Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Splenomegaly – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430907/

  Splenomegaly is a rare condition, with an estimated prevalence of approximately 2% of the total United States population. […] In adults, there has been no reported predominance in prevalence based on ethnicity, gender, or age. […] In Asia and Africa, tropical splenomegaly is very common. […] In older people, the capsule of the spleen is thin, thus the risk of rupture is higher.

• #2 Splenomegaly (Enlarged Spleen) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/splenomegaly-and-hypersplenism

  Splenomegaly is a rare condition. An incidence of 2% has been reported in the USA. […] One study reported that 0.3% of all hospital admissions were found to have splenomegaly. Haematological diseases were the underlying causal diagnosis in 39%; hepatic diseases in 18%, infectious disease in 10% and other diseases in 8%.

• #3 Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen): Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/enlarged-spleen

  Healthcare professionals consider splenomegaly when the spleen is anywhere from 12 to 20 centimeters (cm) (4.7 to 7.9 inches [in]) in length and weighs more than 400 grams (g) (0.88 pounds [lb]). […] Massive splenomegaly occurs when the spleen is larger than 20 cm (7.9 in) or weighs more than 1,000 g (2.2 lb). […] Regardless of the cause, splenomegaly is a rare condition. An estimated 2% of the population experiences splenomegaly in their lifetime. […] Older individuals are slightly more at risk of developing the condition because the outer covering of the spleen, known as the capsule, becomes slightly thinner with age. […] Splenomegaly is a rare but potentially life threatening occurrence that can lead to splenic rupture. […] The condition can develop due to several underlying medical conditions, ranging from blood disorders to liver disease.

• #4 Splenomegaly (Enlarged Spleen) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/splenomegaly-and-hypersplenism

  Splenomegaly is a rare condition. An incidence of 2% has been reported in the USA. […] One study reported that 0.3% of all hospital admissions were found to have splenomegaly. Haematological diseases were the underlying causal diagnosis in 39%; hepatic diseases in 18%, infectious disease in 10% and other diseases in 8%.

• #5 Evaluation of splenomegaly – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/895

  Splenomegaly generally denotes a palpably enlarged spleen. However, it may also refer to an enlarged spleen detected by an imaging test. Splenomegaly can be found in 3% of the general population. […] It is difficult to create a stepwise algorithmic approach to the patient with splenomegaly. Urgent presentations include sudden pain associated with splenomegaly, splenic sequestration crisis of sickle cell anemia, and splenic vein or portal vein thrombosis. […] Isolated splenomegaly is a feature of diagnoses such as splenic marginal lymphoma or benign splenic neoplasms.

• #6 Assessment of splenomegaly – Differential diagnosis of symptoms | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/895

  Splenomegaly can be found in 3% of the general population. […] It is difficult to create a stepwise algorithmic approach to the patient with splenomegaly. […] Urgent presentations include sudden pain associated with splenomegaly, splenic sequestration crisis of sickle cell anaemia, and splenic vein or portal vein thrombosis.

• #7 Splenomegaly – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430907/

  Splenomegaly is a rare condition, with an estimated prevalence of approximately 2% of the total United States population. […] In adults, there has been no reported predominance in prevalence based on ethnicity, gender, or age. […] In Asia and Africa, tropical splenomegaly is very common. […] In older people, the capsule of the spleen is thin, thus the risk of rupture is higher.

• #8 Splenomegaly – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/gut-health/splenomegaly/

  Splenomegaly, or an enlarged spleen, is quite uncommon, affecting about 2% of people in the United States. […] However, in Asia and Africa, this condition is very common due to tropical diseases. […] The main concern with an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) is that it might rupture. […] The treatment for splenomegaly, which is an enlarged spleen, focuses on dealing with the core problem causing the enlargement, and preventing complications due to the enlarged spleen itself. […] The prognosis for splenomegaly, or an enlarged spleen, largely depends on the specific medical condition causing the enlargement.

• #9 Splenomegaly: Diagnosis and Management in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0900/p271.html

  Splenomegaly can be due to several mechanisms but is almost always a sign of a systemic condition. […] The most common causes of splenomegaly in the United States are liver disease, malignancy, and infection. […] In the United States, the most common etiologies of splenomegaly are chronic liver disease, malignancies, and infections. […] Splenomegaly is common in patients with HIV, as a response to the virus or because of secondary infections. […] Splenomegaly can affect up to 80% of people in tropical areas where malaria and schistosomiasis are endemic. […] Acute infections, anemia, and splenic rupture are the most common complications of splenomegaly. […] Any trauma to an enlarged spleen carries the risk of rupture with significant blood loss. […] Current recommendations are to restrict contact activity for at least 21 days after symptom onset, regardless of a palpated spleen on examination. […] A risk of atraumatic splenic rupture also occurs in patients with underlying splenic pathology; this occurs most commonly with malignancies and infectious processes.

• #10 Splenomegaly: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206208-overview

  In the United States, one large series reported a palpable spleen in 2% of patients and another in 5.6% of patients. Tropical splenomegaly syndrome occurs most often in persons indigenous to the malarial belt of tropical Africa and in visitors to that region. […] No race predilection is recognized for splenomegaly. However, note that blacks may have hemoglobin SC disease, a disorder related to sickle cell disease. Unlike sickle cell disease, which results in a small, autoinfarcted spleen, patients with hemoglobin SC disease may have splenomegaly that accompanies their pigment gallstones. […] Tropical splenomegaly syndrome (or hyperactive malarial syndrome) has a female-to-male incidence ratio of 2:1. Otherwise, no sex predilection is documented for splenomegaly. […] The capsules of older spleens are much thinner than their younger counterparts. The combination of capsular thinning with increased spleen weight and size makes splenic injury more common in elderly persons. These factors account for the increased likelihood of splenectomy for trauma in this subgroup.

• #11 Pediatric Splenomegaly: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/958739-overview

  A 1- to 2-cm splenic tip is palpable in approximately 30% of full-term neonates and in as many as 10% of healthy children overall. […] Due to the varying incidence of infections that cause splenomegaly, the prevalence of the condition in children differs by geographical region. […] Malaria, schistosomiasis, and other infections in endemic areas are frequent causes of splenomegaly. […] In malaria-endemic areas, the prevalence of splenomegaly (ie, spleen rate) is a measure of malaria exposure. In hyperendemic areas (eg, Papua New Guinea), the spleen rate in children exceeds 50%. […] The incidence is approximately 1:1000, and it usually occurs in the first 3 weeks of illness. […] Hypersplenism is the occurrence of (most commonly) thrombocytopenia, and occasionally leukopenia and anemia, in the context of significant splenomegaly. […] The etiology of splenomegaly varies with age due to auxologic factors and as a result of differing infection rates in relation to age group.

• #12 Splenomegaly – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430907/

  Splenomegaly is a rare condition, with an estimated prevalence of approximately 2% of the total United States population. […] In adults, there has been no reported predominance in prevalence based on ethnicity, gender, or age. […] In Asia and Africa, tropical splenomegaly is very common. […] In older people, the capsule of the spleen is thin, thus the risk of rupture is higher.

