Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Microcephaly | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/microcephaly

  Microcephaly is a neurological condition characterized by an abnormally small head size due to improper brain development, which may be evident at birth or develop in early childhood. […] Awareness and proactive prenatal care, including avoiding harmful substances, are essential in reducing the risk of microcephaly during pregnancy. […] Parents with a history of genetic conditions are more likely to have children with microcephaly and may wish to seek genetic counseling prior to having a child. Correct prenatal care and avoidance of alcohol and drugs during pregnancy can help reduce the chances of microcephaly.

• #1 Microcephaly | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/microcephaly

  When microcephaly is genetic, it cannot be prevented, but genetic counseling can be help you learn if the mutation is inherited and the likelihood that future children could be affected. […] Those who live in or travel to areas where the Zika virus is common can prevent microcephaly by taking steps avoiding mosquito bites. Some health authorities suggest that women in Zika-affected areas postpone pregnancy until a Zika outbreak is contained. […] Expectant mothers can also reduce the risk of having a baby with microcephaly by not using drugs or alcohol, eating a nutritious diet, and avoiding exposure to toxic chemicals and other viruses that can cause microcephaly.

• #1 CDC concludes Zika causes microcephaly

  https://www.drugtargetreview.com/news/11438/cdc-zika-microcephaly/

  The US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has concluded that Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly and other severe foetal brain defects. […] We are also launching further studies to determine whether children who have microcephaly born to mothers infected by the Zika virus is the tip of the iceberg of what we could see in damaging effects on the brain and other developmental problems, said Tom Frieden, M.D., M.P.H., director of the CDC. […] Weve now confirmed what mounting evidence has suggested, affirming our early guidance to pregnant women and their partners to take steps to avoid Zika infection and to health care professionals who are talking to patients every day. […] Establishing this causal relationship between Zika and foetal brain defects is an important step in driving additional prevention efforts, focusing research activities, and reinforcing the need for direct communication about the risks of Zika. […] Answering these will be the focus of ongoing research to help improve prevention efforts, which ultimately may help reduce the effects of Zika virus infection during pregnancy.

• #1 Interim Guidelines for the Evaluation and Testing of Infants with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection — United States, 2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6503e3.htm

  CDC has developed interim guidelines for health care providers in the United States who are caring for infants born to mothers who traveled to or resided in an area with Zika virus transmission during pregnancy. These guidelines include recommendations for the testing and management of these infants. […] Zika virus testing is recommended for 1) infants with microcephaly or intracranial calcifications born to women who traveled to or resided in an area with Zika virus transmission while pregnant; or 2) infants born to mothers with positive or inconclusive test results for Zika virus infection. […] When an infant is born with microcephaly or intracranial calcifications to a mother who was potentially infected with Zika virus during pregnancy, the infant should be tested for Zika virus infection.

• #1 Microcephaly: Causes, Complications, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/microcephaly

  Getting proper prenatal care and avoiding alcohol and drug use while pregnant may help you prevent microcephaly. Prenatal checkups give your doctor the opportunity to diagnose maternal conditions, such as uncontrolled PKU. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that women who are pregnant shouldnt travel to areas where there have been Zika virus outbreaks or areas that have a risk of Zika outbreaks. […] The CDC advises women who are considering getting pregnant to follow the same recommendations or at least speak to their doctor before traveling to these areas.

• #1 Microcephaly Causes, Treatments, Prevention, and Long-Term Effects

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/what-is-microcephaly

  While you’re pregnant, you can take steps to try to prevent acquired microcephaly: […] Establish a relationship with your doctor and go to all prenatal visits. […] Eat a healthy diet and take prenatal vitamins. […] Don’t drink alcohol or do drugs. […] Stay away from chemicals. […] Wash your hands often, and get treated for any illness as soon as you feel sick. […] Have someone else change the litter box. Cat feces can spread the parasite that causes toxoplasmosis. […] Use insect repellent when in wooded areas or countries known for mosquitos. The CDC says insect repellent is safe to use while pregnant.

