Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen): Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/enlarged-spleen

  The spleen acts as part of the immune system by filtering blood. Splenomegaly occurs when the spleen grows larger or becomes heavier. […] Healthcare professionals consider splenomegaly when the spleen is anywhere from 12 to 20 centimeters (cm) (4.7 to 7.9 inches [in]) in length and weighs more than 400 grams (g) (0.88 pounds [lb]). […] Massive splenomegaly occurs when the spleen is larger than 20 cm (7.9 in) or weighs more than 1,000 g (2.2 lb). […] Some of the most common causes of splenomegaly include: Blood-related disorders: Conditions such as leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloproliferative conditions can cause cancer cells to invade the spleen and multiply rapidly, thereby increasing the spleens size. An estimated 64% of massive splenomegaly cases are due to blood-related disorders. […] Liver diseases: Liver diseases such as cirrhosis or hepatitis can cause increased pressure in the liver that backs up to the spleen. As a result, the spleen starts to enlarge. Hepatosplenomegaly occurs when enlargement and swelling affect both the liver and the spleen.

• #2 Splenomegaly (Enlarged Spleen): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/splenomegaly-causes-symptoms-treatment

  Splenomegaly refers to a condition where a persons spleen gets enlarged. […] Splenomegaly is the medical term for an enlarged spleen. […] An enlarged spleen can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, liver illness, and various malignancies. […] Splenomegaly occurs when the spleen enlarges more than 12 cm in length and 400 grams in weight. […] The abnormal size of the spleen affects its proper functioning, making the condition a life-threatening issue. […] If your spleen presses on other organs, blood flow to the spleen may be affected. […] If your spleen grows too large, it may begin to remove an excessive amount of red blood cells from your blood. […] Infections may become more common if your spleen cant produce enough white blood cells as a result of its expansion.

• #3 Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly) – Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.hoag.org/specialties-services/digestive-health/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/

  An enlarged spleen, also known as splenomegaly, occurs when the spleen has become enlarged by size and/or weight. […] A spleen that measures between 12-20 centimeters and weighs between 400-500 grams is considered enlarged. […] A spleen that weighs more than 1,000 grams is considered to have severe enlargement, known as massive splenomegaly. […] There are many different factors that can cause an enlarged spleen, and the different types are classified by the reason for the enlargement. […] Congestive splenomegaly, which is caused by blood pooling in the spleen. […] Infiltrative splenomegaly, which is caused by foreign cells that have invaded the spleen. […] Immune splenomegaly, which is caused by an increase in your body’s immunologic activity and cell replication inside the spleen.

• #4 Splenomegaly: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206208-overview

  Splenomegaly is defined as enlargement of the spleen, measured by size or weight. In many instances, the spleen enlarges as it performs its normal functions. Importantly, while lymph nodes can be thought of as the draining secondary lymphoid organs of the respective anatomic compartments via afferent lymphatics, the spleen can be thought of as the primary draining secondary lymphoid organ of the systemic circulatory system with the afferent inflow occurring via the splenic artery instead of afferent lymphatics. Eichner et al proposed an early taxonomy for the pathophyisiology of splenomegaly as follows: Immune response work hypertrophy, Red blood cell (RBC) work hypertrophy, Congestive splenomegaly, Infiltrative splenomegaly, Neoplastic splenomegaly, Miscellaneous. Acute enlargement of the spleen due to various infections or inflammatory processes results from an increase in the defense activities of the organ. A high rate of removal of abnormal blood cells from the circulation is the usual source of RBC work hypertrophy. Cirrhosis with portal hypertension, splenic vein occlusion, or chronic heart failure with increased venous pressure causes congestive splenomegaly. Infiltrative splenomegaly is the result of engorgement of macrophages with indigestible materials. Hematologic neoplasms make up the bulk of cancer-related causes of splenomegaly. Additional causes of splenomegaly include trauma, splenic cysts, and hemangiomas.

• #5 Splenomegaly: Diagnosis and Management in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0900/p271.html

  Splenomegaly can be due to several mechanisms but is almost always a sign of a systemic condition. […] Several general pathophysiologic mechanisms cause splenic enlargement. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy cause splenomegaly due to increased function of the spleen. Infiltrative processes can cause accumulation of abnormal cells in the spleen, which can be malignant, benign, or caused by glycogen storage disorders. Congestive processes result in blood pooling due to blockage of venous outflow. […] In the United States, the most common etiologies of splenomegaly are chronic liver disease, malignancies, and infections. […] Several infections can lead to splenomegaly. In the United States, infectious mononucleosis is a common etiology of splenomegaly in adolescents and young adults. […] Management of splenomegaly involves treating the underlying disease process. Depending on the level of experience of each physician, hepatology or hematology referrals may be warranted for definitive diagnosis and management.

• #6 Splenomegaly: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment for an Enlarged Spleen

  https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/understanding-splenomegaly-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Your spleen, is normally about the size of your fist, is an important part of your immune system. If enlarged, this may indicate an underlying health problem. This condition, known as splenomegaly, not a disease in itself, but rather a symptom of an underlying problem. […] An enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) occurs when the spleen becomes larger than normal. The spleen is located on the left side of the abdomen under the rib cage and is the main organ responsible for filtering blood. […] Here are some common splenomegaly causes you should be aware of: Your spleen may enlarge in response to infections such as mononucleosis, malaria, or bacterial infections like endocarditis. Conditions like cirrhosis or hepatitis can lead to increased pressure in the veins entering the spleen, causing it to enlarge. Certain blood disorders like sickle cell anaemia, leukaemia, or lymphomas can cause abnormal blood cell production and are one of the common splenomegaly causes. Chronic inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or sarcoidosis can trigger immune responses that result in spleen enlargement. Solid tumors or metastatic cancer in nearby organs may spread to the spleen, causing it to enlarge. Conditions that obstruct blood flow in the spleen, such as blood clots are also some splenomegaly causes. Injury to the abdomen or spleen itself can cause swelling and enlargement.

• #7 Splenomegaly – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430907/

  Splenomegaly is defined as the enlargement of the spleen measured by size or weight. […] The mechanism underlying splenic enlargement varies based on the etiology. In the case of acute infectious illness, the spleen performs increased work in clearing antigens and producing antibodies and increases the number of reticuloendothelial cells contained within the spleen. These increased immune functions may result in splenic hyperplasia. In the case of liver disease and congestion, underlying illness causes increased venous pressure causing congestive splenomegaly. Extramedullary hematopoiesis exhibited in myeloproliferative disorders can lead to splenic enlargement (infiltrative splenomegaly). […] Splenomegaly can be classified based on its pathophysiologic mechanism: […] Congestive, by pooled blood (e.g., portal hypertension)

• #8 Splenomegaly – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430907/

  Infiltrative, by invasion by cells foreign to the splenic environment (eg., metastases, myeloid neoplasms, lipid storage diseases) […] Immune, by an increase in immunologic activity and subsequent hyperplasia (eg., endocarditis, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis) […] Neoplastic, when resident immune cells originate a neoplasm (eg., lymphoma).

