Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Toxocariasis: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23401-toxocariasis

  Toxocariasis is an infection caused by parasitic roundworms that ordinarily affect animals. The larvae of the roundworms commonly found in the intestines of dogs (Toxocara canis) and cats (Toxocara cati) cause the infection. The animals pass the worm eggs in their poop. If poop, soil or sand contaminated with the eggs get in your mouth, you can get the infection. Toxocariasis is a rare but serious condition. […] Toxocariasis infections from dogs are most common. Puppies can contract a Toxocara parasite (T. canis) from their mother before they’re born or from her milk. Toxocara larvae grow quickly in a puppy’s intestines. Within a few weeks of birth, the worms inside a puppy’s intestines can begin producing eggs. When the puppy poops, the eggs come out with it. Two to four weeks later, infectious larvae develop in the eggs.

• #2 CDC – DPDx – Toxocariasis

  https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/toxocariasis/index.html

  Toxocariasis in humans is caused by infection with larvae of Toxocara spp., which are common ascarid roundworms of mammals. Confirmed zoonotic species include the dog roundworm T. canis (presumed most common) and the cat roundworm T. cati (frequency not known). […] Humans are accidental hosts who become infected by ingesting infective eggs or undercooked meat/viscera of infected paratenic hosts. […] After ingestion, the eggs hatch and larvae penetrate the intestinal wall and are carried by the circulation to a variety of tissues (liver, heart, lungs, brain, muscle, eyes). […] While the larvae do not undergo any further development in these sites, they can cause local reactions and mechanical damage that causes clinical toxocariasis.

• #3 Toxocariasis – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/nematodes-roundworms/toxocariasis

  Toxocariasis is human infection with nematode (worm) ascarid larvae of the genus Toxocara that ordinarily infect animals. […] In the United States, infection with Toxocara canis in puppies is common because vertical transmission of encysted larvae is not cleared by routine deworming, but adult dogs also can also be infected. Infection with T. cati in cats is less common. […] The eggs of Toxocara canis, T. cati, and other animal ascarid helminths mature in soil and infect dogs, cats, and other animals. Humans may accidentally ingest eggs in soil contaminated by stool from infected animals or may ingest undercooked infected transfer hosts (eg, rabbits). […] The larvae usually do not complete their development in the human body but can remain alive for many months. […] The Toxocara canis life cycle normally involves dogs; humans are infected only accidentally, when they ingest eggs in soil contaminated by stool from infected animals or ingest undercooked infected transfer hosts (eg, rabbits).

• #4 Toxocariasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxocariasis

  Toxocariasis is an illness of humans caused by the dog roundworm (Toxocara canis) and, less frequently, the cat roundworm (Toxocara cati). […] These are the most common intestinal roundworms of dogs, coyotes, wolves and foxes and domestic cats, respectively. […] Humans are among the many „accidental” or paratenic hosts of these roundworms. […] Toxocara is usually transmitted to humans through ingestion of infective eggs. […] T. canis can lay around 200,000 eggs per day. […] These eggs are passed in cat or dog feces, but the defecation habits of dogs cause T. canis transmission to be more common than that of T. cati. […] Both Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati eggs require a several week incubation period in moist, humid weather outside a host before becoming infective, so fresh eggs cannot cause toxocariasis.

• #5 Toxocariasis: a silent threat with a progressive public health impact | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-018-0437-0

  Toxocariasis is a neglected parasitic zoonosis that afflicts millions of the pediatric and adolescent populations worldwide, especially in impoverished communities. This disease is caused by infection with the larvae of Toxocara canis and T. cati, the most ubiquitous intestinal nematode parasite in dogs and cats, respectively. […] Toxocariasis encompasses four clinical forms: visceral, ocular, covert and neural. […] Toxocara spp. are classified under the super-family Ascaridoidea, and include four valid species, namely Toxocara canis, T. cati, T. malaysiensis, and T. vitulorum. […] Toxocariasis has been reported in many countries worldwide, with most cases occurring in France, Austria, India, Japan, Korea, China, USA, and Brazil. […] Dogs and cats are the most important animal hosts for toxocariasis, especially in developing countries where most cats and dogs have access to public parks and playgrounds, serving as the main source of soil contamination, and posing a huge risk of human exposure to infective eggs.

• #6 Toxocariasis: Clinical Aspects, Epidemiology, Medical Ecology, and Molecular Aspects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC153144/

  Toxocariasis is caused by a series of related nematode species (ascarids) that routinely infect dogs and cats throughout the world. […] Infection can occur by the host ingesting viable, embryonated eggs from contaminated sources (e.g., soil and earthworms, etc.), or they can acquire the infection in utero (i.e., transplacentally) from the infected mother when she ingests more infective eggs. […] T. canis and T. cati are distributed worldwide, due to human settlement of nearly all land masses. […] Several species of Toxocara infecting domestic cats and other felids have been recently identified. […] It is not known whether either of these newly described entities cause human infection resulting in clinical disease, but given the epidemiological pattern established by T. canis and T. cati, it is likely that at least a portion of the total number of aberrant infections in humans have resulted from exposure to their migrating larvae.

