s eyes or nose or indirect contact, such as via contact with clothing or flies that have come into contact with an infected person’s eyes or nose. Poor sanitation, crowded living conditions, and insufficient clean water and toilets can also increase the spread of trachoma. […] Trachoma is caused by serovars A, B, Ba, and C of C trachomatis. Different serovars predominate in different families and in different communities. […] Chlamydiae are gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria. The species C trachomatis causes trachoma and also genital infections (serovars D-K) and lymphogranuloma venereum (serovars L1-L3).

• #3 Trachoma Eye Causes, Stages, Types, Transmission & Diagnosis

  https://www.medicinenet.com/trachoma/article.htm

  Trachoma is a contagious bacterial infection that affects the surface of the eyes. Over time, scar tissue or ulcers can form that lead to blindness. […] The bacteria responsible for trachoma is Chlamydia trachomatis. There are different types of Chlamydia trachomatis. Types A, B, Ba, and C cause blinding trachoma. Other types (D to K) are associated with sexually transmitted chlamydia infection. […] Living conditions with poor sanitation, unclean water supply, and lack of regular face washing allow the bacteria to infect and re-infect the eyes of individuals living in trachoma-endemic areas.

• #4 Trachoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559035/

  C trachomatis can cause ocular infections such as trachoma and infections transmitted through sexual activity in humans. […] The interaction between the life cycle of bacteria and the host’s immune system plays a crucial role in the development of trachoma. […] The typical clinical signs of trachoma, such as conjunctival inflammation, follicular enlargement, and eventual scarring of the eyelids, are caused by the localized inflammatory response elicited by the replication of reticulate bodies. […] The pathophysiology and regulation of trachoma are significantly influenced by the immunological response triggered by the infection. […] Although an effective immune response can facilitate the clearance of the infection, recurrent or persistent infections may lead to chronic inflammation and scarring, resulting in long-term complications such as trichiasis and blindness.

• #5 Doyne Lecture: trachoma, is it history? | Eye

  https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2008432

  The chlamydial infection in trachoma occurs in the conjunctival epithelium; but the disease in trachoma occurs in the subepithelial tissues. […] The immunopathology of trachoma is a chronic, delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction maintained by the intermittent, but repeated, presence of chlamydial antigen; trachoma is like chronic poison ivy. […] Repeated episodes of reinfection are of fundamental importance in maintaining the presence of chlamydial infection, and thus the presence of chlamydial antigens. […] The concept of trachoma as a disease of delayed-type hypersensitivity totally changes one’s thinking about the interaction between infection and disease. […] Understanding the detailed cellular and molecular events involved in trachoma is a rapidly evolving field and the development of new technology can lead to exciting advances in knowledge.

• #6 Trachoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/trachoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20378505

  Trachoma is caused by certain subtypes of Chlamydia trachomatis, a bacterium that can also cause the sexually transmitted infection chlamydia. […] Trachoma spreads through contact with discharge from the eyes or nose of an infected person. Hands, clothing, towels and insects can all be routes for transmission. In developing countries, eye-seeking flies also are a means of transmission.

• #7

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma

  Trachoma is a disease of the eye caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. It is caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium called Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Infection spreads through personal contact (via hands, clothes, bedding or hard surfaces) and by flies that have been in contact with discharge from the eyes or nose of an infected person. […] After years of repeated infection, the inside of the eyelid can become so severely scarred (trachomatous conjunctival scarring) that it turns inwards and causes the eyelashes to rub against the eyeball (trachomatous trichiasis), resulting in constant pain and light intolerance. […] Left untreated, this condition leads to the formation of irreversible opacities, with resulting visual impairment or blindness.

• #8 Trachoma – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559035/

  Trachoma is a debilitating eye disease caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium and is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. […] The causative agent of trachoma, the C trachomatis bacterium, is transmitted from infected to uninfected individuals through various means, including direct eye-to-eye spread during close contact, hand-eye contact, indirect transmission via contaminated objects (fomites), and transmission facilitated by eye-seeking flies. […] Several factors, including crowded living arrangements, poor hygiene habits, and restricted access to sanitary facilities and clean water, contribute to the spread of trachoma. […] Understanding the root causes of trachoma is crucial for developing targeted measures to stop the disease’s spread, address ongoing infections, and mitigate its long-term impact.