• #9 Splenomegaly – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenomegaly

  Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. […] Splenomegaly is usually associated with increased workload (such as in hemolytic anemias), which suggests that it is a response to hyperfunction. […] The possible causes of moderate splenomegaly (spleen 1000 g) are many, and include: Increased function, Abnormal blood flow, Infiltration, Immune hyperplasia, Response to infection (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic), Disordered immunoregulation, Extramedullary hematopoiesis, Organ Failure, Vascular, Infections, Metabolic diseases, Benign and malignant „infiltrations”. […] Splenomegaly can be classified based on its pathophysiologic mechanism: Congestive, by pooled blood (e.g., portal hypertension), Infiltrative, by invasion by cells foreign to the splenic environment (e.g., metastases, myeloid neoplasms, lipid storage diseases), Immune, by an increase in immunologic activity and subsequent hyperplasia (e.g., endocarditis, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis), Neoplastic, when resident immune cells originate a neoplasm (e.g., lymphoma).

• #10 Splenomegaly – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430907/

  Splenomegaly is defined as the enlargement of the spleen measured by size or weight. […] The mechanism underlying splenic enlargement varies based on the etiology. In the case of acute infectious illness, the spleen performs increased work in clearing antigens and producing antibodies and increases the number of reticuloendothelial cells contained within the spleen. These increased immune functions may result in splenic hyperplasia. In the case of liver disease and congestion, underlying illness causes increased venous pressure causing congestive splenomegaly. Extramedullary hematopoiesis exhibited in myeloproliferative disorders can lead to splenic enlargement (infiltrative splenomegaly). […] Splenomegaly can be classified based on its pathophysiologic mechanism: […] Immune, by an increase in immunologic activity and subsequent hyperplasia (eg., endocarditis, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis).

• #11 Splenomegaly – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenomegaly

  Splenomegaly is an enlargement of the spleen. […] Splenomegaly is usually associated with increased workload (such as in hemolytic anemias), which suggests that it is a response to hyperfunction. […] The possible causes of moderate splenomegaly (spleen 1000 g) are many, and include: Increased function, Abnormal blood flow, Infiltration, Immune hyperplasia, Response to infection (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic), Disordered immunoregulation, Extramedullary hematopoiesis, Organ Failure, Vascular, Infections, Metabolic diseases, Benign and malignant „infiltrations”. […] Splenomegaly can be classified based on its pathophysiologic mechanism: Congestive, by pooled blood (e.g., portal hypertension), Infiltrative, by invasion by cells foreign to the splenic environment (e.g., metastases, myeloid neoplasms, lipid storage diseases), Immune, by an increase in immunologic activity and subsequent hyperplasia (e.g., endocarditis, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis), Neoplastic, when resident immune cells originate a neoplasm (e.g., lymphoma).

• #12 SPLENOMEGALY | Harrison’s Manual of Medicine

  https://harrisons.unboundmedicine.com/harrisons/view/Harrisons-Manual-of-Medicine/623562/all/SPLENOMEGALY

  Just as the lymph nodes are specialized to fight pathogens in the tissues, the spleen is the lymphoid organ specialized to fight bloodborne pathogens. The spleen may be felt because it descends when the pt inspires. Spleen enlargement occurs by three basic mechanisms: (1) hyperplasia or hypertrophy due to an increase in demand for splenic function (e.g., hereditary spherocytosis where demand for removal of defective RBCs is high or immune hyperplasia in response to systemic infection or immune diseases); (2) passive vascular congestion due to portal hypertension; and (3) infiltration with malignant cells, lipid- or glycoprotein-laden macrophages, or amyloid. Massive enlargement, with spleen palpable 8 cm below the left costal margin, usually signifies a lymphoproliferative or myeloproliferative disorder. […] Enlargement due to abnormal splenic or portal blood flow includes conditions such as cirrhosis, hepatic vein obstruction, and portal vein obstruction. […] Infiltration of the spleen can occur due to intracellular or extracellular depositions, such as amyloidosis and Gaucher’s disease.

• #13 Pediatric Splenomegaly Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/958739-clinical

  Hyperplasia is the most common mechanism of pathologic splenomegaly in children. This is due to a variety of conditions that result in excessive antigenic stimulation, including infection and immune dysfunction, as well as hemolysis. […] Excessive antigenic stimulation due to infection is the cause of most cases of splenomegaly in children. Viral infections are the most frequent culprits, and the associated splenomegaly is usually transient and only mild to moderate in severity. […] Splenomegaly can be a presenting sign of neoplasia, being a key such feature in leukemia and lymphoma. […] Hypersplenism is a clinical syndrome in which cytopenias result from excessive splenic function and splenic hypertrophy. The pathologic action of the spleen, that is, the reduction of circulating blood elements, has been attributed to four possible mechanisms: excessive splenic phagocytic activity, splenic antibody formation that causes hematopoietic cell destruction, overactivity of splenic function, and sequestration.

• #14 Splenomegaly – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430907/

  Splenomegaly is defined as the enlargement of the spleen measured by size or weight. […] The mechanism underlying splenic enlargement varies based on the etiology. In the case of acute infectious illness, the spleen performs increased work in clearing antigens and producing antibodies and increases the number of reticuloendothelial cells contained within the spleen. These increased immune functions may result in splenic hyperplasia. In the case of liver disease and congestion, underlying illness causes increased venous pressure causing congestive splenomegaly. Extramedullary hematopoiesis exhibited in myeloproliferative disorders can lead to splenic enlargement (infiltrative splenomegaly). […] Splenomegaly can be classified based on its pathophysiologic mechanism: […] Immune, by an increase in immunologic activity and subsequent hyperplasia (eg., endocarditis, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis).

• #15 Pediatric Splenomegaly Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/958739-clinical

  As the spleen enlarges, it can sequester erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, resulting in cytopenias. […] Venous obstruction is the most common cause of hypersplenism. Any increase in portal pressure is reflected in the splenic venous sinuses. This impairs blood flow out of the cords and results in the sequestration of blood cells and hypersplenism. […] Portal hypertension usually increases flow through minor collateral vessels between the portal circulation and the systemic circulation.

• #16 Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly) Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/enlarged_spleen/article.htm

  The spleen will enlarge when it performs more of its duties to filter blood or manufacture blood cells. Therefore, any disease or condition that damages red blood cells, and requires them to be filtered and removed from the bloodstream, will cause the spleen to become larger. […] The spleen will enlarge if there is a decrease in blood flow through the splenic vein. This may cause spleen congestion and enlargement. This situation may be associated with liver disease and portal hypertension. […] Leukemia and lymphoma may be associated with abnormal white cells that can invade the spleen and increase its size. […] Certain metabolic diseases may cause the spleen to enlarge, including Hurler Syndrome, Gaucher disease, and Niemann-Pick Disease. […] Some infections may cause splenomegaly including: Infectious mononucleosis caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, Cytomegalovirus, HIV/AIDS, Viral hepatitis, Malaria, Tuberculosis, Anaplasmosis. […] An enlarged spleen is the consequence of an underlying illness, many of which may not be anticipated or prevented.

• #17 Splenomegaly – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430907/

  Splenomegaly is defined as the enlargement of the spleen measured by size or weight. […] The mechanism underlying splenic enlargement varies based on the etiology. In the case of acute infectious illness, the spleen performs increased work in clearing antigens and producing antibodies and increases the number of reticuloendothelial cells contained within the spleen. These increased immune functions may result in splenic hyperplasia. In the case of liver disease and congestion, underlying illness causes increased venous pressure causing congestive splenomegaly. Extramedullary hematopoiesis exhibited in myeloproliferative disorders can lead to splenic enlargement (infiltrative splenomegaly). […] Splenomegaly can be classified based on its pathophysiologic mechanism: […] Immune, by an increase in immunologic activity and subsequent hyperplasia (eg., endocarditis, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis).

