Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Therapy and Prevention for Human Toxocariasis

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8875715/

  Prophylactic measures in humans or companion animals are efficient and represent first-line treatments for the control of this zoonosis. […] Individual preventive measures have proven efficient. […] Dogs or cats in the patients environment should be dewormed periodically. […] Pet owners dwelling in suburbs or rural areas should be informed that their animal companions are at a greater risk of becoming infected with Toxocara spp. […] The ingestion of tissues possibly containing Toxocara spp. larvae may result in repeated infections in definitive canine or feline hosts. […] Moreover, any contaminated soil should be removed or the area should be closed so it is not accessible to small children. […] Household gardens should be fenced to eliminate contamination by dogs. […] If roaming cats are present in the vicinity, areas for growing lettuce should be covered by appropriate materials as soon as the soil is turned for seeding. […] Vegetables or fruits gathered in possibly contaminated gardens should be thoroughly washed before eating. […] Personal hygiene, including handwashing, is important, especially when handling foods and after contacting dogs.

• #2 Comprehensive Control of Toxocariasis in Communities | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1180844

  With the purpose of understanding the complexity of actions aimed at controlling the main zoonotic soil-transmitted helminthiasis in the world, this book chapter is proposed around the comprehensive control of toxocariasis in urban communities. […] Control strategies will be discussed in the various links of its transmission/infection chain, demonstrating that preventive medicine supported by selective strategic deworming in canines and felines within their various age ranges is the fundamental pillar in the fight against this parasitosis. […] The education of communities, from their state, governmental, and social leaders to family core, must be sensitized. Topics on zoonotic soil-transmitted helminthiasis, responsible ownership of dogs and cats, collection of feces and its correct disposal, selective strategic deworming for Toxocara in dogs and cats according to their age.

• #3 Toxocariasis Treatment & Management: Medical Care, Surgical Care, Consultations

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229855-treatment

  The eggs of Toxocara species are widespread in parks, playgrounds, yards, and in homes and apartments where the occupants have dogs or cats. Elimination of eggs from the environment is not possible; therefore, prevention depends on proper hygiene, including handwashing after contact with pets. […] Dogs and cats can be de-wormed. However, this does not eliminate eggs from the larger environment. […] Public policies that have attempted to eradicate Toxocara infection in dogs and cats have had limited success. […] Puppies and kittens acquire Toxocara infection transplacentally and should be de-wormed at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. […] Sandboxes should be covered when not in use. […] Dog and cat feces should be disposed of properly. […] After playing in public parks and in sandboxes, children should wash their hands before eating.

• #4 How Toxocariasis Spreads | Toxocariasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/toxocariasis/spreads/index.html

  The best way to prevent toxocariasis is to treat dogs and cats for roundworm and wash your hands after handling pet waste. […] There are several ways to prevent toxocariasis, especially if you have a dog or cat. […] Have a veterinarian treat any dogs and cats in your home for worms, especially when they are young and if they spend time outdoors. That will make it less likely that people will encounter parasite eggs. […] Wash your hands with soap and water after playing with your pets or other animals, especially after outdoor activities, and before handling food or eating. […] Keep your pet’s living area clean. Pet waste should be picked up daily and buried or bagged and disposed of in the trash. Wash your hands after handling pet waste. […] Teach children that it is dangerous to eat dirt or soil. […] Always cook meat thoroughly before eating.

• #5 About Toxocariasis | Toxocariasis | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/toxocariasis/about/index.html

  Have a veterinarian test and treat your dogs or cats for worms, especially when they are young and if they spend time outdoors. That will make it less likely that people will encounter parasite eggs. […] Wash your hands with soap and water after playing with your pets or other animals, after outdoor activities, and before handling food or eating. […] Pick up your pet’s waste every time. Bury it or bag it and dispose of in the trash. Wash your hands after handling pet waste. […] Teach children that it is dangerous to eat dirt or soil.