• #6 Toxocariasis: Clinical Aspects, Epidemiology, Medical Ecology, and Molecular Aspects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC153144/

  The dominant clinical manifestations associated with toxocariasis are classified according to the organs affected. […] The degree of host damage, and the concomitant elicitation of signs and symptoms, varies with regard to which tissue has been invaded; the liver, lungs, and central nervous system (CNS), including the eyes, appear to be most sensitive. […] In addition, the number of migrating juveniles and the age of the host are two additional factors important as to whether a given individual’s condition will become elevated above the clinical horizon. […] The immediate hypersensitivity responses to dying and dead larvae in the viscera, including the lungs, liver, and brain, produce symptoms characteristic of VLM. […] Epidemiologic evidence suggests that ocular disease tends to occur in the absence of systemic involvement and vice versa, which has led to the proposal that the two manifestations of this infection be reclassified as OLM and VLM.

• #6 Toxocariasis: Clinical Aspects, Epidemiology, Medical Ecology, and Molecular Aspects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC153144/

  T. canis has been suggested as an environmental risk factor for asthma among some inner-city populations. […] Toxocara has been implicated as a contributing factor in skin disorders of at least two varieties (prurigo and urticaria). […] Toxocara canis infection: clinical and epidemiological associations with seropositivity in kindergarten children. […] T. canis and T. cati, as alluded to, are unfortunately all too common parasites of most domestic and peridomestic dogs and cats, particularly young ones. […] This is because, as stated in the section dealing with its life cycle, puppies and kittens acquire Toxocara juveniles transplacentally from the infected mother. […] Growing up in a poor neighborhood is associated with a higher rate of seropositivity for toxocariasis than is being raised in middle-income bracket housing.

• #6 Toxocariasis: Clinical Aspects, Epidemiology, Medical Ecology, and Molecular Aspects

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC153144/

  Routine treatment of nonferal dogs and cats with ivermectin, mebendazole, or other related benzimidazoles is another available measure which may prove effective in certain settings to limit the spread of this resilient group of parasites. […] The physical environment plays a crucial role in maintaining and distributing the infective eggs of T. canis and T. cati, although this subject remains underappreciated. […] Infective ascarid eggs of all species can last for months to years outside the host under optimal conditions, due solely to a resistant outer shell composed of ascarosides. […] Molecular vaccines could prove useful in aiding in the control of infection in domestic dogs and cats. […] Toxocariasis remains a problem throughout the world, inducing multisystem disease in young people.

• #7 Toxocariasis (Visceral and Ocular Larva Migrans) | Obgyn Key

  https://obgynkey.com/toxocariasis-visceral-and-ocular-larva-migrans/

  Most cases of human toxocariasis are caused by the dog roundworm, Toxocara canis. […] The cat roundworm, Toxocara cati, is responsible for far fewer cases of visceral larva migrans (VLM) than T. canis. […] Ingestion of infective larvae of the raccoon ascarid Baylisascaris procyonis rarely leads to VLM, but can cause neural larva migrans resulting in fatal eosinophilic meningitis. […] Ingestion of larvae from the opossum ascarid Lagochilascaris minor leads to VLM rarely.

• #8 Toxocariasis, Hydatid Disease of the Lung, Strongyloidiasis, and Pulmonary Paragonimiasis | Thoracic Key

  https://thoracickey.com/toxocariasis-hydatid-disease-of-the-lung-strongyloidiasis-and-pulmonary-paragonimiasis/

  Toxocariasis is a soil-transmitted zoonotic roundworm infection transmitted to humans by contact with canine and feline feces. […] Two species of the genus Toxocara are primarily responsible for most cases of VT: dogs, wolves, coyotes, and foxes are the definitive hosts for T. canis, whereas domestic cats are the host for T. cati. […] Other Toxocara spp. have been implicated in human infection, including T. vulpis (canine whipworm) and T. vitulorum (found in cattle). […] The role of T. lyncus (wild cats) and T. malaysiensis (domestic cats) in causing human infection is not clear. […] In addition, Baylisascaris procyonis (raccoon roundworm), Capillaria hepatica (rodent nematode), Ascaris suum (pig roundworm), and rarely Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm larvae, as well as Strongyloides stercoralis can cause a VT-like syndrome.

• #9 About Toxocariasis | Toxocariasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/toxocariasis/about/index.html

  Toxocariasis is an infection caused by a parasite that spreads to people from animals, usually dogs and cats. […] Toxocariasis is an infection caused by the parasite Toxocara. It spreads to people from animals, usually dogs or cats. […] Toxocariasis can spread to people through contact with the feces (poop) of dogs and cats with roundworm. Roundworm eggs are carried in animal feces and can get into peoples’ mouths through contaminated dirt or unwashed hands. […] In rare cases, people may get infected if they eat undercooked or raw meat like lamb or rabbit.

• #10

  https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/t/article/toxocariasis

  Toxocariasis is an infection caused by small worms found in the poo of some dogs, cats and foxes. It’s rare, but can sometimes cause serious problems. […] Toxocariasis is caused by worms found in some dog, cat and fox poo. […] Animals with these worms in their digestive system can pass out worm eggs in their poo. You can become infected if poo, soil or sand containing these eggs gets in your mouth. […] Toxocariasis is not caught from fresh poo. It’s usually caught from soil or sand that has contained worm eggs for a few weeks or months. […] Toxocariasis cannot be spread between people.

• #11 Toxocariasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxocariasis

  Many objects and surfaces can become contaminated with infectious Toxocara eggs. […] Humans are not the only accidental hosts of Toxocara. […] Eating undercooked rabbit, chicken, or sheep can lead to infection; encysted larvae in the meat can become reactivated and migrate through a human host, causing toxocariasis. […] Puppies are the major source of environmental contamination with roundworm eggs. […] Dogs and foxes are the reservoir for Toxocara canis, but puppies and cubs pose the greatest risk of spreading the infection to humans. […] Cats are the reservoir for Toxocara cati. […] Flies can act as mechanical vectors for Toxocara, but most infections occur without a vector.

