Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Placental Abruption – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482335/

  Placental abruption is the early separation of the placenta from the lining of the uterus before the completion of the second stage of labor. […] The exact etiology of placental abruption is unknown. However, many factors are associated with its occurrence. Risk factors can be thought of in 3 groups: health history, including behaviors, past obstetrical events, current pregnancy, and unexpected trauma. Factors that can be identified during the health history that increase the risk of placental abruption include smoking, cocaine use during pregnancy, maternal age over 35 years, hypertension, and placental abruption in a prior pregnancy. […] Conditions specific to the current pregnancy that may precipitate placental abruption are multiple gestation pregnancies, polyhydramnios, preeclampsia, sudden uterine decompression, and short umbilical cord. Finally, trauma to the abdomen, such as a motor vehicle collision, fall, or violence resulting in a blow to the abdomen, may lead to placental abruption.

• #2 Placental Abruption: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9435-placental-abruption

  Placental abruption (abruptio placentae) is a pregnancy complication that happens when the placenta separates from your uterus before delivery. […] The cause of placental abruption is often unknown. Healthcare providers only know what increases your risk for an abruption. For example, abdominal trauma, such as from a fall or accident, can increase your risk for placental abruption. […] The following factors increase your risk of placental abruption: Trauma or injury to your uterus (like a car accident, fall or blow to the stomach). […] Smoking can increase your risk of many complications during pregnancy, including placental abruption.

• #3 Abruptio Placentae: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252810-overview

  The primary cause of placental abruption is usually unknown, but multiple risk factors have been identified. […] Risk factors in abruptio placentae include the following: Maternal hypertension – Most common cause of abruption, occurring in approximately 44% of all cases […] Maternal trauma (eg, motor vehicle collision [MVC], assaults, falls) – Causes 1.5-9.4% of all cases […] Cigarette smoking increases a patient’s overall risk of placental abruption. […] The hypertension and increased levels of catecholamines caused by cocaine abuse are thought to be responsible for a vasospasm in the uterine blood vessels that causes placental separation and abruption. […] Abdominal trauma is a major risk factor for placental abruption.

• #4 Placental Abruption – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482335/

  Placental abruption occurs when there is a compromise of the vascular structures supporting the placenta. In other words, the vascular networks connecting the uterine lining and the maternal side of the placenta are torn away. […] Disruption of the vascular network may occur when the vascular structures are compromised because of hypertension or substance use or by conditions that cause stretching of the uterus. […] Therefore, when the uterine tissue stretches suddenly, the placenta remains stable, and the vascular structure connecting the uterine wall to the placenta tears away. […] This suggests a multifactorial etiology that is not well understood.

• #5 Acute placental abruption: Pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and consequences – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-placental-abruption-pathophysiology-clinical-features-diagnosis-and-consequences/print

  Placental abruption is typically defined as the premature separation of the placenta from the decidua at or after 20 weeks gestation. The major clinical findings are vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain, often accompanied by uterine contractions (including tachysystole), uterine tenderness, and a nonreassuring fetal heart rate pattern. Abruption is a significant cause of both maternal morbidity and neonatal morbidity and mortality, particularly when it occurs preterm. […] The immediate cause of the premature placental separation is rupture of maternal vessels in the decidua basalis. Rarely, the bleeding originates from the fetal-placental vessels. The accumulating blood splits the decidua, separating off a thin layer of decidua with its placental attachment. […] The ruptured maternal vessel may be an artery or a vein.

• #6 Etiology, clinical manifestations, and prediction of placental abruption – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20504078/

  Placental abruption, defined as complete or partial detachment of the placenta before delivery, is one of the most devastating pregnancy complications. […] The etiology of placental abruption is not fully understood but impaired placentation, placental insufficiency, intrauterine hypoxia, and uteroplacental underperfusion are likely the key mechanisms causing abruption. […] Abruption results from a rupture of maternal decidual artery causing dissection of the decidual-placental interface. […] Acute vasospasm of small vessels may precede abruption. […] Moreover, placental abruption may also be a manifestation of an inflammatory process which could affect vascular bed.

• #7 Etiology, clinical manifestations, and prediction of placental abruption – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20504078/

  Placental abruption, defined as complete or partial detachment of the placenta before delivery, is one of the most devastating pregnancy complications. […] The etiology of placental abruption is not fully understood but impaired placentation, placental insufficiency, intrauterine hypoxia, and uteroplacental underperfusion are likely the key mechanisms causing abruption. […] Abruption results from a rupture of maternal decidual artery causing dissection of the decidual-placental interface. […] Acute vasospasm of small vessels may precede abruption. […] Moreover, placental abruption may also be a manifestation of an inflammatory process which could affect vascular bed.

• #8 Placental Abruption: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Types, Ultrasound Diagnosis, vs Previa Definition — EZmed

  https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/placental-abruption-symptoms-causes-treatment-types

  Placental abruption is most common in the third trimester, but can occur any time after 20 weeks gestation. […] The cause of placental abruption is often unknown, however there are risk factors that can play a role. […] Risk factors for placental abruption include: Short umbilical cord, External trauma, Sudden decompression of the uterus, Uterine abnormalities, Uterine tumors, Preeclampsia, Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), Smoking, Cocaine abuse, Placental infarcts, Previous abruption, Advanced maternal age, Low socio-economic status, Male fetus, Elevated second trimester alpha-fetoprotein, Chorioamnionitis. […] The process of placental abruption begins with uterine vasospasm followed by relaxation, and subsequent venous engorgement and arterial rupture. […] Severe coagulopathy can occur with fetal demise. […] Placental abruption is an important cause of antepartum hemorrhage and is an obstetric emergency. […] Notable, serious complications include coagulopathy and renal failure.

• #9 Etiology, clinical manifestations, and prediction of placental abruption – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20504078/

  Placental abruption, defined as complete or partial detachment of the placenta before delivery, is one of the most devastating pregnancy complications. […] The etiology of placental abruption is not fully understood but impaired placentation, placental insufficiency, intrauterine hypoxia, and uteroplacental underperfusion are likely the key mechanisms causing abruption. […] Abruption results from a rupture of maternal decidual artery causing dissection of the decidual-placental interface. […] Acute vasospasm of small vessels may precede abruption. […] Moreover, placental abruption may also be a manifestation of an inflammatory process which could affect vascular bed.

• #10 Placental Abruption: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Types, Ultrasound Diagnosis, vs Previa Definition — EZmed

  https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/placental-abruption-symptoms-causes-treatment-types

  Placental abruption is most common in the third trimester, but can occur any time after 20 weeks gestation. […] The cause of placental abruption is often unknown, however there are risk factors that can play a role. […] Risk factors for placental abruption include: Short umbilical cord, External trauma, Sudden decompression of the uterus, Uterine abnormalities, Uterine tumors, Preeclampsia, Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), Smoking, Cocaine abuse, Placental infarcts, Previous abruption, Advanced maternal age, Low socio-economic status, Male fetus, Elevated second trimester alpha-fetoprotein, Chorioamnionitis. […] The process of placental abruption begins with uterine vasospasm followed by relaxation, and subsequent venous engorgement and arterial rupture. […] Severe coagulopathy can occur with fetal demise. […] Placental abruption is an important cause of antepartum hemorrhage and is an obstetric emergency. […] Notable, serious complications include coagulopathy and renal failure.

• #11 Placental abruption – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_abruption

  Placental abruption is when the placenta separates early from the uterus, in other words separates before childbirth. It occurs most commonly around 25 weeks of pregnancy. The cause of placental abruption is not entirely clear. Risk factors include smoking, pre-eclampsia, prior abruption (most important and predictive risk factor), trauma during pregnancy, cocaine use, and previous cesarean section. Risk factors for placental abruption include disease, trauma, history, anatomy, and exposure to substances. The risk of placental abruption increases sixfold after severe maternal trauma. Anatomical risk factors include uncommon uterine anatomy (e.g. bicornuate uterus), uterine synechiae, and leiomyoma. Substances that increase risk of placental abruption include cocaine and tobacco when consumed during pregnancy, especially the third trimester. History of placental abruption or previous Caesarian section increases the risk by a factor of 2.3. In the vast majority of cases, placental abruption is caused by the maternal vessels tearing away from the decidua basalis, not the fetal vessels. The underlying cause is often unknown. A small number of abruptions are caused by trauma that stretches the uterus. Cocaine use during the third trimester has a 10% chance of causing abruption. Though the exact mechanism is not known, cocaine and tobacco cause systemic vasoconstriction, which can severely restrict the placental blood supply (hypoperfusion and ischemia), or otherwise disrupt the vasculature of the placenta, causing tissue necrosis, bleeding, and therefore abruption. In most cases, placental disease and abnormalities of the spiral arteries develop throughout the pregnancy and lead to necrosis, inflammation, vascular problems, and ultimately, abruption. Because of this, most abruptions are caused by bleeding from the arterial supply, not the venous supply.