• #6 Toxocariasis: Risks, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/infections-allergies/toxocariasis/

  The good news is that its possible to prevent toxocariasis. One of the most important things you can do is wash your hands frequently with soap and water. […] You should also: […] Teach your children the importance of washing their hands, especially after petting an animal and picking up after a pet. […] Take your pets to the vet for regular checkups, and have them tested and treated for worms as needed. […] Clean your pets crate and bedding often. […] Bury your pets waste or dispose of it in the trash (and wash your hands afterward!). […] Teach your children that its dangerous to eat dirt. Also, talk with a doctor if you or your child suffers from pica, an eating disorder that causes a person to eat non-food substances. […] Make sure sandboxes are covered so animals dont use them to go to the bathroom. […] Wash fruits and vegetables before you eat them. […] Make sure meat is fully cooked before you eat it.

• #7 Companion Animal Parasite Council | Ascarid

  https://capcvet.org/guidelines/ascarid/

  Puppies should be routinely dewormed beginning at 2 weeks of age, with deworming repeated every 2 weeks, until the animals are four to eight weeks of age and placed on a monthly product with efficacy against ascarids. […] To treat potential newly acquired infections, dogs should be maintained on monthly intestinal parasite control products with efficacy against ascarids. […] Efficacy of the initial dewormings, appropriate monthly control product, and client compliance should be monitored by performing a fecal examination 2 to 4 times in the first year and 1 to 2 times per year thereafter, depending on the age of the animal and its prior history of infection. […] Prevention of predation and scavenging activity by keeping dogs confined to a leash or in a fenced yard will limit the opportunity for dogs to acquire infection with ascarids via ingestion of vertebrate hosts or from an environment contaminated with feces from untreated animals.

• #7 Companion Animal Parasite Council | Ascarid

  https://capcvet.org/guidelines/ascarid/

  Prompt removal of feces from the yard or the litterbox will also help prevent ascarid eggs from remaining in the environment as the fecal material decomposes or is dispersed. […] Enforcing leash laws and requiring owners to remove feces deposited by their dogs can protect public areas from contamination with ascarid eggs. […] If unable to consistently administer a monthly preventive, then treat adult pets four times a year with a broad-spectrum anthelmintic with efficacy against internal parasites. This should coincide with appropriate fecal diagnostics.

• #8 Comprehensive Control of Toxocariasis in Communities | IntechOpen

  https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1180844

  The biggest problem to control within the life cycle of Toxocara refers to avoiding vertical transmission of the parasite, especially in bitches, which can transmit L3 to their offspring in utero and through the milk. […] Without a doubt, the staging of a vaccine for the prevention and control of Toxocara spp. will be the fundamental pillar of a complete comprehensive plan for toxocariasis. […] The step to follow in integrated control is active epidemiological surveillance. Serial coproparasitological tests in dogs and cats are indicated to evaluate the effectiveness of antiparasitic agents and their frequency of use.

• #9 Toxocariasis | Health and wellbeing | Queensland Government

  https://www.qld.gov.au/health/condition/infections-and-parasites/parasites/toxocariasis

  Control of the disease requires environmental measures including preventing dogs and cats from contaminating soil and sand pits where children are likely to be exposed to the infection. […] Dogs and cats should be wormed regularly starting at three weeks of age, and repeated three times at two week intervals and every six months after that. […] Ensure the hygienic disposal of animal faeces. […] As the eggs are killed by extreme heat and prolonged dryness, the steam treatment of sand pits and the use of blow guns for kennels have been used to reduce contamination. […] Practise good personal hygiene habits, especially hand washing after soil contamination, before eating, and by washing food items that may have been contaminated by soil.

• #10 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Preventing-Toxocariasis.aspx

  One important strategy for preventing infection is to stop the deposition of cat or dog feces in spaces where children play, like parks and sandboxes. […] Since eggs require at least two weeks to become infectious, prompt cleanup of pet feces can greatly reduce transmission of the parasite. […] Another mode of prevention is the routine treatment of dogs and cats with anti-parasitic medications like ivermectin and mebendazole. […] Regular stool sample examinations for pets can also play a role in reducing toxocariasis. […] For pet owners, the best practices include regular fecal testing of cats and dogs and treatment with anti-helminthics. […] Encouraging children to wash their hands after playing outdoors or playing with pets and before handling food can also significantly prevent toxocariasis. […] Effective prevention should address sources of Toxocara contamination in lakes, reservoirs, and drinking water. […] Further work is necessary to prevent the spread of toxocariasis.