• #12 Toxocariasis: a silent threat with a progressive public health impact | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-018-0437-0

  Humans acquire infection via ingestion of embryonated/larvated eggs present in the soil or contaminated food, or by ingestion of encapsulated Toxocara larvae in improperly cooked tissues of paratenic hosts, such as cows, sheep and chickens. […] The mainstay of toxocariasis therapies includes anthelmintics (e.g. albendazole [ABZ], mebendazole [MBZ] and thiabendazole) and anti-inflammatory drugs. […] The rapid increase in the number of dogs and cats, especially uncontrolled feral and stray populations and their close proximity to humans, has increased the risk of human infection with Toxocara.

• #13 EPIDEMIOLOGY

  https://www.aao.org/education/topic-detail/ocular-toxocariasis-asia-pacific

  Toxocariasis is one of the most prevalent zoonotic infections worldwide, but the majority of cases occur where dogs and cats (often household pets) are kept in close proximity to humans. […] Ocular toxocariasis is more prevalent in warmer climates because development of infectious Toxocara eggs occurs above 50F (10C). […] It is caused by invasion of the second-stage larvae of two intestinal roundworms: Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati (a common parasite of dogs and cats, respectively). […] Humans acquire the infection by accidental ingestion of contaminated soil or food with Toxocara eggs, or the oral-fecal route; the roundworm parasites complete their life cycles in the small intestines entering circulation and migration to different organs.

• #14 Comprehensive Control of Toxocariasis in Communities | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1180844

  Especially in pregnant bitches, which are capable of transmitting L3 to their offspring via transplacental or lacteal (vertical transmission), a situation that perpetuates environmental contamination with eggs of this parasite and the risk of infection in communities. […] The aim of this book chapter is to provide complementary information to the existing classic information regarding the understanding of the importance of toxocariasis in public health and possible comprehensive control mechanisms of this parasite within urban communities.

• #14 Comprehensive Control of Toxocariasis in Communities | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1180844

  What does occur is the development of various larva migrans syndromes, where L3 migrates from the intestine to various tissues, including the central nervous system (neurotoxocariasis), abdominal viscera (visceral larva migrans), and eye (ocular larva migrans). […] Toxocara is associated with alterations in the immune systems response to vaccines for various preventable infectious and contagious pathologies (e.g., rabies), in addition to a series of autoimmune diseases. […] Additional studies indicate that CT may represent a major cause of lung dysfunction, cognitive disturbances, and intellectual deficits in children living in poverty. […] Thus, toxocariasis is one of the causes of the cycle of poverty in the world. […] Toxocara spp. is considered, by the year 2050, the greatest global threat of zoonotic soil-transmitted helminthiases; furthermore, one of the five most important neglected diseases in the world.

• #15 Toxocara cati Infection in Cats | Today’s Veterinary Practice

  https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/parasitology/toxocara-cati-infection-in-cats/

  Infection can occur by ingesting eggs in soil or feces, by ingesting larvae in paratenic hosts, or, rarely, through transmammary transmission. […] Toxocara cati has zoonotic potential; therefore, environmental decontamination is valuable, although often difficult. […] Although the consequences of T cati infection are not as lethal for cats as are the consequences of T canis infection for dogs, T cati infection remains a threat to humans (although less so than T canis), who may acquire the infection by ingesting eggs in contaminated soil or larvae in raw meat from paratenic hosts, most commonly raw liver. […] The best way to avoid zoonotic infection is to prevent contamination by routinely testing and treating infected animals, preventing hunting behaviors, promptly removing feces from the environment, and stopping indiscriminate defecation.

• #16 Toxocariasis | Health and wellbeing | Queensland Government

  https://www.qld.gov.au/health/condition/infections-and-parasites/parasites/toxocariasis

  Toxocariasis, is caused by migration of larval forms of a type of parasitic round worm which is part of the Toxocara species. […] Toxocariasis is common wherever dogs are found and the larval eggs can survive in the environment. […] Humans become infected by eating infected eggs which are found in soil, direct through contact with infected soil or indirectly by eating food contaminated with infected soil (such as un-washed raw vegetables). […] The eggs are passed in the faeces of infected dogs or cats. […] Once eaten by humans, the eggs hatch into larvae in the intestine. […] The larvae penetrate the wall of the intestine and spread to other parts of the body. […] This migration of larvae causes the symptoms people experience. […] Toxocariasis is not transmitted from person to person. […] Direct contact with infected animals will not produce infection, as the eggs need to mature for a number of weeks in soil before they can cause the disease.

• #17 Toxocariasis | nidirect

  https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/toxocariasis

  Toxocariasis is a rare infection caused by roundworm parasites. […] The roundworm parasites responsible for toxocariasis live in the digestive system of dogs, cats and foxes. The worms produce eggs, which are released in the poo of infected animals and contaminate soil. […] Humans can become infected if contaminated soil gets into their mouth. […] Once the eggs are inside the human body, they move into the bowel before hatching and releasing larvae. These larvae can travel to most parts of the body. […] As humans are not the normal host for these larvae, they can’t develop beyond this stage to produce eggs. This means the infection cannot spread between humans.