• #12 Placental Abruption: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Types, Ultrasound Diagnosis, vs Previa Definition — EZmed

  https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/placental-abruption-symptoms-causes-treatment-types

  Placental abruption is most common in the third trimester, but can occur any time after 20 weeks gestation. […] The cause of placental abruption is often unknown, however there are risk factors that can play a role. […] Risk factors for placental abruption include: Short umbilical cord, External trauma, Sudden decompression of the uterus, Uterine abnormalities, Uterine tumors, Preeclampsia, Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), Smoking, Cocaine abuse, Placental infarcts, Previous abruption, Advanced maternal age, Low socio-economic status, Male fetus, Elevated second trimester alpha-fetoprotein, Chorioamnionitis. […] The process of placental abruption begins with uterine vasospasm followed by relaxation, and subsequent venous engorgement and arterial rupture. […] Severe coagulopathy can occur with fetal demise. […] Placental abruption is an important cause of antepartum hemorrhage and is an obstetric emergency. […] Notable, serious complications include coagulopathy and renal failure.

• #13 Placental Abruption – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482335/

  Placental abruption is the early separation of the placenta from the lining of the uterus before the completion of the second stage of labor. […] The exact etiology of placental abruption is unknown. However, many factors are associated with its occurrence. Risk factors can be thought of in 3 groups: health history, including behaviors, past obstetrical events, current pregnancy, and unexpected trauma. Factors that can be identified during the health history that increase the risk of placental abruption include smoking, cocaine use during pregnancy, maternal age over 35 years, hypertension, and placental abruption in a prior pregnancy. […] Conditions specific to the current pregnancy that may precipitate placental abruption are multiple gestation pregnancies, polyhydramnios, preeclampsia, sudden uterine decompression, and short umbilical cord. Finally, trauma to the abdomen, such as a motor vehicle collision, fall, or violence resulting in a blow to the abdomen, may lead to placental abruption.

• #14 Placental Abruption (Abruptio Placentae) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/antenatal-complications/placental-abruption-abruptio-placentae

  Placental abruption may involve any degree of placental separation, from a few millimeters to complete detachment. Separation can be acute or chronic. Separation results in bleeding into the decidua basalis behind the placenta (retroplacentally). Most often, etiology is unknown. […] Risk factors for placental abruption include the following: Older maternal age, Hypertension (pregnancy-related or chronic), Placental ischemia (ischemic placental disease) manifesting as intrauterine growth restriction, Intraamniotic infection (chorioamnionitis), Vasculitis, Other vascular disorders, Prior placental abruption, Abdominal trauma, Acquired maternal thrombotic disorders, Tobacco use, Prelabor rupture of membranes, particularly in women who have polyhydramnios, Cocaine use (risk of up to 10%). […] The source of bleeding in placental abruption is maternal. However, the partial or complete separation of the placenta from the uterine wall compromises fetal oxygen exchange.

• #15 Abruptio Placentae: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252810-overview

  The primary cause of placental abruption is usually unknown, but multiple risk factors have been identified. […] Risk factors in abruptio placentae include the following: Maternal hypertension – Most common cause of abruption, occurring in approximately 44% of all cases […] Maternal trauma (eg, motor vehicle collision [MVC], assaults, falls) – Causes 1.5-9.4% of all cases […] Cigarette smoking increases a patient’s overall risk of placental abruption. […] The hypertension and increased levels of catecholamines caused by cocaine abuse are thought to be responsible for a vasospasm in the uterine blood vessels that causes placental separation and abruption. […] Abdominal trauma is a major risk factor for placental abruption.

• #16 Placental abruption | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/placental-abruption

  While the exact cause in most cases is unknown, certain factors make a pregnancy more susceptible to placental abruption. Risk factors may include: […] Hypertension high blood pressure increases the risk of abnormal bleeding between the placenta and the wall of the uterus. […] Substance use cigarette smoking, alcohol use and taking drugs such as methamphetamine or cocaine during pregnancy increase the risk of placenta abruption as well as a range of other serious health problems for both mother and unborn baby. […] In nearly half of placenta abruption cases (44%), the pregnant mother is hypertensive.

• #17 Placental abruption | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/pregnancy/placental-abruption

  Placental abruption is a serious condition in which the placenta separates from the wall of the uterus before birth. It can separate partially or completely. […] We don’t really know what causes placental abruption. You may be at higher risk for placental abruption if: […] If you’ve had a placental abruption in a past pregnancy, you have about a 1 in 10 (10 percent) chance of it happening again in a later pregnancy.

• #18 Placental Abruption: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/what-is-placental-abruption

  Placental abruption is something that can happen suddenly during pregnancy. It can be dangerous for you and your baby. Fortunately, its not common. […] Most of the time, doctors dont know the cause. But drinking alcohol or using cocaine while youre pregnant can increase your risk. Other things that can play a role include: […] Placental abruptions in previous pregnancies. If youve had it before, youve got about a 10% chance of it happening again. […] Smoking. One study showed that women who smoked before getting pregnant raised their chances of placental abruption by 40% for each year they smoked. […] Cocaine or other drug use. Abruption occurs in up to 10% of women who use cocaine in the last trimester of pregnancy. […] High blood pressure. Whether your blood pressure was high before or after you got pregnant, work with your doctor to manage it.

• #19 Placental Abruption: Causes and Risks | Americord Registry

  https://www.americordblood.com/articles/placental-abruption-causes-and-risks?srsltid=AfmBOoriP1mtnp1vzFGUar3Slcpzkg8B1zXG_ygumH7enw_TmD51j2lt

  Additionally, infections like chorioamnionitis and the premature rupture of membranes weaken the connection between the placenta and the uterine wall. […] A mother’s pre-existing health conditions can significantly influence the risk of placental abruption. Chronic hypertension, for example, requires close monitoring during pregnancy. […] Women who have experienced a prior abruption face a recurrence risk of 4-12%. If there have been two prior instances, the risk increases to about 25%. […] External factors can also contribute to placental abruption. Physical trauma to the abdomen, such as injuries from car accidents or falls, is a major concern. […] Placental abruption can lead to severe complications for mothers. […] Placental abruption impacts babies by limiting their oxygen and nutrient supply.

• #20

  https://step2.medbullets.com/obstetrics/120370/abruptio-placentae

  partial or complete placental detachment prior to delivery of the fetus […] placenta abruptio and placenta previa are the 2 most common causes of third trimester bleeding […] prior placental abruption […] trauma (e.g., motor vehicle accident) […] maternal smoking […] cocaine use […] hypertensive disorders […] eclampsia […] preeclampsia […] chronic hypertension […] premature rupture of membranes […] uterine structural abnormalities […] abnormalities of maternal serum biochemical markers […] hyperhomocystinemia […] rupture of maternal vessels in the decidua basalis […] bleeding into the decidual-placental interface causes placental separation from the uterine wall.

• #21 Placental Abruption: Causes and Risks | Americord Registry

  https://www.americordblood.com/articles/placental-abruption-causes-and-risks?srsltid=AfmBOoriP1mtnp1vzFGUar3Slcpzkg8B1zXG_ygumH7enw_TmD51j2lt

  Placental abruption is a serious pregnancy complication where the placenta detaches from the uterus before delivery. […] This condition affects about 1% of pregnancies, mostly in the third trimester, and can lead to severe health risks for both mother and baby. […] Causes: High blood pressure, prior placental abruption, smoking, drug use, infections, and abdominal trauma. […] Certain medical conditions can reduce blood flow to the placenta, increasing the likelihood of placental abruption. Hypertensive disorders like preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and eclampsia are some of the most common contributors, as they compromise blood flow and elevate the risk of separation. […] Blood clotting disorders, such as thrombophilia, can also disrupt proper placental attachment, raising the risk of abruption.

• #22 Placental Abruption (Abruptio Placentae) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/antenatal-complications/placental-abruption-abruptio-placentae

  Placental abruption may involve any degree of placental separation, from a few millimeters to complete detachment. Separation can be acute or chronic. Separation results in bleeding into the decidua basalis behind the placenta (retroplacentally). Most often, etiology is unknown. […] Risk factors for placental abruption include the following: Older maternal age, Hypertension (pregnancy-related or chronic), Placental ischemia (ischemic placental disease) manifesting as intrauterine growth restriction, Intraamniotic infection (chorioamnionitis), Vasculitis, Other vascular disorders, Prior placental abruption, Abdominal trauma, Acquired maternal thrombotic disorders, Tobacco use, Prelabor rupture of membranes, particularly in women who have polyhydramnios, Cocaine use (risk of up to 10%). […] The source of bleeding in placental abruption is maternal. However, the partial or complete separation of the placenta from the uterine wall compromises fetal oxygen exchange.