• #1 Microcephaly | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/microcephaly

  Microcephaly may be caused by problems with brain development or being exposed to alcohol and certain drugs, chemicals and infections in the womb. […] Zika virus infection during pregnancy causes microcephaly. […] You cant always prevent microcephaly in your baby. But there are things you can do to help reduce your babys chances of having it. Heres how: […] Dont drink alcohol. Alcohol includes beer, wine and liquor. […] Protect yourself from infections. […] Heres what you can do to help protect yourself from infections before and during pregnancy: […] Protect yourself from Zika. Dont travel to a Zika-affected area unless absolutely necessary. Protect yourself from mosquito bites. […] If your male or female partner may be infected with Zika, dont have sex. If you do have sex, use a condom. […] Get regular dental checkups to help prevent gum infections.

• #1 Microcephaly: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/305880

  Speak with your healthcare provider about the personal risks of having a child with microcephaly and the steps you can take to lower that risk. […] In any pregnancy, reducing the risk of complications by avoiding alcohol, drugs, and other toxins is important. […] Chickenpox, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasmosis have links to the condition, so take preventative measures against these diseases. […] Due recent concerns over the risk of microcephaly and Zika virus, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommend that women who are pregnant avoid traveling to regions in which the disease has a presence. […] Travel to regions with ongoing Zika virus outbreaks is not recommended for women who are pregnant or women who are considering pregnancy.

• #1 Microcephaly: Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | Qwark

  https://qwarkhealth.com/conditions/microcephaly

  Prevention measures like getting vaccinated against Zika virus, avoiding alcohol and drugs during pregnancy, and getting regular prenatal care can reduce the risk of microcephaly. […] Pregnant women can prevent microcephaly in their babies by taking steps to avoid contracting infections during pregnancy. These steps include washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with individuals who are sick, and receiving recommended vaccinations. Additionally, pregnant women can also take precautions to prevent exposure to mosquito bites and other insect bites, as certain viruses that can cause microcephaly are transmitted by mosquitoes. […] Vaccinations have been shown to be effective in preventing certain infections that can lead to microcephaly, such as rubella and toxoplasmosis. Pregnant women should discuss vaccination recommendations with their healthcare providers. […] Measures that can be taken to prevent microcephaly outbreaks among communities include implementing mosquito control measures, encouraging individuals to take steps to avoid mosquito bites, and promoting vaccinations for diseases that have been linked to microcephaly.

• #1 Microcephaly | Pregnancy Birth and Baby

  https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/microcephaly

  Microcephaly can be a sign of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). […] If you get Zika virus while pregnant, it can cause birth differences for your baby, including microcephaly. […] Some cases of microcephaly may be prevented. You can lower the chance of your baby having microcephaly by: not drinking alcohol or using drugs during pregnancy, protecting yourself from harmful chemicals during pregnancy, protecting yourself from infections during pregnancy. […] To protect yourself from infections during pregnancy, you can: make sure your vaccinations are up to date, have safe sex to protect yourself from sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including Zika, wash your hands often, not eat raw or undercooked food, not change dirty cat litter to protect yourself from toxoplasmosis, get regular dental check-ups to prevent gum infections.

• #1 Microcephaly: Symptoms, Causes & Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9843-microcephaly

  You can reduce your childs risk of microcephaly by taking care of yourself during pregnancy. This could include: […] Eating a well-balanced diet. […] Managing any underlying health conditions. […] Avoiding toxic chemicals or substances. […] Going to checkups regularly to monitor the development of the fetus. […] Talk to your healthcare provider about ways that you can stay healthy during pregnancy.

