Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/enlarged-spleen-splenomegaly?content_id=CON-20198836

  The spleen is a small organ usually about the size of your fist. But a number of conditions, including liver disease and some cancers, can cause your spleen to become enlarged. […] Many conditions including infections, liver disease and some cancers can cause an enlarged spleen. An enlarged spleen is also known as splenomegaly (spleh-no-MEG-uh-lee). […] A number of infections and diseases can cause an enlarged spleen. The enlargement might be temporary, depending on treatment. Contributing factors include: […] Viral infections, such as mononucleosis […] Bacterial infections, such as syphilis or an infection of your heart’s inner lining (endocarditis) […] Parasitic infections, such as malaria […] Cirrhosis and other diseases affecting the liver […] Various types of hemolytic anemia a condition characterized by early destruction of red blood cells

• #2 Splenomegaly – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430907/

  Splenomegaly is defined as the enlargement of the spleen measured by size or weight. […] There are several potential causes of splenomegaly. […] Liver disease (cirrhosis, hepatitis): Parenchymal liver disease causes increased vascular pressure leading to an increase in spleen size. […] Hematologic malignancies (lymphomas, leukemias, myeloproliferative disorders): Neoplastic cells cause infiltration of the spleen leading to splenomegaly. […] Venous thrombosis (portal or hepatic vein thrombosis): This leads to an increase in vascular pressure leading to splenomegaly. […] Cytopenias (autoimmune hemolytic anemia, immune-mediated neutropenia, Felty syndrome): Immune-mediated destruction of red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets lead to functional splenomegaly. […] Acute or chronic infection (bacterial endocarditis, infectious mononucleosis, HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, histiocytosis, abscess).

• #3 Splenomegaly Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/symptoms/splenomegaly

  Splenomegaly is a larger-than-normal spleen. […] Many health conditions can affect the spleen. These include: Diseases of the blood or lymph system, Infections, Cancer, Liver disease. […] Splenomegaly can be caused by any of the following: Infections, Liver diseases, Blood diseases, Cancer. […] The treatment depends on the cause of splenomegaly.

• #4 Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen): Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/enlarged-spleen

  Some less common causes of splenomegaly include: connective tissue disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, cytopenias, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia or immune thrombocytopenia purpura, infiltrative disorders, such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis, splenic congestion, including congestive heart failure and portal hypertension, splenic sequestration, which includes conditions such as pediatric sickle cell disease and hemolytic anemias, venous thrombosis, such as hepatic or portal vein thrombosis, rare conditions, including Bantis syndrome and wandering spleen. […] Regardless of the cause, splenomegaly is a rare condition. An estimated 2% of the population experiences splenomegaly in their lifetime. […] The condition can develop due to several underlying medical conditions, ranging from blood disorders to liver disease.

• #5 Splenomegaly (Enlarged Spleen) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/splenomegaly-and-hypersplenism

  Splenomegaly is a rare condition. An incidence of 2% has been reported in the USA. One study reported that 0.3% of all hospital admissions were found to have splenomegaly. Haematological diseases were the underlying causal diagnosis in 39%; hepatic diseases in 18%, infectious disease in 10% and other diseases in 8%. […] Aetiology: Haematological: Haemolytic anaemias (eg, thalassaemia, red cell defects, sickle cell anaemia). Acute leukaemias, chronic leukaemias. Polycythaemia rubra vera. Macroglobulinaemia. Lymphoma (Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma). Essential thrombocythaemia. Myelofibrosis. […] Infections: Malaria. Schistosomiasis. Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar). Tuberculosis, brucellosis. Glandular fever, viral hepatitis. Infective endocarditis. […] Tumours and cysts: Splenic abscesses. Splenic metastases. Cysts – eg, hydatid, dermoid. Tumours – eg, haemangioma.