• #23 Placental Abruption: Causes and Risks | Americord Registry

  https://www.americordblood.com/articles/placental-abruption-causes-and-risks?srsltid=AfmBOoriP1mtnp1vzFGUar3Slcpzkg8B1zXG_ygumH7enw_TmD51j2lt

  Additionally, infections like chorioamnionitis and the premature rupture of membranes weaken the connection between the placenta and the uterine wall. […] A mother’s pre-existing health conditions can significantly influence the risk of placental abruption. Chronic hypertension, for example, requires close monitoring during pregnancy. […] Women who have experienced a prior abruption face a recurrence risk of 4-12%. If there have been two prior instances, the risk increases to about 25%. […] External factors can also contribute to placental abruption. Physical trauma to the abdomen, such as injuries from car accidents or falls, is a major concern. […] Placental abruption can lead to severe complications for mothers. […] Placental abruption impacts babies by limiting their oxygen and nutrient supply.

• #24 Placental Abruption (Abruptio Placentae) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/antenatal-complications/placental-abruption-abruptio-placentae

  Placental abruption may involve any degree of placental separation, from a few millimeters to complete detachment. Separation can be acute or chronic. Separation results in bleeding into the decidua basalis behind the placenta (retroplacentally). Most often, etiology is unknown. […] Risk factors for placental abruption include the following: Older maternal age, Hypertension (pregnancy-related or chronic), Placental ischemia (ischemic placental disease) manifesting as intrauterine growth restriction, Intraamniotic infection (chorioamnionitis), Vasculitis, Other vascular disorders, Prior placental abruption, Abdominal trauma, Acquired maternal thrombotic disorders, Tobacco use, Prelabor rupture of membranes, particularly in women who have polyhydramnios, Cocaine use (risk of up to 10%). […] The source of bleeding in placental abruption is maternal. However, the partial or complete separation of the placenta from the uterine wall compromises fetal oxygen exchange.

• #25 Placental Abruption – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482335/

  Placental abruption is the early separation of the placenta from the lining of the uterus before the completion of the second stage of labor. […] The exact etiology of placental abruption is unknown. However, many factors are associated with its occurrence. Risk factors can be thought of in 3 groups: health history, including behaviors, past obstetrical events, current pregnancy, and unexpected trauma. Factors that can be identified during the health history that increase the risk of placental abruption include smoking, cocaine use during pregnancy, maternal age over 35 years, hypertension, and placental abruption in a prior pregnancy. […] Conditions specific to the current pregnancy that may precipitate placental abruption are multiple gestation pregnancies, polyhydramnios, preeclampsia, sudden uterine decompression, and short umbilical cord. Finally, trauma to the abdomen, such as a motor vehicle collision, fall, or violence resulting in a blow to the abdomen, may lead to placental abruption.

• #26 Placental Abruption: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/what-is-placental-abruption

  Problems with your amniotic sac. This sac cushions your baby inside your uterus. Its filled with fluid. If something breaks it or makes it leak before youre ready to give birth, the possibility of placental abruption increases. […] Getting pregnant later in life. Your chances of having a placental abruption are higher if youre 35 or older. In most cases, the mother is over 40. […] Carrying more than one baby. Sometimes, delivering the first baby can make the placenta separate before the next baby is ready to be born. […] Abdominal trauma. This could happen if you fall and hit your belly. It could also happen in a traffic accident if your abdomen is injured, so always remember to buckle up. […] You cant prevent placental abruption, but there are some things you can avoid, such as tobacco, alcohol, and drugs to reduce your odds.

• #27 Placental Abruption

  https://www.birthinjuryhelpcenter.org/birth-injuries/prenatal-problems/placental-abruption/

  Placental abruption (also called placenta abruptio) is an uncommon and potentially dangerous complication during pregnancy in which the placenta prematurely detaches from the uterus before birth. […] Placental abruption may be occult and not associated with uterine pain, tenderness, and bleeding. […] In some cases, placental abruption is caused by bleeding resulting from some sort of abdominal trauma to the mother. […] In most other cases, however, the exact cause of the placental abruption is not fully known. […] The most commonly recognized risk factors for placental abruption are: Maternal Age: older mothers are much more likely to experience placental abruption compared to younger mothers, so maternal age over 35 increases the risk of placental abruption. […] A pregnancy with multiples (e.g., twins, triplets, etc.) makes abruption more likely, especially for the 2nd baby because the placenta frequently detaches after the first baby is delivered.

• #28 Placental Abruption – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482335/

  Placental abruption is the early separation of the placenta from the lining of the uterus before the completion of the second stage of labor. […] The exact etiology of placental abruption is unknown. However, many factors are associated with its occurrence. Risk factors can be thought of in 3 groups: health history, including behaviors, past obstetrical events, current pregnancy, and unexpected trauma. Factors that can be identified during the health history that increase the risk of placental abruption include smoking, cocaine use during pregnancy, maternal age over 35 years, hypertension, and placental abruption in a prior pregnancy. […] Conditions specific to the current pregnancy that may precipitate placental abruption are multiple gestation pregnancies, polyhydramnios, preeclampsia, sudden uterine decompression, and short umbilical cord. Finally, trauma to the abdomen, such as a motor vehicle collision, fall, or violence resulting in a blow to the abdomen, may lead to placental abruption.

• #29 Placental Abruption (Abruptio Placentae) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/antenatal-complications/placental-abruption-abruptio-placentae

  Placental abruption may involve any degree of placental separation, from a few millimeters to complete detachment. Separation can be acute or chronic. Separation results in bleeding into the decidua basalis behind the placenta (retroplacentally). Most often, etiology is unknown. […] Risk factors for placental abruption include the following: Older maternal age, Hypertension (pregnancy-related or chronic), Placental ischemia (ischemic placental disease) manifesting as intrauterine growth restriction, Intraamniotic infection (chorioamnionitis), Vasculitis, Other vascular disorders, Prior placental abruption, Abdominal trauma, Acquired maternal thrombotic disorders, Tobacco use, Prelabor rupture of membranes, particularly in women who have polyhydramnios, Cocaine use (risk of up to 10%). […] The source of bleeding in placental abruption is maternal. However, the partial or complete separation of the placenta from the uterine wall compromises fetal oxygen exchange.

• #30 Placental Abruption: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/what-is-placental-abruption

  Problems with your amniotic sac. This sac cushions your baby inside your uterus. Its filled with fluid. If something breaks it or makes it leak before youre ready to give birth, the possibility of placental abruption increases. […] Getting pregnant later in life. Your chances of having a placental abruption are higher if youre 35 or older. In most cases, the mother is over 40. […] Carrying more than one baby. Sometimes, delivering the first baby can make the placenta separate before the next baby is ready to be born. […] Abdominal trauma. This could happen if you fall and hit your belly. It could also happen in a traffic accident if your abdomen is injured, so always remember to buckle up. […] You cant prevent placental abruption, but there are some things you can avoid, such as tobacco, alcohol, and drugs to reduce your odds.

• #31 What is a placental abruption? | Parkview Health

  https://www.parkview.com/blog/what-is-a-placental-abruption

  Doctors aren’t sure what causes a placental abruption, but some factors can raise your risk. Common risk factors for placental abruption include: […] High blood pressure, whether the high blood pressure is a long-term problem or is caused by the pregnancy. […] Having had placental abruption before. […] Smoking during pregnancy. […] Less common risk factors include: […] Using cocaine. […] Having a scar from a past surgery or a uterine fibroid where the placenta is attached to the wall of the uterus. […] Having an injury to the uterus. This could occur because of a car accident, a fall, or physical abuse. […] Pre-labor rupture of membranes for 24 hours or more, especially when there is an infection in the uterus.

• #32 Placental abruption | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/placental-abruption

  Placental abruption means the placenta has detached from the wall of the uterus, either partly or totally. This can cause bleeding in the mother and may interfere with the babys supply of oxygen and nutrients. […] The cause is unknown in most cases, but risk factors may include maternal high blood pressure, abdominal trauma and substance misuse. […] In most cases, doctors dont know the exact cause or causes of placental abruption. It is thought that an abnormal blood supply in the uterus or placenta may play a role, but the cause of the suspected abnormality isnt clear. Some of the known causes of placental abruption include: […] Abdominal trauma an injury to the pregnant womans abdomen may tear the placenta from the wall of the uterus. […] Uterine decompression this is a sudden loss of amniotic fluid from the uterus, which can suck the placenta from the uterus wall.