• #18 Toxocariasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229855-overview

  Toxocariasis is an infection caused by the ingestion of larvae of the dog roundworm Toxocara canis or the cat roundworm Toxocara cati. The soil of parks and playgrounds is commonly contaminated with the eggs of T canis, and infection may cause human disease that involves the liver, heart, lung, muscle, eye, and brain. […] Disease severity depends not only on the number of larvae ingested but also on the degree of the allergic reaction. […] The pathologic manifestations result from inflammation caused by the immune response directed against the excretory-secretory antigens of larvae. […] Toxocariasis should be strongly considered when the patient has eosinophilia, characteristic clinical symptoms, and a positive finding on Toxocara serologic test.

• #19 Toxocariasis Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229855-clinical

  Risk factors for toxocariasis include the following: […] Living with or raising dogs and cats […] Eating without handwashing […] Infection via contact with soil from a yard, sandbox, park, or playground.

• #20

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40475-013-0010-7

  Dog ownership is considered a risk factor for the presence of Toxocara canis seropositivity; however, only one study in Mexico found a significant association between owning dogs younger than 1 year of age and the presence of Toxocara canis seropositivity. […] Malnutrition/low weight, not washing hands before meals, onicophagia and use of public parks may also be epidemiologically important for presence of Toxocara canis. […] The estimated frequency in Peru varies from 7.8 % to 32.4 % in the rural areas. […] Studies in Venezuela began very shortly after toxocariasis was described by Beaver et al in 1952, with clinical reports in 1968 by Latuff Cardozo.

• #20

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40475-013-0010-7

  Toxocariasis has a worldwide distribution, being considered endemic in most of America, Africa and Asia. […] The transmission of larval eggs is always orally and there are two ways of acquiring the infection: direct oral transmission, which occurs in people with geophagy (the habit of eating dirt), commonly seen in psychiatric or pediatric patients, and the indirect oral transmission that occurs by consuming contaminated food with the juvenile larval forms. […] However, accurate statistics in Latin America are poorly known because it is not a disease under epidemiological surveillance. […] Toxocariasis is a very common human parasitic worm infection in the US; it is closely related to poverty status in the US, which is higher in non-metropolitan areas, especially in the south and among non-Hispanic blacks and Native Americans.

• #20

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40475-013-0010-7

  The prevalence rate of toxocariasis, which is based on serologic studies that measure antibodies to T. canis antigens, among inner city blacks living in Connecticut cities was found to be 10 % and even higher among inner city Hispanics. […] Toxocariasis had been linked to childhood asthma as it may manifest with wheezing, pulmonary infiltrates and eosinophilia, features that are also the hallmark of childhood asthma. […] Ocular and visceral larva migrans, although uncommon diseases, are an important cause of morbidity mainly in young children. […] With all these considerations in mind, it can be correctly assured that toxocariasis is an important preventable and treatable disease affecting millions of Americans and causing a great health and socioeconomic impact. […] One identified obstacle for the control and elimination of this disease is the absence of reliable population-based estimates of prevalence and disease burden data about this condition.

• #21 Toxocariasis

  https://www.cellabs.com.au/toxocariasis

  Toxocariasis (visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans) is a widely under-reported parasitic infection caused by the migrating larvae of the nematode roundworms Toxocara canis and, less commonly, Toxocara cati. […] These parasites are found distributed throughout the tropical and temperate regions of the world. Toxocara is transmitted from dogs or cats to humans through contact with faecal matter containing unembryonated eggs. […] Studies from several countries have shown human infection rates of 2-8% in the general population, rising to 23% in certain groups such as dog breeders and kindergarten children.

• #22 Toxocariasis: Risks, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/infections-allergies/toxocariasis/

  About 5% of the U.S. population has Toxocara antibodies. This means millions of people have already been exposed to this parasite. […] If symptoms of visceral toxocariasis are present, your doctor may do a special blood test to confirm their diagnosis. […] To kill roundworms present with visceral toxocariasis, your doctor may prescribe an antiparasitic medication such as albendazole or mebendazole. […] For ocular toxocariasis, steroids are the most common form of intervention.

• #22 Toxocariasis: Risks, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/infections-allergies/toxocariasis/

  Toxocariasis is a rare type of infection caused by roundworms that is transmitted from animals to humans. […] Humans contract toxocariasis from animals that are infected with Toxocara roundworm larvae and pass the larvae through their stool. You can get infected if you ingest that stool or any dirt contaminated with the larvae. […] Toxocariasis may present in three different ways: Ocular Affecting one or both eyes, Visceral Affecting organs throughout the body (also called systemic), Neurological Affecting the brain, spinal cord and central nervous system. […] This is the systemic presentation that occurs most often in children younger than 3 years. Visceral toxocariasis occurs when the larvae travel through the body to organs such as the lungs, liver and heart. […] In the rare instance that the roundworm larvae invade the central nervous system, your brain and spinal cord may be affected. This is referred to as neurotoxocariasis.

• #23 Toxocariasis in North America: A Systematic Review | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003116

  Toxocariasis is an important neglected tropical disease caused by the roundworms Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, which are transmitted when eggs in canine or feline feces, respectively, are ingested by humans. […] Toxocariasis causes significant morbidity and loss of productivity and poses an important, yet largely unaddressed public health problem in areas of high prevalence. […] The current burden of disease due to toxocaraisis in North America is largely unknown. […] Ultimately, more recent and widespread research is needed to determine the true current burden of toxocariasis in North America, but the prevalence estimates gathered during this review preliminarily indicate that the burden of disease is not insignificant. […] Thus, we are still in the nascent stages of understanding the full extent of human toxocariasis in the US and North America and how to best diagnose, manage and treat, and ultimately prevent this illness and emerging health disparity.