• #5 Splenomegaly (Enlarged Spleen) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/splenomegaly-and-hypersplenism

  Congestive splenomegaly: Liver cirrhosis. Budd-Chiari syndrome. Portal or splenic vein obstruction. Heart failure. […] Connective tissue disorders: Systemic lupus erythematosus. Felty’s syndrome. […] Other disorders: Gaucher’s disease. Niemann-Pick disease. Histiocytosis X. Amyloidosis. In about 5% of cases, no cause can be found. […] Causes of massive splenomegaly: Chronic myeloid leukaemia. Myelofibrosis, malaria (hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly). Leishmaniasis. 'Tropical splenomegaly’ (idiopathic; Africa, Southeast Asia). Gaucher’s disease.

• #6 Splenomegaly: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206208-overview

  Splenomegaly is defined as enlargement of the spleen, measured by size or weight. […] Many of the mechanisms leading to splenomegaly are exaggerated forms of normal splenic function. Although a wide variety of diseases are associated with enlargement of the spleen, the following six etiologies of splenomegaly are considered primary: Immune response work hypertrophy – Such as in subacute bacterial endocarditis or infectious mononucleosis […] RBC destruction work hypertrophy – Such as in hereditary spherocytosis or thalassemia major […] Congestive – Such as in splenic vein thrombosis, portal hypertension, or Banti disease […] Infiltrative – Such as in sarcoidosis and some neoplasms […] Neoplastic – Lymphoproliferative disorders such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and lymphomas, as well as myeloproliferative disorders including chronic myeloid leukemia, primary myeloid fibrosis, essential thrombocythemia, and polycythemia vera […] Miscellaneous – Such as trauma, cysts, hemangiomas, abscesses.

• #7 Splenomegaly in Children and Adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8298754/

  The spleen is the largest organ of the lymphatic tissue and the single lymphatic organ which is directly interposed into the blood circulation. During acute or chronic infections including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and mycobacteria, the spleen performs enhanced work in antigen clearing and antibody production. […] Immune-mediated destruction of erythrocytes, leukocytes, or platelets resulting in cytopenias may lead to splenomegaly. […] Neoplastic cells mainly comprising hematologic malignancies more or less regularly infiltrate the spleen causing splenomegaly. […] Activation and hyperplasia of the monocyte/macrophage system in the spleen is also known to play a causative role in splenomegaly. […] The close anatomical connection of the portal vein system with the splenic vein results in secondary splenic enlargement in case of blockade of the venous blood stream.

• #7 Splenomegaly in Children and Adolescents

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8298754/

  Connective tissue diseases may be associated with splenomegaly. These disorders in most cases are caused by autoimmune mechanism and include but are not limited to rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.

• #8 Splenomegaly: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206208-overview

  Splenomegaly is defined as enlargement of the spleen, measured by size or weight. […] Many of the mechanisms leading to splenomegaly are exaggerated forms of normal splenic function. Although a wide variety of diseases are associated with enlargement of the spleen, the following six etiologies of splenomegaly are considered primary: Immune response work hypertrophy – Such as in subacute bacterial endocarditis or infectious mononucleosis […] RBC destruction work hypertrophy – Such as in hereditary spherocytosis or thalassemia major […] Congestive – Such as in splenic vein thrombosis, portal hypertension, or Banti disease […] Infiltrative – Such as in sarcoidosis and some neoplasms […] Neoplastic – Lymphoproliferative disorders such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and lymphomas, as well as myeloproliferative disorders including chronic myeloid leukemia, primary myeloid fibrosis, essential thrombocythemia, and polycythemia vera […] Miscellaneous – Such as trauma, cysts, hemangiomas, abscesses.

• #9 Splenomegaly – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenomegaly

  Abnormal blood flow […] Infiltration […] Immune hyperplasia […] Response to infection (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic) […] Disordered immunoregulation […] Extramedullary hematopoiesis […] Organ Failure […] Vascular […] Infections […] Metabolic diseases […] Benign and malignant „infiltrations”. […] The causes of massive splenomegaly (spleen 1000 g) are […] chronic myelogenous leukemia […] myelofibrosis […] malaria […] splenic marginal zone lymphoma. […] Splenomegaly can be classified based on its pathophysiologic mechanism: […] Congestive, by pooled blood (e.g., portal hypertension) […] Infiltrative, by invasion by cells foreign to the splenic environment (e.g., metastases, myeloid neoplasms, lipid storage diseases) […] Immune, by an increase in immunologic activity and subsequent hyperplasia (e.g., endocarditis, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis) […] Neoplastic, when resident immune cells originate a neoplasm (e.g., lymphoma).