• #13 Splenomegaly: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206208-overview

  In the United States, one large series reported a palpable spleen in 2% of patients and another in 5.6% of patients. Tropical splenomegaly syndrome occurs most often in persons indigenous to the malarial belt of tropical Africa and in visitors to that region. […] No race predilection is recognized for splenomegaly. However, note that blacks may have hemoglobin SC disease, a disorder related to sickle cell disease. Unlike sickle cell disease, which results in a small, autoinfarcted spleen, patients with hemoglobin SC disease may have splenomegaly that accompanies their pigment gallstones. […] Tropical splenomegaly syndrome (or hyperactive malarial syndrome) has a female-to-male incidence ratio of 2:1. Otherwise, no sex predilection is documented for splenomegaly. […] The capsules of older spleens are much thinner than their younger counterparts. The combination of capsular thinning with increased spleen weight and size makes splenic injury more common in elderly persons. These factors account for the increased likelihood of splenectomy for trauma in this subgroup.

• #14 Splenomegaly: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206208-overview

  In the United States, one large series reported a palpable spleen in 2% of patients and another in 5.6% of patients. Tropical splenomegaly syndrome occurs most often in persons indigenous to the malarial belt of tropical Africa and in visitors to that region. […] No race predilection is recognized for splenomegaly. However, note that blacks may have hemoglobin SC disease, a disorder related to sickle cell disease. Unlike sickle cell disease, which results in a small, autoinfarcted spleen, patients with hemoglobin SC disease may have splenomegaly that accompanies their pigment gallstones. […] Tropical splenomegaly syndrome (or hyperactive malarial syndrome) has a female-to-male incidence ratio of 2:1. Otherwise, no sex predilection is documented for splenomegaly. […] The capsules of older spleens are much thinner than their younger counterparts. The combination of capsular thinning with increased spleen weight and size makes splenic injury more common in elderly persons. These factors account for the increased likelihood of splenectomy for trauma in this subgroup.

• #15 Splenomegaly – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK430907/

  Splenomegaly is a rare condition, with an estimated prevalence of approximately 2% of the total United States population. […] In adults, there has been no reported predominance in prevalence based on ethnicity, gender, or age. […] In Asia and Africa, tropical splenomegaly is very common. […] In older people, the capsule of the spleen is thin, thus the risk of rupture is higher.

• #16 Splenomegaly: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/206208-overview

  In the United States, one large series reported a palpable spleen in 2% of patients and another in 5.6% of patients. Tropical splenomegaly syndrome occurs most often in persons indigenous to the malarial belt of tropical Africa and in visitors to that region. […] No race predilection is recognized for splenomegaly. However, note that blacks may have hemoglobin SC disease, a disorder related to sickle cell disease. Unlike sickle cell disease, which results in a small, autoinfarcted spleen, patients with hemoglobin SC disease may have splenomegaly that accompanies their pigment gallstones. […] Tropical splenomegaly syndrome (or hyperactive malarial syndrome) has a female-to-male incidence ratio of 2:1. Otherwise, no sex predilection is documented for splenomegaly. […] The capsules of older spleens are much thinner than their younger counterparts. The combination of capsular thinning with increased spleen weight and size makes splenic injury more common in elderly persons. These factors account for the increased likelihood of splenectomy for trauma in this subgroup.

• #17 Pediatric Splenomegaly: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/958739-overview

  A 1- to 2-cm splenic tip is palpable in approximately 30% of full-term neonates and in as many as 10% of healthy children overall. […] Due to the varying incidence of infections that cause splenomegaly, the prevalence of the condition in children differs by geographical region. […] Malaria, schistosomiasis, and other infections in endemic areas are frequent causes of splenomegaly. […] In malaria-endemic areas, the prevalence of splenomegaly (ie, spleen rate) is a measure of malaria exposure. In hyperendemic areas (eg, Papua New Guinea), the spleen rate in children exceeds 50%. […] The incidence is approximately 1:1000, and it usually occurs in the first 3 weeks of illness. […] Hypersplenism is the occurrence of (most commonly) thrombocytopenia, and occasionally leukopenia and anemia, in the context of significant splenomegaly. […] The etiology of splenomegaly varies with age due to auxologic factors and as a result of differing infection rates in relation to age group.

• #18 Pediatric Splenomegaly: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/958739-overview

  A 1- to 2-cm splenic tip is palpable in approximately 30% of full-term neonates and in as many as 10% of healthy children overall. […] Due to the varying incidence of infections that cause splenomegaly, the prevalence of the condition in children differs by geographical region. […] Malaria, schistosomiasis, and other infections in endemic areas are frequent causes of splenomegaly. […] In malaria-endemic areas, the prevalence of splenomegaly (ie, spleen rate) is a measure of malaria exposure. In hyperendemic areas (eg, Papua New Guinea), the spleen rate in children exceeds 50%. […] The incidence is approximately 1:1000, and it usually occurs in the first 3 weeks of illness. […] Hypersplenism is the occurrence of (most commonly) thrombocytopenia, and occasionally leukopenia and anemia, in the context of significant splenomegaly. […] The etiology of splenomegaly varies with age due to auxologic factors and as a result of differing infection rates in relation to age group.

• #19 Pediatric Splenomegaly: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/958739-overview

  A 1- to 2-cm splenic tip is palpable in approximately 30% of full-term neonates and in as many as 10% of healthy children overall. […] Due to the varying incidence of infections that cause splenomegaly, the prevalence of the condition in children differs by geographical region. […] Malaria, schistosomiasis, and other infections in endemic areas are frequent causes of splenomegaly. […] In malaria-endemic areas, the prevalence of splenomegaly (ie, spleen rate) is a measure of malaria exposure. In hyperendemic areas (eg, Papua New Guinea), the spleen rate in children exceeds 50%. […] The incidence is approximately 1:1000, and it usually occurs in the first 3 weeks of illness. […] Hypersplenism is the occurrence of (most commonly) thrombocytopenia, and occasionally leukopenia and anemia, in the context of significant splenomegaly. […] The etiology of splenomegaly varies with age due to auxologic factors and as a result of differing infection rates in relation to age group.

• #20 Pediatric Splenomegaly: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/958739-overview

  A 1- to 2-cm splenic tip is palpable in approximately 30% of full-term neonates and in as many as 10% of healthy children overall. […] Due to the varying incidence of infections that cause splenomegaly, the prevalence of the condition in children differs by geographical region. […] Malaria, schistosomiasis, and other infections in endemic areas are frequent causes of splenomegaly. […] In malaria-endemic areas, the prevalence of splenomegaly (ie, spleen rate) is a measure of malaria exposure. In hyperendemic areas (eg, Papua New Guinea), the spleen rate in children exceeds 50%. […] The incidence is approximately 1:1000, and it usually occurs in the first 3 weeks of illness. […] Hypersplenism is the occurrence of (most commonly) thrombocytopenia, and occasionally leukopenia and anemia, in the context of significant splenomegaly. […] The etiology of splenomegaly varies with age due to auxologic factors and as a result of differing infection rates in relation to age group.