• #18 Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17829-enlarged-spleen

  An enlarged spleen is also called splenomegaly. Its a symptom of an underlying disease. Conditions affecting the spleen itself or the blood that passes through it can cause it to become swollen and enlarged. Several things can cause your spleen to enlarge, including inflammation, fat storage, pooled blood, benign or malignant growths and overproduction of cells. Some causes are temporary and others may indicate a chronic or progressive condition. An enlarged spleen is a symptom of many different conditions, some more serious than others. If an enlarged spleen goes untreated for a long time, it could eventually begin to malfunction. In rare cases, a severely enlarged spleen could rupture, which could cause internal bleeding. Common causes include infections. Viral infections such as mononucleosis and HIV, bacterial infections such as tuberculosis and endocarditis and parasite infections such as malaria and toxoplasmosis stress the immune function of the spleen. They can cause it to overproduce antibodies and immune cells (hyperplasia). Conditions affecting the liver, such as chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis, can cause pressure to build up in the blood vessels that run through the liver and spleen (portal hypertension). Vascular pressure can cause blood to pool and cause your spleen to enlarge. Blood cancers such as leukemia or myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and lymphomas can infiltrate the spleen with foreign cells that continue to multiply. An enlarged spleen may become overactive, trapping or removing too many blood cells from circulation. This can lead to anemia, low white blood cell count or low platelet count. A ruptured spleen can be life-threatening.

• #19 Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly) Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/enlarged_spleen/article.htm

  The spleen will enlarge when it performs more of its duties to filter blood or manufacture blood cells. Therefore, any disease or condition that damages red blood cells, and requires them to be filtered and removed from the bloodstream, will cause the spleen to become larger. […] The spleen will enlarge if there is a decrease in blood flow through the splenic vein. This may cause spleen congestion and enlargement. This situation may be associated with liver disease and portal hypertension. […] Leukemia and lymphoma may be associated with abnormal white cells that can invade the spleen and increase its size. […] Certain metabolic diseases may cause the spleen to enlarge, including Hurler Syndrome, Gaucher disease, and Niemann-Pick Disease. […] Some infections may cause splenomegaly including: Infectious mononucleosis caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, Cytomegalovirus, HIV/AIDS, Viral hepatitis, Malaria, Tuberculosis, Anaplasmosis. […] An enlarged spleen is the consequence of an underlying illness, many of which may not be anticipated or prevented.

• #20 Splenomegaly – PACES

  https://www.medicaleducationleeds.com/paces/splenomegaly/

  The abnormal enlargement of the spleen (subdivided into mild, moderate and massive splenomegaly) […] Myeloproliferative causes such as chronic myeloid leukaemia and myelofibrosis may be associated with massive splenomegaly. […] Causes of Massive splenomegaly include: myeloproliferative disorders such as chronic myeloid leukaemia, acute myeloid leukaemia and myelofibrosis. […] Causes of Moderate splenomegaly include: myeloproliferative disorders, lymphoproliferative disorders such as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and lymphoma, infiltrative conditions such as Gauchers disease and amyloidosis. […] Causes of Mild splenomegaly include: myelo and lymphoproliferative disorders, portal hypertension, infections such as infective endocarditis, Epstein Barr virus infection and viral hepatitis, haemolytic anaemia and autoimmune causes e.g. SLE.

• #21 Pediatric Splenomegaly Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/958739-clinical

  Hyperplasia is the most common mechanism of pathologic splenomegaly in children. This is due to a variety of conditions that result in excessive antigenic stimulation, including infection and immune dysfunction, as well as hemolysis. […] Excessive antigenic stimulation due to infection is the cause of most cases of splenomegaly in children. Viral infections are the most frequent culprits, and the associated splenomegaly is usually transient and only mild to moderate in severity. […] Splenomegaly can be a presenting sign of neoplasia, being a key such feature in leukemia and lymphoma. […] Hypersplenism is a clinical syndrome in which cytopenias result from excessive splenic function and splenic hypertrophy. The pathologic action of the spleen, that is, the reduction of circulating blood elements, has been attributed to four possible mechanisms: excessive splenic phagocytic activity, splenic antibody formation that causes hematopoietic cell destruction, overactivity of splenic function, and sequestration.

• #22 Myeloproliferative Neoplasms and Your Enlarged Spleen

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/splenomegaly-enlarged-speen-4068974

  Myeloproliferative neoplasms are a group of diseases where the body produces too many red or white blood cells or platelets. Often, these diseases result in an enlarged spleen. […] Some types of myeloproliferative neoplasms result in an enlarged spleen. This enlargement occurs because the spleen can’t effectively do its job when the body produces too many blood cells. Thus, it gets overworked and becomes enlarged. […] In polycythemia vera, an excessive number of red blood cells are produced, causing the blood to thicken. This increased number of red blood cells then collects in the spleen, leading to splenomegaly. […] In primary myelofibrosis, abnormal blood cells build up, causing damage to the bone marrow. In this disease, large amounts of blood stem cells become blood cells before they’ve adequately matured. This process causes the blood inside the marrow to become thick, slowing the ability to make blood cells. Thus, to make up for the lack of blood cells produced in the bone marrow, the liver and spleen begin to make blood cells. The spleen’s extra workload causes it to grow larger.

• #23 Pediatric Splenomegaly Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/958739-clinical

  Hyperplasia is the most common mechanism of pathologic splenomegaly in children. This is due to a variety of conditions that result in excessive antigenic stimulation, including infection and immune dysfunction, as well as hemolysis. […] Excessive antigenic stimulation due to infection is the cause of most cases of splenomegaly in children. Viral infections are the most frequent culprits, and the associated splenomegaly is usually transient and only mild to moderate in severity. […] Splenomegaly can be a presenting sign of neoplasia, being a key such feature in leukemia and lymphoma. […] Hypersplenism is a clinical syndrome in which cytopenias result from excessive splenic function and splenic hypertrophy. The pathologic action of the spleen, that is, the reduction of circulating blood elements, has been attributed to four possible mechanisms: excessive splenic phagocytic activity, splenic antibody formation that causes hematopoietic cell destruction, overactivity of splenic function, and sequestration.

• #24 Pediatric Splenomegaly Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/958739-clinical

  As the spleen enlarges, it can sequester erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, resulting in cytopenias. […] Venous obstruction is the most common cause of hypersplenism. Any increase in portal pressure is reflected in the splenic venous sinuses. This impairs blood flow out of the cords and results in the sequestration of blood cells and hypersplenism. […] Portal hypertension usually increases flow through minor collateral vessels between the portal circulation and the systemic circulation.

• #25 Enlarged Spleen – Blood Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/blood-disorders/spleen-disorders/enlarged-spleen

  An enlarged spleen is not a disease in itself but the result of an underlying disorder. Many disorders can make the spleen enlarge. […] To pinpoint the cause of an enlarged spleen, doctors must consider disorders ranging from chronic infections to blood cancers. […] An enlarged spleen may outgrow its own blood supply. When parts of the spleen do not get enough blood, they may become damaged, causing them to bleed or die. […] The spleen normally removes old and/or damaged red blood cells from the bloodstream. However, when the spleen enlarges, it traps and stores an excessive number of red blood cells, causing anemia. […] This process creates a vicious circle: the more cells the spleen traps, the larger it grows, and the larger it grows, the more blood cells it traps and destroys. […] When possible, doctors treat the underlying disorder that caused the enlarged spleen. […] The spleen may need to be surgically removed if hypersplenism causes severe problems. […] Surgical removal of the spleen (splenectomy) should be avoided whenever possible because it can cause problems, including an increased susceptibility to infections by certain bacteria.