• #11

  https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspx?pId=11196&meta=generic&catId=30753&id=3854131&ind=270&objTypeID=17

  The prevention aspects are associated with puppies handling, which must be kept isolated from humans during the first weeks while they are not treated, loading cages must have water proof floors to be easily cleaned, cleaning must be done every day and also sodium hypochloride can be used. Treatments can be applied since the firsts four weeks of life, and it is recommended to have a second application at 2 and 4 weeks later to guarantee the complete elimination of the organisms (benzimidazoles, tetrahydropyridines, macrocyclic lactones) (Bowman et al., 2000). […] For adult female dogs it is advisable to have periodic treatments at least every six months in order to prevent transplacentally and lactogenic transmission using drugs able to eliminate the worms (specially macrocyclic lactones) (Bowman et al., 2000).

• #12 Toxocariasis in Puppies: Prevention, Treatment & Zoonotic Risks | The Webinar Vet

  https://thewebinarvet.com/blog/toxocariasis-in-puppies-what-veterinarians-should-know

  Toxocariasis is a parasitic infection caused by Toxocara roundworms, predominantly Toxocara canis in dogs. […] Educating pet owners about proper hygiene, such as regular handwashing after handling pets or cleaning up faeces, and discouraging children from playing in potentially contaminated soil, is essential for reducing zoonotic risk. […] 1. Routine Deworming: Encourage clients to deworm their puppies frequently as part of a preventive health plan. Puppies should be treated as early as two weeks of age and continue on a deworming schedule throughout their first year. […] 2. Client Education: Ensure owners understand the importance of faecal monitoring and hygiene practices to prevent reinfection and human transmission. […] 3. Environmental Control: Advise owners to promptly pick up faeces from their yards and discourage children from playing in areas frequented by animals. Reducing environmental contamination is key to controlling Toxocara in both animals and humans.

• #12 Toxocariasis in Puppies: Prevention, Treatment & Zoonotic Risks | The Webinar Vet

  https://thewebinarvet.com/blog/toxocariasis-in-puppies-what-veterinarians-should-know

  4. Testing and Monitoring: Implement regular faecal testing protocols for puppies and discuss any potential zoonotic risks with clients. […] By following an effective deworming protocol, promoting environmental hygiene, and educating pet owners on best practices, veterinarians can play a key role in reducing the prevalence of this parasitic infection.

• #13 CDC – Toxocariasis – Prevention & Control

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxocariasis/prevent.html

  Wash your hands with soap and warm water after playing with your pets or other animals, after outdoor activities, and before handling food. […] Teach children the importance of washing hands to prevent infection. […] Prompt removal of animal feces can help prevent infection since the eggs require 2 to 4 weeks to become infective once they are out of the animal.

• #13 CDC – Toxocariasis – Prevention & Control

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxocariasis/prevent.html

  Controlling Toxocara infection in dogs and cats will reduce the number of infectious eggs in the environment and reduce the risk of infection for people. Have your veterinarian treat your dogs and cats, especially young animals, regularly for worms. This is especially important if your pets spend time outdoors and may become infected again. […] There are several things that you can do around your home to make you and your pets safer: […] Clean your pets living area at least once a week. Feces should be either buried or bagged and disposed of in the trash. Wash your hands after handling pet waste. […] Do not allow children to play in areas that are soiled with pet or other animal feces and cover sandboxes when not in use to make sure that animals do not get inside and contaminate them.

• #14 Toxocariasis – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/parasitic-infections-roundworms-nematodes/toxocariasis

  Regularly deworming dogs and cats and washing hands can help prevent the infection. […] Prevention involves regularly doing the following: […] Treating dogs for roundworms and treating cats for roundworms (deworming) […] Washing hands with soap and water after playing with pets or other animals, after disposing of pet waste, after outdoor activities, and before handling food or eating […] Covering sandboxes when not in use to prevent animals from defecating in them […] Telling children to not eat dirt, soil, or clay.

• #15 Toxocara cati Infection in Cats | Today’s Veterinary Practice

  https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/parasitology/toxocara-cati-infection-in-cats/

  Decontamination of the environment is difficult because T cati eggs are resistant to many common disinfectants. The most effective method, although not always the easiest, is to cover the eggs with concrete or a foot of gravel. The best way to avoid zoonotic infection is to prevent contamination by routinely testing and treating infected animals, preventing hunting behaviors, promptly removing feces from the environment, and stopping indiscriminate defecation. […] Infection can be prevented by early diagnosis and treatment as well as restricting hunting by cats.