• #21 Hypersplenism: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24339-hypersplenism

  Hypersplenism occurs when your spleen becomes abnormally enlarged (splenomegaly). […] Common causes of splenomegaly that may lead to hypersplenism include: […] Hypersplenism is a side effect of splenomegaly. Splenomegaly is when your spleen is abnormally enlarged. […] Treating hypersplenism usually means treating the underlying condition.

• #22 Splenomegaly – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/spleen-disorders/splenomegaly

  Splenomegaly is abnormal enlargement of the spleen. […] Splenomegaly is almost always secondary to other disorders. […] When testing for etiology of splenomegaly and no cause is immediately apparent, infectious causes are important to exclude. […] Asymptomatic patients with an enlarged spleen do not require treatment but should avoid contact sports and weight-lifting to decrease the risk of splenic rupture.

• #23 Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17829-enlarged-spleen

  An enlarged spleen is also called splenomegaly. Its a symptom of an underlying disease. […] An enlarged spleen is a symptom of many different conditions, some more serious than others. Your healthcare provider will need to investigate the underlying cause to determine if you need treatment. […] An enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) is diagnosed when healthcare providers find an enlarged spleen by accident during a routine exam, or while looking for something else. […] An enlarged spleen is more vulnerable to rupture. […] An enlarged spleen is a symptom that healthcare providers need to investigate. Whether or not its causing you discomfort, it indicates an underlying condition that may need treatment.

• #24 Splenomegaly: Diagnosis and Management in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0900/p271.html

  Splenomegaly can be due to several mechanisms but is almost always a sign of a systemic condition. […] The most common causes of splenomegaly in the United States are liver disease, malignancy, and infection. […] In the United States, the most common etiologies of splenomegaly are chronic liver disease, malignancies, and infections. […] Splenomegaly is common in patients with HIV, as a response to the virus or because of secondary infections. […] Splenomegaly can affect up to 80% of people in tropical areas where malaria and schistosomiasis are endemic. […] Acute infections, anemia, and splenic rupture are the most common complications of splenomegaly. […] Any trauma to an enlarged spleen carries the risk of rupture with significant blood loss. […] Current recommendations are to restrict contact activity for at least 21 days after symptom onset, regardless of a palpated spleen on examination. […] A risk of atraumatic splenic rupture also occurs in patients with underlying splenic pathology; this occurs most commonly with malignancies and infectious processes.

• #25 Splenomegaly (Enlarged Spleen) | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/splenomegaly-and-hypersplenism

  Splenomegaly is a rare condition. An incidence of 2% has been reported in the USA. […] One study reported that 0.3% of all hospital admissions were found to have splenomegaly. Haematological diseases were the underlying causal diagnosis in 39%; hepatic diseases in 18%, infectious disease in 10% and other diseases in 8%.

• #26 Splenomegaly – Differential Diagnosis • The Blood Project

  https://www.thebloodproject.com/cases-archive/splenomegaly-differential-diagnosis/copy-copy-macrocytosis-spurious-causes/

  Splenomegaly is typically defined as an enlarged spleen: […] Splenomegaly may be classified several ways: […] According to prevalence; most common causes include: […] According to mechanism […] Passive congestion due to obstruction of venous blood flow; for example cirrhosis with portal hypertension, heart failure, and splenic/portal/hepatic vein thrombosis. […] According to whether the splenomegaly is massive, seen most commonly in:

• #27 Splenomegaly – Differential Diagnosis • The Blood Project

  https://www.thebloodproject.com/cases-archive/splenomegaly-differential-diagnosis/copy-copy-macrocytosis-spurious-causes/

  Splenomegaly is typically defined as an enlarged spleen: […] Splenomegaly may be classified several ways: […] According to prevalence; most common causes include: […] According to mechanism […] Passive congestion due to obstruction of venous blood flow; for example cirrhosis with portal hypertension, heart failure, and splenic/portal/hepatic vein thrombosis. […] According to whether the splenomegaly is massive, seen most commonly in:

• #28 Splenomegaly | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/splenomegaly?lang=us

  Splenomegaly refers to enlargement of the spleen. The upper limit of the normal adult splenic length is traditionally cited at 12 cm, but lengths upwards of 14 cm can be seen in normal, taller males. […] Massive splenomegaly is variably defined, including when the spleen is 5 standard deviations above the mean normal volume (~943 cm3), heavier than 1.0 kg or 1.5 kg, 14.5 cm true craniocaudal measurement on coronal CT, 15 cm on clinical exam, or at/below the umbilicus, extending into the pelvis and/or across the midline. […] The causes of splenomegaly are protean, and can be thought of under several headings: hematological disease, hemodynamic, infectious, storage diseases/metabolic/infiltrative disorders, neoplastic (non-hematologic), traumatic, and connective tissue disorders. […] It is sometimes helpful to consider those etiologies that may cause the spleen to grow especially large as a separate group: thalassemia (including beta-thalassemia major), myeloproliferative neoplasms, acute leukaemias, lymphomas/chronic lymphoid neoplasms, leishmaniasis (kala-azar), Gaucher disease, AIDS with Mycobacterial avium complex infection, cirrhosis with portal hypertension. […] The normal spleen size for any individual is substantially influenced by demographic factors, sex, and body habitus.

• #29 Outcome of pregnancy in women with splenomegaly | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-023-05465-0

  The study showed significant association between adverse obstetric outcomes and massive splenomegaly. Thus, it is important to consider splenomegaly as one of the factors making the pregnancy high-risk one. […] The most predominant type of splenomegaly was massive (50.9%) splenomegaly. […] Higher proportion of women with poor obstetric outcomes was reported in cases of massive splenomegaly in comparison with other types. […] The reported obstetric complications among the investigated women include: intrauterine growth restriction (19.3%), preterm labor (17.5%), miscarriage (12.3%) and stillbirth (3.5%). […] The incidence of splenomegaly mainly depends on the geographical location reflecting the etiology since the causes may vary with diseases prevalent in a given area. […] The complications of splenomegaly in pregnancy in terms of anemia, thrombocytopenia, increases the susceptibility to poor pregnancy outcomes.

• #30 Outcome of pregnancy in women with splenomegaly | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-023-05465-0

  The study showed significant association between adverse obstetric outcomes and massive splenomegaly. Thus, it is important to consider splenomegaly as one of the factors making the pregnancy high-risk one. […] The most predominant type of splenomegaly was massive (50.9%) splenomegaly. […] Higher proportion of women with poor obstetric outcomes was reported in cases of massive splenomegaly in comparison with other types. […] The reported obstetric complications among the investigated women include: intrauterine growth restriction (19.3%), preterm labor (17.5%), miscarriage (12.3%) and stillbirth (3.5%). […] The incidence of splenomegaly mainly depends on the geographical location reflecting the etiology since the causes may vary with diseases prevalent in a given area. […] The complications of splenomegaly in pregnancy in terms of anemia, thrombocytopenia, increases the susceptibility to poor pregnancy outcomes.