• #33 Placental Abruption During Labor

  https://www.hamptonking.com/blog/placental-abruption-during-labor/

  Placental abruption can happen long before delivery. […] But sometimes it happens during labor. Its not always clear why. Many factors can come into play, including: Forceful uterine contractions, Trauma or injury (such as a fall or direct impact), Hypertension (high blood pressure), Preeclampsia, Previous cigarette smoking, drug use, and alcohol consumption, Advanced maternal age (over 35), Multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets, etc.), Substance abuse during pregnancy. (For example, cocaine may cause placental abruption during labor because it affects blood vessel integrity and blood flow.), Infections and inflammation, Previous history of placental abruption. (This puts women at higher risk of it happening again.), Rapid uterine decompression. (Amniotic fluid around the baby suddenly decreases, or the uterus decompresses rapidly during labor.) […] Malpractice can also be what causes placental abruption. Its rare, but its possible for doctors to ignore risk factors in pregnancy that lead to this condition.

• #34 Placental Abruption – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482335/

  Placental abruption is the early separation of the placenta from the lining of the uterus before the completion of the second stage of labor. […] The exact etiology of placental abruption is unknown. However, many factors are associated with its occurrence. Risk factors can be thought of in 3 groups: health history, including behaviors, past obstetrical events, current pregnancy, and unexpected trauma. Factors that can be identified during the health history that increase the risk of placental abruption include smoking, cocaine use during pregnancy, maternal age over 35 years, hypertension, and placental abruption in a prior pregnancy. […] Conditions specific to the current pregnancy that may precipitate placental abruption are multiple gestation pregnancies, polyhydramnios, preeclampsia, sudden uterine decompression, and short umbilical cord. Finally, trauma to the abdomen, such as a motor vehicle collision, fall, or violence resulting in a blow to the abdomen, may lead to placental abruption.

• #35 Placental Abruption – Miracle Babies

  https://www.miraclebabies.org.au/content/placental-abruption/gm4lm0

  Placental abruption is the early separation of a placenta from the lining of the uterus before the birth of the baby. […] Issues that can cause placenta abruption are: abdominal trauma such as car accident, assault or fall, pregnancy with multiple babies, smoking, drug use during pregnancy, high blood pressure, preeclampsia, advanced maternal age, history of placenta abruption, polyhydramnios (excess amniotic fluid), some blood clotting conditions, short umbilical cord.

• #36 Placental Abruption (Abruptio Placentae) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/antenatal-complications/placental-abruption-abruptio-placentae

  Placental abruption may involve any degree of placental separation, from a few millimeters to complete detachment. Separation can be acute or chronic. Separation results in bleeding into the decidua basalis behind the placenta (retroplacentally). Most often, etiology is unknown. […] Risk factors for placental abruption include the following: Older maternal age, Hypertension (pregnancy-related or chronic), Placental ischemia (ischemic placental disease) manifesting as intrauterine growth restriction, Intraamniotic infection (chorioamnionitis), Vasculitis, Other vascular disorders, Prior placental abruption, Abdominal trauma, Acquired maternal thrombotic disorders, Tobacco use, Prelabor rupture of membranes, particularly in women who have polyhydramnios, Cocaine use (risk of up to 10%). […] The source of bleeding in placental abruption is maternal. However, the partial or complete separation of the placenta from the uterine wall compromises fetal oxygen exchange.

• #37 Placental Abruption: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Types, Ultrasound Diagnosis, vs Previa Definition — EZmed

  https://www.ezmedlearning.com/blog/placental-abruption-symptoms-causes-treatment-types

  Placental abruption is most common in the third trimester, but can occur any time after 20 weeks gestation. […] The cause of placental abruption is often unknown, however there are risk factors that can play a role. […] Risk factors for placental abruption include: Short umbilical cord, External trauma, Sudden decompression of the uterus, Uterine abnormalities, Uterine tumors, Preeclampsia, Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), Smoking, Cocaine abuse, Placental infarcts, Previous abruption, Advanced maternal age, Low socio-economic status, Male fetus, Elevated second trimester alpha-fetoprotein, Chorioamnionitis. […] The process of placental abruption begins with uterine vasospasm followed by relaxation, and subsequent venous engorgement and arterial rupture. […] Severe coagulopathy can occur with fetal demise. […] Placental abruption is an important cause of antepartum hemorrhage and is an obstetric emergency. […] Notable, serious complications include coagulopathy and renal failure.

• #38 Placental Abruption: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9435-placental-abruption

  Placental abruption (abruptio placentae) is a pregnancy complication that happens when the placenta separates from your uterus before delivery. […] The cause of placental abruption is often unknown. Healthcare providers only know what increases your risk for an abruption. For example, abdominal trauma, such as from a fall or accident, can increase your risk for placental abruption. […] The following factors increase your risk of placental abruption: Trauma or injury to your uterus (like a car accident, fall or blow to the stomach). […] Smoking can increase your risk of many complications during pregnancy, including placental abruption.

• #39 Abruptio Placentae: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252810-overview

  The primary cause of placental abruption is usually unknown, but multiple risk factors have been identified. […] Risk factors in abruptio placentae include the following: Maternal hypertension – Most common cause of abruption, occurring in approximately 44% of all cases […] Maternal trauma (eg, motor vehicle collision [MVC], assaults, falls) – Causes 1.5-9.4% of all cases […] Cigarette smoking increases a patient’s overall risk of placental abruption. […] The hypertension and increased levels of catecholamines caused by cocaine abuse are thought to be responsible for a vasospasm in the uterine blood vessels that causes placental separation and abruption. […] Abdominal trauma is a major risk factor for placental abruption.

• #40 Abruptio Placentae: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252810-overview

  The primary cause of placental abruption is usually unknown, but multiple risk factors have been identified. […] Risk factors in abruptio placentae include the following: Maternal hypertension – Most common cause of abruption, occurring in approximately 44% of all cases […] Maternal trauma (eg, motor vehicle collision [MVC], assaults, falls) – Causes 1.5-9.4% of all cases […] Cigarette smoking increases a patient’s overall risk of placental abruption. […] The hypertension and increased levels of catecholamines caused by cocaine abuse are thought to be responsible for a vasospasm in the uterine blood vessels that causes placental separation and abruption. […] Abdominal trauma is a major risk factor for placental abruption.

• #41 Placental Abruption Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/placental-abruption

  Placental abruption is a pregnancy problem in which the placenta partially or completely separates from the wall of the uterus before the baby is delivered. […] Placental abruption can cause serious problems, such as stillbirth, preterm delivery, or severe blood loss. […] A placental abruption is when the placenta partially or completely separates from the wall of your uterus before the baby is born. The separation of a placental abruption cannot be fixed. […] An abruption can cause dangerous bleeding and deprive your baby of oxygen and other nutrients. This increases the risk of stillbirth or preterm delivery. […] The rate of placental abruption appears to be increasing in some countries, though it is not known why. […] In some cases of placental abruption, a trauma, such as a fall or sharp blow to the abdomen, may cause the placenta to break away early. This could occur because of a car accident, a fall, or physical abuse.

• #42 Treatment of placental abruption following blunt abdominal trauma: a case report

  https://jtraumainj.org/journal/view.php?number=1331

  Placental abruption is a severe traumatic event that can occur during pregnancy. It occurs in 1% of all pregnancies and is one of the most frequent causes of perinatal and maternal morbidity. […] The leading cause of placental abruption is not clear; however, numerous risk factors have been identified such as maternal hypertension, premature rupture of membranes, oligohydramnios, or trauma. […] About 6% of all trauma cases are associated with placental abruption; however, placental abruption is difficult to predict based on the severity of injury. […] Placental injury is directly associated with placental abruption. […] Therefore, a shearing force can partially or completely disrupt the attachment between the placenta and decidua, and massive abruption can result in maternal morbidity and fetal death due to the loss of placental function.

• #43 Treatment of placental abruption following blunt abdominal trauma: a case report

  https://jtraumainj.org/journal/view.php?number=1331

  Although ultrasonography is insensitive to placental abruption, echogenic amniotic fluid and retroplacental hemorrhage are signs of abruption. […] Placental abruption mostly occurs within 4 to 9 hours after a traumatic event, with almost all cases occurring within 24 hours of injury. […] Even with minor trauma, abruption can occur, and it is important to maintain a high level of suspicion to detect the abruption.