• #16 CDC – Toxocariasis – General Information

  http://medbox.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxocariasis/gen_info/faqs.html

  How can you prevent toxocariasis? […] Take your pets to the veterinarian to prevent infection with Toxocara. Your veterinarian can recommend a testing and treatment plan for deworming. […] Wash your hands with soap and water after playing with your pets or other animals, after outdoor activities, and before handling food. […] Teach children the importance of washing hands to prevent infection. […] Do not allow children to play in areas that are soiled with pet or other animal feces. […] Clean your pet’s living area at least once a week. Feces should be either buried or bagged and disposed of in the trash. Wash your hands after handling pet waste. […] Teach children that it is dangerous to eat dirt or soil.

• #17 Therapy and Prevention for Human Toxocariasis

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/2/241

  To date, the main epidemiological factors modulating the transmission of human toxocariasis have been identified. Consequently, individual preventive measures have proven efficient. […] Prophylactic measures in humans or companion animals are efficient and represent first-line treatments for the control of this zoonosis. Unfortunately, their implementation in areas or countries where toxocariasis epidemiology is driven by poverty is quite difficult or unrealistic. […] Dogs or cats in the patient’s environment should be dewormed periodically. […] Pet owners dwelling in suburbs or rural areas should be informed that their animal companions are at a greater risk of becoming infected with Toxocara spp. […] Household gardens should be fenced to eliminate contamination by dogs. If roaming cats are present in the vicinity, areas for growing lettuce should be covered by appropriate materials as soon as the soil is turned for seeding. […] Personal hygiene, including handwashing, is important, especially when handling foods and after contacting dogs. While gardening, wearing appropriate gloves is of paramount importance.

• #18 KoreaMed Synapse

  https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1060830

  Under the lack of sufficient awareness of OT, increasing public awareness on toxocariasis and reducing human exposure to Toxocara species are important for prevention of the disease. […] To reduce the risk of infection, source of transmission should be understood first. […] Good hygiene practices, such as hand washing, especially after exposure to high-risk areas such as sandboxes, outdoor park, and playgrounds should be emphasized. […] Pet owners should be counseled to dispose pet feces promptly, to clean their pet’s living area frequently, and to take their pets to the veterinarian for regular deworming. […] The association between raw meat, especially raw cow liver, and toxocariasis has been recently reported in adult population. […] Public health practitioner should consider the local cultural context when identifying the probable infection sources in patients with toxocariasis and educate the people not to eat uncooked meat to prevent Toxocara infection.

• #19 Visceral larva migrans – UF Health

  https://ufhealth.org/conditions-and-treatments/visceral-larva-migrans

  Prevention includes deworming dogs and cats and preventing them from defecating in public areas. […] Children should be kept away from areas where dogs and cats may defecate. […] It is very important to wash your hands thoroughly after touching soil or after touching cats or dogs. […] Teach your children to wash their hands thoroughly after being outdoors or after touching cats or dogs. […] DO NOT eat raw liver from a chicken, lamb, or cow.

• #20 Toxocariasis: Symptoms & Causes

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23401-toxocariasis

  You can prevent toxocariasis by taking some simple precautions. The most important thing you can do is practice good hand hygiene. Wash your hands with soap and water frequently, especially after touching animals and before eating. Other steps you can take to prevent the condition include: […] Make sure you dog or cat sees their veterinarian for checkups regularly. Their veterinarian can recommend testing and provide treatment if your pet needs deworming. […] Teach your children why its important to wash their hands. This is especially important after touching pets and playing outside. […] Dont let your children play near pet and other animal poop. Look around playgrounds, sandboxes and other areas that may have droppings. Cover sandboxes when not in use. […] Teach your children why its dangerous to eat soil and dirt. Keep an eye on them while theyre playing if they have a habit or putting things in their mouths.