• #9 Trachoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachoma

  Trachoma is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, serotypes (serovars) A, B, and C. […] It is spread by direct contact with eye, nose, and throat secretions from affected individuals, or contact with fomites (inanimate objects that carry infectious agents), such as towels and/or washcloths, that have had similar contact with these secretions. […] Flies can also be a route of mechanical transmission. […] Untreated, repeated trachoma infections result in entropion (the inward turning of the eyelids), which may result in blindness due to damage to the cornea. […] Blinding endemic trachoma occurs in areas with poor personal and family hygiene. […] Many factors are indirectly linked to the presence of trachoma including lack of water, absence of latrines or toilets, poverty in general, flies, close proximity to cattle, and crowding. […] The final common pathway, though, seems to be the presence of dirty faces in children, facilitating the frequent exchange of infected ocular discharge from one child’s face to another. […] Most transmission of trachoma occurs within the family.

• #10 Trachoma: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-overview

  Trachoma is the worlds leading infectious cause of blindness. This disease causes a chronic keratoconjunctivitis resulting from the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] C trachomatis can be spread by either direct contact with an infected person’s eyes or nose or indirect contact, such as via contact with clothing or flies that have come into contact with an infected person’s eyes or nose. Poor sanitation, crowded living conditions, and insufficient clean water and toilets can also increase the spread of trachoma. […] Trachoma is caused by serovars A, B, Ba, and C of C trachomatis. Different serovars predominate in different families and in different communities. […] Chlamydiae are gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria. The species C trachomatis causes trachoma and also genital infections (serovars D-K) and lymphogranuloma venereum (serovars L1-L3).

• #11 Trachoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachoma

  Trachoma is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, serotypes (serovars) A, B, and C. […] It is spread by direct contact with eye, nose, and throat secretions from affected individuals, or contact with fomites (inanimate objects that carry infectious agents), such as towels and/or washcloths, that have had similar contact with these secretions. […] Flies can also be a route of mechanical transmission. […] Untreated, repeated trachoma infections result in entropion (the inward turning of the eyelids), which may result in blindness due to damage to the cornea. […] Blinding endemic trachoma occurs in areas with poor personal and family hygiene. […] Many factors are indirectly linked to the presence of trachoma including lack of water, absence of latrines or toilets, poverty in general, flies, close proximity to cattle, and crowding. […] The final common pathway, though, seems to be the presence of dirty faces in children, facilitating the frequent exchange of infected ocular discharge from one child’s face to another. […] Most transmission of trachoma occurs within the family.

• #12

  https://www.sightsaversusa.org/eye-conditions/trachoma/

  Trachoma is an infectious eye disease that begins as a bacterial infection. At first, the infection can be easily treated. But repeated infections will lead to advanced trachoma, which can cause intense pain and lead to blindness. […] The disease is caused by the bacteria known as chlamydia trachomatis. It thrives in places with water shortages, poor sanitation and infestations of flies. […] Trachoma spreads through contact with flies that carry the bacteria, or via hands, clothes or bedding that have been in contact with an infected person. […] Women are more likely to be affected by trachoma, because their caregiving role means they often have close contact with children with the eye infection. Globally, women are 1.8 times more likely than men to be blinded by the disease.

• #13 Trachoma: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-overview

  Infection causes inflammation, that is, a predominantly lymphocytic and monocytic infiltrate with plasma cells and macrophages in follicles. […] The clinical changes are a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to the chlamydial antigens (thought to be HSP-60). […] Trachoma persists in areas with poor personal and community hygiene, for example, in communities with inadequate access to water and sanitation in hot, dry, dusty climates. […] Severe blinding trachoma may be nearly twice as common in women as in men; this pattern is believed to result from women assuming more childcare responsibilities, with the proximity to children resulting in increased microbial exposure. […] Because of repeat infection, aging may be accompanied by sequential worsening of disease.

• #14 Trachoma Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-clinical

  Trachoma is caused by repeated conjunctival infection with C trachomatis. […] Important individual-level risk factors for active trachoma include having siblings with active disease, having a dirty face, and crowded sleeping arrangements. […] At the community level, adequate water access for personal hygiene, sanitation, and fly control determine the risk of endemic trachoma.

• #15

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma

  Environmental factors associated with more intense transmission of C. trachomatis include inadequate hygiene, crowded households, inadequate access to water, and inadequate access to and use of sanitation. […] It causes about 1.4% of all blindness worldwide. […] The burden of trachoma on affected individuals and communities is enormous. The economic cost in terms of lost productivity from blindness and visual impairment is estimated at US$ 2.95.3 billion annually, increasing to US$ 8 billion when trichiasis is included.