• #10 Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.ganeshdiagnostic.com/blog/enlarged-spleen-splenomegaly-causes-symptoms-and-treatment

  Splenomegaly are overstated shapes of ordinary splenic work. Although a wide assortment of maladies is related to the extension of the spleen taking after six etiologies of splenomegalia considered essential: […] Safe reaction work hypertrophy – Such as in subacute bacterial endocarditis or irresistible mononucleosis […] RBC pulverization work hypertrophy – Such as in genetic spherocytosis or thalassemia major […] Congestive – Such as in splenic vein thrombosis, entry hypertension, or Banti infection […] Infiltrative – Such as in sarcoidosis and a few neoplasms […] Neoplastic – Lymphoproliferative clutters such as inveterate lymphocytic leukemia, bushy cell leukemia, and lymphomas, as well as myeloproliferative disarranges counting persistent myeloid leukemia, essential myeloid fibrosis, basic thrombocythemia, and polycythemia vera

• #11 Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/enlarged-spleen-splenomegaly?content_id=CON-20198836

  Blood cancers, such as leukemia and myeloproliferative neoplasms, and lymphomas, such as Hodgkin’s disease […] Metabolic disorders, such as Gaucher disease and Niemann-Pick disease […] Pressure on the veins in the spleen or liver or a blood clot in these veins […] Autoimmune conditions, such as lupus or sarcoidosis.

• #12 Splenomegaly: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206208-overview

  Splenomegaly is defined as enlargement of the spleen, measured by size or weight. […] Many of the mechanisms leading to splenomegaly are exaggerated forms of normal splenic function. Although a wide variety of diseases are associated with enlargement of the spleen, the following six etiologies of splenomegaly are considered primary: Immune response work hypertrophy – Such as in subacute bacterial endocarditis or infectious mononucleosis […] RBC destruction work hypertrophy – Such as in hereditary spherocytosis or thalassemia major […] Congestive – Such as in splenic vein thrombosis, portal hypertension, or Banti disease […] Infiltrative – Such as in sarcoidosis and some neoplasms […] Neoplastic – Lymphoproliferative disorders such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and lymphomas, as well as myeloproliferative disorders including chronic myeloid leukemia, primary myeloid fibrosis, essential thrombocythemia, and polycythemia vera […] Miscellaneous – Such as trauma, cysts, hemangiomas, abscesses.

• #13 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Enlarged-Spleen-(Splenomegaly).aspx

  Enlargement of the spleen is called splenomegaly and can occur as a result of many infections, tumors, and hereditary or acquired conditions of the blood leading to hemolysis. […] The spleen may be enlarged in a range of conditions: Liver disorders such as cirrhosis, portal hypertension and portal or splenic vein thrombosis or compression, which leads to increase in the blood pressure inside the splenic vasculature. […] Viral infections such as cytomegalovirus and glandular fever. […] Haemolytic anemias: this term includes the hereditary hemoglobinopathies such as thalassemia major and sickle cell anemia; the red cell fragility disorders, such as hereditary spherocytosis; and the red cell enzyme defects including glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase abnormalities. […] Myeloproliferative disorders such as chronic myelogenous and chronic lymphatic leukemias. […] Lymphoproliferative disorders such as the hairy cell lymphomas. […] Chronic infections such as malaria, syphilis, kala-azar. […] Acute infections such as bacterial endocarditis.