• #21 Neglected Parasitic Infections in the United States: Toxocariasis in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 90 Issue 5 (2014)

  https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/90/5/article-p810.xml

  Toxocariasis is a preventable parasitic disease that is caused by the dog and cat roundworms Toxocara cani and T. cati, respectively. […] Toxocariasis is considered a neglected parasitic infection, and few resources have been devoted to increasing public and healthcare provider awareness of this preventable disease. […] Prevention strategies include teaching children not to eat soil, promoting good hand washing hygiene, and covering sandboxes when not in use. Pets should be regularly dewormed and communities should urge residents to keep pets away from playground areas and require pet owners to properly dispose of their pet’s feces. […] Although further investigation is needed to guide public health and clinical recommendations, there are steps that can be taken right now. For example, coverage of programmatic interventions focused on reduction of prevalence in animals and prevention of transmission to humans should be improved. Educational campaigns directed at the general public and healthcare professionals would help to increase awareness about toxocariasis. Working with veterinarians to increase pet owners’ understanding of the importance of frequent deworming and the need to properly dispose of their pet’s feces will also help highlight this neglected parasitic infection. An increase in our understanding of this devastating yet preventable disease, coupled with improved disease control efforts, will ultimately lead to a decrease in disease burden in humans and animals.

• #22 Toxocariasis Definition – CorneaCare

  https://mycorneacare.com/glossary/toxocariasis/?srsltid=AfmBOorvvAK-0Lz4DZ3JTFR9q7vR-XOKRDQkw9vmKtcn_TBeSzZ1kUhL

  For the most part, the public is unaware of Toxocariasis. Increasing public awareness and reducing human exposure is the key to prevention. […] Its important that they practice good hygiene, like handwashing after exposure to sandboxes, parks, and playgrounds. […] In adults, ingestion is most common, and an association has been found with eating raw meat especially raw cow liver.

• #23 Ocular Toxocariasis – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/ocular-toxocariasis/?utm_source=pubmedlink&utm_campaign=MDS&utm_content=140071

  Toxocariasis is a condition that affects the eyes and can lead to permanent loss of vision. Hence, its critical for the families of these patients to take preventive steps. Family members should be given clear information about what toxocariasis means for the eyes and why its important to keep having check-ups over the long term. […] The crucial step in managing this condition is prevention. Its important for children to maintain good hygiene. Direct contact with dogs and cats should be avoided, as should playing with contaminated soil or walking barefoot outdoors. Its also important to cook meat thoroughly before consuming it and to regularly give dogs worm medication. Dog waste should also be properly disposed of. Teaching parents and children about these healthy habits is key to prevention.

• #24 Ocular Toxocariasis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK576384/

  Ocular toxocariasis can present with or without active inflammation. […] The most important step in the management of toxocariasis is prevention. Good hygiene should be maintained in children. […] They should be prohibited from coming in close contact with dogs and cats. […] Educating the parents and child about clean and hygienic habits is essential.

• #25 Toxocariasis in Cuba: A Literature Review | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001382

  Human toxocariasis (HT) is a zoonotic disease caused by infection with the larval stage of Toxocara canis, the intestinal roundworm of dogs. […] The availability of adequate diagnostic tools in the country should be guaranteed. Dedicated studies are needed for a reliable assessment of the impact of toxocariasis in Cuba and the design of prevention or control strategies. […] The best option for reducing infection levels in dogs is preventive chemotherapy. To be effective, this intervention should reach both owned and stray dogs. Control programs for stray dogs are in place in Cuba, but they do not reach the full dog population. […] Overall, the data emphasize the major need for reliable, robust, and readily available sero-diagnostic tests for toxocariasis in the country, a prerequisite to obtain a representative estimate of both clinical cases and of background exposure to the parasite. […] Dedicated epidemiological studies, including veterinary, human, and environmental health data are required to improve the understanding of toxocariasis transmission within the Cuban context and develop adequate prevention and control strategies.

• #26 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/toxocara-canis-toxocara-cati.html

  PROPHYLAXIS: No chemoprophylaxis exists; however, effective measures to prevent infection and reinfection exist such as encouraging handwashing in children, discouragement of geophagia, worming of household pets, and the washing of raw vegetables. […] Municipal laws preventing the entry of dogs to parks and playgrounds and the requirement of owners to promptly remove their pets faeces from public areas may considerably lower the chances of Toxocara infection. […] Sandpits in public parks can be protected from contamination by covering them with vinyl sheets when not in use.

