Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Toxocariasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229855-overview

  Toxocariasis is an infection caused by the ingestion of larvae of the dog roundworm Toxocara canis or the cat roundworm Toxocara cati. The soil of parks and playgrounds is commonly contaminated with the eggs of T canis, and infection may cause human disease that involves the liver, heart, lung, muscle, eye, and brain. […] In children, covert toxocariasis is a mild, subclinical, febrile illness. Symptoms can include cough, difficulty sleeping, abdominal pain, headaches, and behavioral problems. Examination may reveal hepatomegaly, lymphadenitis, and/or wheezing. […] Visceral larva migrans is caused by the migration of larvae through the internal organs of humans and the resulting inflammatory reaction. A constellation of symptoms develops, including fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, pneumonia, fever, cough, bronchospasm, abdominal pain, headaches, rashes, and, occasionally, seizures. Examination may reveal hepatomegaly, lymphadenitis, and/or wheezing. Occasionally, pleural effusions develop. Chronic urticaria has been described. Severe cases can lead to myocarditis or respiratory failure.

• #2 Toxocariasis: a silent threat with a progressive public health impact | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-018-0437-0

  Toxocariasis encompasses four clinical forms: visceral, ocular, covert and neural. […] Although infection in humans can be asymptomatic, Toxocara parasite has a notorious tendency to cause extra-intestinal pathologies. […] Indeed, toxocariasis includes four clinical forms, which can lead to serious health consequences. […] The severity of disease is dependent on the parasite burden, the duration of larval migration, and age- and immune-mediated responses of the affected individuals. […] VLM is the consequence of a systemic migration of Toxocara larvae through the tissue of human viscera. […] Infections in adult individuals have been reported in East Asia (e.g. South Korea and Japan), through ingestion of raw beef, lamb, chicken, or ostrich liver. […] The liver is the most commonly affected organ in VLM, and is associated with the formation of granulomatous lesions and hepatitis.

• #3 Toxocariasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxocariasis

  Toxocariasis is an illness of humans caused by the dog roundworm (Toxocara canis) and, less frequently, the cat roundworm (Toxocara cati). While this zoonotic infection is usually asymptomatic, it may cause severe disease. There are three distinct syndromes of toxocariasis: covert toxocariasis is a relatively mild illness very similar to Lffler’s syndrome. It is characterized by fever, eosinophilia, urticaria, enlarged lymph nodes, cough, bronchospasm, wheezing, abdominal pain, headaches, and/or hepatosplenomegaly. Visceral larva migrans (VLM) is a more severe form of the disease; signs and symptoms depend on the specific organ system(s) involved. Lung involvement may manifest as shortness of breath, interstitial lung disease, pleural effusion, and even respiratory failure. Brain involvement may manifest as meningitis, encephalitis, or epileptic seizures. Cardiac involvement may manifest as myocarditis. Ocular larva migrans (OLM) is the third syndrome, manifesting as uveitis, endophthalmitis, visual impairment or even blindness in the affected eye.

• #4 Toxocariasis: a silent threat with a progressive public health impact | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-018-0437-0

  Toxocariasis encompasses four clinical forms: visceral, ocular, covert and neural. […] Although infection in humans can be asymptomatic, Toxocara parasite has a notorious tendency to cause extra-intestinal pathologies. […] Indeed, toxocariasis includes four clinical forms, which can lead to serious health consequences. […] The severity of disease is dependent on the parasite burden, the duration of larval migration, and age- and immune-mediated responses of the affected individuals. […] VLM is the consequence of a systemic migration of Toxocara larvae through the tissue of human viscera. […] Infections in adult individuals have been reported in East Asia (e.g. South Korea and Japan), through ingestion of raw beef, lamb, chicken, or ostrich liver. […] The liver is the most commonly affected organ in VLM, and is associated with the formation of granulomatous lesions and hepatitis.

• #5 Toxocariasis: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23401-toxocariasis

  Most people have no symptoms, but more severe cases can cause symptoms such as pneumonia and vision loss. […] Most cases of toxocariasis dont cause symptoms. You’ll simply pass the worms along at some point when you poop. But if you’ve consumed a lot of Toxocara larvae, they may migrate to different parts of your body. […] If you develop symptoms of visceral toxocariasis, you may experience: Fever. Cough. Wheezing. Extreme tiredness (fatigue). Abdominal pain. Skin rash. Enlarged liver. Enlarged spleen. Pneumonia. […] Ocular toxocariasis usually only affects one eye. Symptoms of ocular toxocariasis may include: Eye pain and redness. Retina scarring and damage. Vision problems. […] You may never know that you had toxocariasis. Most people dont develop symptoms. But if you ingest significant amounts of Toxocara larvae, they can migrate to areas all over your body. Symptoms may range from a cough to pneumonia. Antiparasitic medications treat most cases of the condition. But if you develop ocular toxocariasis, you may experience permanent vision loss.

• #6 Toxocariasis | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/toxocariasis

  For most people, an infection with roundworm larvae causes no symptoms and the parasites die within a few months. […] However, some people experience mild symptoms, such as: a cough, a high temperature of 38C or above, headaches, stomach pain. […] In rare cases, the roundworm larvae infect organs such as the liver, lungs, eyes or brain and cause severe symptoms, such as: fatigue, loss of appetite or weight loss, skin rashes, wheezing or difficulty breathing, seizures (fits), blurred or cloudy vision, usually only affecting one eye, a very red and painful eye. […] If one of your eyes is affected by toxocariasis, there’s a risk of permanent vision loss. […] Most people make a full recovery and do not experience any long-term complications. However, there’s a risk of permanent vision loss if one of the eyes is affected.