• #24 Toxocariasis : Understanding The Risks Of Ocular Larva Migrans | Ganesh Diagnostic

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/toxocariasis-understanding-the-risks-of-ocular-larva-migrans

  Direct contact with infected animals: People who come into direct contact with diseased animals, particularly puppies and kittens, can contract Toxocara larvae. […] Transplacental transmission: In rare instances, a mother with toxocara infection may pass the infection to her unborn child through the placenta.

• #25 Visceral Larva Migrans: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24076-visceral-larva-migrans

  Visceral larva migrans is usually caused by a roundworm called Toxocara. […] Toxocariasis is the parasitic disease caused by the larvae of two species of Toxocara roundworms: Toxocara canis from dogs and, less commonly, Toxocara cati from cats. […] Toxocara larvae cause visceral larva migrans. After you’re infected, larvae burrow out of your intestines and into organs in your chest and abdomen. […] Your body responds to a Toxocara infection by producing extra immune cells in your blood. An increase in blood flow and immune cells to the affected area causes inflammation. Which symptoms you experience depends on how much inflammation your immune system creates in response to a Toxocara infection.

• #26 Toxocara infection – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Toxocara_infection

  Toxocariasis is an infection caused by parasitic roundworms found in the intestines of dogs (Toxocara canis) and cats (T. cati) […] Toxocariasis is a zoonotic (animal to human) infection caused by larvae of Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) and less frequently of T. cati (cat roundworm), two nematode parasites of animals. […] Humans are accidental hosts who become infected by ingesting infective eggs in contaminated soil. […] After ingestion, the eggs hatch and larvae penetrate the intestinal wall and are carried by the circulation to a wide variety of tissues (liver, heart, lungs, brain, muscle, eyes). […] The two main clinical presentations of toxocariasis are visceral larva migrans (VLM) and ocular larva migrans (OLM). […] In most cases, Toxocara infections are not serious, and many people, especially adults infected by a small number of larvae (immature worms), may not notice any symptoms. […] The most severe cases are rare, but are more likely to occur in young children, who often play in dirt, or eat dirt (pica) contaminated by dog or cat stool.

• #27 Toxocariasis – EyeWiki

  https://eyewiki.org/Toxocariasis

  Ocular toxocariasis is a rare infection caused by roundworms, Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. […] Toxocariasis is a zoonosis, which results from infection with common roundworms Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. […] Infection by roundworms, Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati. These nematodes live and mature in dog or cat intestine, respectively. As a mature adult the organism releases eggs which are passed in the stool. Contact with infected materials leads to human infection.

• #28 Understanding Toxocariasis : Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ganesh Diagnostic

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/understanding-toxocariasis-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  OLM usually occurs in children aged 5 to her 10 years and typically presents as unilateral visual impairment, sometimes accompanied by strabismus. […] The most serious consequence of infection is retinal infiltration, leading to Ultrasound granuloma formation. […] OLM can also cause diffuse endophthalmitis or papillitis. […] Albendazole is a drug used to treat toxocariasis. […] The other commonly used benzimidazole, mebendazole, is poorly absorbed outside the gastrointestinal tract, so this drug is second-line therapy.

• #28 Understanding Toxocariasis : Symptoms, Causes and Treatment | Ganesh Diagnostic

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/understanding-toxocariasis-symptoms-causes-and-treatment

  Toxocariasis is the clinical term used for infection of human hosts by Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati. […] Infection can occur when the host ingests viable, embryonated eggs from contaminated sources (such as soil or earthworms). […] In contrast, the human host is unusual in terms of life cycle completion. […] Transplacental infections are common in both dogs and cats. […] Humans can develop unusual infections by ingesting the same animals. […] The pathological outcome largely depends on the adolescent’s death. […] One study showed that Toxocara contributes to at least two types of skin disease: prurigo and urticaria. […] T. canis has been suggested as an environmental risk factor for asthma in some urban populations. […] Similarly, T. canis in the brain has been implicated as one of the causes of so-called idiopathic seizure disorders and one of the causes of functional bowel disorders.

• #29 Detection and Treatment Of Ocular Toxocariasis

  https://www.reviewofophthalmology.com/article/detection-and-treatment-of-ocular-toxocariasis

  Human infection by the nematodes Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati can cause both systemic and ocular toxocariasis. The definitive hosts for these species of nematodes are dogs and cats, respectively. Humans acquire the disease by ingestion of embryonated eggs, usually from contaminated raw vegetables or infected raw meat (chicken, rabbit and lamb), contaminated water sources or via geophagia. […] The primary causes of vision loss in patients with ocular toxocariasis depend to a large extent on the location and severity of the inflammation. Vision is typically decreased in patients with Toxocara endophthalmitis due to inflammatory media opacities, cystoid macular edema and/or cataract formation. […] A high index of suspicion is required to diagnose ocular toxocariasis. Children and young adults are affected most commonly.