• #1 Microcephaly in children – Children’s Health Neurology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/microcephaly

  Because doctors sometimes dont know what causes microcephaly, you cant always prevent it. And even with precautions, infections still happen. But you may reduce your chances of having a baby with microcephaly if you: […] Avoid misuse of alcohol and drugs. Dont smoke, drink or use street drugs right before or while you are pregnant. And dont use prescription drugs without discussing their effects on pregnancy with your provider. […] Protect yourself from Zika. The Texas Department of State Health Services tracks Zika danger in Texas. In most years, Zika is not a major concern here, but you should take precautions during mosquito season. Before traveling during pregnancy, check the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website for areas where Zika might be more active. […] Try to prevent infections. Take routine precautions, such as handwashing, avoiding sharing drinks and practicing safe sex. Get dental cleanings to prevent gum infections. And dont eat undercooked or raw foods.

• #1 A case-control etiologic study of microcephaly – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10955410/

  We found that there were more females than males among cases with isolated microcephaly. […] Maternal use of a large dose (about 6 mg per day) of folic acid and more than 50 mg per day of iron during pregnancy was associated with a 40-50% decrease in microcephaly. Thus, the pharmacological doses of folic acid and iron may have some preventive effect against isolated primary microcephaly.

• #1 Microcephaly // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/microcephaly

  Learning your child has microcephaly can raise questions about future pregnancies. Work with your health care provider to determine the cause of the microcephaly. If the cause is genetic, you may want to talk to a genetics counselor about the risk of microcephaly in future pregnancies.

• #1 Microcephaly – Augusta HealthSearchClose SearchSearch IconSearch IconClose Search IconMobile Menu IconMobile Menu Close IconInstagramFacebookTwitterYoutube

  https://www.augustahealth.com/disease/microcephaly/

  Learning your child has microcephaly can raise questions about future pregnancies. Work with your doctor to determine the cause of the microcephaly. If the cause is genetic, you and may want to talk to a genetics counselor about the risk of microcephaly in future pregnancies. […] Except for surgery for craniosynostosis, there’s generally no treatment that will enlarge your child’s head or reverse complications of microcephaly. Treatment focuses on ways to manage your child’s condition. Early childhood intervention programs that include speech, physical and occupational therapy may help your child strengthen abilities.

• #1 Microcephaly in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/m/microcephaly-in-children.html

  Your healthcare provider may advise genetic counseling. You can learn more about the risk of microcephaly in a future pregnancy. […] If your provider believes the microcephaly was caused by environmental factors and you are still exposed to the toxic substances, ask for referrals to agencies that can help change the situation. Also talk with your healthcare provider before and during pregnancy about how to limit your child’s risk for the disease.

• #1 Cleveland Clinic researchers discover new genetic cause behind microcephaly | Lerner Research Institute

  https://www.lerner.ccf.org/news/article/?title=Cleveland+Clinic+researchers+discover+new+genetic+cause+behind+microcephaly&id=e6aaa2bd56da53e88e917cc908082f7c026b8e6a

  Preclinical research from Cleveland Clinic discovered a genetic cause and potential intervention for microcephaly, a neurodevelopmental disorder that causes an infant’s head to be smaller than others of the same age and sex. […] This groundbreaking work offers direction for future human study and therapeutic development to prevent microcephaly, which has treatment options, but no cure. […] The team also discovered using nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, NRTI’s FDA-approved therapies for HIV – can prevent microcephaly in preclinical models. […] The Longworth team is now investigating these discoveries in human neural stem cells and delving deeper into understanding how these mobile elements cause stem cell death a critical step toward developing innovative therapeutic interventions toward preventing or mitigating microcephaly.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10995-017-2275-2

  Maternal and Child Health Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript […] The objective of our analysis was to estimate the contribution of enhanced contraception access to averting ZIKV-related microcephaly births in the United States, alone and in combination with another possible strategy, anti-ZIKV vaccination. […] Enhanced contraceptive access alone reduced the median number of ZIKV-related microcephaly births by 16% (95% simulation interval: 5, 23), while the anti-ZIKV vaccine alone reduced these births by 9% (95% SI: 0, 18), 45% (95% SI: 36, 54), and 81% (95% SI: 71, 91), under conservative (10% vaccine uptake), moderate (50% vaccine uptake), and optimistic (90% vaccine uptake) scenarios, respectively. […] The reduction in ZIKV-related microcephaly births was always greater if both interventions were employed. […] Enhanced contraceptive access alone has the ability to produce a meaningful reduction in microcephaly births, and could provide an important adjuvant prevention strategy even following the development of a highly-effective anti-ZIKV vaccine.