• #7 CDC – Toxocariasis – General Information

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxocariasis/gen_info/faqs.html

  Many people who are infected with Toxocara do not have symptoms and do not ever get sick. Some people may get sick from the infection, and may develop: […] Ocular toxocariasis occurs when Toxocara larvae migrate to the eye. Symptoms and signs of ocular toxocariasis include vision loss, eye inflammation or damage to the retina. Typically, only one eye is affected. […] Visceral toxocariasis occurs when Toxocara larvae migrate to various body organs, such as the liver or central nervous system. Symptoms of visceral toxocariasis include fever, fatigue, coughing, wheezing, or abdominal pain. […] In most cases, Toxocara infections are not serious, and many people, especially adults infected by a small number of larvae (immature worms), may not notice any symptoms. The most severe cases are rare, but are more likely to occur in young children, who often play in dirt, or eat dirt (pica) contaminated by dog or cat feces.

• #8 Toxocariasis: Visceral and ocular larva migrans – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/toxocariasis-visceral-and-ocular-larva-migrans

  Toxocariasis refers to human infection caused by roundworms that are not natural human parasites, but rather are canine or feline parasites. Toxocariasis occurs as a result of human infection with the larvae of the canid (dog, fox, wolves) ascarid, Toxocara canis, or, less commonly, the cat ascarid, Toxocara cati. […] While most infections are asymptomatic or subclinical, infections can cause symptomatic presentations. These include visceral larva migrans (VLM), ocular larva migrans (OLM), or least commonly, neurologic involvement. […] Because most infections are subclinical, data on the prevalence of toxocariasis are based on serologic testing. […] Toxocariasis occurs globally; approximately 1.4 billion people are infected worldwide. Infection tends to occur more frequently in tropical regions with high humidity than in temperate regions, more frequently among rural populations with inadequate water supply and poor housing than among urban populations, and more commonly in areas affected by poverty.

• #9 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/toxocara-canis-toxocara-cati.html

  VLM is primarily diagnosed in children between the ages of 2 and 7 with a history of geophagia and exposure to dogs in the home. The acute signs of VLM are associated with hepatic and pulmonary larval infection and often include fever, wheezing or coughing, eosinophilia, and heptomegaly. […] Typically occurring in children and young adults, the most common symptom is vision loss, often accompanied by strabismus due to macular damage, with onset over a period of days to weeks. Closer examination often reveals uveitis endophthalmitits, papillitis, retinal granulomas or inflammatory masses in the peripheral vitreous humour. […] The neurological form occurs when Toxocara larvae settle in the peripheral or central nervous system. There, they can give rise to meningoencephalitis or other neurological manifestations, such as eosinophilic meningomyelitis, cerebral vasculitis, epilepsy, myelitis, radiculitis, cranial nerve involvement, or skeletal muscle affection. […] The symptoms of covert toxocariasis are non-specific, but when grouped together they form a recognisable syndrome. These symptoms include recurrent abdominal pain which is often the sole presenting complaint, anorexia, behaviour disturbances, cervical adenitis, wheezing, limb pains, and fever.

• #10 Common Toxocariasis – DoveMed

  https://www.dovemed.com/diseases-conditions/common-toxocariasis

  The signs and symptoms of Common Toxocariasis are typically mild. It may include fever, abdominal pain, weakness, and lethargy […] The signs and symptoms of Common Toxocariasis are typically mild and vague/unclear; the affected individuals may be asymptomatic as well. The following are some symptoms of the infection: Digestive problems, abdominal pain, Eosinophilia: Increased eosinophils in blood, indicative of an infection, Lethargy; chronic weakness, Breathing difficulties, Itching skin and skin rashes (infrequently noted) […] Common Toxocariasis often resolves spontaneously. However, there is a possibility for the infection to become chronic, without adequate treatment.

• #11 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Toxocariasis-Background-Types-Diagnosis-Treatment.aspx

  Covert toxocariasis is found in children. It causes a mild illness with fever. Other possible symptoms include cough, poor sleep, headaches, and abdominal pain. Children may show signs of infected lymph nodes, a swollen liver, or wheezing. Covert toxocariasis is thought to be caused by long-term exposure to migrating juvenile worms. […] Visceral larva migrans (VLM) is an inflammatory reaction caused by the death of larvae migrating through the internal organs. It primarily affects children under the age of five. A range of symptoms are connected with VLM: fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, fever, cough, pneumonia, bronchospasm, abdominal pain, headache, rash, seizures (rarely). A swollen liver, infected lymph nodes, and wheezing may also be present. Serious complications can develop, such as pleural effusions, chronic urticaria (hives), myocarditis, and respiratory failure.

• #12 Toxocariasis – Know Your Doctor

  https://www.knowyourdoctor.com.cy/medical/toxocariasis/

  Toxocariasis is a rare infection caused by roundworm parasites. Signs and symptoms For most people, an infection with these roundworm larvae causes no symptoms and the parasites die within a few months. However, some people experience mild symptoms such as: a cough a high temperature (fever) headaches stomach pain In rare cases, the roundworm larvae infect organs such as the liver, lungs, eyes or brain and cause severe symptoms such as: fatigue loss of appetite breathing difficulties blurred or cloudy vision in one eye […] Symptoms of toxocariasis Many people infected with the roundworm larvae responsible for toxocariasis don’t have any symptoms. Symptoms only tend to develop if you’re infected with a high number of larvae, or if your body is particularly sensitive to them. If there are any symptoms, these are often mild and can include: a cough a high temperature (fever) of 38°C (100.4°F) or above stomach pain headaches As well as the symptoms above, signs of a severe infection may include: fatigue loss of appetite weight loss skin rashes wheezing breathing difficulties seizures (fits) blurred or cloudy vision, usually only affecting one eye a very red and painful eye If one of your eyes is affected by toxocariasis, there is a risk of permanent vision loss. However, prompt treatment can help reduce the chances of this happening.