• #30 Roundworms Carried by Pets Can Cause Blindness | MedPage Today

  https://www.medpagetoday.com/ophthalmology/generalophthalmology/26992

  Ocular toxocariasis, though rare, causes blindness in seven out of 10 of those affected by it, typically children, according to a national survey conducted by the CDC. […] Toxocariasis can occur following the ingestion of embryonated eggs of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati — the roundworms that occur in dogs and cats. […] Ocular toxocariasis is caused by the ingestion of embryonated eggs of roundworms excreted in the feces of dogs and cats. […] In an editorial note, the agency emphasized that most cases of Toxocara infection result from ingestion of soil, such as in playgrounds and sandboxes, that has been contaminated by dog or cat feces.

• #31

  https://step2.medbullets.com/infectious-dis/120679/toxocariasis

  human infection caused by the Toxocara nematode […] caused by Toxocara canis (in dogs) and Toxocara cati (in cats) […] the adult nematode lives in the upper gastrointestinal tract of a dog or cat the female nematode produces eggs that get excreted in feces the excreted eggs become embryonated ingestion of embryonated eggs lead to hatching of these eggs in the small intestines of the host the larvae perforate the intestinal wall and enter the circulatory system […] can migrate to the brain, causing neurotoxocariasis […] can migrate to the lung and liver, causing visceral larva migrans […] can migrate to the eye, causing ocular larva migrans […] the fetus can also be infected transplacentally or through the breast milk in pregnant women.

• #32 Covert Toxocariasis – DoveMed

  https://www.dovemed.com/diseases-conditions/covert-toxocariasis

  Covert Toxocariasis is a form of parasitic roundworm infection caused by Toxocara species. This type of toxocariasis infection is more commonly seen in children […] Toxocariasis is a parasitic infection in humans caused by roundworms belonging to the genus Toxocara. This infection is transmitted from animals (commonly cats and dogs) to humans, making it a zoonotic infection […] Covert Toxocariasis is caused by the parasitic roundworm belonging to the genus Toxocara. Individuals with this kind of infection may test positive for the presence of parasite, but exhibit vague (unclear or hidden) symptoms. […] Eggs of Toxocara species are often found in animal feces, or soil that has been contaminated by animal feces […] When Toxocara eggs containing embryos are ingested and enter the human gut, they hatch. The released larvae then infect the intestinal wall […] The larvae live inside the host, feeding-off the host cells by digesting them […] The larvae/worm can also move from one site to another within the human body via the bloodstream, causing inflammatory reactions at each site, resulting in symptoms.

• #33 Ten Facts about Toxocariasis | Published in Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association

  https://jmsma.scholasticahq.com/article/68053-ten-facts-about-toxocariasis

  Toxocariasis is caused by larval stages of the parasite, Toxocara spp. […] Migrating larvae of these zoonotic ascarids may be associated with significant pathology by wandering through extraintestinal viscera, causing tissue necrosis and provoking eosinophilic granulomatous inflammation. […] The clinical syndromes of visceral larva migrans (VLM), neural larva migrans (NLM), ocular larva migrans (OLM), or covert toxocariasis are most commonly caused by larvae of the dog ascarid Toxocara canis and, less frequently, the cat ascarid Toxocara cati. […] Covert toxocariasis refers to asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic infection, and this clinical entity remains a controversial condition/diagnosis due to the large number of seropositive asymptomatic patients. […] However, associations of positive antibody status and respiratory presentations such as asthma and wheezing, other subtle allergic presentations, epilepsy, and neurocognitive developmental delays have been reported in some studies.

• #33 Ten Facts about Toxocariasis | Published in Journal of the Mississippi State Medical Association

  https://jmsma.scholasticahq.com/article/68053-ten-facts-about-toxocariasis

  Toxocara canis (more common) or Toxocara cati, respectively, parasites whose primary host is the dog or cat, can infect individuals residing in Mississippi. […] Diagnosis of toxocariasis cannot be made by checking the stool for ova and parasites. […] Because Toxocara larvae are unable to complete their life cycle in humans to develop into adult worms releasing eggs in the intestine, a patients stool examination will not reveal infections. […] Positive serology, combined with consistent clinical signs and symptoms, are required for a diagnosis of toxocariasis.

• #34 Toxocara canis – Maizels Lab

  https://maizelslab.org/organisms/toxocara-canis/

  Toxocara canis is a remarkable nematode parasite, commonly found in dogs but able to infect a wide range of other hosts including humans (Glickman and Schantz, 1981; Lewis and Maizels, 1993; Hotez Wilkins 2009; Smith et al 2009). […] In addition, toxocariasis causes a significant pathology in humans (Gillespie, 1987; Gillespie, 1993) as well as dogs (Lloyd, 1993), and elimination of this infection would be a highly desirable goal (Hotez Wilkins 2009). […] The ability of arrested-stage larval parasites to survive in the tissues for many years must depend on potent immune-evasive and anti-inflammatory mechanisms operated by the parasite (Ghafoor et al., 1984; Smith, 1991). […] Toxocara has an exceptional ability to withstand attack by the immune system, most probably due to the specific glycoproteins which constitute the surface and secreted compartments of the parasite.

• #35 Toxocariasis Impact and its Silent Threat on Human Health

  https://www.walshmedicalmedia.com/open-access/toxocariasis-impact-and-its-silent-threat-on-human-health-123115.html

  Toxocariasis is a parasitic disease caused by roundworms of the genus Toxocara. […] Toxocariasis is caused by two main species of roundworms, Toxocara canis (from dogs) and Toxocara cati (from cats). […] When a human or another animal accidentally ingests Toxocara eggs from contaminated soil, water, or surfaces, the larvae hatch in the intestine and can migrate to various tissues and organs. […] Toxocariasis is a significant yet often overlooked parasitic disease that affects both humans and animals.