• #44 Treatment of placental abruption following blunt abdominal trauma: a case report

  https://jtraumainj.org/journal/view.php?number=1331

  Although ultrasonography is insensitive to placental abruption, echogenic amniotic fluid and retroplacental hemorrhage are signs of abruption. […] Placental abruption mostly occurs within 4 to 9 hours after a traumatic event, with almost all cases occurring within 24 hours of injury. […] Even with minor trauma, abruption can occur, and it is important to maintain a high level of suspicion to detect the abruption.

• #45 Placental Abruption – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482335/

  Placental abruption is the early separation of the placenta from the lining of the uterus before the completion of the second stage of labor. […] The exact etiology of placental abruption is unknown. However, many factors are associated with its occurrence. Risk factors can be thought of in 3 groups: health history, including behaviors, past obstetrical events, current pregnancy, and unexpected trauma. Factors that can be identified during the health history that increase the risk of placental abruption include smoking, cocaine use during pregnancy, maternal age over 35 years, hypertension, and placental abruption in a prior pregnancy. […] Conditions specific to the current pregnancy that may precipitate placental abruption are multiple gestation pregnancies, polyhydramnios, preeclampsia, sudden uterine decompression, and short umbilical cord. Finally, trauma to the abdomen, such as a motor vehicle collision, fall, or violence resulting in a blow to the abdomen, may lead to placental abruption.

• #46 Placental Abruption: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/what-is-placental-abruption

  Placental abruption is something that can happen suddenly during pregnancy. It can be dangerous for you and your baby. Fortunately, its not common. […] Most of the time, doctors dont know the cause. But drinking alcohol or using cocaine while youre pregnant can increase your risk. Other things that can play a role include: […] Placental abruptions in previous pregnancies. If youve had it before, youve got about a 10% chance of it happening again. […] Smoking. One study showed that women who smoked before getting pregnant raised their chances of placental abruption by 40% for each year they smoked. […] Cocaine or other drug use. Abruption occurs in up to 10% of women who use cocaine in the last trimester of pregnancy. […] High blood pressure. Whether your blood pressure was high before or after you got pregnant, work with your doctor to manage it.

• #47 Placental Abruption: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/what-is-placental-abruption

  Problems with your amniotic sac. This sac cushions your baby inside your uterus. Its filled with fluid. If something breaks it or makes it leak before youre ready to give birth, the possibility of placental abruption increases. […] Getting pregnant later in life. Your chances of having a placental abruption are higher if youre 35 or older. In most cases, the mother is over 40. […] Carrying more than one baby. Sometimes, delivering the first baby can make the placenta separate before the next baby is ready to be born. […] Abdominal trauma. This could happen if you fall and hit your belly. It could also happen in a traffic accident if your abdomen is injured, so always remember to buckle up. […] You cant prevent placental abruption, but there are some things you can avoid, such as tobacco, alcohol, and drugs to reduce your odds.

• #48 Placental Abruption (Abruptio Placentae) – Gynecology and Obstetrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/antenatal-complications/placental-abruption-abruptio-placentae

  Placental abruption may involve any degree of placental separation, from a few millimeters to complete detachment. Separation can be acute or chronic. Separation results in bleeding into the decidua basalis behind the placenta (retroplacentally). Most often, etiology is unknown. […] Risk factors for placental abruption include the following: Older maternal age, Hypertension (pregnancy-related or chronic), Placental ischemia (ischemic placental disease) manifesting as intrauterine growth restriction, Intraamniotic infection (chorioamnionitis), Vasculitis, Other vascular disorders, Prior placental abruption, Abdominal trauma, Acquired maternal thrombotic disorders, Tobacco use, Prelabor rupture of membranes, particularly in women who have polyhydramnios, Cocaine use (risk of up to 10%). […] The source of bleeding in placental abruption is maternal. However, the partial or complete separation of the placenta from the uterine wall compromises fetal oxygen exchange.

• #49 Placental Abruption: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/what-is-placental-abruption

  Placental abruption is something that can happen suddenly during pregnancy. It can be dangerous for you and your baby. Fortunately, its not common. […] Most of the time, doctors dont know the cause. But drinking alcohol or using cocaine while youre pregnant can increase your risk. Other things that can play a role include: […] Placental abruptions in previous pregnancies. If youve had it before, youve got about a 10% chance of it happening again. […] Smoking. One study showed that women who smoked before getting pregnant raised their chances of placental abruption by 40% for each year they smoked. […] Cocaine or other drug use. Abruption occurs in up to 10% of women who use cocaine in the last trimester of pregnancy. […] High blood pressure. Whether your blood pressure was high before or after you got pregnant, work with your doctor to manage it.

• #50 Placental abruption | Tommy’sCloseleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowleft-arrowCloseReconfirm cookies choice

  https://www.tommys.org/pregnancy-information/pregnancy-complications/placenta-complications/placental-abruption

  A placental abruption is when some, or all, of the placenta separates from the wall of the womb (uterus) before the baby is born. […] Doctors do not always know exactly why placental abruption happens, but there are some things that may increase the risk. […] Smoking can double the risk of having a placental abruption. […] An injury to the abdominal area (stomach), such as a car accident, a serious fall or domestic violence, can increase the risk of placental abruption. […] There is also strong evidence that placental abruption is more likely if you have chronic high blood pressure, have pre-eclampsia, use cocaine, have an intrauterine infection, have a uterine abnormality, have had a placental abruption before, or have too little amniotic fluid (oligohydramnios). […] There is also some evidence that placental abruption is more likely if you have had a c-section before, your waters break early (PPROM) during pregnancy, this is not your first baby, you are over 40 years old, or you are carrying more than 1 baby.

• #51 Abruptio Placentae: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/252810-overview

  The primary cause of placental abruption is usually unknown, but multiple risk factors have been identified. […] Risk factors in abruptio placentae include the following: Maternal hypertension – Most common cause of abruption, occurring in approximately 44% of all cases […] Maternal trauma (eg, motor vehicle collision [MVC], assaults, falls) – Causes 1.5-9.4% of all cases […] Cigarette smoking increases a patient’s overall risk of placental abruption. […] The hypertension and increased levels of catecholamines caused by cocaine abuse are thought to be responsible for a vasospasm in the uterine blood vessels that causes placental separation and abruption. […] Abdominal trauma is a major risk factor for placental abruption.

• #52 Placental Abruption: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/baby/what-is-placental-abruption

  Placental abruption is something that can happen suddenly during pregnancy. It can be dangerous for you and your baby. Fortunately, its not common. […] Most of the time, doctors dont know the cause. But drinking alcohol or using cocaine while youre pregnant can increase your risk. Other things that can play a role include: […] Placental abruptions in previous pregnancies. If youve had it before, youve got about a 10% chance of it happening again. […] Smoking. One study showed that women who smoked before getting pregnant raised their chances of placental abruption by 40% for each year they smoked. […] Cocaine or other drug use. Abruption occurs in up to 10% of women who use cocaine in the last trimester of pregnancy. […] High blood pressure. Whether your blood pressure was high before or after you got pregnant, work with your doctor to manage it.

• #53 Placental abruption | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/placental-abruption

  While the exact cause in most cases is unknown, certain factors make a pregnancy more susceptible to placental abruption. Risk factors may include: […] Hypertension high blood pressure increases the risk of abnormal bleeding between the placenta and the wall of the uterus. […] Substance use cigarette smoking, alcohol use and taking drugs such as methamphetamine or cocaine during pregnancy increase the risk of placenta abruption as well as a range of other serious health problems for both mother and unborn baby. […] In nearly half of placenta abruption cases (44%), the pregnant mother is hypertensive.

• #54 Placental abruption – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_abruption

  Placental abruption is when the placenta separates early from the uterus, in other words separates before childbirth. It occurs most commonly around 25 weeks of pregnancy. The cause of placental abruption is not entirely clear. Risk factors include smoking, pre-eclampsia, prior abruption (most important and predictive risk factor), trauma during pregnancy, cocaine use, and previous cesarean section. Risk factors for placental abruption include disease, trauma, history, anatomy, and exposure to substances. The risk of placental abruption increases sixfold after severe maternal trauma. Anatomical risk factors include uncommon uterine anatomy (e.g. bicornuate uterus), uterine synechiae, and leiomyoma. Substances that increase risk of placental abruption include cocaine and tobacco when consumed during pregnancy, especially the third trimester. History of placental abruption or previous Caesarian section increases the risk by a factor of 2.3. In the vast majority of cases, placental abruption is caused by the maternal vessels tearing away from the decidua basalis, not the fetal vessels. The underlying cause is often unknown. A small number of abruptions are caused by trauma that stretches the uterus. Cocaine use during the third trimester has a 10% chance of causing abruption. Though the exact mechanism is not known, cocaine and tobacco cause systemic vasoconstriction, which can severely restrict the placental blood supply (hypoperfusion and ischemia), or otherwise disrupt the vasculature of the placenta, causing tissue necrosis, bleeding, and therefore abruption. In most cases, placental disease and abnormalities of the spiral arteries develop throughout the pregnancy and lead to necrosis, inflammation, vascular problems, and ultimately, abruption. Because of this, most abruptions are caused by bleeding from the arterial supply, not the venous supply.