• #13 Symptoms of Toxocariasis | Parasites – Toxocariasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/toxocariasis/symptoms/index.html

  Symptoms will differ depending on the type of infection. […] However, many people never show any symptoms. […] In people who have visceral toxocariasis, when the parasite moves into organs like the liver or central nervous system, the most common symptoms include: Fever, Cough, Wheezing, Abdominal (belly) pain, Enlarged liver. […] People who have ocular toxocariasis, when the parasite moves into an eye, might have: Irritation or redness of the eye, Seeing spots or flashes of light, Loss of vision, An abnormally colored pupil. […] Typically, ocular toxocariasis affects only one eye.

• #14 Toxocariasis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/toxocariasis

  Mild infections with Toxocara larvae often produce no symptoms. When symptoms are present, a variety of clinical syndromes have been described. […] The liver and lungs are most commonly involved producing abdominal pain, decreased appetite, enlarged liver, coughing, wheezing, restlessness, fever, and asthma. Skin disease occurs in around one in four cases and includes rashes, urticaria, and hypodermic nodules (small lumps below the epidermis). […] Non-specific symptoms such as cough, abdominal pain, headache, sleep disorder, vomiting, enlarged liver, and occasionally a rash. Blood tests show raised eosinophils in around half of all cases. […] VLM and OLM are usually more severe, whereas common and covert toxocariasis are less severe and are spontaneously cured in most cases.

• #15 About Toxocariasis | Toxocariasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/toxocariasis/about/index.html

  Many people who are infected don’t have any symptoms. But in some people, toxocariasis causes fevers, coughing, or abdominal pain and may damage the eyes. […] In people who have visceral toxocariasis, the most common symptoms include: Fever, Cough, Wheezing, Abdominal (belly) pain, Enlarged liver. […] People who have ocular toxocariasis might have: Irritation or redness of the eye, Seeing spots or flashes of light, Loss of vision, An abnormally colored pupil. […] Typically, ocular toxocariasis affects only one eye.

• #16 Toxocariasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/nematodes-roundworms/toxocariasis

  Toxocariasis is human infection with nematode (worm) ascarid larvae of the genus Toxocara that ordinarily infect animals. Symptoms are fever, anorexia, hepatosplenomegaly, rash, pneumonitis, asthma, or visual impairment. […] Visceral larva migrans (VLM) consists of fever, anorexia, hepatosplenomegaly, rash, pneumonitis, and asthmatic symptoms, depending on the affected organs. […] Ocular larva migrans (OLM), also called ocular toxocariasis, is usually unilateral and has no or very mild systemic manifestations. OLM lesions consist mostly of granulomatous inflammatory reactions to a larva, resulting in uveitis and/or chorioretinitis. As a result, vision can be impaired or lost. […] The syndrome is self-limiting in 6 to 18 months if egg intake ceases. Deaths due to invasion of the brain or heart occur rarely.

• #17 Toxocariasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229855-overview

  Although the main clinical manifestations vary depending on the organs infected, the most common characteristic is chronic eosinophilia. Other typical findings follow according to the involved organs. With liver involvement, hepatomegaly, fever, and abdominal pain are common. With lung involvement, pulmonary symptoms (eg, dyspnea, cough, chest tightness), bronchospasm, interstitial pneumonitis, and, possibly, pleural effusion can be present. Ocular toxocariasis can induce decreased visual acuity, uveitis, retinal granuloma, endophthalmitis, and other ocular lesions that often lead to sudden vision loss in the affected eye. If the brain is involved, neurologic manifestations may occur, including seizures. […] Toxocariasis should be strongly considered when the patient has eosinophilia, characteristic clinical symptoms, and a positive finding on Toxocara serologic test.

• #18 Toxocariasis | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/toxocariasis

  Visceral larva migrans: Occurs mostly in preschool children. The larvae invade multiple tissues and clinical features include fever, anorexia, abdominal pain, weight loss, cough, wheezing, pleural effusion, hepatosplenomegaly, urticaria, subacute meningitis/encephalitis, seizures, monoarthritis, cutaneous vasculitis, myocarditis and hypereosinophilia. Death (from severe cardiac, pulmonary or neurological involvement) may occur but is rare. […] Ocular larva migrans: Often occurs in older children or young adults, with only rarely associated eosinophilia or visceral manifestations. Clinical features include uniocular decreased visual acuity or blindness, strabismus, seeing floaters or 'bubbles’, peripheral retinal lesions, retinal detachment, peripheral retinal exudates, optic neuritis, vitreoretinal bands, uveitis, vitreous abscess. […] Cerebral toxocariasis: Neurotoxocariasis is a severe disease that has been associated with a decrease in mental activity, psychosocial changes and neurodegenerative diseases.

• #19 Understanding Toxocariasis : Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ganesh Diagnostic

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/understanding-toxocariasis-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  The extent of host damage and associated signs and symptoms induced depends on which tissue is invaded. The central nervous system, including the liver, lungs, and eyes, appears to be the most sensitive. […] VLM is primarily a disease of young children (under 5 years of age) accompanied by fever, enlarged and necrotic liver; enlarged spleen; CBC test lower respiratory tract symptoms (particularly asthma-like bronchospasm); eosinophilia, sometimes approaching 70%. […] Central nervous system involvement can result in seizures, neuropsychiatric symptoms, or encephalopathy. […] OLM usually occurs in children aged 5 to her 10 years and typically presents as unilateral visual impairment, sometimes accompanied by strabismus. The most serious consequence of infection is retinal infiltration, leading to granuloma formation. […] The degree of visual impairment depends on the area affected, and blindness is common. OLM can also cause diffuse endophthalmitis or papillitis.

• #20 Visceral Larva Migrans: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24076-visceral-larva-migrans

  Toxocara larvae cause visceral larva migrans. After you’re infected, larvae burrow out of your intestines and into organs in your chest and abdomen. […] Most people infected with Toxocara don’t experience symptoms. If you do, they might include: Fatigue. Fever. Elevated levels of a type of white blood cell called an eosinophil (eosinophilia). Swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy). Abdominal pain. Hives (urticaria). Cough. Wheezing. Enlarged liver (hepatomegaly). Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly). […] Your body responds to a Toxocara infection by producing extra immune cells in your blood. An increase in blood flow and immune cells to the affected area causes inflammation. Which symptoms you experience depends on how much inflammation your immune system creates in response to a Toxocara infection.