• #14 Splenomegaly: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206208-overview

  Splenomegaly is defined as enlargement of the spleen, measured by size or weight. […] Many of the mechanisms leading to splenomegaly are exaggerated forms of normal splenic function. Although a wide variety of diseases are associated with enlargement of the spleen, the following six etiologies of splenomegaly are considered primary: Immune response work hypertrophy – Such as in subacute bacterial endocarditis or infectious mononucleosis […] RBC destruction work hypertrophy – Such as in hereditary spherocytosis or thalassemia major […] Congestive – Such as in splenic vein thrombosis, portal hypertension, or Banti disease […] Infiltrative – Such as in sarcoidosis and some neoplasms […] Neoplastic – Lymphoproliferative disorders such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and lymphomas, as well as myeloproliferative disorders including chronic myeloid leukemia, primary myeloid fibrosis, essential thrombocythemia, and polycythemia vera […] Miscellaneous – Such as trauma, cysts, hemangiomas, abscesses.

• #15 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Symptoms-and-Causes-of-Enlarged-Spleen-(Splenomegaly).aspx

  Enlargement of the spleen is called splenomegaly. In the vast majority of cases, splenomegaly is secondary to other disorders because of its role in many metabolic processes. […] The etiology thus includes: […] Myeloproliferative diseases such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, large granular cell leukemia, polycythemia vera. […] Lymphoproliferative diseases such as lymphoma especially of the hairy cell variety. […] Lipid storage disorders such as Gauchers or Niemann-Pick disease. […] Connective tissue disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus. […] Inflammatory disorders such as amyloidosis and sarcoidosis. […] Viral infections such as cytomegalovirus or infectious mononucleosis. […] Acute bacterial infections such as bacterial endocarditis.

• #15 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Symptoms-and-Causes-of-Enlarged-Spleen-(Splenomegaly).aspx

  Chronic bacterial infections including malaria, syphilis, brucellosis and miliary tuberculosis. […] Liver diseases such as cirrhosis, or thrombosis of the portal or splenic veins, causing obstruction to hepatic blood flow and backing it up to the spleen. […] Hemolytic anemia including those due to a hemoglobinopathy, such as thalassemia, with increased destruction of blood cells in the spleen; or abnormal red cell fragility, such as hereditary spherocytosis. […] Splenic cysts such as those which follow an episode of hemorrhage into the spleen. […] Tropical splenomegaly is often due to chronic infections such as malaria, or kala-azar. […] Massive splenomegaly, where the spleen extends 8 cm or more below the left costal margin, is typically caused by a myeloproliferative disease, such as chronic lymphocytic or myelogenous leukemia, or polycythemia vera.

• #16 Splenomegaly: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206208-overview

  Splenomegaly is defined as enlargement of the spleen, measured by size or weight. […] Many of the mechanisms leading to splenomegaly are exaggerated forms of normal splenic function. Although a wide variety of diseases are associated with enlargement of the spleen, the following six etiologies of splenomegaly are considered primary: Immune response work hypertrophy – Such as in subacute bacterial endocarditis or infectious mononucleosis […] RBC destruction work hypertrophy – Such as in hereditary spherocytosis or thalassemia major […] Congestive – Such as in splenic vein thrombosis, portal hypertension, or Banti disease […] Infiltrative – Such as in sarcoidosis and some neoplasms […] Neoplastic – Lymphoproliferative disorders such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, and lymphomas, as well as myeloproliferative disorders including chronic myeloid leukemia, primary myeloid fibrosis, essential thrombocythemia, and polycythemia vera […] Miscellaneous – Such as trauma, cysts, hemangiomas, abscesses.

• #17 Splenomegaly: Diagnosis and Management in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0900/p271.html

  Splenomegaly can be due to several mechanisms but is almost always a sign of a systemic condition. […] The most common causes of splenomegaly in the United States are liver disease, malignancy, and infection. […] In the United States, the most common etiologies of splenomegaly are chronic liver disease, malignancies, and infections. […] Malignancies usually leukemia or lymphoma are common causes of splenomegaly, seen in close to one-third of affected patients. […] Several infections can lead to splenomegaly. […] Infectious mononucleosis is a common etiology of splenomegaly in adolescents and young adults. […] Splenomegaly is common in patients with HIV, as a response to the virus or because of secondary infections. […] People who are born in tropical regions, global travelers, and military personnel deployed to tropical regions are at risk for parasitic infections that can lead to splenomegaly, most commonly schistosomiasis and chronic malaria.