• #26 Splenomegaly: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment for an Enlarged Spleen

  https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/understanding-splenomegaly-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Common splenomegaly complications may include: A significantly enlarged spleen becomes more fragile and prone to rupture, especially if there has been abdominal trauma. A ruptured spleen can cause severe internal bleeding. Your enlarged spleen may capture and destroy more blood cells than usual, leading to fewer in red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. If splenomegaly is caused due to a liver disease, it can increase pressure in the veins of your liver (portal hypertension). This can lead to complications such as ascites (fluid build-up in the abdomen) or varices (enlarged veins in the oesophagus or stomach that can bleed). An enlarged spleen can malfunction, making you more susceptible to infections, especially from encapsulated bacteria. This increases the risk of serious infections such as pneumonia (a type of lung infection) or meningitis (inflammation of the brain).

• #27 Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17829-enlarged-spleen

  An enlarged spleen is also called splenomegaly. Its a symptom of an underlying disease. Conditions affecting the spleen itself or the blood that passes through it can cause it to become swollen and enlarged. Several things can cause your spleen to enlarge, including inflammation, fat storage, pooled blood, benign or malignant growths and overproduction of cells. Some causes are temporary and others may indicate a chronic or progressive condition. An enlarged spleen is a symptom of many different conditions, some more serious than others. If an enlarged spleen goes untreated for a long time, it could eventually begin to malfunction. In rare cases, a severely enlarged spleen could rupture, which could cause internal bleeding. Common causes include infections. Viral infections such as mononucleosis and HIV, bacterial infections such as tuberculosis and endocarditis and parasite infections such as malaria and toxoplasmosis stress the immune function of the spleen. They can cause it to overproduce antibodies and immune cells (hyperplasia). Conditions affecting the liver, such as chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis, can cause pressure to build up in the blood vessels that run through the liver and spleen (portal hypertension). Vascular pressure can cause blood to pool and cause your spleen to enlarge. Blood cancers such as leukemia or myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and lymphomas can infiltrate the spleen with foreign cells that continue to multiply. An enlarged spleen may become overactive, trapping or removing too many blood cells from circulation. This can lead to anemia, low white blood cell count or low platelet count. A ruptured spleen can be life-threatening.

• #28 Massive Splenomegaly: A Case Report of Visceral Leishmania and Schistosomiasis Co-infection and a Review of Infectious Causes of Massive Splenomegaly

  https://www.oatext.com/massive-splenomegaly-a-case-report-of-visceral-leishmania-and-schistosomiasis-co-infection-and-a-review-of-infectious-causes-of-massive-splenomegaly.php

  It is unknown which infection appeared first in the patient. Animal studies suggest prior infection with S. Mansoni allow subsequent coinfection with Leishmania to become more severe or persist longer than single Leishmania infection. […] An additional infectious diagnosis that can explain massive splenomegaly is Hyperreacive Malarial Syndrome. This syndrome is caused by an aberrant immunological response to malaria due to the presence of elevated IgM antibodies against CD8 lymphocytes. This leaves a relatively unopposed effect of CD4 helper lymphocytes on B cells, which in turn causes reticuloendothelial hypertrophy and massive splenomegaly. […] To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported coinfection of VL and schistosomiasis infection in Israel. The exact pathological effect on each respective infection requires further research.

• #29 Massive Splenomegaly: A Case Report of Visceral Leishmania and Schistosomiasis Co-infection and a Review of Infectious Causes of Massive Splenomegaly

  https://www.oatext.com/massive-splenomegaly-a-case-report-of-visceral-leishmania-and-schistosomiasis-co-infection-and-a-review-of-infectious-causes-of-massive-splenomegaly.php

  Massive splenomegaly is typically defined as the lower pole of the spleen extending into the pelvis or crossing the midline or weighing 1000 grams. […] We additionally aim to further clarify the presentations and causes of infectious massive splenomegaly. […] The most important clinical manifestation of VL is the syndrome known as kala- azar (Hindi for black fever). The incubation period is usually 2-6 months but can range from a few weeks to several years. Onset of symptoms is usually insidious or subacute with slow progression of malaise, fever, weight loss and splenomegaly (with or without hematomegaly) over a period of months. The splenomegaly is due to replication and accumulation of the parasite in the reticuloendothelial system. […] Massive splenomegaly could also be due to Schistosomiasis. Splenomegaly in schistosomiasis can be due to two different pathological processes. In young children and adolescents, there is an inflammatory response as an early reaction to ova trapped in the perisinusoidal periportal spaces of the liver. There is additional nodular enlargement of the spleen. In adults, a longstanding intense infection causes massive deposition of diffuse collagen in the periportal spaces of the liver, leading to the pathognomonic periportal or Symmers pipestem fibrosis. This fibrosis leads to portal hypertension and splenomegaly with collateral venous circulation.

• #30 Myeloproliferative Neoplasms and Your Enlarged Spleen

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/splenomegaly-enlarged-speen-4068974

  Myeloproliferative neoplasms are a group of diseases where the body produces too many red or white blood cells or platelets. Often, these diseases result in an enlarged spleen. […] Some types of myeloproliferative neoplasms result in an enlarged spleen. This enlargement occurs because the spleen can’t effectively do its job when the body produces too many blood cells. Thus, it gets overworked and becomes enlarged. […] In polycythemia vera, an excessive number of red blood cells are produced, causing the blood to thicken. This increased number of red blood cells then collects in the spleen, leading to splenomegaly. […] In primary myelofibrosis, abnormal blood cells build up, causing damage to the bone marrow. In this disease, large amounts of blood stem cells become blood cells before they’ve adequately matured. This process causes the blood inside the marrow to become thick, slowing the ability to make blood cells. Thus, to make up for the lack of blood cells produced in the bone marrow, the liver and spleen begin to make blood cells. The spleen’s extra workload causes it to grow larger.

• #31 Myeloproliferative Neoplasms and Your Enlarged Spleen

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/splenomegaly-enlarged-speen-4068974

  In essential thrombocythemia, too many platelets are made in the bone marrow. With this disease, platelets become sticky and can clump together, making it hard for the blood to flow. This clumping can increase the risk of blood clots, stroke, and heart attack. In addition, when the blood can’t flow adequately, the spleen may become enlarged. […] Myeloproliferative neoplasms are a group of blood disorders that can lead to an enlarged spleen. If you have an enlarged spleen, you may not notice it at all. However, at times, an enlarged spleen can cause symptoms like a full sensation in the abdomen, and there is an increased risk of injury when it becomes too large to be protected by the ribcage. […] An enlarged spleen doesn’t always require treatment. If you need treatment, it may include medication, surgery to remove the spleen, or radiation to reduce the spleen’s size.