• #36 Toxocariasis – Helminthiases – Parasitic Diseases – Infectious Diseases – Diseases – McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine

  https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.II.18.69.2.

  Toxocariasis is a chronic parasitic zoonosis caused by the larval stage of canine or feline ascarids. […] 1. Etiologic agent: Nematodes of the Toxocara genus, which are accidental human parasites. […] 2. Reservoir and transmission: Domestic and wild dogs and cats. Humans become infected as a result of accidental ingestion of infective eggs of Toxocara spp, which are present in soil contaminated with animal feces. […] 3. Epidemiology: Toxocara spp are prevalent worldwide. […] Risk factors for infection: Pica (geophagy), raising dogs or cats, inconsistent deworming of domestic animals, occupational exposure to animals or to soil contaminated with feces, consumption of raw fruits and vegetables contaminated with soil. […] A positive epidemiologic history and fulfillment of 1 of the following criteria: presence of specific IgG or IgE in peripheral blood, peripheral blood eosinophilia, typical clinical manifestations or imaging abnormalities.

• #37 Toxocariasis

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/toxocariasis

  Human toxocariasis is caused by infestation of the larvae of two widespread roundworms, Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. […] Most eggs enter the environment via the faeces of puppies and lactating dogs. Humans usually become infected by ingesting eggs from the environment. […] The diagnosis is usually based on clinical features and results of blood tests: […] Eosinophil levels are usually normal in patients with chronic skin manifestations of toxocariasis. […] Appropriate anthelmintic treatment can often cure skin manifestations of toxocariasis; particularly prurigo and, to a lesser extent, chronic urticaria.

• #38 Prevalence of Toxocara antibodies among patients clinically suspected to have ocular toxocariasis: A retrospective descriptive study in Sri Lanka | BMC Ophthalmology | Full Text

  https://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12886-017-0444-0

  Toxocariasis represents an ongoing and poorly recognized parasitic infection in many developing countries including Sri Lanka. […] The present study showed considerably high Toxocara IgG antibody carriage (62%) among clinically suspected OLM patients. […] This high rate of Toxocara seropositivity in ocular patients should alert ophthalmologists in Sri Lanka to include toxocariasis in the differential diagnosis of ocular diseases presented with the symptoms and signs stated above.

• #39 About ToToxocari̇asi̇s | PPT

  https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/about-totoxocariasis/46904181

  Diagnostic tests for VLM are primarily immunological and the secondarily ELISA. OLM is diagnosed primarily on the basis of clinical criteria during an ophthalmologic examination. The immunodiagnostic tests used for VLM are not as reliable for OLM. […] Albendazole is the treatment of choice for toxocariasis. A dose of 400mg of albendazole twice a day for 5 days is the currently recommended therapy.

• #40

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11686-023-00723-9

  Nematodes belonging to the genus Toxocara (mainly due to Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati, less frequently due to, Toxocara vitulorum, Toxocara pteropodis) are the main causes of VLM. Toxocariasis is a cosmopolitan infection which can cause ocular and neurological manifestations, such as meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, cerebral vasculitis. […] Given the higher serological title for toxocariasis, the patient underwent an ophthalmological evaluation negative for ocular involvement and was started on a 7-day course of albendazole (ABZ) 400 mg bid, in association with prednisone. […] Our case, however, also illustrates a common issue faced by centres working with parasitic diseases. The positivity of both anti-Toxocara IgG and anti-Fasciola IgG led to uncertainty in treatment choice. […] Recent data have shown that the pathogenetic role of Toxocara and Fasciola has probably been underestimated in the past.

• #40

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11686-023-00723-9

  In our case, a diagnosis of either toxocariasis or fascioliasis was possible according to serological results. Definitive diagnosis of VLM due to Toxocara is obtained very rarely through the identification of the larva in bioptic samples, whilst in the majority of cases the diagnosis remains probable and based on compatible clinical features and positive serological test.

• #41 Toxocariasis | Concise Medical Knowledge

  https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/toxocariasis/

  Toxocariasis is caused by the nematodes Toxocara canis and T. cati. These species frequently infect dogs and cats and are most commonly transmitted to humans via accidental ingestion of eggs through the fecaloral route. Toxocara cannot complete their life cycle in humans. Infection occurs through fecaloral transmission. Toxocara cannot complete the life cycle in humans. […] The diagnosis of toxocariasis requires a high index of suspicion.

• #42 Febrile Exanthema Revealing Toxocariasis: A Case Report | HTML | Acta Dermato-Venereologica

  https://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/html/10.2340/00015555-1032

  Toxocariasis is a helminthic disease due to the migration of either Toxocara canis or T. cati larvae through the human organism. […] Toxocariasis is a widespread zoonotic parasite. Humans become infected by ingesting either embryonated eggs from soil, dirty hands or raw vegetables, or larvae from undercooked giblets, meats or offal. […] The presence of the larvae of the genus Toxocara in human tissues causes the manifestations of human toxocariasis, including the syndrome of visceral larva migrans, ocular toxocariasis, covert toxocariasis, as well as signs of liver, lungs or central nervous system involvement. […] According to this case, febrile exanthema can be added to the cutaneous manifestations of toxocariasis. […] Toxocariasis must be added to the causes of febrile exanthema, especially when the cutaneous lesions are widespread vesicles.