• #1 How Zika virus induces congenital microcephaly | Institut Pasteur

  https://www.pasteur.fr/en/press-area/press-documents/how-zika-virus-induces-congenital-microcephaly

  Researchers continued their studies on mice by administering inhibitors of protein-folding response in cortical progenitors and found that this inhibited the development of microcephaly in mice embryos infected with Zika virus. […] Zika virus infection leads to microcephaly in mice by inducing ER stress. Mouse Zika-induced microcephaly is prevented by injecting a drug that selectively reduces the transduction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) triggered by the ER stress. […] The EU supports research to develop treatments, diagnostics, vaccines and better risk assessment for Zika virus. The majority of the funding (30 million) is allocated to three research consortia: ZIKAPLAN (11 million), coordinated by the University of Ume in Sweden, ZIKAction (7 million), coordinated by the PENTA Foundation in Italy, and ZIKAlliance (12 million), coordinated by Inserm in France. Researchers from Europe, Brazil and other Latin American and Caribbean countries are collaborating in these consortia to learn more about Zika virus infection and its consequences for pregnant women, newborns and adults, as well as to develop improved diagnostic tests and identify the best treatment and prevention options.

• #1 Microcephaly Caused By Hypoxia Compared To MicrocephalyAccessibility ToolsGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontResetSitemap

  https://www.beamlegalteam.com/blog/microcephaly-caused-by-perinatal-hypoxia-compare/

  There are many causes of microcephaly. Whatever the cause, it is an incurable condition. It carries catastrophic consequences for its victims and their families. […] Since microcephaly is incurable, the emphasis must be on prevention. The Center for Disease Control (CDC), the World Health Organization (WHO), NGO’s and various governments presently have a monumental task ahead in trying to prevent Zika caused microcephaly. […] Prevention of microcephaly caused by hypoxia and ischemia during labor and delivery is simple: EARLY DELIVERY—USUALLY BY AN EARLIER CAESARIAN SECTION. Our children did not need the CDC or WHO, all they needed for example, was a competent vigilant nurse who did not inject too much Pitocin and hyperstimulate a mother’s uterus during labor and delivery; OR an obstetrician who came to the patients’ bedside when there were variable and late decelerations of the baby’s heart on the electronic fetal heart monitor.

• #1 The Latest On Zika: Microcephaly, GBS, Transmission, Prevention

  https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/latest-zika-microcephaly-gbs-transmission-prevention-melvin-sanicas

  The Zika virus can cause babies to be born with microcephaly, a birth defect where a babys head is smaller than expected when compared to babies of the same sex and age. […] Without an effective drug or vaccine, the best thing to do is to reduce the number of mosquitoes that can spread the virus and avoid mosquito bites. Insect repellents will keep mosquitoes away and limit the number of bites and chances of being infected. […] Given the epidemic levels of Zika virus disease being reported in some countries and the severe outcomes associated, it is important for healthcare providers to report cases of Zika for adequate public health surveillance. Information on congenital Zika virus infection is important to help authorities effectively address this health threat and make sound and evidence-based decisions.