• #32 What is Splenomegaly? Every Patient With an MPN Should Know

  https://www.voicesofmpn.com/mpn-blog/mpn-patient-splenomegaly

  If you or someone you care about has been diagnosed with one of the rare, chronic blood cancers known as myeloproliferative neoplasms, or MPNs, you know how important it is to do your research and learn as much as you can. […] MPNs are cancers of the bone marrow (where blood cells are primarily made). When the bone marrow cannot make enough normal blood cells, the spleen begins to make them. This causes the spleen to grow larger. An enlargement of the spleen is known as splenomegaly (splee-nuh-MEG-uh-lee) and its a common finding among patients with MPNs. Although people with PV or ET may, at some point, experience splenomegaly, its far more common in those with MF. In one clinical study, approximately 90% of people with MF had an enlarged spleen at diagnosis. […] Because splenomegaly is a common finding among patients with MPNs, checking your spleen size should be a routine part of your MPN check-ups. In fact, your Healthcare Professional should be regularly evaluating your spleen by feeling or palpating your abdominal area at each visit to determine if there have been any changes in size or volume.

• #33 Understanding Splenomegaly in Myelofibrosis: Association with Molecular Pathogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/3/898

  Myelofibrosis (MF) is a clinical manifestation of chronic BCR-ABL1-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. Splenomegaly is one of the major clinical manifestations of MF and is directly linked to splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH). EMH is associated with abnormal trafficking patterns of clonal hematopoietic cells due to the dysregulated bone marrow (BM) microenvironment leading to progressive splenomegaly. […] The emergence of EMH is associated with the abnormal trafficking patterns of clonal hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and HSCs due to the dysregulation of the BM microenvironment. Progressive splenomegaly is significantly associated with debilitating symptoms, such as early satiety, deteriorative abdominal pain, portal hypertension, decreased physical activity, and the progression of cytopenia due to splenic sequestration in MF.

• #34 Understanding Splenomegaly in Myelofibrosis: Association with Molecular Pathogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/3/898

  Several recent data have emphasized the role of several cytokines that are associated with EMH. […] In addition, MF patients with ≥1 mutations in AZXL1, EZH1 or IDH1/2 had significantly low spleen reduction response in ruxolitinib treatment. […] Developments of JAK inhibitors, such as ruxolitinib, pacritinib, momelotinib, and febratinib enabled the effective management in MF patients. […] Splenomegaly is a cardinal feature and is associated with splenic EMH in MF. […] In previous studies, several cytokines, such as SCF, TNF-α, PDGF, TGF-β, bFGF, PF4, and IL-8 contributed to the expansion of malignant clones from the BM to the spleen as an EMH site, leading to the development of splenomegaly in MF patients. […] Moreover, low Gata1 expression is thought to transfer and engraft from the BM to the EMH site in the spleen. Ultimately, these mechanisms linked to EMH result in an enlarged spleen in MF.

• #35 Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly) Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/enlarged_spleen/article.htm

  The spleen will enlarge when it performs more of its duties to filter blood or manufacture blood cells. Therefore, any disease or condition that damages red blood cells, and requires them to be filtered and removed from the bloodstream, will cause the spleen to become larger. […] The spleen will enlarge if there is a decrease in blood flow through the splenic vein. This may cause spleen congestion and enlargement. This situation may be associated with liver disease and portal hypertension. […] Leukemia and lymphoma may be associated with abnormal white cells that can invade the spleen and increase its size. […] Certain metabolic diseases may cause the spleen to enlarge, including Hurler Syndrome, Gaucher disease, and Niemann-Pick Disease. […] Some infections may cause splenomegaly including: Infectious mononucleosis caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, Cytomegalovirus, HIV/AIDS, Viral hepatitis, Malaria, Tuberculosis, Anaplasmosis. […] An enlarged spleen is the consequence of an underlying illness, many of which may not be anticipated or prevented.

• #36 Signs, Causes, and Treatments of an Enlarged Spleen – Dallas Gastro

  https://www.dallasgastro.com/2020/06/24/signs-causes-and-treatments-of-an-enlarged-spleen/

  Many variables can cause an enlarged spleen. It is typically the result of a clot or buildup of the waste materials that your spleen filters from your blood. […] Having an enlarged spleen is a condition known as Splenomegaly and is often a symptom of another underlying problem. […] Blood disorders that result in the overproduction or damage of blood cells can enlarge the spleen. […] Sickle cell disease, hemolytic anemia, and spherocytosis are all blood conditions that can lead to an enlarged spleen. […] When this process is made abnormal by disease, it affects things on the cellular level. […] Hurler syndrome, Gaucher disease, Neumann-Pick disease, and Amyloidosis all create abnormal buildups, deficiencies, and other changes that damage and enlarge the spleen. […] Cancers that affect the different components of your blood can change how your spleen responds.

• #37 Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/symptoms-causes/syc-20354326

  Enlarged spleen is also known as splenomegaly (spleh-no-MEG-uh-lee). […] A number of infections and diseases can cause an enlarged spleen. The enlargement might be temporary, depending on treatment. […] An enlarged spleen affects each of these jobs. When it’s enlarged, your spleen may not function as usual. […] Potential complications of an enlarged spleen are: Infection. An enlarged spleen can reduce the number of healthy red blood cells, platelets and white cells in your bloodstream, leading to more frequent infections. Anemia and increased bleeding also are possible. […] Ruptured spleen. Even healthy spleens are soft and easily damaged, especially in car crashes. The possibility of rupture is much greater when your spleen is enlarged. A ruptured spleen can cause life-threatening bleeding in your belly.

• #38 Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/enlarged-spleen-splenomegaly

  Your spleen is an organ that sits just below your left rib cage. Many conditions including infections, liver disease and some cancers can cause an enlarged spleen. An enlarged spleen is also known as splenomegaly (spleh-no-MEG-uh-lee). […] A number of infections and diseases can cause an enlarged spleen. The enlargement might be temporary, depending on treatment. […] An enlarged spleen affects each of these jobs. When it’s enlarged, your spleen may not function as usual. […] Potential complications of an enlarged spleen are: Infection. An enlarged spleen can reduce the number of healthy red blood cells, platelets and white cells in your bloodstream, leading to more frequent infections. […] Your doctor might recommend surgery to remove your spleen (splenectomy) for diagnostic purposes when there’s no identifiable cause for the enlargement. More often, the spleen is removed as treatment.

• #39 Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/symptoms-causes/syc-20354326

  Enlarged spleen is also known as splenomegaly (spleh-no-MEG-uh-lee). […] A number of infections and diseases can cause an enlarged spleen. The enlargement might be temporary, depending on treatment. […] An enlarged spleen affects each of these jobs. When it’s enlarged, your spleen may not function as usual. […] Potential complications of an enlarged spleen are: Infection. An enlarged spleen can reduce the number of healthy red blood cells, platelets and white cells in your bloodstream, leading to more frequent infections. Anemia and increased bleeding also are possible. […] Ruptured spleen. Even healthy spleens are soft and easily damaged, especially in car crashes. The possibility of rupture is much greater when your spleen is enlarged. A ruptured spleen can cause life-threatening bleeding in your belly.

• #40 Splenomegaly: Diagnosis and Management in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0900/p271.html

  Spleen reduction therapies (e.g., irradiation, chemotherapy, transfusions) and splenectomy are occasionally used for painful splenomegaly or in malignancies. Splenectomy can be performed to control esophageal varices in liver disease or to control pain and other symptoms caused by massive splenomegaly. […] Acute infections, anemia, and splenic rupture are the most common complications of splenomegaly.