• #55 Placental Abruption: Signs, Causes & Birth Injury Compensation

  https://www.wkw.com/birth-injuries/blog/placental-abruption/

  Placental abruption is one such condition. […] There isn’t any one specific cause of placental abruption, and it can’t be directly prevented. […] Risk factors and potential causes include: Trauma or injury to the abdomen, like in a fall or auto accident; Anything that causes a rapid loss of amniotic fluid; A previous placental abruption; High blood pressure; Advanced maternal age, usually over 40; Being pregnant with more than one child or having had multiple babies in the past; Blood-clotting disorders; Chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, or other health conditions; Premature rupture of membranes; Uterine abnormalities; Fibroids; Maternal infection; Short / related umbilical cord problems. […] Placental abruption can and often does happen suddenly, but it may also develop slowly and give you time to react before the situation becomes a full-blown emergency.

• #56 Placental abruption – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_abruption

  Placental abruption is when the placenta separates early from the uterus, in other words separates before childbirth. It occurs most commonly around 25 weeks of pregnancy. The cause of placental abruption is not entirely clear. Risk factors include smoking, pre-eclampsia, prior abruption (most important and predictive risk factor), trauma during pregnancy, cocaine use, and previous cesarean section. Risk factors for placental abruption include disease, trauma, history, anatomy, and exposure to substances. The risk of placental abruption increases sixfold after severe maternal trauma. Anatomical risk factors include uncommon uterine anatomy (e.g. bicornuate uterus), uterine synechiae, and leiomyoma. Substances that increase risk of placental abruption include cocaine and tobacco when consumed during pregnancy, especially the third trimester. History of placental abruption or previous Caesarian section increases the risk by a factor of 2.3. In the vast majority of cases, placental abruption is caused by the maternal vessels tearing away from the decidua basalis, not the fetal vessels. The underlying cause is often unknown. A small number of abruptions are caused by trauma that stretches the uterus. Cocaine use during the third trimester has a 10% chance of causing abruption. Though the exact mechanism is not known, cocaine and tobacco cause systemic vasoconstriction, which can severely restrict the placental blood supply (hypoperfusion and ischemia), or otherwise disrupt the vasculature of the placenta, causing tissue necrosis, bleeding, and therefore abruption. In most cases, placental disease and abnormalities of the spiral arteries develop throughout the pregnancy and lead to necrosis, inflammation, vascular problems, and ultimately, abruption. Because of this, most abruptions are caused by bleeding from the arterial supply, not the venous supply.

• #57 Placental abruption – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_abruption

  Placental abruption is when the placenta separates early from the uterus, in other words separates before childbirth. It occurs most commonly around 25 weeks of pregnancy. The cause of placental abruption is not entirely clear. Risk factors include smoking, pre-eclampsia, prior abruption (most important and predictive risk factor), trauma during pregnancy, cocaine use, and previous cesarean section. Risk factors for placental abruption include disease, trauma, history, anatomy, and exposure to substances. The risk of placental abruption increases sixfold after severe maternal trauma. Anatomical risk factors include uncommon uterine anatomy (e.g. bicornuate uterus), uterine synechiae, and leiomyoma. Substances that increase risk of placental abruption include cocaine and tobacco when consumed during pregnancy, especially the third trimester. History of placental abruption or previous Caesarian section increases the risk by a factor of 2.3. In the vast majority of cases, placental abruption is caused by the maternal vessels tearing away from the decidua basalis, not the fetal vessels. The underlying cause is often unknown. A small number of abruptions are caused by trauma that stretches the uterus. Cocaine use during the third trimester has a 10% chance of causing abruption. Though the exact mechanism is not known, cocaine and tobacco cause systemic vasoconstriction, which can severely restrict the placental blood supply (hypoperfusion and ischemia), or otherwise disrupt the vasculature of the placenta, causing tissue necrosis, bleeding, and therefore abruption. In most cases, placental disease and abnormalities of the spiral arteries develop throughout the pregnancy and lead to necrosis, inflammation, vascular problems, and ultimately, abruption. Because of this, most abruptions are caused by bleeding from the arterial supply, not the venous supply.

• #58 Placenta abruptio: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000605.htm

  Placenta abruptio (also called placental abruption) is when the placenta separates from the inner wall of the uterus before the baby is born. […] No one knows what causes placental abruption. But these factors raise a woman’s risk for it: History of placental abruption in previous pregnancy, Long-term (chronic) high blood pressure, Presence of preeclampsia, Sudden high blood pressure in pregnant women who had normal blood pressure in the past, Heart disease, Abdominal trauma, Smoking, Alcohol or cocaine use, Fibroids in the uterus, An injury to the mother (such as a car crash or fall in which the abdomen was hit), Being older than 40, Medical conditions with increased risks of blood clotting.

• #59 Placental abruption

  https://www.babycenter.com/pregnancy/health-and-safety/placental-abruption_1425791

  Have chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, or preeclampsia […] Have a blood clotting disorder […] Have their water break prematurely (before 37 weeks) […] Have too much amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios) […] Had bleeding earlier in their pregnancy […] Are carrying multiples (abruption is especially common just after the first baby is delivered) […] Are involved in an accident (particularly a car accident), are assaulted (with blows to the abdomen), or have other trauma to the abdomen during pregnancy […] Smoke tobacco or use methamphetamines or cocaine, or drink alcohol excessively […] Have had many babies or are older (the risk gradually goes up with age) […] Have a uterine abnormality or fibroids (particularly if there’s a fibroid behind the place where the placenta is attached).

• #60 Placental Abruption: Signs, Causes & Birth Injury Compensation

  https://www.wkw.com/birth-injuries/blog/placental-abruption/

  Placental abruption is one such condition. […] There isn’t any one specific cause of placental abruption, and it can’t be directly prevented. […] Risk factors and potential causes include: Trauma or injury to the abdomen, like in a fall or auto accident; Anything that causes a rapid loss of amniotic fluid; A previous placental abruption; High blood pressure; Advanced maternal age, usually over 40; Being pregnant with more than one child or having had multiple babies in the past; Blood-clotting disorders; Chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, or other health conditions; Premature rupture of membranes; Uterine abnormalities; Fibroids; Maternal infection; Short / related umbilical cord problems. […] Placental abruption can and often does happen suddenly, but it may also develop slowly and give you time to react before the situation becomes a full-blown emergency.

• #61 Take a look at the Recent articles

  https://www.oatext.com/Preterm-placental-abruption-Tocolytic-therapy-regarded-as-a-poor-neonatal-prognostic-factor.php

  Placental abruption is a disorder that can result in a serious outcome for both the mother and child. […] Epidemiologic investigations have revealed many risk factors for onset of placental abruption. They include primiparity, high maternal age at primiparity, male fetus, smoking habit, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), threatened premature labor, chorioamnionitis, fetal growth restriction, and polyhydramnios. […] Ananth et al. hypothesized that there were two pathways underlying the mechanism by which adhesion fails. They suggested the presence of an acute process seen in the second trimester and a chronic process observed in the late third trimester. […] The present study showed that use of tocolytic agents is a possible factor that causes poor neonatal outcomes in preterm placental abruption.

• #62 Take a look at the Recent articles

  https://www.oatext.com/Preterm-placental-abruption-Tocolytic-therapy-regarded-as-a-poor-neonatal-prognostic-factor.php

  Placental abruption is a disorder that can result in a serious outcome for both the mother and child. […] Epidemiologic investigations have revealed many risk factors for onset of placental abruption. They include primiparity, high maternal age at primiparity, male fetus, smoking habit, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), threatened premature labor, chorioamnionitis, fetal growth restriction, and polyhydramnios. […] Ananth et al. hypothesized that there were two pathways underlying the mechanism by which adhesion fails. They suggested the presence of an acute process seen in the second trimester and a chronic process observed in the late third trimester. […] The present study showed that use of tocolytic agents is a possible factor that causes poor neonatal outcomes in preterm placental abruption.