• #31 Outcome of pregnancy in women with splenomegaly | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-023-05465-0

  The study showed significant association between adverse obstetric outcomes and massive splenomegaly. Thus, it is important to consider splenomegaly as one of the factors making the pregnancy high-risk one. […] The most predominant type of splenomegaly was massive (50.9%) splenomegaly. […] Higher proportion of women with poor obstetric outcomes was reported in cases of massive splenomegaly in comparison with other types. […] The reported obstetric complications among the investigated women include: intrauterine growth restriction (19.3%), preterm labor (17.5%), miscarriage (12.3%) and stillbirth (3.5%). […] The incidence of splenomegaly mainly depends on the geographical location reflecting the etiology since the causes may vary with diseases prevalent in a given area. […] The complications of splenomegaly in pregnancy in terms of anemia, thrombocytopenia, increases the susceptibility to poor pregnancy outcomes.

• #32 Outcome of pregnancy in women with splenomegaly | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-023-05465-0

  The study showed significant association between adverse obstetric outcomes and massive splenomegaly. Thus, it is important to consider splenomegaly as one of the factors making the pregnancy high-risk one. […] The most predominant type of splenomegaly was massive (50.9%) splenomegaly. […] Higher proportion of women with poor obstetric outcomes was reported in cases of massive splenomegaly in comparison with other types. […] The reported obstetric complications among the investigated women include: intrauterine growth restriction (19.3%), preterm labor (17.5%), miscarriage (12.3%) and stillbirth (3.5%). […] The incidence of splenomegaly mainly depends on the geographical location reflecting the etiology since the causes may vary with diseases prevalent in a given area. […] The complications of splenomegaly in pregnancy in terms of anemia, thrombocytopenia, increases the susceptibility to poor pregnancy outcomes.

• #33 Pediatric Splenomegaly: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/958739-overview

  A 1- to 2-cm splenic tip is palpable in approximately 30% of full-term neonates and in as many as 10% of healthy children overall. […] Due to the varying incidence of infections that cause splenomegaly, the prevalence of the condition in children differs by geographical region. […] Malaria, schistosomiasis, and other infections in endemic areas are frequent causes of splenomegaly. […] In malaria-endemic areas, the prevalence of splenomegaly (ie, spleen rate) is a measure of malaria exposure. In hyperendemic areas (eg, Papua New Guinea), the spleen rate in children exceeds 50%. […] The incidence is approximately 1:1000, and it usually occurs in the first 3 weeks of illness. […] Hypersplenism is the occurrence of (most commonly) thrombocytopenia, and occasionally leukopenia and anemia, in the context of significant splenomegaly. […] The etiology of splenomegaly varies with age due to auxologic factors and as a result of differing infection rates in relation to age group.

• #34 Splenomegaly – Hematology and Oncology – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/spleen-disorders/splenomegaly

  Splenomegaly is abnormal enlargement of the spleen. […] Splenomegaly is almost always secondary to other disorders. […] When testing for etiology of splenomegaly and no cause is immediately apparent, infectious causes are important to exclude. […] Asymptomatic patients with an enlarged spleen do not require treatment but should avoid contact sports and weight-lifting to decrease the risk of splenic rupture.

• #35 Splenomegaly: Diagnosis and Management in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0900/p271.html

  Splenomegaly can be due to several mechanisms but is almost always a sign of a systemic condition. […] The most common causes of splenomegaly in the United States are liver disease, malignancy, and infection. […] In the United States, the most common etiologies of splenomegaly are chronic liver disease, malignancies, and infections. […] Splenomegaly is common in patients with HIV, as a response to the virus or because of secondary infections. […] Splenomegaly can affect up to 80% of people in tropical areas where malaria and schistosomiasis are endemic. […] Acute infections, anemia, and splenic rupture are the most common complications of splenomegaly. […] Any trauma to an enlarged spleen carries the risk of rupture with significant blood loss. […] Current recommendations are to restrict contact activity for at least 21 days after symptom onset, regardless of a palpated spleen on examination. […] A risk of atraumatic splenic rupture also occurs in patients with underlying splenic pathology; this occurs most commonly with malignancies and infectious processes.

• #36 Splenomegaly: Diagnosis and Management in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0900/p271.html

  Splenomegaly can be due to several mechanisms but is almost always a sign of a systemic condition. […] The most common causes of splenomegaly in the United States are liver disease, malignancy, and infection. […] In the United States, the most common etiologies of splenomegaly are chronic liver disease, malignancies, and infections. […] Splenomegaly is common in patients with HIV, as a response to the virus or because of secondary infections. […] Splenomegaly can affect up to 80% of people in tropical areas where malaria and schistosomiasis are endemic. […] Acute infections, anemia, and splenic rupture are the most common complications of splenomegaly. […] Any trauma to an enlarged spleen carries the risk of rupture with significant blood loss. […] Current recommendations are to restrict contact activity for at least 21 days after symptom onset, regardless of a palpated spleen on examination. […] A risk of atraumatic splenic rupture also occurs in patients with underlying splenic pathology; this occurs most commonly with malignancies and infectious processes.

• #37 Splenomegaly: Diagnosis and Management in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0900/p271.html

  Splenomegaly can be due to several mechanisms but is almost always a sign of a systemic condition. […] The most common causes of splenomegaly in the United States are liver disease, malignancy, and infection. […] In the United States, the most common etiologies of splenomegaly are chronic liver disease, malignancies, and infections. […] Splenomegaly is common in patients with HIV, as a response to the virus or because of secondary infections. […] Splenomegaly can affect up to 80% of people in tropical areas where malaria and schistosomiasis are endemic. […] Acute infections, anemia, and splenic rupture are the most common complications of splenomegaly. […] Any trauma to an enlarged spleen carries the risk of rupture with significant blood loss. […] Current recommendations are to restrict contact activity for at least 21 days after symptom onset, regardless of a palpated spleen on examination. […] A risk of atraumatic splenic rupture also occurs in patients with underlying splenic pathology; this occurs most commonly with malignancies and infectious processes.

• #38 Splenomegaly: Diagnosis and Management in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0900/p271.html

  Splenomegaly can be due to several mechanisms but is almost always a sign of a systemic condition. […] The most common causes of splenomegaly in the United States are liver disease, malignancy, and infection. […] In the United States, the most common etiologies of splenomegaly are chronic liver disease, malignancies, and infections. […] Splenomegaly is common in patients with HIV, as a response to the virus or because of secondary infections. […] Splenomegaly can affect up to 80% of people in tropical areas where malaria and schistosomiasis are endemic. […] Acute infections, anemia, and splenic rupture are the most common complications of splenomegaly. […] Any trauma to an enlarged spleen carries the risk of rupture with significant blood loss. […] Current recommendations are to restrict contact activity for at least 21 days after symptom onset, regardless of a palpated spleen on examination. […] A risk of atraumatic splenic rupture also occurs in patients with underlying splenic pathology; this occurs most commonly with malignancies and infectious processes.