• #41 Splenomegaly – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/splenomegaly/

  Splenomegaly is enlargement of the spleen. The etiology is diverse and may result from increased splenic activity, decreased venous drainage, or infiltration of the spleen. […] Increased splenic activity includes increased degradation of defective or structurally abnormal blood cells and increased immune response. […] Pathomechanism: overactive spleen cells are removed from the blood faster than normal of a single or combination of cell lines, including possible cytopenia (pancytopenia, leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia) reactive bone marrow hyperplasia (unless defective bone marrow is the cause of splenomegaly). […] Treatment of underlying disease.

• #42 Splenomegaly (Enlarged Spleen) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/splenomegaly-and-hypersplenism

  Splenomegaly is a rare condition. An incidence of 2% has been reported in the USA. […] In about 5% of cases, no cause can be found. […] This is a pancytopenia occurring in patients with an enlarged spleen. It is due to large numbers of cells being pooled and destroyed in the spleen’s reticulo-endothelial system, and haemodilution because of an increased plasma volume. […] Bone marrow biopsy shows normal or hyperplastic marrow. […] Splenic sequestration crisis may develop in young children with sickle cell anaemia, which can precipitate hypovolaemic shock and death, and is an indication for splenectomy.

• #43 Enlarged Spleen: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/enlarged-spleen-causes-symptoms-and-treatments

  A very large spleen can become overactive. When this happens it might remove too many blood cells from your body, which can cause anemia — a condition in which you don’t have enough red blood cells. […] If your spleen gets too large, it could rupture or burst. This could happen suddenly, or it could be caused by an impact. A ruptured spleen can cause a lot of blood loss and be life-threatening. […] An enlarged spleen can be caused by many underlying health conditions. It’s important to get treatment quickly to prevent complications, such as a ruptured spleen.

• #44 Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Cost

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/enlarged-spleen-splenomegaly

  An enlarged spleen is a recognised symptom of metabolic diseases such Gaucher’s disease and Niemann-Pick disease. […] Blood disorders such as thalassemia and hemolytic anaemia can cause the spleen to become enlarged due to the increased workload it must take on in order to filter out damaged red blood cells. […] Certain types of cancer, such as lymphoma and leukaemia, can also cause an enlarged spleen due to the presence of cancerous cells in the organ. […] Other causes of splenomegaly include cirrhosis of the liver and certain autoimmune diseases, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. […] An enlarged spleen can trap too many white blood cells and platelets, leaving the body more vulnerable to infections. […] The spleen is filled with blood vessels, so if it becomes too large it can rupture, causing internal bleeding.

• #45 Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/symptoms-causes/syc-20354326

  Enlarged spleen is also known as splenomegaly (spleh-no-MEG-uh-lee). […] A number of infections and diseases can cause an enlarged spleen. The enlargement might be temporary, depending on treatment. […] An enlarged spleen affects each of these jobs. When it’s enlarged, your spleen may not function as usual. […] Potential complications of an enlarged spleen are: Infection. An enlarged spleen can reduce the number of healthy red blood cells, platelets and white cells in your bloodstream, leading to more frequent infections. Anemia and increased bleeding also are possible. […] Ruptured spleen. Even healthy spleens are soft and easily damaged, especially in car crashes. The possibility of rupture is much greater when your spleen is enlarged. A ruptured spleen can cause life-threatening bleeding in your belly.

• #46 Splenomegaly: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment for an Enlarged Spleen

  https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/understanding-splenomegaly-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Common splenomegaly complications may include: A significantly enlarged spleen becomes more fragile and prone to rupture, especially if there has been abdominal trauma. A ruptured spleen can cause severe internal bleeding. Your enlarged spleen may capture and destroy more blood cells than usual, leading to fewer in red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. If splenomegaly is caused due to a liver disease, it can increase pressure in the veins of your liver (portal hypertension). This can lead to complications such as ascites (fluid build-up in the abdomen) or varices (enlarged veins in the oesophagus or stomach that can bleed). An enlarged spleen can malfunction, making you more susceptible to infections, especially from encapsulated bacteria. This increases the risk of serious infections such as pneumonia (a type of lung infection) or meningitis (inflammation of the brain).

• #47 Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Cost

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/enlarged-spleen-splenomegaly

  An enlarged spleen is a recognised symptom of metabolic diseases such Gaucher’s disease and Niemann-Pick disease. […] Blood disorders such as thalassemia and hemolytic anaemia can cause the spleen to become enlarged due to the increased workload it must take on in order to filter out damaged red blood cells. […] Certain types of cancer, such as lymphoma and leukaemia, can also cause an enlarged spleen due to the presence of cancerous cells in the organ. […] Other causes of splenomegaly include cirrhosis of the liver and certain autoimmune diseases, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. […] An enlarged spleen can trap too many white blood cells and platelets, leaving the body more vulnerable to infections. […] The spleen is filled with blood vessels, so if it becomes too large it can rupture, causing internal bleeding.

• #48 Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/splenomegaly

  Splenomegaly is an enlarged spleen. This can cause stomach discomfort, decreased blood flow and filtering, and anemia. It can even lead to a ruptured spleen, so taking precautions and seeing a doctor is necessary. […] If your spleen starts to press on other organs, it can start to affect the blood flow to the spleen. This could cause your spleen to not be able to filter your blood properly. […] If your spleen becomes too big, it can start to remove too many red blood cells from your blood. Not having enough red blood cells can lead to a condition called anemia. […] A number of diseases and conditions can cause an enlarged spleen. Infections, such as mononucleosis, are among the most common causes of splenomegaly. Problems with your liver, such as cirrhosis and cystic fibrosis, can also cause an enlarged spleen.

• #49 Enlarged Spleen – Blood Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/blood-disorders/spleen-disorders/enlarged-spleen

  An enlarged spleen is not a disease in itself but the result of an underlying disorder. Many disorders can make the spleen enlarge. […] To pinpoint the cause of an enlarged spleen, doctors must consider disorders ranging from chronic infections to blood cancers. […] An enlarged spleen may outgrow its own blood supply. When parts of the spleen do not get enough blood, they may become damaged, causing them to bleed or die. […] The spleen normally removes old and/or damaged red blood cells from the bloodstream. However, when the spleen enlarges, it traps and stores an excessive number of red blood cells, causing anemia. […] This process creates a vicious circle: the more cells the spleen traps, the larger it grows, and the larger it grows, the more blood cells it traps and destroys. […] When possible, doctors treat the underlying disorder that caused the enlarged spleen. […] The spleen may need to be surgically removed if hypersplenism causes severe problems. […] Surgical removal of the spleen (splenectomy) should be avoided whenever possible because it can cause problems, including an increased susceptibility to infections by certain bacteria.

• #50 Enlarged Spleen: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/enlarged-spleen-causes-symptoms-and-treatments

  A spleen is normally about the size of your fist. A doctor usually can’t feel it during an exam. But infections and injuries can cause it to swell and become larger. Many health conditions can cause an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly). Your doctor will need to do examinations to figure out the cause and treatment. […] An enlarged spleen can be caused by infections, liver diseases such as cirrhosis, blood diseases that cause abnormal blood cells, problems with the lymph system, or other conditions. […] If your spleen starts to have problems functioning, you might have symptoms of anemia, which is low levels of iron in your blood. […] It’s important to seek treatment for the cause of your enlarged spleen. Left untreated, an enlarged spleen can lead to serious complications. […] If your spleen gets very large, your blood vessels might not be able to supply enough blood to keep the tissues alive.