• #16 Trachoma Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1202088-clinical

  Trachoma is caused by repeated conjunctival infection with C trachomatis. […] Important individual-level risk factors for active trachoma include having siblings with active disease, having a dirty face, and crowded sleeping arrangements. […] At the community level, adequate water access for personal hygiene, sanitation, and fly control determine the risk of endemic trachoma.

• #17 Trachoma – Symptoms, Causes and Treatment – Apollo Hospital Blog

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/trachoma

  Trachoma is a bacterial infection that affects your eyes. Chlamydia trachomatis is the bacterium that causes it. This condition is the leading preventable cause of blindness globally. […] Trachoma is extremely contagious and can spread through direct or indirect contact with the eyelids, eyes, nose, or throat secretions of people who have been infected. […] Poor sanitation and living in crowded areas facilitate the spread of the disease. […] In the case of trachoma, risk factors include poor sanitation, crowded living conditions, age, sex, and flies. […] Chlamydia trachomatis is the bacteria responsible for Trachoma. Types A, B, Ba, and C lead to blinding trachoma.

• #18 Trachoma – Causes, Symptoms, Prognosis, Treatment, Remedies

  https://www.easyayurveda.com/2019/06/27/trachoma/

  It is important to remember that most of the transmission of trachoma occurs within the four walls of the home, within the family. […] According to WHO, it is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. It causes blindness or visual impairment in about 1.9 million people. It causes about 1.4% of all blindness worldwide. Blindness from trachoma is irreversible. […] In endemic areas, active trachoma is common in preschool aged children. Here the prevalence rates are higher than 60-90%. Women are blinded up to 4 times than men. This is due to their close contact with infected children.

• #19

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma

  Environmental factors associated with more intense transmission of C. trachomatis include inadequate hygiene, crowded households, inadequate access to water, and inadequate access to and use of sanitation. […] It causes about 1.4% of all blindness worldwide. […] The burden of trachoma on affected individuals and communities is enormous. The economic cost in terms of lost productivity from blindness and visual impairment is estimated at US$ 2.95.3 billion annually, increasing to US$ 8 billion when trichiasis is included.

• #20 Trachoma | About Neglected Tropical Diseases and Three Major Infectious Diseases | Eisai Co., Ltd.

  https://www.eisai.com/sustainability/atm/ntds/diseases/trachoma.html

  Blinding trachoma is a type of conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, a bacterium that is transmitted to healthy eyes by a discharge from an infected eye. […] This disease occurs when Chlamydia trachomatis is transmitted to eyes via hands, clothes, and towels used by those infected or via flies that land on the eyes or noses of the infected. […] Since the agent of this disease is easily transmitted via human contact, widespread infections are common. […] Infection is more likely to come from areas where water is in short supply or that are unhygienic and infested with flies. […] Ninety eight percent (98%) of trachoma infections are found in developing countries and the infection rate is particularly high in areas with poor hygiene, poverty, as well as shortages of water and medical services. […] According to 2016 data from the WHO, infections were reported in 42 countries in Africa, Central and South America, Asia, Australia and the Middle East. […] Infection rates are particularly high among children under five as well as adult females who take care of infected children.

• #21 Trachoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachoma

  Trachoma is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, serotypes (serovars) A, B, and C. […] It is spread by direct contact with eye, nose, and throat secretions from affected individuals, or contact with fomites (inanimate objects that carry infectious agents), such as towels and/or washcloths, that have had similar contact with these secretions. […] Flies can also be a route of mechanical transmission. […] Untreated, repeated trachoma infections result in entropion (the inward turning of the eyelids), which may result in blindness due to damage to the cornea. […] Blinding endemic trachoma occurs in areas with poor personal and family hygiene. […] Many factors are indirectly linked to the presence of trachoma including lack of water, absence of latrines or toilets, poverty in general, flies, close proximity to cattle, and crowding. […] The final common pathway, though, seems to be the presence of dirty faces in children, facilitating the frequent exchange of infected ocular discharge from one child’s face to another. […] Most transmission of trachoma occurs within the family.

• #22 Trachoma | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-022-00359-5

  Trachoma is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with conjunctival strains of Chlamydia trachomatis. It can result in blindness. […] At least 150 infection episodes over an individual’s lifetime are needed to precipitate trichiasis; thus, opportunity exists for a just global health system to intervene to prevent trachomatous blindness. […] The disease can be conceptualized as progressing in two phases. In the first phase, repeated infection with conjunctival strains of the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis results in a chronic keratoconjunctivitis (inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva), including an inflammation of the conjunctiva known as active trachoma. […] The presence of any of these Ct-induced pathological processes or clinical signs is trachoma. […] Epidemiological observations have informed mathematical models of trachoma, which suggest that 100 conjunctival Ct infections in an individual’s lifetime are required to generate clinically significant conjunctival scarring and that 150 infections are required to precipitate TT.