• #39 Splenomegaly: Diagnosis and Management in Adults | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2021/0900/p271.html

  Splenomegaly can be due to several mechanisms but is almost always a sign of a systemic condition. […] The most common causes of splenomegaly in the United States are liver disease, malignancy, and infection. […] In the United States, the most common etiologies of splenomegaly are chronic liver disease, malignancies, and infections. […] Splenomegaly is common in patients with HIV, as a response to the virus or because of secondary infections. […] Splenomegaly can affect up to 80% of people in tropical areas where malaria and schistosomiasis are endemic. […] Acute infections, anemia, and splenic rupture are the most common complications of splenomegaly. […] Any trauma to an enlarged spleen carries the risk of rupture with significant blood loss. […] Current recommendations are to restrict contact activity for at least 21 days after symptom onset, regardless of a palpated spleen on examination. […] A risk of atraumatic splenic rupture also occurs in patients with underlying splenic pathology; this occurs most commonly with malignancies and infectious processes.

• #40 Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly): Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17829-enlarged-spleen

  An enlarged spleen is also called splenomegaly. Its a symptom of an underlying disease. […] An enlarged spleen is a symptom of many different conditions, some more serious than others. Your healthcare provider will need to investigate the underlying cause to determine if you need treatment. […] An enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) is diagnosed when healthcare providers find an enlarged spleen by accident during a routine exam, or while looking for something else. […] An enlarged spleen is more vulnerable to rupture. […] An enlarged spleen is a symptom that healthcare providers need to investigate. Whether or not its causing you discomfort, it indicates an underlying condition that may need treatment.

• #41 Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/symptoms-causes/syc-20354326

  The spleen is a small organ usually about the size of your fist. But a number of conditions, including liver disease and some cancers, can cause your spleen to become enlarged. […] An enlarged spleen is also known as splenomegaly (spleh-no-MEG-uh-lee). […] Imaging and blood tests can help identify the cause of an enlarged spleen. […] A number of infections and diseases can cause an enlarged spleen. The enlargement might be temporary, depending on treatment. […] Potential complications of an enlarged spleen are: […] An enlarged spleen can reduce the number of healthy red blood cells, platelets and white cells in your bloodstream, leading to more frequent infections. Anemia and increased bleeding also are possible. […] Even healthy spleens are soft and easily damaged, especially in car crashes. The possibility of rupture is much greater when your spleen is enlarged. A ruptured spleen can cause life-threatening bleeding in your belly.

• #42 Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen): Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/enlarged-spleen

  Healthcare professionals consider splenomegaly when the spleen is anywhere from 12 to 20 centimeters (cm) (4.7 to 7.9 inches [in]) in length and weighs more than 400 grams (g) (0.88 pounds [lb]). […] Massive splenomegaly occurs when the spleen is larger than 20 cm (7.9 in) or weighs more than 1,000 g (2.2 lb). […] Regardless of the cause, splenomegaly is a rare condition. An estimated 2% of the population experiences splenomegaly in their lifetime. […] Older individuals are slightly more at risk of developing the condition because the outer covering of the spleen, known as the capsule, becomes slightly thinner with age. […] Splenomegaly is a rare but potentially life threatening occurrence that can lead to splenic rupture. […] The condition can develop due to several underlying medical conditions, ranging from blood disorders to liver disease.

• #43 Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen): Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/enlarged-spleen

  Healthcare professionals consider splenomegaly when the spleen is anywhere from 12 to 20 centimeters (cm) (4.7 to 7.9 inches [in]) in length and weighs more than 400 grams (g) (0.88 pounds [lb]). […] Massive splenomegaly occurs when the spleen is larger than 20 cm (7.9 in) or weighs more than 1,000 g (2.2 lb). […] Regardless of the cause, splenomegaly is a rare condition. An estimated 2% of the population experiences splenomegaly in their lifetime. […] Older individuals are slightly more at risk of developing the condition because the outer covering of the spleen, known as the capsule, becomes slightly thinner with age. […] Splenomegaly is a rare but potentially life threatening occurrence that can lead to splenic rupture. […] The condition can develop due to several underlying medical conditions, ranging from blood disorders to liver disease.

• #44 Splenomegaly | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/splenomegaly?lang=us

  Splenomegaly refers to enlargement of the spleen. The upper limit of the normal adult splenic length is traditionally cited at 12 cm, but lengths upwards of 14 cm can be seen in normal, taller males. […] Massive splenomegaly is variably defined, including when the spleen is 5 standard deviations above the mean normal volume (~943 cm3), heavier than 1.0 kg or 1.5 kg, 14.5 cm true craniocaudal measurement on coronal CT, 15 cm on clinical exam, or at/below the umbilicus, extending into the pelvis and/or across the midline. […] The causes of splenomegaly are protean, and can be thought of under several headings: hematological disease, hemodynamic, infectious, storage diseases/metabolic/infiltrative disorders, neoplastic (non-hematologic), traumatic, and connective tissue disorders. […] It is sometimes helpful to consider those etiologies that may cause the spleen to grow especially large as a separate group: thalassemia (including beta-thalassemia major), myeloproliferative neoplasms, acute leukaemias, lymphomas/chronic lymphoid neoplasms, leishmaniasis (kala-azar), Gaucher disease, AIDS with Mycobacterial avium complex infection, cirrhosis with portal hypertension. […] The normal spleen size for any individual is substantially influenced by demographic factors, sex, and body habitus.

• #45 Splenomegaly | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org

  https://radiopaedia.org/articles/splenomegaly?lang=us

  Splenomegaly refers to enlargement of the spleen. The upper limit of the normal adult splenic length is traditionally cited at 12 cm, but lengths upwards of 14 cm can be seen in normal, taller males. […] Massive splenomegaly is variably defined, including when the spleen is 5 standard deviations above the mean normal volume (~943 cm3), heavier than 1.0 kg or 1.5 kg, 14.5 cm true craniocaudal measurement on coronal CT, 15 cm on clinical exam, or at/below the umbilicus, extending into the pelvis and/or across the midline. […] The causes of splenomegaly are protean, and can be thought of under several headings: hematological disease, hemodynamic, infectious, storage diseases/metabolic/infiltrative disorders, neoplastic (non-hematologic), traumatic, and connective tissue disorders. […] It is sometimes helpful to consider those etiologies that may cause the spleen to grow especially large as a separate group: thalassemia (including beta-thalassemia major), myeloproliferative neoplasms, acute leukaemias, lymphomas/chronic lymphoid neoplasms, leishmaniasis (kala-azar), Gaucher disease, AIDS with Mycobacterial avium complex infection, cirrhosis with portal hypertension. […] The normal spleen size for any individual is substantially influenced by demographic factors, sex, and body habitus.