• #51 Splenomegaly (Enlarged Spleen) With Leukemia: How Does It Affect Eating? | MyLeukemiaTeam

  https://www.myleukemiateam.com/resources/splenomegaly-how-does-leukemia-affect-your-relationship-with-food

  Splenomegaly is enlargement of the spleen caused by leukemia or another disease. When the spleen becomes larger, it takes up more space in the abdomen and may cause abdominal pain or make you feel full when you’ve barely eaten. […] In people with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, and other forms of leukemia, cancer cells can pile up in the spleen and stretch it to an unusual size. As the spleen grows, it presses against the stomach and sends signals to the brain to tell the stomach it’s full. […] Splenomegaly can interfere with your meals, making eating a painful and frustrating chore. […] If I forced myself to eat, it brought on more pain much more. […] Treating splenomegaly means treating the underlying condition. If you’re living with chronic lymphocytic, myeloid leukemia, or another type of leukemia, your doctor may recommend medications or radiation therapy to shrink the spleen.

• #52 Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/symptoms-causes/syc-20354326

  Enlarged spleen is also known as splenomegaly (spleh-no-MEG-uh-lee). […] A number of infections and diseases can cause an enlarged spleen. The enlargement might be temporary, depending on treatment. […] An enlarged spleen affects each of these jobs. When it’s enlarged, your spleen may not function as usual. […] Potential complications of an enlarged spleen are: Infection. An enlarged spleen can reduce the number of healthy red blood cells, platelets and white cells in your bloodstream, leading to more frequent infections. Anemia and increased bleeding also are possible. […] Ruptured spleen. Even healthy spleens are soft and easily damaged, especially in car crashes. The possibility of rupture is much greater when your spleen is enlarged. A ruptured spleen can cause life-threatening bleeding in your belly.

• #53 Splenomegaly: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment for an Enlarged Spleen

  https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/preventive-healthcare/understanding-splenomegaly-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Common splenomegaly complications may include: A significantly enlarged spleen becomes more fragile and prone to rupture, especially if there has been abdominal trauma. A ruptured spleen can cause severe internal bleeding. Your enlarged spleen may capture and destroy more blood cells than usual, leading to fewer in red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. If splenomegaly is caused due to a liver disease, it can increase pressure in the veins of your liver (portal hypertension). This can lead to complications such as ascites (fluid build-up in the abdomen) or varices (enlarged veins in the oesophagus or stomach that can bleed). An enlarged spleen can malfunction, making you more susceptible to infections, especially from encapsulated bacteria. This increases the risk of serious infections such as pneumonia (a type of lung infection) or meningitis (inflammation of the brain).

• #54 Splenomegaly (Enlarged Spleen) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/splenomegaly-and-hypersplenism

  Splenomegaly is a rare condition. An incidence of 2% has been reported in the USA. […] In about 5% of cases, no cause can be found. […] This is a pancytopenia occurring in patients with an enlarged spleen. It is due to large numbers of cells being pooled and destroyed in the spleen’s reticulo-endothelial system, and haemodilution because of an increased plasma volume. […] Bone marrow biopsy shows normal or hyperplastic marrow. […] Splenic sequestration crisis may develop in young children with sickle cell anaemia, which can precipitate hypovolaemic shock and death, and is an indication for splenectomy.

• #55 Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17829-enlarged-spleen

  An enlarged spleen is also called splenomegaly. Its a symptom of an underlying disease. Conditions affecting the spleen itself or the blood that passes through it can cause it to become swollen and enlarged. Several things can cause your spleen to enlarge, including inflammation, fat storage, pooled blood, benign or malignant growths and overproduction of cells. Some causes are temporary and others may indicate a chronic or progressive condition. An enlarged spleen is a symptom of many different conditions, some more serious than others. If an enlarged spleen goes untreated for a long time, it could eventually begin to malfunction. In rare cases, a severely enlarged spleen could rupture, which could cause internal bleeding. Common causes include infections. Viral infections such as mononucleosis and HIV, bacterial infections such as tuberculosis and endocarditis and parasite infections such as malaria and toxoplasmosis stress the immune function of the spleen. They can cause it to overproduce antibodies and immune cells (hyperplasia). Conditions affecting the liver, such as chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis, can cause pressure to build up in the blood vessels that run through the liver and spleen (portal hypertension). Vascular pressure can cause blood to pool and cause your spleen to enlarge. Blood cancers such as leukemia or myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and lymphomas can infiltrate the spleen with foreign cells that continue to multiply. An enlarged spleen may become overactive, trapping or removing too many blood cells from circulation. This can lead to anemia, low white blood cell count or low platelet count. A ruptured spleen can be life-threatening.

• #56 Polycythemia Vera: What Causes an Enlarged Spleen? | Jakafi.com

  https://www.jakafi.com/polycythemia-vera/enlarged-spleen

  Typically, the spleen is about the size of your fist. However, in people with polycythemia vera (PV), it may become enlarged. […] As a result of the increased number of blood cells caused by PV, your spleen works harder than normal. This may cause the spleen to get bigger a condition called splenomegaly (splee-nuh-MEG-uh-lee). […] In some people with PV, an enlarged spleen may also be a sign of disease progression, which means that your PV is changing or getting worse. […] Early identification of an enlarged spleen may help your Healthcare Professional determine if your current care management approach is the right one for you. […] Early identification of an enlarged spleen is important and may help your Healthcare Professional to reassess your care management approach sooner if your PV is progressing.

• #57 Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/enlarged-spleen-splenomegaly

  Treatment for an enlarged spleen focuses on the what’s causing it. For example, if you have a bacterial infection, treatment will include antibiotics. […] If an enlarged spleen causes serious complications or the cause can’t be identified or treated, surgery to remove your spleen (splenectomy) might be an option. In chronic or critical cases, surgery might offer the best hope for recovery.

• #58 Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) | Health Library | Memorial Health System

  https://www.mhsystem.org/health-library/con-20198836/

  Treatment for an enlarged spleen focuses on the whats causing it. For example, if you have a bacterial infection, treatment will include antibiotics. […] If an enlarged spleen causes serious complications or the cause cant be identified or treated, surgery to remove your spleen (splenectomy) might be an option. In chronic or critical cases, surgery might offer the best hope for recovery.

• #59 Enlarged Spleen in Cats | PetMD

  https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/digestive/enlarged-spleen-cats

  Treatment of enlarged spleen in cats varies depending on the cause of splenomegaly. Some cases do not require treatment, such as splenic enlargement that occurs after administering sedatives. […] With cancerous causes, treatment options include removal of the spleen (if the tumor is only in the spleen) and chemotherapy. Most malignancies affecting the spleen do not have a favorable long-term prognosis, but treatment can provide relief and prolong life.

• #60 Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/enlarged-spleen-splenomegaly

  Treatment for an enlarged spleen focuses on the what’s causing it. For example, if you have a bacterial infection, treatment will include antibiotics. […] If an enlarged spleen causes serious complications or the cause can’t be identified or treated, surgery to remove your spleen (splenectomy) might be an option. In chronic or critical cases, surgery might offer the best hope for recovery.