• #21 Toxocariasis: Risks, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/infections-allergies/toxocariasis/

  Most people exposed to toxocariasis do not have any noticeable symptoms. However, the infection may cause inflammation within the eye(s) of children and adults something an eye doctor would discover during a comprehensive eye exam. […] If not treated, toxocariasis can lead to permanent vision loss. […] You may experience the following symptoms: Blurred vision, Photophobia Sensitivity to light, Floaters Cell debris in the fluid of the eye, Eye pain, Vision loss. […] Most of the damage to the ocular system is a result of inflammation that happens when the larvae die. Any resulting vision loss depends on the severity and location of the infection. […] Signs and symptoms include: Fever, Fatigue, Cough, Wheezing, Pneumonia, Abdominal pain, Skin rash, Enlarged liver, Enlarged spleen. […] Though rare, long-term complications from visceral toxocariasis are possible. […] Signs and symptoms include: Seizures, Meningitis, Encephalopathy Damage to the brain that can affect a persons mental state, Cerebral vasculitis Inflammation of the arteries and veins of the brain or spinal cord. […] Ocular toxocariasis can cause vision loss if not diagnosed and treated.

• #22 Toxocariasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229855-overview

  Toxocariasis is an infection caused by the ingestion of larvae of the dog roundworm Toxocara canis or the cat roundworm Toxocara cati. The soil of parks and playgrounds is commonly contaminated with the eggs of T canis, and infection may cause human disease that involves the liver, heart, lung, muscle, eye, and brain. […] In children, covert toxocariasis is a mild, subclinical, febrile illness. Symptoms can include cough, difficulty sleeping, abdominal pain, headaches, and behavioral problems. Examination may reveal hepatomegaly, lymphadenitis, and/or wheezing. […] Visceral larva migrans is caused by the migration of larvae through the internal organs of humans and the resulting inflammatory reaction. A constellation of symptoms develops, including fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, pneumonia, fever, cough, bronchospasm, abdominal pain, headaches, rashes, and, occasionally, seizures. Examination may reveal hepatomegaly, lymphadenitis, and/or wheezing. Occasionally, pleural effusions develop. Chronic urticaria has been described. Severe cases can lead to myocarditis or respiratory failure.

• #23 Toxocariasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxocariasis

  Most cases of Toxocara infection are asymptomatic, especially in adults. When symptoms do occur, they are the result of migration of second-stage Toxocara larvae through the body. […] Signs and symptoms of covert toxocariasis are coughing, fever, abdominal pain, headaches, and changes in behavior and ability to sleep. Upon medical examination, wheezing, hepatomegaly, and lymphadenitis are often noted. […] In VLM, larvae migration incites inflammation of internal organs and sometimes the central nervous system. Symptoms depend on the organs affected. Children can present with pallor, fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, fever, headache, urticaria skin rash, cough, asthma, chest tightness, increased irritability, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. […] Ocular larva migrans (OLM) is rare compared with VLM. Loss of vision occurs over days or weeks. Other signs and symptoms are red eye, white pupil, fixed pupil, retinal fibrosis, retinal detachment, inflammation of the eye tissues, retinal granulomas, and strabismus. Ocular granulomas resulting from OLM are frequently misdiagnosed as retinoblastomas. Toxocara damage in the eye is permanent and can result in blindness. […] Severe cases have occurred in people who are hypersensitive to allergens; in rare cases, epilepsy, inflammation of the heart, pleural effusion, respiratory failure, and death have resulted from VLM.

• #24 Toxocariasis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Toxocariasis

  Ocular toxocariasis is a rare infection caused by roundworms, Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. It typically affects children and can lead to profound monocular loss of vision despite known medical and surgical therapies. Presentations typically include posterior uveitis with symptoms and signs such as reduced vision, photophobia, floaters, and leukocoria. […] The vast majority of patients report unilateral reduced vision as well as other symptoms typical of uveitis, such as photophobia. In approximately 10% of cases it is bilateral. […] The most common sign associated with ocular toxocariasis is vitritis as it is identified in over 90% of patients. Other presenting signs include leukocoria, ocular injection, and strabismus. […] Symptoms include decreased vision, pain, photophobia, and floaters.

• #25 Visceral Larva Migrans

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/visceral-larva-migrans.page

  VLM, also known as Toxocariasis, is a disease caused by the larval stage of the parasites Toxoxara canis and to a lesser degree by Toxocara cati. […] VLM affects mostly children less than six years of age but it also can occur at older ages. […] The larva causes damage to the abdominal organs or the eye. Cough, fever, wheezing, rash, inflammation of the liver, other abdominal, organs, and lymph glands. However, most infections are asymptomatic. […] Weeks or months, depending upon the intensity of infection. Ocular (eye) manifestations may occur as late as 4-10 years after initial infection with Toxocariasis.

• #26 Toxocariasis: Risks, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/infections-allergies/toxocariasis/

  Most people exposed to toxocariasis do not have any noticeable symptoms. However, the infection may cause inflammation within the eye(s) of children and adults something an eye doctor would discover during a comprehensive eye exam. […] If not treated, toxocariasis can lead to permanent vision loss. […] You may experience the following symptoms: Blurred vision, Photophobia Sensitivity to light, Floaters Cell debris in the fluid of the eye, Eye pain, Vision loss. […] Most of the damage to the ocular system is a result of inflammation that happens when the larvae die. Any resulting vision loss depends on the severity and location of the infection. […] Signs and symptoms include: Fever, Fatigue, Cough, Wheezing, Pneumonia, Abdominal pain, Skin rash, Enlarged liver, Enlarged spleen. […] Though rare, long-term complications from visceral toxocariasis are possible. […] Signs and symptoms include: Seizures, Meningitis, Encephalopathy Damage to the brain that can affect a persons mental state, Cerebral vasculitis Inflammation of the arteries and veins of the brain or spinal cord. […] Ocular toxocariasis can cause vision loss if not diagnosed and treated.