• #46 Beyond splenomegaly: An image-based review of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the spleen | Applied Radiology

  https://appliedradiology.com/articles/beyond-splenomegaly-an-image-based-review-of-infectious-and-inflammatory-diseases-of-the-spleen

  As the spleen is predominantly composed of water, spleen volume and spleen weight, the measurement used by pathologists, can be used interchangeably. […] There is no agreement on what constitutes normal spleen volume. […] Most radiologists base their assessment of splenomegaly on an eyeball test or a maximal linear measurement. […] A study of patients in Crete proposed 315 cc as an upper limit of normal for spleen volume. […] An analysis on Brazilian patients predicted that any spleen with cephalocaudal dimension on CT greater than 10 cm would exceed this 315 cc limit. […] A recent sonography study based on German stem cell donors has provided more realistic estimates of the 95th percentile for cephalocaudal spleen length: 13.6 cm for a 6-foot tall man, 12.4 cm for a 5-foot-8-inch tall woman.

• #47 Beyond splenomegaly: An image-based review of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the spleen | Applied Radiology

  https://appliedradiology.com/articles/beyond-splenomegaly-an-image-based-review-of-infectious-and-inflammatory-diseases-of-the-spleen

  As the spleen is predominantly composed of water, spleen volume and spleen weight, the measurement used by pathologists, can be used interchangeably. […] There is no agreement on what constitutes normal spleen volume. […] Most radiologists base their assessment of splenomegaly on an eyeball test or a maximal linear measurement. […] A study of patients in Crete proposed 315 cc as an upper limit of normal for spleen volume. […] An analysis on Brazilian patients predicted that any spleen with cephalocaudal dimension on CT greater than 10 cm would exceed this 315 cc limit. […] A recent sonography study based on German stem cell donors has provided more realistic estimates of the 95th percentile for cephalocaudal spleen length: 13.6 cm for a 6-foot tall man, 12.4 cm for a 5-foot-8-inch tall woman.

• #48 Beyond splenomegaly: An image-based review of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the spleen | Applied Radiology

  https://appliedradiology.com/articles/beyond-splenomegaly-an-image-based-review-of-infectious-and-inflammatory-diseases-of-the-spleen

  As the spleen is predominantly composed of water, spleen volume and spleen weight, the measurement used by pathologists, can be used interchangeably. […] There is no agreement on what constitutes normal spleen volume. […] Most radiologists base their assessment of splenomegaly on an eyeball test or a maximal linear measurement. […] A study of patients in Crete proposed 315 cc as an upper limit of normal for spleen volume. […] An analysis on Brazilian patients predicted that any spleen with cephalocaudal dimension on CT greater than 10 cm would exceed this 315 cc limit. […] A recent sonography study based on German stem cell donors has provided more realistic estimates of the 95th percentile for cephalocaudal spleen length: 13.6 cm for a 6-foot tall man, 12.4 cm for a 5-foot-8-inch tall woman.

• #49 Beyond splenomegaly: An image-based review of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the spleen | Applied Radiology

  https://appliedradiology.com/articles/beyond-splenomegaly-an-image-based-review-of-infectious-and-inflammatory-diseases-of-the-spleen

  As the spleen is predominantly composed of water, spleen volume and spleen weight, the measurement used by pathologists, can be used interchangeably. […] There is no agreement on what constitutes normal spleen volume. […] Most radiologists base their assessment of splenomegaly on an eyeball test or a maximal linear measurement. […] A study of patients in Crete proposed 315 cc as an upper limit of normal for spleen volume. […] An analysis on Brazilian patients predicted that any spleen with cephalocaudal dimension on CT greater than 10 cm would exceed this 315 cc limit. […] A recent sonography study based on German stem cell donors has provided more realistic estimates of the 95th percentile for cephalocaudal spleen length: 13.6 cm for a 6-foot tall man, 12.4 cm for a 5-foot-8-inch tall woman.

• #50 Splenomegaly | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/splenomegaly

  Splenomegaly means enlargement of the spleen. […] A variety of disorders can cause the spleen to enlarge, sometimes to 2kg or more. […] Some of the causes of splenomegaly include leukaemia, lymphoma, Hodgkins disease, glandular fever and malaria. […] Diagnosing splenomegaly involves a number of tests, including physical examination, ultrasound or abdominal x-ray, computed tomography (CT) scan, and blood tests, to check for underlying disorders. […] Treatment for splenomegaly depends on the underlying condition.

• #51 Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/enlarged-spleen-splenomegaly

  An enlarged spleen is also known as splenomegaly (spleh-no-MEG-uh-lee). […] An enlarged spleen usually doesn’t cause symptoms. […] A number of infections and diseases can cause an enlarged spleen. […] Anyone can develop an enlarged spleen at any age, but certain groups are at higher risk, including: Children and young adults with infections, such as mononucleosis. […] Potential complications of an enlarged spleen are: Infection. An enlarged spleen can reduce the number of healthy red blood cells, platelets and white cells in your bloodstream, leading to more frequent infections. […] An enlarged spleen is usually detected during a physical exam. […] Your doctor might order these tests to confirm the diagnosis of an enlarged spleen: Blood tests, such as a complete blood count to check the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your system and liver function.

• #52 Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/enlarged-spleen-splenomegaly?content_id=CON-20198836

  An enlarged spleen is also known as splenomegaly (spleh-no-MEG-uh-lee). […] A number of infections and diseases can cause an enlarged spleen. […] Anyone can develop an enlarged spleen at any age, but certain groups are at higher risk, including: Children and young adults with infections, such as mononucleosis. […] Potential complications of an enlarged spleen are: Infection. An enlarged spleen can reduce the number of healthy red blood cells, platelets and white cells in your bloodstream, leading to more frequent infections. […] An enlarged spleen is usually detected during a physical exam. […] Your doctor might order these tests to confirm the diagnosis of an enlarged spleen: Blood tests, such as a complete blood count to check the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in your system and liver function.

• #53 Causes of an Enlarged Spleen: Mononucleosis and Beyond – Ezra

  https://ezra.com/blog/can-you-get-an-enlarged-spleen-from-mono

  An MRI can detect splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) by assessing the blood flow through the spleen. […] An enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) occurs when you have an underlying disease, such as infectious mononucleosis (mono). […] Considering the causes of an enlarged spleen (mononucleosis and other viruses, diseases, or infections), symptoms from the illness aren’t always local to the abdomen. […] If you experience intense pain, seek emergency medical attention immediately by dialing 911. Your spleen may have ruptured, and the resulting internal bleeding can be life-threatening. […] One may diagnose an enlarged spleen during a physical exam, in which your medical practitioner uses palpation and percussion to find your spleen. […] The so-called kissing disease, infectious mononucleosis, or mono, can cause an enlarged spleen.

• #54 Polycythemia Vera: What Causes an Enlarged Spleen? | Jakafi.com

  https://www.jakafi.com/polycythemia-vera/enlarged-spleen

  Typically, the spleen is about the size of your fist. However, in people with polycythemia vera (PV), it may become enlarged. […] In one clinical study, 36% (534 of 1477) of patients with PV had an enlarged spleen at the time of diagnosis. […] Early identification of an enlarged spleen may help your Healthcare Professional determine if your current care management approach is the right one for you. […] Early identification of an enlarged spleen is important and may help your Healthcare Professional to reassess your care management approach sooner if your PV is progressing. Remember, its important to work with your care team to regularly keep track of any changes in your spleen size or symptoms.