• #17 Splenomegaly: Diagnosis and Management in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0900/p271.html

  Personal and family history can suggest the etiology of splenomegaly. […] Medical history of cancer, hematologic disorders, heart failure, or chronic liver disease increases the chance of splenomegaly. […] Management of splenomegaly involves treating the underlying disease process. […] Acute infections, anemia, and splenic rupture are the most common complications of splenomegaly. […] Up to one in every 200 cases of infectious mononucleosis is complicated by splenic rupture, highlighting the importance of counseling young and active patients.

• #18 Splenomegaly – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/spleen-disorders/splenomegaly

  Splenomegaly is almost always secondary to other disorders. Causes of splenomegaly are myriad, as are the many possible ways of classifying them. In temperate climates, the most common causes are systemic rheumatic disorders, hepatic cirrhosis with portal hypertension, hemolytic anemias, infections (eg, hepatitis, mononucleosis), infiltrative diseases (eg, metabolic dysfunction associated liver disease (MASLD), sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, Gaucher disease), lymphoproliferative disorders (eg, lymphomas, especially those associated with hepatitis B and C infection), myeloproliferative neoplasms, and chronic myeloid leukemia. […] In the tropics, the most common causes are infectious diseases (eg, malaria, visceral leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis). […] If splenomegaly is massive (spleen palpable 8 cm below the costal margin), the cause is usually chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, Gaucher disease, hairy cell leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, polycythemia vera, or primary myelofibrosis. […] When testing for etiology of splenomegaly and no cause is immediately apparent, infectious causes are important to exclude.

• #19 Enlarged Spleen: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/enlarged-spleen-causes-symptoms-and-treatments

  A spleen is normally about the size of your fist. A doctor usually can’t feel it during an exam. But infections and injuries can cause it to swell and become larger. Many health conditions can cause an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly). Your doctor will need to do examinations to figure out the cause and treatment. […] An enlarged spleen can be caused by infections, liver diseases such as cirrhosis, blood diseases that cause abnormal blood cells, problems with the lymph system, or other conditions. […] Here are some common causes of an enlarged spleen: […] Viral infections, such as mononucleosis […] Parasitic infections, such as toxoplasmosis […] Bacterial infections, such as endocarditis (an infection of your heart’s valves) […] Leukemia, a cancer in which abnormal blood cells take over healthy cells

• #19 Enlarged Spleen: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/enlarged-spleen-causes-symptoms-and-treatments

  Lymphoma, a cancer of the lymph tissue, such as Hodgkin’s disease […] Inflammatory diseases such as sarcoidosis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis […] Trauma, such as contact sports injuries […] Cancer that has spread (metastasized) to the spleen […] A cyst — a noncancerous fluid-filled sac […] A large abscess — a pus-filled cavity usually caused by a bacterial infection […] Diseases that affect your metabolic system (such as Gaucher disease and amyloidosis), which can cause substances to collect in your blood and organs […] Thrombosis, in which a blood clot blocks a blood vessel in the spleen […] Heart failure […] Portal hypertension, which is high blood pressure in a vein in your belly that connects to your spleen and other organs.

• #20 Splenomegaly

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/GI/Exam/Splnmgly.htm

  Renal Failure […] Splenic vein thrombosis […] Bacterial Infection […] Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis […] Brucellosis […] Syphilis […] Typhoid […] Tuberculosis […] Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever […] Lyme Disease […] Actinomycosis […] Babesiosis […] Bartonella […] Splenic Abscess […] Fungal Infection […] Toxoplasmosis […] Histoplasmosis […] Parasitic Infection […] Malaria […] Visceral Leishmaniasis […] Schistosomiasis […] Viral Infection […] Epstein-Barr Virus Infection (Mononucleosis) […] Cytomegalovirus […] HIV Infection […] Viral Hepatitis (Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C) […] Leukemia […] Lymphoma […] Melanoma […] Sarcoma […] Pancreatic Cancer […] Myelofibrosis […] Multiple Myeloma […] Polycythemia Vera […] Hemolytic Anemia