• #27 EPIDEMIOLOGY

  https://www.aao.org/education/topic-detail/ocular-toxocariasis-asia-pacific

  Ocular toxocariasis is an uncommon disease that affects mostly children and young adults, resulting in significant vision loss. […] Diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis is based on clinical findings. OLM generally affects children between 2 and 10 years old, presenting as unilateral decreased visual acuity with or without strabismus. […] Characteristic findings: Pain, Photophobia, Decreased vision, Floaters, Leukocoria (late-stage disease) 25% of cases, Strabismus, Posterior pole granuloma 25% of cases, Peripheral granuloma with or without traction bands 50% of cases, Pars planitis, Vitritis, Active chorioretinitis, Retinal detachment, Cataract (posterior subcapsular granuloma-like opacity). […] Visual acuity recovery is directly related to the anatomical location of the lesions, the degree of retinal detachment, and compromise of the photoreceptors, external limiting membrane, and optic nerve. Vision loss can therefore be variable, from mild to severe. […] Most cases of ocular toxocariasis have visual acuity of less than 20/40 at presentation.

• #28 Toxocariasis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Toxocariasis

  Ocular toxocariasis is a rare infection caused by roundworms, Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. It typically affects children and can lead to profound monocular loss of vision despite known medical and surgical therapies. Presentations typically include posterior uveitis with symptoms and signs such as reduced vision, photophobia, floaters, and leukocoria. […] The vast majority of patients report unilateral reduced vision as well as other symptoms typical of uveitis, such as photophobia. In approximately 10% of cases it is bilateral. […] The most common sign associated with ocular toxocariasis is vitritis as it is identified in over 90% of patients. Other presenting signs include leukocoria, ocular injection, and strabismus. […] Symptoms include decreased vision, pain, photophobia, and floaters.

• #29 EPIDEMIOLOGY

  https://www.aao.org/education/topic-detail/ocular-toxocariasis–europe

  Ocular toxocariasis is an uncommon disease that affects mostly children and young adults, resulting in significant vision loss. (Figure 8) […] Diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis is based on clinical findings (Table 1). OLM generally affects children between 2 and 10 years old, presenting as unilateral decreased visual acuity with or without strabismus. If clinical suspicion of ocular toxocariasis arises, the examiner should attempt to elicit a history of exposure to puppies and soil. […] Characteristic findings: Pain, Photophobia, Decreased vision, Floaters, Leukocoria (late-stage disease) 25% of cases (Figure 10), Strabismus, Posterior pole granuloma 25% of cases (Figure 11), Peripheral granuloma with or without traction bands 50% of cases (Figure 12), Pars planitis, Vitritis, Active chorioretinitis, Retinal detachment.

• #30 EPIDEMIOLOGY

  https://www.aao.org/education/topic-detail/ocular-toxocariasis–europe

  Visual acuity recovery is directly related to the anatomical location of the lesions, the degree of retinal detachment, and compromise of the photoreceptors, external limiting membrane, and optic nerve. Vision loss can therefore be variable, from mild to severe. […] Most cases of ocular toxocariasis have visual acuity of less than 20/40 at presentation.

• #31 Detection and Treatment Of Ocular Toxocariasis

  https://www.reviewofophthalmology.com/article/detection-and-treatment-of-ocular-toxocariasis

  Ocular toxocariasis is unilateral in 90 percent of patients. The condition has traditionally been taught to affect primarily infants and young children, but recent surveys have reported Toxocara infections in a number of teenagers and young adults, as well. Common symptoms that bring patients to the clinic include blurred vision and floaters. Pain and photophobia may also be present but are typically mild. Ocular toxocariasis presents as a posterior pole granuloma in 25 percent to 50 percent of patients. Acutely, Toxocara retinochoroiditis appears as a hazy, ill-defined white lesion with an overlying vitritis. The primary causes of vision loss in patients with ocular toxocariasis depend to a large extent on the location and severity of the inflammation. Vision is typically decreased in patients with Toxocara endophthalmitis due to inflammatory media opacities, cystoid macular edema and/or cataract formation. Decreased vision in patients with peripheral ocular toxocariasis typically results from macular involvement by posteriorly extending falciform folds or exudate.

• #32 Ocular Toxocariasis – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/ocular-toxocariasis/

  Ocular toxocariasis can show up in different ways, including peripheral granuloma, posterior granuloma, or endophthalmitis, all of which describe different inflammations of the eye. […] Ocular toxocariasis usually affects children around eight years old, who have had contact with dogs, cats, or contaminated soil. Often, parents notice changes in their children’s eyes before any complaints arise. These changes can include squinting, a white color in the eye (leukocoria), and redness. Kids may also experience loss of vision, eye pain, and redness. […] The diagnosis of ocular Toxocara is usually based on clinical findings, supported by antibody testing to Toxocara. If left untreated, this condition can lead to complications such as cataracts, glaucoma, tractional retinal detachment, scarring of the macula, and phthisis bulbi (shrunken and non-functional eye).

• #33 Ocular Toxocariasis – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/ocular-toxocariasis/

  Patients who seek medical attention early in the disease’s progression usually have a positive outlook. The inflammation can be effectively managed with oral corticosteroids (medicine to reduce inflammation) and topical cycloplegic mydriatic (eye drops to relax the muscles in your eye). These treatments can prevent loss of vision and long-term issues. […] However, for patients who seek treatment later, the outlook for their vision is more uncertain. This is due to complications like optic atrophy (loss of nerve fibers in the eye), changes in the macula (part of the retina responsible for clear, detailed vision), and retinal detachment (when the retina pulls away from the back of the eye). […] Long-term inflammation can lead to the creation of posterior synechia. This is a condition that can cause the iris to bulge forward and block the fluid drainage channel in the eye, leading to a type of glaucoma known as angle-closure glaucoma. Uncontrolled inflammation can also cause the ciliary body, an eye structure that produces eye fluid, to shut down, resulting in hypotony or low eye pressure.