• #55 Polycythemia Vera: What Causes an Enlarged Spleen? | Jakafi.com

  https://www.jakafi.com/polycythemia-vera/enlarged-spleen

  Typically, the spleen is about the size of your fist. However, in people with polycythemia vera (PV), it may become enlarged. […] In one clinical study, 36% (534 of 1477) of patients with PV had an enlarged spleen at the time of diagnosis. […] Early identification of an enlarged spleen may help your Healthcare Professional determine if your current care management approach is the right one for you. […] Early identification of an enlarged spleen is important and may help your Healthcare Professional to reassess your care management approach sooner if your PV is progressing. Remember, its important to work with your care team to regularly keep track of any changes in your spleen size or symptoms.

• #56 What is Splenomegaly? Every Patient With an MPN Should Know

  https://www.voicesofmpn.com/mpn-blog/mpn-patient-splenomegaly

  If you or someone you care about has been diagnosed with one of the rare, chronic blood cancers known as myeloproliferative neoplasms, or MPNs, you know how important it is to do your research and learn as much as you can. […] An enlargement of the spleen is known as splenomegaly (splee-nuh-MEG-uh-lee) and its a common finding among patients with MPNs. Although people with PV or ET may, at some point, experience splenomegaly, its far more common in those with MF. In one clinical study, approximately 90% of people with MF had an enlarged spleen at diagnosis. […] Because splenomegaly is a common finding among patients with MPNs, checking your spleen size should be a routine part of your MPN check-ups. In fact, your Healthcare Professional should be regularly evaluating your spleen by feeling or palpating your abdominal area at each visit to determine if there have been any changes in size or volume.

• #57 What is Splenomegaly? Every Patient With an MPN Should Know

  https://www.voicesofmpn.com/mpn-blog/mpn-patient-splenomegaly

  If you or someone you care about has been diagnosed with one of the rare, chronic blood cancers known as myeloproliferative neoplasms, or MPNs, you know how important it is to do your research and learn as much as you can. […] An enlargement of the spleen is known as splenomegaly (splee-nuh-MEG-uh-lee) and its a common finding among patients with MPNs. Although people with PV or ET may, at some point, experience splenomegaly, its far more common in those with MF. In one clinical study, approximately 90% of people with MF had an enlarged spleen at diagnosis. […] Because splenomegaly is a common finding among patients with MPNs, checking your spleen size should be a routine part of your MPN check-ups. In fact, your Healthcare Professional should be regularly evaluating your spleen by feeling or palpating your abdominal area at each visit to determine if there have been any changes in size or volume.

• #58 78-Year-Old Woman with Thrombocytopenia and Splenomegaly – Hematology.org

  https://www.hematology.org/education/trainees/fellows/case-studies/78-year-old-woman-with-thrombocytopenia-and-splenomegaly

  ITP in patients older than 60 years with splenomegaly should raise suspicion for chronic lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma. […] SMZL is the second most common type of MZL, representing 1 to 2 percent of all NHL cases and originating from the B lymphocytes that are present in the marginal zone of the spleen. […] It often presents with splenomegaly, as in our case, and is differentiated from nodal and extranodal MZL by immunohistochemistry as shown in Table 1. […] SMZL in its early stages is usually asymptomatic at presentation, with incidental findings of anemia, thrombocytopenia, or lymphocytosis, while advanced stages present as splenomegaly, abdominal pain, and early satiety. […] Table 2 presents differences in the epidemiology and presentations of various MZL subtypes. […] Although SMZL is a low-grade lymphoma, it can transform to an aggressive histology; therefore, biopsy at the time of progression at new sites may be necessary to exclude transformed lymphoma.

• #59 78-Year-Old Woman with Thrombocytopenia and Splenomegaly – Hematology.org

  https://www.hematology.org/education/trainees/fellows/case-studies/78-year-old-woman-with-thrombocytopenia-and-splenomegaly

  ITP in patients older than 60 years with splenomegaly should raise suspicion for chronic lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma. […] SMZL is the second most common type of MZL, representing 1 to 2 percent of all NHL cases and originating from the B lymphocytes that are present in the marginal zone of the spleen. […] It often presents with splenomegaly, as in our case, and is differentiated from nodal and extranodal MZL by immunohistochemistry as shown in Table 1. […] SMZL in its early stages is usually asymptomatic at presentation, with incidental findings of anemia, thrombocytopenia, or lymphocytosis, while advanced stages present as splenomegaly, abdominal pain, and early satiety. […] Table 2 presents differences in the epidemiology and presentations of various MZL subtypes. […] Although SMZL is a low-grade lymphoma, it can transform to an aggressive histology; therefore, biopsy at the time of progression at new sites may be necessary to exclude transformed lymphoma.

• #60 78-Year-Old Woman with Thrombocytopenia and Splenomegaly – Hematology.org

  https://www.hematology.org/education/trainees/fellows/case-studies/78-year-old-woman-with-thrombocytopenia-and-splenomegaly

  ITP in patients older than 60 years with splenomegaly should raise suspicion for chronic lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma. […] SMZL is the second most common type of MZL, representing 1 to 2 percent of all NHL cases and originating from the B lymphocytes that are present in the marginal zone of the spleen. […] It often presents with splenomegaly, as in our case, and is differentiated from nodal and extranodal MZL by immunohistochemistry as shown in Table 1. […] SMZL in its early stages is usually asymptomatic at presentation, with incidental findings of anemia, thrombocytopenia, or lymphocytosis, while advanced stages present as splenomegaly, abdominal pain, and early satiety. […] Table 2 presents differences in the epidemiology and presentations of various MZL subtypes. […] Although SMZL is a low-grade lymphoma, it can transform to an aggressive histology; therefore, biopsy at the time of progression at new sites may be necessary to exclude transformed lymphoma.

• #61 78-Year-Old Woman with Thrombocytopenia and Splenomegaly – Hematology.org

  https://www.hematology.org/education/trainees/fellows/case-studies/78-year-old-woman-with-thrombocytopenia-and-splenomegaly

  ITP in patients older than 60 years with splenomegaly should raise suspicion for chronic lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma. […] SMZL is the second most common type of MZL, representing 1 to 2 percent of all NHL cases and originating from the B lymphocytes that are present in the marginal zone of the spleen. […] It often presents with splenomegaly, as in our case, and is differentiated from nodal and extranodal MZL by immunohistochemistry as shown in Table 1. […] SMZL in its early stages is usually asymptomatic at presentation, with incidental findings of anemia, thrombocytopenia, or lymphocytosis, while advanced stages present as splenomegaly, abdominal pain, and early satiety. […] Table 2 presents differences in the epidemiology and presentations of various MZL subtypes. […] Although SMZL is a low-grade lymphoma, it can transform to an aggressive histology; therefore, biopsy at the time of progression at new sites may be necessary to exclude transformed lymphoma.