• #20 Splenomegaly

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/GI/Exam/Splnmgly.htm

  Splenomegaly, Spleen Enlargement […] Hyperplasia and hypertrophy (Increased splenic function, functional Splenomegaly) […] Immune mediated Platelet destruction (e.g. Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura) […] Immune mediated Red Blood Cell destruction (e.g. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia) […] Splenic Sequestration (e.g. Sickle Cell Anemia, Beta Thalassemia) […] Infection (e.g. Infectious Mononucleosis, HIV, Malaria) […] Connective Tissue Diseases (e.g. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Rheumatoid Arthritis) […] Malignant cell accumulation (one third of Splenomegaly cases, esp. Leukemia, Lymphoma) […] Abnormal cell accumulation (e.g. Amyloidosis, Sarcoidosis) […] Glycogen Storage Disease […] Cirrhosis or Portal Hypertension (one third of Splenomegaly cases) […] Congestive Heart Failure

• #20 Splenomegaly

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/GI/Exam/Splnmgly.htm

  Beta Thalassemia Major […] Hereditary Spherocytosis […] Sickle Cell Anemia and other Hemoglobinopathy […] Megaloblastic Anemia (e.g. Pernicious Anemia) […] Polycythemia Vera […] Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura […] Liver disease with secondary Portal Hypertension […] Congestive Heart Failure […] Systemic Lupus Erythematosus […] Rheumatoid Arthritis (Felty’s Syndrome) […] Langerhan’s Cell Histiocytosis […] Gaucher’s Disease […] Hyperthyroidism […] Sarcoidosis […] Intravenous Drug Abuse […] Parasitic Infections (Malaria, Leishmaniasis, Schistosomiasis) […] Patients immigrating from endemic regions have up to 80% Prevalence of Splenomegaly […] Cancer (esp. Leukemia, Lymphoma) […] Hematologic disorders […] Congestive Heart Failure […] Cirrhosis […] Liver disease with Portal Hypertension […] Congestive Heart Failure […] Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis […] Renal Failure […] Systemic Lupus Erythematosus […] Rheumatoid Arthritis […] Sarcoidosis.

• #21 Polycythemia Vera: What Causes an Enlarged Spleen? | Jakafi.com

  https://www.jakafi.com/polycythemia-vera/enlarged-spleen

  Typically, the spleen is about the size of your fist. However, in people with polycythemia vera (PV), it may become enlarged. […] As a result of the increased number of blood cells caused by PV, your spleen works harder than normal. This may cause the spleen to get bigger a condition called splenomegaly (splee-nuh-MEG-uh-lee). […] In some people with PV, an enlarged spleen may also be a sign of disease progression, which means that your PV is changing or getting worse. […] In one clinical study, 36% (534 of 1477) of patients with PV had an enlarged spleen at the time of diagnosis. […] Early identification of an enlarged spleen may help your Healthcare Professional determine if your current care management approach is the right one for you.

• #22 Enlarged Spleen – Blood Disorders – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/blood-disorders/spleen-disorders/enlarged-spleen

  An enlarged spleen is not a disease in itself but the result of an underlying disorder. Many disorders can make the spleen enlarge. […] Many disorders, including infections, anemias, and cancers, can cause an enlarged spleen. […] To pinpoint the cause of an enlarged spleen, doctors must consider disorders ranging from chronic infections to blood cancers. […] Causes of an Enlarged Spleen […] Anemias […] Hereditary elliptocytosis […] Hereditary spherocytosis […] Sickle cell disease (mainly in children) […] Thalassemia […] Blood cancers and myeloproliferative neoplasms […] Hodgkin lymphoma and other lymphomas […] Leukemia […] Myelofibrosis […] Polycythemia vera […] Infections […] Brucellosis […] Candidiasis […] Hepatitis […] Histoplasmosis […] Infectious mononucleosis

• #23 Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.healthline.com/health/splenomegaly

  Splenomegaly is an enlarged spleen. This can cause stomach discomfort, decreased blood flow and filtering, and anemia. It can even lead to a ruptured spleen, so taking precautions and seeing a doctor is necessary. […] A number of diseases and conditions can cause an enlarged spleen. Infections, such as mononucleosis, are among the most common causes of splenomegaly. Problems with your liver, such as cirrhosis and cystic fibrosis, can also cause an enlarged spleen. […] Another possible cause of splenomegaly is juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. This condition can cause inflammation of the lymph system. Because the spleen is part of the lymph system, this inflammation can result in the spleen becoming enlarged. […] Other potential causes of an enlarged spleen include: malaria, Hodgkins disease, leukemia, heart failure, cirrhosis, tumors in the spleen or from other organs that have spread to the spleen, viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, inflammatory diseases, such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, sickle cell disease.