• #34 Toxocariasis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Toxocariasis

  Prognosis is typically excellent for those patients without sequelae. These cases are mostly self-limited or controlled with medical management. It has been noted that presenting visual acuity is most predictive of final visual acuity. A median visual acuity of 20/50 has been associated with patient presentations with posterior pole granulomas. Patients with peripheral granulomas had a median visual acuity of 20/70 and presentations with endophthalmitis were associated with a median visual acuity between 20/200 and 20/400. […] Those that require surgical intervention typically have a poorer prognosis and visual acuity. In very rare cases ocular toxocara has been associated with no light perception vision. Potential complications that develop include cystoid macular edema and retinal detachment.

• #35 Cerebral Toxocariasis: Silent Progression to Neurodegenerative Disorders?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4462679/

  Toxocara larvae can invade the brains of humans, and while case descriptions of cerebral toxocariasis are historically rare, improved diagnosis and greater awareness have contributed to increased detection. […] Despite this, cerebral or neurological toxocariasis (NT) remains a poorly understood phenomenon. […] Furthermore, our understanding of cognitive deficits due to toxocariasis in human populations remains particularly deficient. […] Recent data describe an enhanced expression of biomarkers associated with brain injury, such as GFAP, APP, transforming growth factor 1 (TGF-1), NF-L, S100B, tTG, and p-tau, in mice receiving even low doses of Toxocara ova. […] Exploration of the relationship occurring between host and parasite in the brain may elucidate the cryptic symptoms of human toxocariasis, with patients presenting with mental disability, epilepsy, and other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.

• #36 Clinical spectrum of symptoms in cerebral Toxocariasis (Review): Ingenta Connect

  https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/sp/etm/2021/00000021/00000005/art00128;jsessionid=3jlethqrsd2l6.x-ic-live-01

  Human helminth zoonosis is one of the most encountered helminthiases worldwide. […] Among the neurological and neuropsychological disturbances produced by Toxocara infection, in humans, the most representative are meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis and cerebral vasculitis, but asymptomatic central nervous system infection is probably the most prevalent. […] The present review reports the most prevalent clinical symptomatology in the cases of detected and diagnosed Toxocara infection with neuroinvasion.

• #37 Cerebral Toxocariasis: Silent Progression to Neurodegenerative Disorders?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4462679/

  However, it was noted that a German woman with cerebral toxocariasis also presented with depressive symptoms and cognitive deficits. […] The symptoms of eosinophilic meningitis were described by Vidal et al. for a 2-year-old boy who presented with mental confusion, fever, headache, tachycardia, hyperreflexia, dyspnoea, lethargy, irritability, motor weakness, and nuchal rigidity. […] Clinical cerebral toxocariasis disease is associated with the severity of inflammation and damage caused to the CNS and with the number of larvae invading the brain. […] The causes of dementia, a decline in cognitive function severe enough to affect social or occupational functioning, are complex and may be due to AD or vascular dementia. […] Our preliminary data showed that T. canis-infected ICR outbred mice exhibited significant expression of biomarkers associated with AD, such as GFAP, total Tau (T-tau), TGF-1, TG2, S100B, and NF-L, with 2- to 4-fold increases in the brain compared to the levels in age-matched uninfected controls at 20 weeks postinfection.

• #38 Cerebral Toxocariasis: Silent Progression to Neurodegenerative Disorders?

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4462679/

  Taken together with our previous study that revealed the impairment of the BBB in murine brains invaded by T. canis larvae, these preliminary, unpublished results provide fresh insights to better understand the possible role of T. canis larval invasion in the potential development of AD due to enhanced AD-associated neurodegenerative biomarker expression.

• #39 Toxocariasis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-roundworms-nematodes/toxocariasis

  Toxocariasis symptoms may start within several weeks after eggs are ingested. They vary depending on the organ affected. […] When larvae infect the soft internal organs (called visceral larva migrans), the most common symptoms are fever, cough or wheezing, and liver enlargement. Some people have a rash, spleen enlargement, or inflammation of the lungs. They may lose their appetite. […] When larvae infect the eye (called ocular larva migrans), they typically cause no symptoms or very mild symptoms. Usually only 1 eye is affected. However, the eye may become inflamed, and vision may be impaired or lost.

• #40 Toxocariasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229855-overview

  Ocular larva migrans, which is caused by migration of larva into the posterior segment of the eye, tends to occur in older children and young adults. Patients may present with decreased vision, red eye, or leukokoria (white appearance of the pupil). Granulomas and chorioretinitis can be observed in the retina, especially at the macula. Unilateral visual loss, retinal fibrosis, retinoblastoma, and retinal detachment occur. Serum antibodies to Toxocara often are absent or present in low titers. […] Disease severity depends not only on the number of larvae ingested but also on the degree of the allergic reaction. Patients with atopy may experience more severe toxocariasis. The pathologic manifestations result from inflammation caused by the immune response directed against the excretory-secretory antigens of larvae.

• #41 Toxocariasis: a silent threat with a progressive public health impact | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-018-0437-0

  Toxocariasis encompasses four clinical forms: visceral, ocular, covert and neural. […] Although infection in humans can be asymptomatic, Toxocara parasite has a notorious tendency to cause extra-intestinal pathologies. […] Indeed, toxocariasis includes four clinical forms, which can lead to serious health consequences. […] The severity of disease is dependent on the parasite burden, the duration of larval migration, and age- and immune-mediated responses of the affected individuals. […] VLM is the consequence of a systemic migration of Toxocara larvae through the tissue of human viscera. […] Infections in adult individuals have been reported in East Asia (e.g. South Korea and Japan), through ingestion of raw beef, lamb, chicken, or ostrich liver. […] The liver is the most commonly affected organ in VLM, and is associated with the formation of granulomatous lesions and hepatitis.