• #62 78-Year-Old Woman with Thrombocytopenia and Splenomegaly – Hematology.org

  https://www.hematology.org/education/trainees/fellows/case-studies/78-year-old-woman-with-thrombocytopenia-and-splenomegaly

  ITP in patients older than 60 years with splenomegaly should raise suspicion for chronic lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma. […] SMZL is the second most common type of MZL, representing 1 to 2 percent of all NHL cases and originating from the B lymphocytes that are present in the marginal zone of the spleen. […] It often presents with splenomegaly, as in our case, and is differentiated from nodal and extranodal MZL by immunohistochemistry as shown in Table 1. […] SMZL in its early stages is usually asymptomatic at presentation, with incidental findings of anemia, thrombocytopenia, or lymphocytosis, while advanced stages present as splenomegaly, abdominal pain, and early satiety. […] Table 2 presents differences in the epidemiology and presentations of various MZL subtypes. […] Although SMZL is a low-grade lymphoma, it can transform to an aggressive histology; therefore, biopsy at the time of progression at new sites may be necessary to exclude transformed lymphoma.

• #63 Outcome of pregnancy in women with splenomegaly | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-023-05465-0

  Our observations indicate that splenomegaly during pregnancy in endemic area of infectious disease such as malaria and tuberculosis call for urgent intervention. […] There are limitations to this study: the sample size was small reflecting the relative rarity of splenomegaly during pregnancy also it is a facility based study and not reflect the burden of the problem in the whole community thus more research is needed in this topic. Enlargement of the spleen during pregnancy should be considered as one of the factors making the pregnancy high-risk one.

• #64 Outcome of pregnancy in women with splenomegaly | BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | Full Text

  https://bmcpregnancychildbirth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12884-023-05465-0

  Our observations indicate that splenomegaly during pregnancy in endemic area of infectious disease such as malaria and tuberculosis call for urgent intervention. […] There are limitations to this study: the sample size was small reflecting the relative rarity of splenomegaly during pregnancy also it is a facility based study and not reflect the burden of the problem in the whole community thus more research is needed in this topic. Enlargement of the spleen during pregnancy should be considered as one of the factors making the pregnancy high-risk one.

• #65 Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen): Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/enlarged-spleen

  Healthcare professionals consider splenomegaly when the spleen is anywhere from 12 to 20 centimeters (cm) (4.7 to 7.9 inches [in]) in length and weighs more than 400 grams (g) (0.88 pounds [lb]). […] Massive splenomegaly occurs when the spleen is larger than 20 cm (7.9 in) or weighs more than 1,000 g (2.2 lb). […] Regardless of the cause, splenomegaly is a rare condition. An estimated 2% of the population experiences splenomegaly in their lifetime. […] Older individuals are slightly more at risk of developing the condition because the outer covering of the spleen, known as the capsule, becomes slightly thinner with age. […] Splenomegaly is a rare but potentially life threatening occurrence that can lead to splenic rupture. […] The condition can develop due to several underlying medical conditions, ranging from blood disorders to liver disease.

• #66 Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen): Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/enlarged-spleen

  Healthcare professionals consider splenomegaly when the spleen is anywhere from 12 to 20 centimeters (cm) (4.7 to 7.9 inches [in]) in length and weighs more than 400 grams (g) (0.88 pounds [lb]). […] Massive splenomegaly occurs when the spleen is larger than 20 cm (7.9 in) or weighs more than 1,000 g (2.2 lb). […] Regardless of the cause, splenomegaly is a rare condition. An estimated 2% of the population experiences splenomegaly in their lifetime. […] Older individuals are slightly more at risk of developing the condition because the outer covering of the spleen, known as the capsule, becomes slightly thinner with age. […] Splenomegaly is a rare but potentially life threatening occurrence that can lead to splenic rupture. […] The condition can develop due to several underlying medical conditions, ranging from blood disorders to liver disease.

• #67 Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly) – Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.hoag.org/specialties-services/digestive-health/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/

  An enlarged spleen, also known as splenomegaly, occurs when the spleen has become enlarged by size and/or weight. […] Having an enlarged spleen is considered rare, with only about 2% of people in the U.S. having the condition. It is much more common in other parts of the world however, including Asia and Africa. […] The causes of an enlarged spleen can range from a bacterial infection all the way up to serious and potentially life-threatening conditions like cancer. That makes accurate diagnosis particularly important in guiding your treatment options. […] Treatment of an enlarged spleen often involves treating the disease that caused the enlargement or managing the symptoms and complications that may come with splenomegaly including the threat of splenic rupture, in which the spleen becomes so big it bursts.

• #68 Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen): Causes, symptoms, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/enlarged-spleen

  Healthcare professionals consider splenomegaly when the spleen is anywhere from 12 to 20 centimeters (cm) (4.7 to 7.9 inches [in]) in length and weighs more than 400 grams (g) (0.88 pounds [lb]). […] Massive splenomegaly occurs when the spleen is larger than 20 cm (7.9 in) or weighs more than 1,000 g (2.2 lb). […] Regardless of the cause, splenomegaly is a rare condition. An estimated 2% of the population experiences splenomegaly in their lifetime. […] Older individuals are slightly more at risk of developing the condition because the outer covering of the spleen, known as the capsule, becomes slightly thinner with age. […] Splenomegaly is a rare but potentially life threatening occurrence that can lead to splenic rupture. […] The condition can develop due to several underlying medical conditions, ranging from blood disorders to liver disease.

• #69 Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly) – Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.hoag.org/specialties-services/digestive-health/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/

  An enlarged spleen, also known as splenomegaly, occurs when the spleen has become enlarged by size and/or weight. […] Having an enlarged spleen is considered rare, with only about 2% of people in the U.S. having the condition. It is much more common in other parts of the world however, including Asia and Africa. […] The causes of an enlarged spleen can range from a bacterial infection all the way up to serious and potentially life-threatening conditions like cancer. That makes accurate diagnosis particularly important in guiding your treatment options. […] Treatment of an enlarged spleen often involves treating the disease that caused the enlargement or managing the symptoms and complications that may come with splenomegaly including the threat of splenic rupture, in which the spleen becomes so big it bursts.

• #70 Enlarged Spleen (Splenomegaly) – Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://www.hoag.org/specialties-services/digestive-health/diseases-conditions/enlarged-spleen/

  An enlarged spleen, also known as splenomegaly, occurs when the spleen has become enlarged by size and/or weight. […] Having an enlarged spleen is considered rare, with only about 2% of people in the U.S. having the condition. It is much more common in other parts of the world however, including Asia and Africa. […] The causes of an enlarged spleen can range from a bacterial infection all the way up to serious and potentially life-threatening conditions like cancer. That makes accurate diagnosis particularly important in guiding your treatment options. […] Treatment of an enlarged spleen often involves treating the disease that caused the enlargement or managing the symptoms and complications that may come with splenomegaly including the threat of splenic rupture, in which the spleen becomes so big it bursts.

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