• #61 Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/enlarged-spleen-splenomegaly

  An enlarged spleen is also known as splenomegaly (spleh-no-MEG-uh-lee). […] A number of infections and diseases can cause an enlarged spleen. […] An enlarged spleen affects each of these jobs. When it’s enlarged, your spleen may not function as usual. […] Treatment for an enlarged spleen focuses on the what’s causing it. […] If an enlarged spleen causes serious complications or the cause can’t be identified or treated, surgery to remove your spleen (splenectomy) might be an option. […] Your doctor might recommend surgery to remove your spleen (splenectomy) for diagnostic purposes when there’s no identifiable cause for the enlargement. More often, the spleen is removed as treatment. After surgery to remove it, the spleen is examined under a microscope to check for possible lymphoma of the spleen.

• #62 Splenomegaly: Diagnosis and Management in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0900/p271.html

  Spleen reduction therapies (e.g., irradiation, chemotherapy, transfusions) and splenectomy are occasionally used for painful splenomegaly or in malignancies. Splenectomy can be performed to control esophageal varices in liver disease or to control pain and other symptoms caused by massive splenomegaly. […] Acute infections, anemia, and splenic rupture are the most common complications of splenomegaly.

• #63 Hypersplenism – Hematology and Oncology – MSD Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/spleen-disorders/hypersplenism

  Hypersplenism is a secondary process that can arise from splenomegaly of almost any cause. Splenomegaly increases the spleens mechanical filtering and destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) and often of white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets. Compensatory bone marrow hyperplasia occurs in those cell lines that are reduced in the circulation. […] Treatment is directed at the underlying disorder. If hypersplenism is the only serious manifestation of the disorder (eg, Gaucher disease), splenic ablation by splenectomy may be indicated. The indications for splenectomy in hypersplenism are detailed below. […] The spleen may be up to 30 times larger than normal.

• #64 Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) | ABC Medical Center

  https://centromedicoabc.com/en/padecimientos/enlarged-spleen-splenomegaly/

  Also known as splenomegaly, the dilation or inflammation of the spleen can be due to multiple causes such as infections, liver, oncological and autoimmune diseases, among others. […] If the splenomegaly and its cause are not treated promptly, there is a risk of suffering a ruptured spleen, producing serious abdominal bleeding whose consequences can be fatal. […] The treatment plan will focus on attacking the origin of the condition and preventing possible complications. Once the cause is solved, the spleen can sometimes return to its normal size on its own, but if the enlargement is due to a serious illness, it may not, so if your symptoms are severe or there is a risk of rupture, the most advisable thing is to perform a splenectomy or surgical removal of the spleen. […] Although it may be a suitable option for severe or chronic cases, splenectomy has several potential risks, such as a predisposition to serious infections that can be fatal.

• #65 Enlarged Spleen – Blood Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/blood-disorders/spleen-disorders/enlarged-spleen

  An enlarged spleen is not a disease in itself but the result of an underlying disorder. Many disorders can make the spleen enlarge. […] To pinpoint the cause of an enlarged spleen, doctors must consider disorders ranging from chronic infections to blood cancers. […] An enlarged spleen may outgrow its own blood supply. When parts of the spleen do not get enough blood, they may become damaged, causing them to bleed or die. […] The spleen normally removes old and/or damaged red blood cells from the bloodstream. However, when the spleen enlarges, it traps and stores an excessive number of red blood cells, causing anemia. […] This process creates a vicious circle: the more cells the spleen traps, the larger it grows, and the larger it grows, the more blood cells it traps and destroys. […] When possible, doctors treat the underlying disorder that caused the enlarged spleen. […] The spleen may need to be surgically removed if hypersplenism causes severe problems. […] Surgical removal of the spleen (splenectomy) should be avoided whenever possible because it can cause problems, including an increased susceptibility to infections by certain bacteria.

• #66 Spleen problems and spleen removal

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/spleen-problems-and-spleen-removal/

  The spleen can become swollen after an infection or injury. It can also become enlarged as a result of a health condition, such as cirrhosis, leukaemia or rheumatoid arthritis. […] An enlarged spleen does not always cause symptoms. […] Doctors can often tell if you have an enlarged spleen by feeling your abdomen. A blood test, CT scan or MRI scan can confirm the diagnosis. […] You may need an operation to remove your spleen, known as a splenectomy, if it’s not working properly or it’s damaged, diseased or enlarged. […] Like any operation, spleen removal carries a small risk of complications, including bleeding and infection. […] If your spleen needs to be removed, other organs, such as the liver, can take over many of the spleen’s functions.

• #67 Spleen: Function, Location & Size, Possible Problems

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21567-spleen

  Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly): Several conditions can cause the spleen to swell and get too big. An enlarged spleen can cause pain and an uncomfortable feeling of fullness, even if you haven’t eaten much. Splenomegaly is a dangerous condition because the spleen can rupture (tear) or bleed. The spleen can become enlarged from: […] Many disorders, conditions, injuries and diseases can cause problems in the spleen. These problems include: […] Symptoms of a ruptured spleen include: […] People who live without a spleen have a higher risk of infection. If the spleen is missing or damaged, the body has a harder time protecting itself from bacteria and viruses. […] Talk to your provider if you have a family history of these conditions.

• #68 Understanding Splenomegaly in Myelofibrosis: Association with Molecular Pathogenesis

  https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/3/898

  Several recent data have emphasized the role of several cytokines that are associated with EMH. […] In addition, MF patients with ≥1 mutations in AZXL1, EZH1 or IDH1/2 had significantly low spleen reduction response in ruxolitinib treatment. […] Developments of JAK inhibitors, such as ruxolitinib, pacritinib, momelotinib, and febratinib enabled the effective management in MF patients. […] Splenomegaly is a cardinal feature and is associated with splenic EMH in MF. […] In previous studies, several cytokines, such as SCF, TNF-α, PDGF, TGF-β, bFGF, PF4, and IL-8 contributed to the expansion of malignant clones from the BM to the spleen as an EMH site, leading to the development of splenomegaly in MF patients. […] Moreover, low Gata1 expression is thought to transfer and engraft from the BM to the EMH site in the spleen. Ultimately, these mechanisms linked to EMH result in an enlarged spleen in MF.

• #69 78-Year-Old Woman with Thrombocytopenia and Splenomegaly – Hematology.org

  https://www.hematology.org/education/trainees/fellows/case-studies/78-year-old-woman-with-thrombocytopenia-and-splenomegaly

  Bone marrow and peripheral blood histology with immunophenotyping is commonly used because while the gold standard for diagnosis is splenic histology, this can often be difficult to obtain. […] The peripheral blood histology in SMZL shows villous lymphocytes described as round nuclei, condensed chromatin, and basophilic cytoplasm with polar short villi. […] As SMZL is a low-grade and indolent NHL, treatment is not always offered. Indications for treatment include symptomatic splenomegaly and progressive cytopenias. […] Management of SMZL also requires testing for hepatitis C infection, as antiviral therapy can result in regression of the lymphoma. […] Initial treatment is usually rituximab alone or in conjunction with splenectomy, though some studies suggest that splenectomy alone is not as effective as rituximab monotherapy for inducing remission. […] Further, splenectomy does not treat SMZL outside of the spleen, including the bone marrow involvement in the case of our patient. […] Relapsed disease is treated with combinations of rituximab and chemotherapy, such as R-CHOP or rituximab and bendamustine.

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