• #42 GeneHealth – Your precision medicine

  https://genehealth.ai/disease/toxocariasis

  The onset of symptoms can vary depending on whether the infection is mild or severe. For mild cases, symptoms might not appear at all or may take weeks to months to develop. In more severe cases, symptoms can manifest within weeks. Common symptoms include fever, coughing, wheezing, and abdominal pain. In ocular toxocariasis, symptoms such as vision loss and eye inflammation can occur. […] The severity of the disease can vary widely depending on several factors such as the number of larvae ingested and the individual’s immune response. Common symptoms include fever, coughing, enlarged liver, and eye problems, which can lead to vision loss in severe cases. In most cases, toxocariasis is mild and can be treated effectively with anti-parasitic medications. However, if left untreated or in severe infections, it can lead to significant complications, particularly involving the eyes or central nervous system. […] The immune response to the migrating larvae leads to inflammation and tissue damage, which are responsible for the clinical manifestations of toxocariasis.

• #43 Toxocariasis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/toxocariasis

  Mild infections with Toxocara larvae often produce no symptoms. When symptoms are present, a variety of clinical syndromes have been described. […] The liver and lungs are most commonly involved producing abdominal pain, decreased appetite, enlarged liver, coughing, wheezing, restlessness, fever, and asthma. Skin disease occurs in around one in four cases and includes rashes, urticaria, and hypodermic nodules (small lumps below the epidermis). […] Non-specific symptoms such as cough, abdominal pain, headache, sleep disorder, vomiting, enlarged liver, and occasionally a rash. Blood tests show raised eosinophils in around half of all cases. […] VLM and OLM are usually more severe, whereas common and covert toxocariasis are less severe and are spontaneously cured in most cases.

• #44 Toxocariasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/nematodes-roundworms/toxocariasis

  Toxocariasis is human infection with nematode (worm) ascarid larvae of the genus Toxocara that ordinarily infect animals. Symptoms are fever, anorexia, hepatosplenomegaly, rash, pneumonitis, asthma, or visual impairment. […] Visceral larva migrans (VLM) consists of fever, anorexia, hepatosplenomegaly, rash, pneumonitis, and asthmatic symptoms, depending on the affected organs. […] Ocular larva migrans (OLM), also called ocular toxocariasis, is usually unilateral and has no or very mild systemic manifestations. OLM lesions consist mostly of granulomatous inflammatory reactions to a larva, resulting in uveitis and/or chorioretinitis. As a result, vision can be impaired or lost. […] The syndrome is self-limiting in 6 to 18 months if egg intake ceases. Deaths due to invasion of the brain or heart occur rarely.

• #45 Toxocariasis | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/toxocariasis

  For most people, an infection with roundworm larvae causes no symptoms and the parasites die within a few months. […] However, some people experience mild symptoms, such as: a cough, a high temperature of 38C or above, headaches, stomach pain. […] In rare cases, the roundworm larvae infect organs such as the liver, lungs, eyes or brain and cause severe symptoms, such as: fatigue, loss of appetite or weight loss, skin rashes, wheezing or difficulty breathing, seizures (fits), blurred or cloudy vision, usually only affecting one eye, a very red and painful eye. […] If one of your eyes is affected by toxocariasis, there’s a risk of permanent vision loss. […] Most people make a full recovery and do not experience any long-term complications. However, there’s a risk of permanent vision loss if one of the eyes is affected.

• #46 Toxocariasis – Helminthiases – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.69.2.

  Asymptomatic toxocariasis: Diagnosed most frequently in the patients family members on the basis of positive serologic results. Inactive larvae of Toxocara spp remain in tissues for life and may be reactivated and start to migrate at any time. […] The prognosis is good in patients with visceral larva migrans syndrome associated with mild signs and symptoms and in patients with covert toxocariasis. Ocular toxocariasis is frequently associated with decreased visual acuity or visual loss. CNS and myocardial disease are rare but can result in death.

• #47 Toxocariasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229855-overview

  Although the main clinical manifestations vary depending on the organs infected, the most common characteristic is chronic eosinophilia. Other typical findings follow according to the involved organs. With liver involvement, hepatomegaly, fever, and abdominal pain are common. With lung involvement, pulmonary symptoms (eg, dyspnea, cough, chest tightness), bronchospasm, interstitial pneumonitis, and, possibly, pleural effusion can be present. Ocular toxocariasis can induce decreased visual acuity, uveitis, retinal granuloma, endophthalmitis, and other ocular lesions that often lead to sudden vision loss in the affected eye. If the brain is involved, neurologic manifestations may occur, including seizures. […] Toxocariasis should be strongly considered when the patient has eosinophilia, characteristic clinical symptoms, and a positive finding on Toxocara serologic test.

• #48 Neglected parasitic infection: toxocariasis | BMJ Case Reports

  https://casereports.bmj.com/content/2018/bcr-2018-224492

  A healthy 34-year-old Japanese man presented with a 10-day history of epigastralgia. […] The symptoms of visceral toxocariasis are non-specific and may include fever, abdominal pain, anorexia, eosinophilia and hepatomegaly. […] Toxocariasis is considered a neglected parasitic infection; however, it is more common than currently believed and can cause severe complications. […] Toxocariasis should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses of eosinophilia with multiple pulmonary and hepatic lesions. […] Toxocariasis is a treatable and preventable disease.