• #23

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/trachoma

  Trachoma is caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium called Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Infection is transmitted from person to person by direct or indirect transfer of ocular and nasal discharges of infected people; indirect transfer includes carriage on the body of species of flies. […] Models suggest that an individual requires more than 150 lifetime infections to develop the blinding complications of trachoma. […] Infections usually begin at an early age and grow less frequent and shorter in duration with increasing age. […] Repeated infections cause the most serious symptoms of the disease.

• #24 Trachoma – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35618795/

  Trachoma is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with conjunctival strains of Chlamydia trachomatis. […] At least 150 infection episodes over an individual’s lifetime are needed to precipitate trichiasis; thus, opportunity exists for a just global health system to intervene to prevent trachomatous blindness. […] Blindness attributable to trachoma can appear in communities many years after conjunctival C. trachomatis transmission has waned or ceased; therefore, the two linked disease processes require distinct clinical and public health responses.

• #25

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/trachoma

  Trachoma is caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium called Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Infection is transmitted from person to person by direct or indirect transfer of ocular and nasal discharges of infected people; indirect transfer includes carriage on the body of species of flies. […] Models suggest that an individual requires more than 150 lifetime infections to develop the blinding complications of trachoma. […] Infections usually begin at an early age and grow less frequent and shorter in duration with increasing age. […] Repeated infections cause the most serious symptoms of the disease.

• #26 Trachoma – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

  https://www.paho.org/en/topics/trachoma

  Trachoma is the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide and is transmitted by direct contact with ocular and nasal secretions of persons infected with particular serovars of the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Repeated infection with Chlamydia trachomatis over many years causes scarring on the inside of the upper eyelid, which causes the eyelashes to turn inward and rub against the eyeball. […] The main risk factors for the occurrence of the disease are related to lack of access to water, the presence of flies, poor hygienic conditions, and overcrowding. […] Repeated infections since childhood and during youth seem to be necessary to produce the complications that occur later in life. […] A single episode of acute C. trachomatis conjunctivitis is not considered vision threatening because there is virtually no risk of prolonged inflammation or chronic complications.

• #27

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma

  Trachoma is a disease of the eye caused by infection with the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. It is caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium called Chlamydia trachomatis. […] Infection spreads through personal contact (via hands, clothes, bedding or hard surfaces) and by flies that have been in contact with discharge from the eyes or nose of an infected person. […] After years of repeated infection, the inside of the eyelid can become so severely scarred (trachomatous conjunctival scarring) that it turns inwards and causes the eyelashes to rub against the eyeball (trachomatous trichiasis), resulting in constant pain and light intolerance. […] Left untreated, this condition leads to the formation of irreversible opacities, with resulting visual impairment or blindness.

• #28 What Causes Trachoma? | Eye Theory

  https://eyetheory.com/what-causes-trachoma/

  While uncommon in the United States, the worldwide number one cause of preventable blindness is from a disease called Trachoma. […] Trachoma is a bilateral (involving both eyes) eye infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, which is also responsible for the more wellknown sexually transmitted disease chlamydia. […] More specifically, chlamydia trachomatis serotypes A, B and C cause Trachoma, whereas Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes D, E, F, G, H, I, J and K cause the STD Chlamydia infection. […] Trachoma is a disease in which the bacteria infect the conjunctiva, also known as a conjunctivitis. […] Over time, however, constant inflammation from exacerbations and recurrences of the infection can lead to scarring. […] Scarring of the cornea secondary to trichiasis however is more severe than scarring of the eyelids, as now there is scarring on the eye itself, blocking the transmission of light or altering how it is refracted to the retina. […] If scarring continues to worsen, it can eventually cause opacification of the entire cornea, resulting in the inability for light to pass into the eye.

• #29 Trachoma | Nature Reviews Disease Primers

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-022-00359-5

  The association between increasing age and increasing prevalence of cicatricial sequelae of trachoma (conjunctival scarring, TT and corneal opacity) indicate that these signs are cumulative. […] Evidence linking subsequent scarring to the presence of a follicular conjunctivitis (without concomitant intense papillary inflammation) or to repeated or constant Ct infection is much less convincing. […] Taken together, these studies point to a central role for chronic severe inflammation in scarring development. […] The mechanism by which conjunctival Ct survives in this milieu and whether its peculiar biochemistry could be exploited against human disease is unknown. […] The goal of the A component is to clear infection from as much of the community as possible, rather than merely treating individuals with clinically apparent active trachoma.