• #43 Derry City & Strabane – Services

  http://www.derrystrabane.com/services/health-communitywellbeing/dog-control-animal-welfare/toxocara-the-facts

  Total blindness from Toxocara infection is exceptional. It is rare even for the sight of one eye to be totally lost, though vision can be impaired. However, even one case is too many. It is so simple and easy to prevent following the regular worming of dogs and cats. […] Freshly passed faeces are not a Toxocara hazard. Any eggs in the faeces take two or three weeks to mature and require very specific conditions before becoming infectious. […] Most responsible pet owners do worm regularly so there should not be a problem. However, simple hygiene measures should always be advised. […] There is very little risk of Toxocara infection. However, you are advised to take your child along to your doctor for advice and any appropriate treatment. […] It is important to worm pregnant or nursing bitches and especially young puppies, which are more likely to be handled by young children. Adult dogs should be wormed every three months to prevent infection. Puppies should be wormed from the age of two weeks, every two weeks, until the age of 12 weeks. Pregnant and lactating bitches also need frequent working. Bitches should be wormed before mating, after the first 45 days of pregnancy, after giving birth and whilst weaning pups.

• #43 Derry City & Strabane – Services

  http://www.derrystrabane.com/services/health-communitywellbeing/dog-control-animal-welfare/toxocara-the-facts

  It is important that dog owners realize that the mess left by their dog is both a nuisance and a serious health hazard. Dog faeces can contain a number of things which can make people ill, best known of which is the infection caused by toxocara canis. […] Toxocara canis is the common roundworm of the dog. Toxocara eggs are present in the faeces of dogs which have not been treated with the appropriate tablets. If a person comes into contact with contaminated faeces and infected eggs, usually through swallowing, there is a slight possibility of an illness referred to as toxocariasis. […] It is very rare. There are approximately two cases each year due to infection per million people. On the rare occasions when human infection occurs, it usually causes mild, flu-like symptoms. Toxocara antibodies are present in fewer than two in 100 healthy adults in the UK who have previously been exposed to infection with no ill effects.

• #44 Visceral Larva Migrans

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/visceral-larva-migrans.page

  VLM, also known as Toxocariasis, is a disease caused by the larval stage of the parasites Toxoxara canis and to a lesser degree by Toxocara cati. […] VLM is present wherever dogs and cats are found and Toxocara eggs are able to survive. Toxocara eggs in feces of infected dogs and cats may contaminate the soil. […] Prevent Toxocara eggs from contaminating the environment and children from ingesting the eggs. Dogs and cats should be treated for Toxocara and other worm infections.

• #45 Toxocara cati in cats and people – International Cat Care

  https://icatcare.org/articles/toxocara-cati-in-cats-and-people

  Toxocara cati is a parasitic roundworm (ascarid) that infects cats. Not all infected cats show signs of having worms, but they can cause serious illness in cats and can be the cause of human disease. […] Toxocara cati can be passed to kittens from mother cats (queens) through milk. Cats can also become infected from eggs in the environment either through ingesting the eggs directly from the environment, or from eating an infected intermediate host (e.g. a rodent or bird). […] While Toxocara canis (the roundworm species found in dogs) causes most cases of infections in people, Toxocara cati also has the potential to infect people and may be an underestimated source of human disease. […] People are usually infected from the ingestion of eggs present in soil, sand or in contaminated food. Other sources of human infection are raw/undercooked meat from intermediate hosts (e.g. chickens or cattle).

• #46 Dog Waste Causes Blindness in Humans

  https://petpooskiddoo.com/blog/dog-waste-causes-blindness-in-humans/

  Toxocariasis is an illness found in humans that occurs when they are infected with parasitic roundworms, originating from either the fecal matter of dogs and foxes (Toxocara canis), or cats (Toxocara cati). […] A human can accidentally contract the parasite when touching the ground outdoors following an unintentional touch of the face. […] Toxocariasis has been reported in many places around the world. […] In the U.K., Toxocariasis causes partial blindness in around 50 children per year, while in America, Ocular Toxocariasis was discovered in 68 cases within one year, and an estimated 70% resulted in blindness. […] The number one thing we can do is to pick up after our dogs remove the waste before the eggs become invasive zygotes. […] Although Toxocariasis can potentially have serious consequences, it is rare.

• #47 What Are Hookworms and Toxocariasis? – Animal Health Center of Iowa

  https://animalhealthcenteria.com/what-are-hookworms-and-toxocariasis/

  Roundworm infection or toxocariasis involves infestation of people or animals with roundworms, parasites found in the intestinal tract of dogs and cats. […] Most animal species can get roundworms. Dog roundworms and cat roundworms are two kinds of roundworms that can cause disease in humans. […] Dogs and cats of any age can get roundworms but they are most likely to have roundworms when they are very young. Worms are often passed from a mother to her puppies or kittens before birth or shortly after birth through her milk. Roundworms can also spread between animals by ingestion of worm eggs from the feces of an infected animal. […] An estimated 10,000 human cases of Toxocara occur in the U.S. every year. Dogs and cats infected with roundworms contaminate the environment by passing the worm eggs in their feces. The eggs can survive for long periods of time in yards, parks and playgrounds. People can get roundworm infections following incidental ingestion of eggs in feces contaminated soil, sand or plants. […] In some cases, the immature worms (larvae) can migrate through the body causing damage to body tissues. This condition is known as visceral larva migrans. The larvae can damage nerves or even lodge into the eye which can result in permanent nerve or eye damage, even blindness.

Zobacz więcej