• #49

  https://step2.medbullets.com/infectious-dis/120679/toxocariasis

  A 5-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician due to abdominal pain and a seizure. He has been complaining of abdominal pain and discomfort for approximately 10 days, which his parents attribute it to stress. The parents deny any recent travel or sick contacts for the patient. He recently got a puppy about 1 month ago. Physical examination is remarkable for pain upon neck flexion and hepatomegaly. A complete blood cell count is notable for prominent eosinophilia. […] Symptoms of visceral larva migrans include fever, abdominal pain, decreased appetite, chronic nonproductive cough, dyspnea, and lymphadenopathy. […] Physical exam findings may include wheezes and hepatomegaly or nodularity. […] Symptoms of ocular larva migrans include visual impairment. […] Physical exam may reveal poor visual acuity and strabismus, uveitis, and retinal granulomatous lesions on fundoscopy. […] Eosinophilia is a notable lab finding. […] The treatment of choice is albendazole, as it effectively distributes throughout the body, including the eyes and brain. […] Complications can include blindness and neurodegenerative disorders such as seizures and dementia.

• #50 Toxocariasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/nematodes-roundworms/toxocariasis

  Most cases of visceral larva migrans are self-limited and do not require treatment, but, if needed, the following can be used: albendazole or mebendazole for moderate to severe symptoms, possibly antihistamines for mild symptoms of itching and rash, and corticosteroids for severe symptoms. […] For ocular larva migrans, systemic and local corticosteroids, sometimes albendazole, and depending on the circumstances laser therapy, cryotherapy, or surgical procedures.

• #51 What Is Toxocariasis (Roundworm infection)? FAQs: Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention – IVD Research, Inc.

  https://ivdresearch.com/toxocariasis-roundworm-infection-faqs-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-prevention/

  What are the symptoms of toxocariasis? Many people who contract toxocariasis infections show no symptoms and do not ever actually get sick. For people who do develop symptoms, these symptoms can take two forms: ocular toxocariasis and visceral toxocariasis. Symptoms of ocular toxocariasis include vision loss, eye inflammation, and damage to the retina; these symptoms often occur in only one eye. With visceral toxocariasis, the infection spreads to major organs, such as the liver or intestines. Symptoms of visceral toxocariasis include fever, fatigue, coughing and wheezing, and abdominal pain. […] Treatment for toxocariasis depends on which type you have contracted ocular or visceral. Visceral toxocariasis is typically treated with antiparasitic drugs to kill the larvae in your system. Treatment of ocular toxocariasis is more difficult and will typically center on measures to try to prevent the progression of eye damage. Steroids will also sometimes be used to treat both types of toxocariasis in cases of more severe infection.

• #52

  https://step2.medbullets.com/infectious-dis/120679/toxocariasis

  A 5-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician due to abdominal pain and a seizure. He has been complaining of abdominal pain and discomfort for approximately 10 days, which his parents attribute it to stress. The parents deny any recent travel or sick contacts for the patient. He recently got a puppy about 1 month ago. Physical examination is remarkable for pain upon neck flexion and hepatomegaly. A complete blood cell count is notable for prominent eosinophilia. […] Symptoms of visceral larva migrans include fever, abdominal pain, decreased appetite, chronic nonproductive cough, dyspnea, and lymphadenopathy. […] Physical exam findings may include wheezes and hepatomegaly or nodularity. […] Symptoms of ocular larva migrans include visual impairment. […] Physical exam may reveal poor visual acuity and strabismus, uveitis, and retinal granulomatous lesions on fundoscopy. […] Eosinophilia is a notable lab finding. […] The treatment of choice is albendazole, as it effectively distributes throughout the body, including the eyes and brain. […] Complications can include blindness and neurodegenerative disorders such as seizures and dementia.

• #53 Eosinophilic Pneumonia Due to Toxocariasis: A Rare Case Report in a Paediatric Patient and Literature Review – European Medical Journal

  https://www.emjreviews.com/respiratory/article/eosinophilic-pneumonia-due-to-toxocariasis-a-rare-case-report-in-a-paediatric-patient-and-literature-review/

  The severe pulmonary manifestations seen in this case can be considered exceptional. […] The diagnosis of Toxocara eosinophilic pneumonia is based on the characteristic findings in the BAL associated with a positive anti-Toxocara ELISA serological test, in addition to the clinical and radiological findings suggestive of the disease. […] Eosinophilic pneumonia encompasses a heterogeneous group of diseases that are characterised by the presence of one or two criteria: pulmonary infiltrate with blood eosinophilia or eosinophilia on lung biopsy or BAL. […] The diagnosis of eosinophilic pneumonia is made when the level of eosinophils in BAL exceeds 25%, as in the reported clinical case. […] Even though the majority of patients with toxocariasis have a favourable prognosis, the larvae can remain in the human body for approximately 2 years. All hosts can suffer from new infective reactivation and larvae migration into brain or ocular tissues. Treatment is recommended for all symptomatic patients and helps to prevent the aforementioned complications.

• #54 Toxocariasis : Understanding The Risks Of Ocular Larva Migrans | Ganesh Diagnostic

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/toxocariasis-understanding-the-risks-of-ocular-larva-migrans

  The larvae can move through different tissues and organs once they have entered the human body, causing a variety of symptoms depending on where they are. […] Depending on where the larvae have moved in the body, toxocariasis can result in a variety of additional symptoms in addition to ocular larva. Toxocariasis symptoms frequently seen include: Fever, Continent pain, nausea and diarrhoea, Fatigue, Respiratory signs like coughing and wheezing. […] It is crucial to remember that not everyone who has toxocariasis will exhibit symptoms, especially in cases of low-level exposure or when the larvae are still restricted to a single location of the body. […] Most people with toxocariasis can recover totally and prevent long-term consequences with timely and adequate treatment. […] Numerous symptoms, such as fever, stomach ache, coughing, wheezing, and skin rashes, can be brought on by toxocariasis. […] It’s crucial to highlight that toxocariasis can be prevented from developing long-term consequences by receiving early diagnosis and treatment.

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