• #30

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma

  Environmental factors associated with more intense transmission of C. trachomatis include inadequate hygiene, crowded households, inadequate access to water, and inadequate access to and use of sanitation. […] It causes about 1.4% of all blindness worldwide. […] The burden of trachoma on affected individuals and communities is enormous. The economic cost in terms of lost productivity from blindness and visual impairment is estimated at US$ 2.95.3 billion annually, increasing to US$ 8 billion when trichiasis is included.

• #31 Trachoma: how a common cause of blindness can be prevented worldwide – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/trachoma-how-a-common-cause-of-blindness-can-be-prevented-worldwide

  Trachoma is more common in rural areas and spreads easily between people living together, especially in places with poor sanitation and hygiene. […] Its estimated that more than 400,000 people globally were blind as a result of trachoma in 2021. […] First, the spread of the Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria can be reduced. […] Second, the disease can be prevented in people who have been infected. For example, antibiotics such as azithromycin and tetracycline can kill the bacteria causing the disease. […] For people who have progressed to later stages of the disease, there are also cheap surgeries, which reshape the patients eyelids or remove in-turned eyelashes. […] Trachoma is an ancient disease that has been described in ancient Egypt, China, and Greece. […] Trachoma declined significantly in many richer countries over the twentieth century with improvements in clean water, sanitation, garbage collection systems, insect control programs, and the development of effective antibiotics.

• #32 Trachoma | About Neglected Tropical Diseases and Three Major Infectious Diseases | Eisai Co., Ltd.

  https://www.eisai.com/sustainability/atm/ntds/diseases/trachoma.html

  Blinding trachoma is a type of conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, a bacterium that is transmitted to healthy eyes by a discharge from an infected eye. […] This disease occurs when Chlamydia trachomatis is transmitted to eyes via hands, clothes, and towels used by those infected or via flies that land on the eyes or noses of the infected. […] Since the agent of this disease is easily transmitted via human contact, widespread infections are common. […] Infection is more likely to come from areas where water is in short supply or that are unhygienic and infested with flies. […] Ninety eight percent (98%) of trachoma infections are found in developing countries and the infection rate is particularly high in areas with poor hygiene, poverty, as well as shortages of water and medical services. […] According to 2016 data from the WHO, infections were reported in 42 countries in Africa, Central and South America, Asia, Australia and the Middle East. […] Infection rates are particularly high among children under five as well as adult females who take care of infected children.

• #33 Trachoma – Causes, Symptoms, Prognosis, Treatment, Remedies

  https://www.easyayurveda.com/2019/06/27/trachoma/

  It is important to remember that most of the transmission of trachoma occurs within the four walls of the home, within the family. […] According to WHO, it is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. It causes blindness or visual impairment in about 1.9 million people. It causes about 1.4% of all blindness worldwide. Blindness from trachoma is irreversible. […] In endemic areas, active trachoma is common in preschool aged children. Here the prevalence rates are higher than 60-90%. Women are blinded up to 4 times than men. This is due to their close contact with infected children.

• #34

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma

  Environmental factors associated with more intense transmission of C. trachomatis include inadequate hygiene, crowded households, inadequate access to water, and inadequate access to and use of sanitation. […] It causes about 1.4% of all blindness worldwide. […] The burden of trachoma on affected individuals and communities is enormous. The economic cost in terms of lost productivity from blindness and visual impairment is estimated at US$ 2.95.3 billion annually, increasing to US$ 8 billion when trichiasis is included.

• #35 The Complications and Long Term Effects of Trachoma: Learn Here

  https://my.klarity.health/the-complications-and-long-term-effects-of-trachoma/

  After repeated infections and inflammation, scar tissue builds up within the conjunctiva that lines the upper eyelids. The immune response, rather than the bacteria themselves, causes this tissue damage. […] Trachomatous trichiasis is a consequence of the conjunctival scarring discussed earlier. […] As the infection progresses, it causes blurred vision and eye pain. Untreated trachoma results in scarring of the eyelid. This can make the eyelashes turn inwards towards the eye (trichiasis). The eyelashes then brush against the cornea (a transparent layer at the front of the eye), scratching it. This continual irritation turns the cornea cloudy. It can also lead to corneal ulcers (open sores in the cornea) and blindness. […] One of the long term effects of trachoma is decreased economic productivity due to its complications. The WHO estimated the economic cost of visual impairment and blindness to be $2.9-$5.3 billion per year, or $8 billion including trichiasis.