• #24 Splenomegaly (Enlarged Spleen): Symptoms and Treatment

  https://www.health.com/splenomegaly-7974386

  Infections: Foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses, can trigger the spleen to overproduce immune cells, like white blood cells, and enlarge. Infections that can cause splenomegaly include mononucleosis, malaria (an infectious disease spread by mosquitoes), and tuberculosis (an airborne bacterial infection). […] Liver disease: Liver diseases, such as cirrhosis (a condition that causes extreme liver scarring and damage) and chronic hepatitis (liver inflammation), can cause increased pressure in the portal vein. This increased pressure can lead to blood pooling in the spleen, causing it to enlarge. […] Metabolic disorders: Inherited metabolic disorders can cause abnormal substances and cells to infiltrate and engorge the spleen. This includes Gaucher disease (a condition in which you lack an enzyme that breaks down lipids or fats) and Niemann-Pick disease (a group of conditions that cause lipids to build up in the body). […] Thrombosis: A blood clot that blocks blood flow to or from the spleen or liver can cause splenomegaly.

• #25 Pediatric Splenomegaly Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/958739-clinical

  Other common infectious etiologies include bacterial, protozoal, and fungal infections. […] Splenomegaly can be a presenting sign of neoplasia, being a key such feature in leukemia and lymphoma. […] Obstructed venous blood flow of intrahepatic or extrahepatic etiology can cause splenomegaly. […] Storage diseases may result in splenomegaly, and in Gaucher and Niemann-Pick disease, it is often the first clinical manifestation. […] Hypersplenism is a clinical syndrome in which cytopenias result from excessive splenic function and splenic hypertrophy. […] Venous obstruction is the most common cause of hypersplenism.

• #25 Pediatric Splenomegaly Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/958739-clinical

  Despite the numerous causes of splenomegaly (see Differentials), the spleen is rarely the primary site of disease. […] Splenomegaly is often categorized into the following groupings: Sequestration of blood cells – Such as in hemolytic conditions, Proliferation due to infection or inflammation, Deposition – Such as in Niemann-Pick and Gaucher disease and in some infections, Infiltration due to granulomatous, histiocytic, lymphoproliferative, or malignant conditions, Endowment – As caused by space-occupying lesions. […] The most common mechanism of pathologic splenomegaly in children is hyperplasia of the MPS. This is due to a variety of conditions that result in excessive antigenic stimulation, including infection and immune dysfunction, as well as hemolysis. […] Excessive antigenic stimulation due to infection is the cause of most cases of splenomegaly in children.

• #26 Splenomegaly | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/splenomegaly?lang=us

  Splenomegaly refers to enlargement of the spleen. The causes of splenomegaly are protean, and can be thought of under several headings: hematological disease, hemodynamic, infectious, storage diseases/metabolic/infiltrative disorders, neoplastic (non-hematologic), traumatic, and connective tissue disorders. […] Massive splenomegaly is variably defined, including when the spleen is 5 standard deviations above the mean normal volume (~943 cm3), heavier than 1.0 kg or 1.5 kg, or at/below the umbilicus, extending into the pelvis and/or across the midline. […] It is sometimes helpful to consider those etiologies that may cause the spleen to grow especially large as a separate group: thalassemia (including beta-thalassemia major), myeloproliferative neoplasms, acute leukaemias, lymphomas/chronic lymphoid neoplasms, leishmaniasis (kala-azar), Gaucher disease, AIDS with Mycobacterial avium complex infection, and cirrhosis with portal hypertension.