• #1 DOH Reports First Microcephaly Case in the USVI – VI Department of Health

  https://doh.vi.gov/doh-reports-first-microcephaly-case-in-the-usvi/

  DOH Reports First Microcephaly Case in the USVI […] Today, the Department of Health (DOH) is reporting the first baby born in the U.S. Virgin Islands with Zika-related microcephaly, as confirmed by CDC testing. […] The DOH stands ready to provide services to women, infants and families affected by the Zika virus. […] Although one case is too many, we must continue to remain vigilant in preventing infection through mosquito bites and unprotected sex; especially to pregnant women. Avoiding mosquito bites is the best way to prevent getting Zika. This can be accomplished by Dress, Drain, Defend; Dress-Wearing Long sleeved shirts, long pants; Drain-eliminating standing water in and outside of the home; Defend-use of repellents, bed nets, condoms, and screens on windows and doors. […] The Department of Health is committed to providing support to this family and any other family affected by this virus, through our Maternal Child Health Services. […] Pregnant women are strongly urged to take steps to prevent mosquito bites and protect themselves from sexual transmission of Zika throughout their entire pregnancy. […] The DOH encourages pregnant women to take advantage of the following FREE products and services: Zika testing at 12 locations throughout the islands […] Zika Prevention Kit (ZPK) containing educational materials, insect repellent, permethrin, condoms, dunks to treat standing water, and a bed net. […] There is no vaccine or medicine for Zika. Zika is spread to people primarily through the bite of an infected mosquito. A pregnant woman can pass Zika to her fetus during pregnancy or around the time of birth. […] To prevent the spread of Zika through sex, use a condom every time you have sex if you or your partner is pregnant. […] There is ongoing collaboration with the Department of Tourism and other government and private agencies to provide updated information and to identify and eliminate mosquito breeding places in communities.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news/item/01-02-2016-who-director-general-summarizes-the-outcome-of-the-emergency-committee-regarding-clusters-of-microcephaly-and-guillain-barr%C3%A9-syndrome

  The experts agreed that a causal relationship between Zika infection during pregnancy and microcephaly is strongly suspected, though not yet scientifically proven. […] A coordinated international response is needed to improve surveillance, the detection of infections, congenital malformations, and neurological complications, to intensify the control of mosquito populations, and to expedite the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines to protect people at risk, especially during pregnancy. […] At present, the most important protective measures are the control of mosquito populations and the prevention of mosquito bites in at-risk individuals, especially pregnant women.

• #1 Facts about Microcephaly | Birth Defects | NCBDDD | CDC

  http://med.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html

  Microcephaly is a birth defect where a babys head is smaller than expected when compared to babies of the same sex and age. Babies with microcephaly often have smaller brains that might not have developed properly. […] CDC continues to study birth defects, such as microcephaly, and how to prevent them. If you are pregnant or thinking about becoming pregnant, talk with your doctor about ways to increase your chances of having a healthy baby. […] For more severe microcephaly, babies will need care and treatment focused on managing their other health problems (mentioned above). Developmental services early in life will often help babies with microcephaly to improve and maximize their physical and intellectual abilities. These services, known as early intervention, can include speech, occupational, and physical therapies. Sometimes medications also are needed to treat seizures or other symptoms.

• #1 Microcephaly Birth Defect in Babies: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/microcephaly

  Microcephaly is most commonly caused by one of several factors: […] The CDC still recommends that pregnant women or those trying to become pregnant take certain precautions, like talking with your health care provider before traveling abroad and taking steps to prevent mosquito bite. […] Microcephaly is not correctable, meaning you can’t increase a baby’s head circumference. But early intervention with speech and occupational therapy can minimize some of the associated developmental problems. The earlier it’s diagnosed, the better. Kids with microcephaly may require more frequent health care visits and counseling. […] Genetic counseling is also recommended for parents who have already had a child with the disorder to examine risk factors in later pregnancies.

• #1 Microcephaly: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention

  https://www.prepladder.com/neet-pg-study-material/pediatrics/microcephaly-causes-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-and-prevention

  Microcephaly: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention […] Prevention Of Microcephaly […] When you find out your child has microcephaly, you can have concerns about subsequent pregnancies. Discover the reason for the microcephaly while discussing it with your healthcare provider. If the cause is genetic, you might want to discuss the possibility of microcephaly in future pregnancies with a genetic counselor.