• #27 Toxocariasis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxocariasis

  Actively involving veterinarians and pet owners is important for controlling the transmission of Toxocara from pets to humans. […] Since pregnant or lactating dogs and cats and their offspring have the highest, active parasitic load, these animals should be placed on a deworming program. […] Pet feces should be picked up and disposed of or buried, as they may contain Toxocara eggs. […] Practicing this measure in public areas, such as parks and beaches, is especially essential for decreasing transmission. […] Hand washing before eating and after playing with pets, as well as after handling dirt will reduce the chances of ingesting Toxocara eggs. […] Washing all fruits and vegetables, keeping pets out of gardens, and thoroughly cooking meats can also prevent transmission. […] Finally, teaching children not to place nonfood items, especially dirt, in their mouths will drastically reduce the chances of infection. […] There is currently no vaccine available or under development.

• #28 Toxocariasis – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Toxocariasis

  The eggs of Toxocara species are widespread in parks, playgrounds, yards, and in homes and apartments where the occupants have dogs or cats. Elimination of eggs from the environment is not possible; therefore, prevention depends on proper hygiene, including handwashing after contact with pets. Public policies that have attempted to eradicate Toxocara infection in dogs and cats have had limited success.

• #29 Toxocariasis: a silent threat with a progressive public health impact | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-018-0437-0

  Prevention of human infections can also be achieved by washing hands after touching or playing with pets, or following exposure to potentially contaminated sites. Parents should educate children about basic personal hygienic precautions, such as the need for frequent hand washing and the dangers of eating dirt. Children’s play areas should be regularly cleaned and pets kept out of outdoor play areas (e.g. sandboxes) by covering or fencing them off. In addition to measures mentioned above, other interventions have been tested in animal models and may provide alternatives for the prevention of toxocariasis. For example, probiotics (Enterococcus faecalis CECT 7121 and Saccharomyces boulardii) and DNA-based vaccines (pcDNA3/CpG and pcDNA3/IL-12) have been tested in animal models. E. faecalis CECT 7121 and S. boulardii significantly reduced the burden of larvae in the liver, lungs and brain significantly. DNA vaccination with pcDNA3/CpG and pcDNA3/IL-12 reduced eosinophilia and airway hyper-responsiveness, respectively. Solid lipid nanoparticles of ABZ has been suggested as a promising formulation for the treatment of T. canis infection in mice.

• #29 Toxocariasis: a silent threat with a progressive public health impact | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text

  https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-018-0437-0

  The rapid increase in the number of dogs and cats, especially uncontrolled feral and stray populations and their close proximity to humans, has increased the risk of human infection with Toxocara. The lack of an effective method to kill Toxocara eggs makes it impossible to eradicate this parasite from the environment. Therefore, strategies for preventing infection should include measures to prevent initial contamination of the environment. Various measures can be implemented to interrupt the transmission of Toxocara eggs from animals to humans. These involve de-worming household pets frequently and from a young age. Particular attention and prophylactic anthelmintics should be given to puppies, kittens, or pregnant bitches, which are most likely to transmit the disease. Owners should also safely collect and hygienically dispose of pet faeces, before the eggs become infective. The World Health Organization (WHO) published useful recommendations for disposal of faeces of infected dogs and cats in order to break the dog-soil-human transmission cycle of toxocariasis.

• #30 One health approach to toxocariasis in quilombola communities of southern Brazil | Parasites & Vectors | Full Text

  https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-023-06010-w

  The high vulnerability and seroprevalence observed in quilombola communities clearly demand a One Health approach for detection, monitoring, and prevention of infection by Toxocara spp. in both human and dog populations. […] The high seroprevalence observed in quilombola communities of southern Brazil suggested high exposure to toxocariasis. The high vulnerability and close human-soil contact observed here as risk factors demand a One Health approach for detection, monitoring, and prevention of Toxocara spp. infection in both human and dog populations. Furthermore, educational improvement is necessary to prevent toxocariasis and other zoonotic infections.

• #31 Toxocariasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/229855-overview

  Prevention of toxocariasis obviously is preferable, but eradicating T canis infection is difficult because of the complexity of its life cycle. Good hygiene practices, timely disposal of pet feces, and routine deworming of pets are strategies necessary to reduce ocular toxocariasis in humans. […] Properly de-worm kittens and puppies. Pets should undergo periodic stool examinations by a veterinarian, and they should be treated if examination findings are positive for Toxocara eggs. […] Focus on personal hygiene. If dogs or cats have been in the yard, consider it contaminated. Wash hands after lawn work or gardening.

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