• #27 What Causes an Enlarged Spleen? Swollen Spleen Problems

  https://www.emedicinehealth.com/enlarged_spleen_splenomegaly/article_em.htm

  Enlarged spleen is generally caused by another medical condition that will require medical treatment. […] The treatment of splenomegaly essentially depends on its cause. […] In many conditions, the spleen enlarges as a result of performing its normal physiologic function in response to another medical condition, for example, cirrhosis. […] Occasionally, recommended treatment is the surgical removal of the spleen (splenectomy) in order to control the causative conditions. […] Depending upon the cause, the enlarged spleen may return to normal size and function when the underlying disease is treated or resolved. […] Prevention of splenomegaly in itself may be meaningless. Some of the medical causes of splenomegaly, however, may be preventable, such as cessation of alcohol abuse to prevent liver cirrhosis, or prophylaxis against malaria when planning a trip to an endemic area.

• #28 Possible causes of splenomegaly in children and adults. Symptoms and treatment – Dobrobut

  https://dobrobut.com/en/med/c-vozmozhnye-prichiny-splenomegalii

  Possible causes of splenomegaly in children and provocateurs of spleen enlargement in adults may differ. […] Before asking how to treat an enlarged spleen, you should verify the exact causes of splenomegaly – usually, after their elimination, in the absence of complications, the spleen returns to its normal size. […] Therapy for an enlarged spleen depends on what disease provoked splenomegaly.

• #29 Splenomegaly – Armando Hasudungandownloadbookprintpencilchevron-leftchevron-righttwitterfacebookhand-o-rightfilterchainlist-ulenvelopelinkedinangle-rightangle-upyoutubexinginstagramlong-arrow-uppaper-planepinterest-pwhatsappcommentingaddress-book-ox-twitt

  https://armandoh.org/clinical-presentations/splenomegaly/?srsltid=AfmBOorpB99dwhu5Q5jMVFeO0DOadpFzTpeT8Fo6yLfpxTf-cLaizXoR

  Splenomegaly generally denotes a palpably enlarged spleen. Splenomegaly can be found in 3% of the normal population. Causes of an enlarged spleen are multiple (hepatic, haemotological, infection or inflammation). […] Major Causes of Splenomegaly include Congestion (Cirrhosis, Heart Failure, Thrombosis of portal/hepatic/splenic vein), Malignancy (Lymphoma, Leukaemia, Myeloproliferative disorders, Primary or secondary tumour), Infection (Viral, bacterial, parasitic), Inflammation (Sarcoids, SLE, Rheumatoid arthritis), Infiltrative, nonmalignant (Gaucher’s disease, Niemann-pick disease, Amyloid), and Haematologic (hypersplenic) states (Haemolytic anaemias, Sick cell disease). […] Common Causes Of Splenomegaly in Adults include Liver disease, Haematologic malignancy, Infection, Congestion or inflammation, and Primary splenic disease (splenic vein thrombosis). In Children, common causes include Infection and Sickle cell anaemia.

• #30 Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354331

  An enlarged spleen is usually detected during a physical exam. […] Sometimes more testing is needed to find the cause of an enlarged spleen, including a bone marrow biopsy exam. […] Your doctor might recommend surgery to remove your spleen (splenectomy) for diagnostic purposes when there’s no identifiable cause for the enlargement. […] Treatment for an enlarged spleen focuses on the what’s causing it. […] If an enlarged spleen causes serious complications or the cause can’t be identified or treated, surgery to remove your spleen (splenectomy) might be an option.

• #31 Splenomegaly | Description, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/splenomegaly

  Massive splenomegaly can place a heavy burden on the heart and circulatory system; the enlarged spleen may absorb more than half the cardiac output, whereas the normal spleen absorbs only 5 percent. […] In addition, splenomegaly often causes an increase in the volume of blood plasma, which, in conjunction with increased retention of red blood cells in the spleen, may result in anemia. […] Once the underlying disease is treated, the spleen may return to its normal size and functions. […] Surgical removal (splenectomy) may be required if the spleen is seriously damaged.

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