• #63 Placental abruption – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_abruption

  Placental abruption is when the placenta separates early from the uterus, in other words separates before childbirth. It occurs most commonly around 25 weeks of pregnancy. The cause of placental abruption is not entirely clear. Risk factors include smoking, pre-eclampsia, prior abruption (most important and predictive risk factor), trauma during pregnancy, cocaine use, and previous cesarean section. Risk factors for placental abruption include disease, trauma, history, anatomy, and exposure to substances. The risk of placental abruption increases sixfold after severe maternal trauma. Anatomical risk factors include uncommon uterine anatomy (e.g. bicornuate uterus), uterine synechiae, and leiomyoma. Substances that increase risk of placental abruption include cocaine and tobacco when consumed during pregnancy, especially the third trimester. History of placental abruption or previous Caesarian section increases the risk by a factor of 2.3. In the vast majority of cases, placental abruption is caused by the maternal vessels tearing away from the decidua basalis, not the fetal vessels. The underlying cause is often unknown. A small number of abruptions are caused by trauma that stretches the uterus. Cocaine use during the third trimester has a 10% chance of causing abruption. Though the exact mechanism is not known, cocaine and tobacco cause systemic vasoconstriction, which can severely restrict the placental blood supply (hypoperfusion and ischemia), or otherwise disrupt the vasculature of the placenta, causing tissue necrosis, bleeding, and therefore abruption. In most cases, placental disease and abnormalities of the spiral arteries develop throughout the pregnancy and lead to necrosis, inflammation, vascular problems, and ultimately, abruption. Because of this, most abruptions are caused by bleeding from the arterial supply, not the venous supply.

• #64 Placental Abruption | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/section-view/heading/Placental%20Abruption/item/122

  Placental abruption can display a wide spectrum of severity, varying from the full-blown picture through minor degrees of separation. […] Despite numerous clinical and epidemiologic studies, the etiology of placental abruption is yet to be precisely determined, but it is thought to be a disease of the decidua and uterine blood vessels. Several conditions continue to be associated with abruption. However in more than 40% of cases, no cause can be identified. […] Chronic factors include maternal vascular disease, chronic and pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), cigarette smoking, drug ingestion, nutritional deficiency, uterine anomalies and tumors, supine hypotension syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, congenital thrombophilias (including activated protein C resistance, deficiencies of protein C, protein S, and antithrombin III), hyperhomocystinemia, and, rarely, congenital hypofibrinogenemia.

• #65 Placental Abruption | GLOWM

  https://www.glowm.com/section-view/heading/Placental%20Abruption/item/122

  Acute factors include maternal trauma, decompression of the overdistended uterus, and perhaps the acute vascular changes secondary to cocaine abuse. […] Maternal trauma, whether sustained during an automobile accident, from falls, or from physical abuse, is a significant cause of abruptio placentae. […] Approximately 10% of pregnant women at term display a significant decrease in blood pressure in the supine position. […] Although the mechanism linking tobacco smoke to the development of placental abruption still is unclear, several studies have found smoking to be a risk factor for abruption, whereas other studies show that the strength and magnitude of association between smoking and placental abruption were inconsistent. […] A recent meta-analysis, however, on the association between smoking during pregnancy and abruption, based on 1,385,352 pregnancies, indicates that smoking was associated with a 90% increase in the odds of developing abruption.

• #66

  https://journalofmedula.com/index.php/medula/article/view/564

  Placental abruption is the separation of the placenta before the time of delivery arrives. […] There are various risk factors that can cause placental abruption, namely age, parity, alcohol consumption, cocaine consumption, and smoking. […] Nicotine in cigarettes also has a vasoconstrictive effect that can occur in the uterine arteries and umbilical arteries and increases the concentration of hemoxihemoglobin which interferes with oxygenation. […] The ensuing hypoxia causes microinfarction of the clotting placenta which gives rise to necrotic foci. These necrotic foci then develop and cause placental abruption.

• #67

  https://journalofmedula.com/index.php/medula/article/view/564

  Placental abruption is the separation of the placenta before the time of delivery arrives. […] There are various risk factors that can cause placental abruption, namely age, parity, alcohol consumption, cocaine consumption, and smoking. […] Nicotine in cigarettes also has a vasoconstrictive effect that can occur in the uterine arteries and umbilical arteries and increases the concentration of hemoxihemoglobin which interferes with oxygenation. […] The ensuing hypoxia causes microinfarction of the clotting placenta which gives rise to necrotic foci. These necrotic foci then develop and cause placental abruption.

• #68 Placental abruption – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_abruption

  Placental abruption is when the placenta separates early from the uterus, in other words separates before childbirth. It occurs most commonly around 25 weeks of pregnancy. The cause of placental abruption is not entirely clear. Risk factors include smoking, pre-eclampsia, prior abruption (most important and predictive risk factor), trauma during pregnancy, cocaine use, and previous cesarean section. Risk factors for placental abruption include disease, trauma, history, anatomy, and exposure to substances. The risk of placental abruption increases sixfold after severe maternal trauma. Anatomical risk factors include uncommon uterine anatomy (e.g. bicornuate uterus), uterine synechiae, and leiomyoma. Substances that increase risk of placental abruption include cocaine and tobacco when consumed during pregnancy, especially the third trimester. History of placental abruption or previous Caesarian section increases the risk by a factor of 2.3. In the vast majority of cases, placental abruption is caused by the maternal vessels tearing away from the decidua basalis, not the fetal vessels. The underlying cause is often unknown. A small number of abruptions are caused by trauma that stretches the uterus. Cocaine use during the third trimester has a 10% chance of causing abruption. Though the exact mechanism is not known, cocaine and tobacco cause systemic vasoconstriction, which can severely restrict the placental blood supply (hypoperfusion and ischemia), or otherwise disrupt the vasculature of the placenta, causing tissue necrosis, bleeding, and therefore abruption. In most cases, placental disease and abnormalities of the spiral arteries develop throughout the pregnancy and lead to necrosis, inflammation, vascular problems, and ultimately, abruption. Because of this, most abruptions are caused by bleeding from the arterial supply, not the venous supply.

• #69 Placental Abruption | Abruptio Placentae – Causes, Clinical features, Diagnosis and Management

  https://www.medindia.net/health/conditions/abruptio-placenta.htm

  Abruptio placenta or placental abruption is a serious but uncommon complication of pregnancy. The exact cause of placental abruption is unclear. Possible causes include injury to the abdomen (fall or auto accident) or sudden loss of the amniotic fluid that surrounds and cushions the baby in the womb. Factors that increase the risk of placental abruption include the following – High blood pressure (either long term or pregnancy induced) is the biggest risk factor. Previous history of abruptio placenta. Smoking during pregnancy. Maternal age over 40 years. Multiple pregnancy. Short umbilical cord. Scar in the uterus from previous surgery where placenta is attached. Cocaine use. Uterine infection during pregnancy. […] The incidence of placental abruption is approximately 0.21 percent of all pregnancies. The majority of placental abruptions are diagnosed before 37 weeks gestation, and about 14 percent occur before 32 weeks gestation.

• #70 Placental Abruption: Causes and Risks | Americord Registry

  https://www.americordblood.com/articles/placental-abruption-causes-and-risks?srsltid=AfmBOoriP1mtnp1vzFGUar3Slcpzkg8B1zXG_ygumH7enw_TmD51j2lt

  Placental abruption is a serious pregnancy complication where the placenta detaches from the uterus before delivery. […] This condition affects about 1% of pregnancies, mostly in the third trimester, and can lead to severe health risks for both mother and baby. […] Causes: High blood pressure, prior placental abruption, smoking, drug use, infections, and abdominal trauma. […] Certain medical conditions can reduce blood flow to the placenta, increasing the likelihood of placental abruption. Hypertensive disorders like preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome, and eclampsia are some of the most common contributors, as they compromise blood flow and elevate the risk of separation. […] Blood clotting disorders, such as thrombophilia, can also disrupt proper placental attachment, raising the risk of abruption.

• #71 Placental Abruption Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/placental-abruption

  Placental abruption is a pregnancy problem in which the placenta partially or completely separates from the wall of the uterus before the baby is delivered. […] Placental abruption can cause serious problems, such as stillbirth, preterm delivery, or severe blood loss. […] A placental abruption is when the placenta partially or completely separates from the wall of your uterus before the baby is born. The separation of a placental abruption cannot be fixed. […] An abruption can cause dangerous bleeding and deprive your baby of oxygen and other nutrients. This increases the risk of stillbirth or preterm delivery. […] The rate of placental abruption appears to be increasing in some countries, though it is not known why. […] In some cases of placental abruption, a trauma, such as a fall or sharp blow to the abdomen, may cause the placenta to break away early. This could occur because of a car accident, a fall, or physical abuse.