• #1 Microcephaly Guidelines: Guidelines Summary

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500048-guidelines

  The following organizations have released guidelines for the management of microcephaly. Key diagnostic and management recommendations have been reviewed and integrated throughout the article. […] Psychosocial support for pregnant women and for families with microcephaly and other neurological complications in the context of Zika virus: interim guidance for health-care providers. World Health Organization. Available at https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/204492. 2016; Accessed: Jan 17, 2025. […] Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) Publications Committee. Ultrasound screening for fetal microcephaly following Zika virus exposure. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Jun. 214 (6):B2-4.

• #1 Interim Guidelines for the Evaluation and Testing of Infants with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection — United States, 2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6503e3.htm

  For infants with any positive or inconclusive test findings for Zika virus infection, health care providers should report the case to the state, territorial, or local health department and assess the infant for possible long-term sequelae. […] For infants with microcephaly or intracranial calcifications who have negative results on all Zika virus tests performed, health care providers should evaluate for other possible etiologies and treat as indicated. […] The only way to prevent congenital Zika virus infection is to prevent maternal infection, either by avoiding areas where Zika virus transmission is ongoing or strictly following steps to avoid mosquito bites. […] Mosquito-bite prevention includes using air conditioning or window and door screens when indoors, wearing long sleeves and pants, using permethrin-treated clothing and gear, and using insect repellents.

• #2 Facts about Microcephaly | Birth Defects | NCBDDD | CDC

  http://med.iiab.me/modules/en-cdc/www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/microcephaly.html

  Microcephaly is a birth defect where a babys head is smaller than expected when compared to babies of the same sex and age. Babies with microcephaly often have smaller brains that might not have developed properly. […] CDC continues to study birth defects, such as microcephaly, and how to prevent them. If you are pregnant or thinking about becoming pregnant, talk with your doctor about ways to increase your chances of having a healthy baby. […] For more severe microcephaly, babies will need care and treatment focused on managing their other health problems (mentioned above). Developmental services early in life will often help babies with microcephaly to improve and maximize their physical and intellectual abilities. These services, known as early intervention, can include speech, occupational, and physical therapies. Sometimes medications also are needed to treat seizures or other symptoms.

• #2 Microcephaly: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/305880

  Speak with your healthcare provider about the personal risks of having a child with microcephaly and the steps you can take to lower that risk. […] In any pregnancy, reducing the risk of complications by avoiding alcohol, drugs, and other toxins is important. […] Chickenpox, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasmosis have links to the condition, so take preventative measures against these diseases. […] Due recent concerns over the risk of microcephaly and Zika virus, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommend that women who are pregnant avoid traveling to regions in which the disease has a presence. […] Travel to regions with ongoing Zika virus outbreaks is not recommended for women who are pregnant or women who are considering pregnancy.

• #2 Microcephaly – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcephaly

  Avoiding alcohol consumption while pregnant. […] The spread of Aedes mosquito-borne Zika virus has been implicated in increasing levels of congenital microcephaly by the International Society for Infectious Diseases and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. […] Zika can spread from a pregnant woman to her fetus.

• #2 Interim Guidelines for the Evaluation and Testing of Infants with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection — United States, 2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6503e3.htm

  For infants with any positive or inconclusive test findings for Zika virus infection, health care providers should report the case to the state, territorial, or local health department and assess the infant for possible long-term sequelae. […] For infants with microcephaly or intracranial calcifications who have negative results on all Zika virus tests performed, health care providers should evaluate for other possible etiologies and treat as indicated. […] The only way to prevent congenital Zika virus infection is to prevent maternal infection, either by avoiding areas where Zika virus transmission is ongoing or strictly following steps to avoid mosquito bites. […] Mosquito-bite prevention includes using air conditioning or window and door screens when indoors, wearing long sleeves and pants, using permethrin-treated clothing and gear, and using insect repellents.