• #36

• #37 Insights into Pathogenesis of Trachoma

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/8/1544

  The potential harm resulting from the cornea being scratched by inward-turned eyelashes extends beyond immediate discomfort. Continuous friction from misdirected eyelashes injures the corneal surface, leading to corneal opacification. This, in turn, can result in impaired vision and, in severe cases, blindness. […] The WHO-led Global Alliance for the Elimination of Trachoma recommends the implementation of the SAFE strategy which tackles the disease at different stages: Surgery to correct trichiasis, Antibiotics to treat chlamydial infection, and Facial cleanliness as well as Environmental improvements to suppress the transmission of infection.

• #38

• #39

  https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/trachoma/

  Trachoma is an infectious disease caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It is a chronic infectious disease of the eye and is the leading cause of infectious blindness globally. It is the outcome of inadequate access to water and sanitation and poor personal and environmental hygiene. […] Trachoma directly affects conjunctiva under the eyelids. The inner surface of the eyelids are roughened due to infection. The infection causes inflamed granulation on the inner surface of the lids. Roughening could lead to pain in the eyes and breakdown of the outer surface of cornea of the eyes, eventually leading to blindness. Repeated trachoma infections could lead to permanent blindness, as the eyelids turn inward. […] Environmental risk factors influencing the Trachoma disease transmission include: Inadequate sanitation facilities, Shortage of water, Poor hygiene, and Crowded households. […] The elimination strategy for trachoma is summarized by the acronym SAFE, meaning Surgery for advanced disease, Antibiotics to clear C.trachomatis infection, Facial cleanliness and Environmental improvement to reduce transmission.

• #40 Trachoma: how a common cause of blindness can be prevented worldwide – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/trachoma-how-a-common-cause-of-blindness-can-be-prevented-worldwide

  Although its still widespread in poorer countries, great progress has been made against the disease in the last few decades. […] Eighteen countries were able to reduce the disease sufficiently to eliminate the disease as a public health problem as of 2023. […] There are two remaining challenges to eliminating trachoma. […] By using tools more widely such as antibiotics, surgeries, clean water, sanitation, and insecticides we could greatly reduce trachoma, especially after disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Several new technologies could also help eliminate the disease. They include improved rapid tests to diagnose infected people, antibody tests to study immunity toward the disease, new surgical techniques, and vaccines. […] Previous research has shown that vaccines can provide at least short-term protection against the disease, which suggests that effective vaccines could be developed.

• #41 Understanding Trachoma: Causes and Treatments II UPSC CSE

  https://www.iasgyan.in/daily-current-affairs/trachoma-10

  Trachoma is a bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. They can be easily treated. […] Trichiasis is the term for this more severe type of trachoma. If left untreated, trichiasis might eventually cause blindness. […] Water scarcity, inadequate sanitation, and fly infestations which are thought to be the disease’s physical carriers all contribute to the disease’s growth. […] The WHO suggests the SAFE method, a comprehensive approach to minimize transmission of the causative organism, clear existing infections, and deal with their sequelae, in order to eradicate trachoma as a public health issue. […] Trachoma is the world’s leading infectious cause of blindness and is one of the conditions known as neglected tropical diseases. […] Trachoma is a bacterial infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. They can be easily treated. […] The World Health Organisation (WHO) declared that the Government of India has successfully eliminated Trachoma as a public health problem.

• #42 Trachoma: how a common cause of blindness can be prevented worldwide – Our World in Data

  https://ourworldindata.org/trachoma-how-a-common-cause-of-blindness-can-be-prevented-worldwide

  Although its still widespread in poorer countries, great progress has been made against the disease in the last few decades. […] Eighteen countries were able to reduce the disease sufficiently to eliminate the disease as a public health problem as of 2023. […] There are two remaining challenges to eliminating trachoma. […] By using tools more widely such as antibiotics, surgeries, clean water, sanitation, and insecticides we could greatly reduce trachoma, especially after disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic. […] Several new technologies could also help eliminate the disease. They include improved rapid tests to diagnose infected people, antibody tests to study immunity toward the disease, new surgical techniques, and vaccines. […] Previous research has shown that vaccines can provide at least short-term protection against the disease, which suggests that effective vaccines could be developed.

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