• #72 Placental Abruption Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/placental-abruption

  But in other cases, doctors aren’t sure what causes placental abruption. Certain pregnancy complications and health issues can put you at higher risk. […] Common risk factors for placental abruption include: Advanced maternal age, especially if you are older than 35. […] In rare cases, it can be potentially life-threatening. […] Placental abruption accounts for about 1% to 5% of maternal deaths, according to StatPerls. […] Most babies survive placental abruption. The fetal mortality rate depends on the age of the fetus and the extent of the placental separation. […] There is no way to prevent placental abruption, but you can do things to lower your risk. […] In some cases of placental abruption, your baby will need to be delivered quickly.

• #73 Placental Abruption Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/placental-abruption

  Placental abruption is a pregnancy problem in which the placenta partially or completely separates from the wall of the uterus before the baby is delivered. […] Placental abruption can cause serious problems, such as stillbirth, preterm delivery, or severe blood loss. […] A placental abruption is when the placenta partially or completely separates from the wall of your uterus before the baby is born. The separation of a placental abruption cannot be fixed. […] An abruption can cause dangerous bleeding and deprive your baby of oxygen and other nutrients. This increases the risk of stillbirth or preterm delivery. […] The rate of placental abruption appears to be increasing in some countries, though it is not known why. […] In some cases of placental abruption, a trauma, such as a fall or sharp blow to the abdomen, may cause the placenta to break away early. This could occur because of a car accident, a fall, or physical abuse.

• #74 Placental Abruption | Birth Injury Center

  https://birthinjurycenter.org/pregnancy-complications/placental-abruption/

  Babies also are more likely to have growth issues, even at full term, if the mother has placental abruption. Babies can suffer brain injuries because of oxygen deprivation when placental abruption is present. Placental abruption sometimes results in stillbirth—the birth of a baby who has died in the womb after at least 20 weeks of pregnancy. According to an article in Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Abruption involving 50 percent or more of the placenta is frequently associated with fetal death.”

• #75 Placental Abruption Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments

  https://www.upmc.com/services/womens-health/conditions/placental-abruption

  Placental abruption is a pregnancy problem in which the placenta partially or completely separates from the wall of the uterus before the baby is delivered. […] Placental abruption can cause serious problems, such as stillbirth, preterm delivery, or severe blood loss. […] A placental abruption is when the placenta partially or completely separates from the wall of your uterus before the baby is born. The separation of a placental abruption cannot be fixed. […] An abruption can cause dangerous bleeding and deprive your baby of oxygen and other nutrients. This increases the risk of stillbirth or preterm delivery. […] The rate of placental abruption appears to be increasing in some countries, though it is not known why. […] In some cases of placental abruption, a trauma, such as a fall or sharp blow to the abdomen, may cause the placenta to break away early. This could occur because of a car accident, a fall, or physical abuse.

• #76 Placental Abruption | Birth Injury Center

  https://birthinjurycenter.org/pregnancy-complications/placental-abruption/

  Babies also are more likely to have growth issues, even at full term, if the mother has placental abruption. Babies can suffer brain injuries because of oxygen deprivation when placental abruption is present. Placental abruption sometimes results in stillbirth—the birth of a baby who has died in the womb after at least 20 weeks of pregnancy. According to an article in Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Abruption involving 50 percent or more of the placenta is frequently associated with fetal death.”

• #77 Placental Abruption | Birth Injury Center

  https://birthinjurycenter.org/pregnancy-complications/placental-abruption/

  Babies also are more likely to have growth issues, even at full term, if the mother has placental abruption. Babies can suffer brain injuries because of oxygen deprivation when placental abruption is present. Placental abruption sometimes results in stillbirth—the birth of a baby who has died in the womb after at least 20 weeks of pregnancy. According to an article in Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Abruption involving 50 percent or more of the placenta is frequently associated with fetal death.”

• #78 Placental Abruption During Labour | BILA

  https://www.bila.ca/long-term-effects-of-placental-abruption-during-labour/

  Placental abruption occurs when the placenta separates from the lining of the uterus before the second stage of labour has been completed. […] There is not a known cause of placental abruption. However, there are certain risk factors that increase the likelihood of this condition. […] A recent study found that placental abruption during labour was associated with increased rates of cerebral palsy and developmental disorders. […] A separate review found that placental abruption is linked to acidosis (increased acidity in the blood and tissues), encephalopathy, severe respiratory disorders, necrotizing enterocolitis (bacteria invade the walls of the intestines), acute kidney injury, a need for resuscitation, chronic lung disease, and seizures (epilepsy).

• #79 What Are the Most Common Causes of Placental Abruption? | Sharp HealthCare

  https://www.sharp.com/health-news/listen-to-your-body-and-trust-yourself

  Approximately 1 in 100 pregnancies experience placental abruptions, usually in the third trimester. It occurs when the placenta, which supplies oxygen and nutrients to a growing baby, separates from the uterus before childbirth, causing a possible and occasionally rapid decrease in the oxygen supply to the baby. […] In addition to preeclampsia, other factors can lead to placental abruption, including: Trauma to the uterus, such as a car accident; Placental abruption in a previous pregnancy that wasn’t caused by abdominal trauma; Chronic high blood pressure (hypertension); Hypertension-related problems during pregnancy, including HELLP syndrome or eclampsia; Smoking; Cocaine use during pregnancy; Being older, especially over age 40. […] „For the mother, placental abruption can lead to significant blood loss, blood clotting problems, also called DIC, need for blood transfusion, and failure of kidneys or other organs due to blood loss,” says Dr. Saffer. „For the baby, there is a possibility of restricted growth from not getting enough nutrients, if this is a chronic condition, or the baby not getting enough oxygen and even in some cases, stillbirth, if this happens suddenly.”

• #80 Placental Abruption Complications During Delivery and Medical Malpractice

  https://browntrialfirm.com/birth-injury-lawyer/placental-abruption/

  Maternal age. If you are over the age of 40, you have an increased risk of developing placental abruption. […] History of placental abruption. If youve had a placental abruption in the past, then your doctor might give you high-risk status as well. […] The blood loss from placental abruption can sometimes be severe enough to cause shock in the mother, requiring a blood transfusion. […] In severe cases, a woman might need a hysterectomy that prevents her from experiencing future pregnancies along with other long-term health changes. […] Currently, there is no way to place the placenta back on the uterine wall once it starts to detach. […] You cant always prevent things (such as a car accident) that lead to placental abruption. […] A doctor might be responsible for injuries that result from a placenta abruption if they failed to make decisions that a reasonable person in an equivalent position would be expected to make.

• #81 Placental Abruption | American Pregnancy Association

  https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/pregnancy-complications/placental-abruption/

  Placental abruption is the separation of the placenta from the uterine lining. This condition usually occurs in the third trimester but can occur any time after the 20th week of pregnancy. […] What causes placental abruption and what are the treatments? […] There can also be different degrees of each of these which will impact the type of treatment recommended. […] In the case of partial separation, bed rest and close monitoring may be prescribed if the pregnancy has not reached maturity. […] In a case with a total or complete separation, delivery is often the safest course of action. […] Unfortunately, there is no treatment that can stop the placenta from detaching and there is no way to reattach it. […] However, women are more at risk for this condition if they:

• #82 Placental Abruption Complications During Delivery and Medical Malpractice

  https://browntrialfirm.com/birth-injury-lawyer/placental-abruption/

  Maternal age. If you are over the age of 40, you have an increased risk of developing placental abruption. […] History of placental abruption. If youve had a placental abruption in the past, then your doctor might give you high-risk status as well. […] The blood loss from placental abruption can sometimes be severe enough to cause shock in the mother, requiring a blood transfusion. […] In severe cases, a woman might need a hysterectomy that prevents her from experiencing future pregnancies along with other long-term health changes. […] Currently, there is no way to place the placenta back on the uterine wall once it starts to detach. […] You cant always prevent things (such as a car accident) that lead to placental abruption. […] A doctor might be responsible for injuries that result from a placenta abruption if they failed to make decisions that a reasonable person in an equivalent position would be expected to make.

• #83 Placental Abruption: Causes and Risks | Americord Registry

  https://www.americordblood.com/articles/placental-abruption-causes-and-risks?srsltid=AfmBOoriP1mtnp1vzFGUar3Slcpzkg8B1zXG_ygumH7enw_TmD51j2lt

  The severity of these complications depends on the baby’s gestational age at the time of abruption and the extent of placental separation. […] The effects of placental abruption can extend well beyond the immediate aftermath, impacting long-term health for both mother and child. […] Research shows a 1.8-fold higher risk of cardiovascular disease-related death later in life. […] Additionally, the likelihood of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies ranges from 4% to 12%.

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