• #2 What You Need to Know About Zika Virus and Microcephaly | Lurie Children’s

  https://www.luriechildrens.org/en/blog/what-you-need-to-know-about-zika-virus-microcephaly/

  Currently, public health officials have not yet scientifically proven there is an exact link between Zika virus and microcephaly. However, public health officials strongly suspect that Zika virus can lead to microcephaly when the infection occurs in a pregnant woman. […] If a pregnant woman develops Zika virus, the virus can cross the placenta and infect the baby. If the baby is in its critical stages of brain development, the infection can result in poor development of the fetal brain and being born with microcephaly. […] Until we know more details and specific risks of Zika virus in pregnancy, the CDC is recommending pregnant women avoid travel to areas with active Zika virus transmission- primarily South America, Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean. […] With several reports suggesting sexual transmission of Zika virus and until more is known about this route of transmission, the CDC advises pregnant women (or women attempting to become pregnant) to avoid sexual contact or use condoms with individuals who have recently traveled to an area with Zika virus transmission.

• #2 Microcephaly in children – Children’s Health Neurology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/microcephaly

  Dont change the kitty litter. Toxoplasmosis can be a risk factor for microcephaly. In the U.S., its most present in cat feces. Have someone else change the cat box while you are pregnant. […] Speak to a geneticist. If you have a family history of microcephaly, you may wish to have genetic testing and genetic counseling when you are planning your family.

• #2 Microcephaly | Pregnancy Birth and Baby

  https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/microcephaly

  Microcephaly can be a sign of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). […] If you get Zika virus while pregnant, it can cause birth differences for your baby, including microcephaly. […] Some cases of microcephaly may be prevented. You can lower the chance of your baby having microcephaly by: not drinking alcohol or using drugs during pregnancy, protecting yourself from harmful chemicals during pregnancy, protecting yourself from infections during pregnancy. […] To protect yourself from infections during pregnancy, you can: make sure your vaccinations are up to date, have safe sex to protect yourself from sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including Zika, wash your hands often, not eat raw or undercooked food, not change dirty cat litter to protect yourself from toxoplasmosis, get regular dental check-ups to prevent gum infections.

• #2 Microcephaly Causes, Treatments, Prevention, and Long-Term Effects

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/what-is-microcephaly

  While you’re pregnant, you can take steps to try to prevent acquired microcephaly: […] Establish a relationship with your doctor and go to all prenatal visits. […] Eat a healthy diet and take prenatal vitamins. […] Don’t drink alcohol or do drugs. […] Stay away from chemicals. […] Wash your hands often, and get treated for any illness as soon as you feel sick. […] Have someone else change the litter box. Cat feces can spread the parasite that causes toxoplasmosis. […] Use insect repellent when in wooded areas or countries known for mosquitos. The CDC says insect repellent is safe to use while pregnant.

• #2 Microcephaly: Causes, Complications, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/microcephaly

  Getting proper prenatal care and avoiding alcohol and drug use while pregnant may help you prevent microcephaly. Prenatal checkups give your doctor the opportunity to diagnose maternal conditions, such as uncontrolled PKU. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that women who are pregnant shouldnt travel to areas where there have been Zika virus outbreaks or areas that have a risk of Zika outbreaks. […] The CDC advises women who are considering getting pregnant to follow the same recommendations or at least speak to their doctor before traveling to these areas.

• #2 Microcephaly in Children | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/m/microcephaly-in-children.html

  Your healthcare provider may advise genetic counseling. You can learn more about the risk of microcephaly in a future pregnancy. […] If your provider believes the microcephaly was caused by environmental factors and you are still exposed to the toxic substances, ask for referrals to agencies that can help change the situation. Also talk with your healthcare provider before and during pregnancy about how to limit your child’s risk for the disease.

• #2 Microcephaly Birth Defect in Babies: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/microcephaly

  Microcephaly is most commonly caused by one of several factors: […] The CDC still recommends that pregnant women or those trying to become pregnant take certain precautions, like talking with your health care provider before traveling abroad and taking steps to prevent mosquito bite. […] Microcephaly is not correctable, meaning you can’t increase a baby’s head circumference. But early intervention with speech and occupational therapy can minimize some of the associated developmental problems. The earlier it’s diagnosed, the better. Kids with microcephaly may require more frequent health care visits and counseling. […] Genetic counseling is also recommended for parents who have already had a child with the disorder to examine risk factors in later pregnancies.

• #2 LSHTM LSHTM Research Online

  https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/4293849/

  Microcephaly is an important sign of neurological malformation and a predictor of future disability. […] Although Zika virus has brought the attention of the world to the problem of microcephaly, prevention of all infectious causes of microcephaly and appropriately managing its consequences remain important global public health priorities.

• #2 Microcephaly: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Risk Factors and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/microcephaly-symptoms-diagnosis-risk-factors-and-treatment/

  Learning about a childs microcephaly condition can raise questions about future or subsequent pregnancies […] Consult a doctor to understand more about the cause of this condition […] If the cause is genetic, you can further consult a genetics counsellor regarding the risk of this condition in subsequent pregnancies and learn what precautions you may take to minimize that risk […] You can take preventive measures like maintaining proper hygiene, a healthy diet, consuming essential vitamins, and staying away from drugs, alcohol, and chemicals. You should also get treated for any illness as and when you feel it.

• #2 Microcephaly Guidelines: Guidelines Summary

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500048-guidelines

  The following organizations have released guidelines for the management of microcephaly. Key diagnostic and management recommendations have been reviewed and integrated throughout the article. […] Psychosocial support for pregnant women and for families with microcephaly and other neurological complications in the context of Zika virus: interim guidance for health-care providers. World Health Organization. Available at https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/204492. 2016; Accessed: Jan 17, 2025. […] Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) Publications Committee. Ultrasound screening for fetal microcephaly following Zika virus exposure. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Jun. 214 (6):B2-4.

• #2 Interim Guidelines for the Evaluation and Testing of Infants with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection — United States, 2016 | MMWR

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6503e3.htm

  CDC has developed interim guidelines for health care providers in the United States who are caring for infants born to mothers who traveled to or resided in an area with Zika virus transmission during pregnancy. These guidelines include recommendations for the testing and management of these infants. […] Zika virus testing is recommended for 1) infants with microcephaly or intracranial calcifications born to women who traveled to or resided in an area with Zika virus transmission while pregnant; or 2) infants born to mothers with positive or inconclusive test results for Zika virus infection. […] When an infant is born with microcephaly or intracranial calcifications to a mother who was potentially infected with Zika virus during pregnancy, the infant should be tested for Zika virus infection.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news/item/01-02-2016-who-director-general-summarizes-the-outcome-of-the-emergency-committee-regarding-clusters-of-microcephaly-and-guillain-barr%C3%A9-syndrome

  The experts agreed that a causal relationship between Zika infection during pregnancy and microcephaly is strongly suspected, though not yet scientifically proven. […] A coordinated international response is needed to improve surveillance, the detection of infections, congenital malformations, and neurological complications, to intensify the control of mosquito populations, and to expedite the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines to protect people at risk, especially during pregnancy. […] At present, the most important protective measures are the control of mosquito populations and the prevention of mosquito bites in at-risk individuals, especially pregnant women.

• #3 Zika Virus confirmed as cause of rare microcephaly birth defect – CDC – CARICOM

  https://caricom.org/zika-virus-confirmed-as-cause-of-rare-microcephaly-birth-defect-cdc/

  It is now clear that the virus causes microcephaly, Frieden said. […] Weve now confirmed what mounting evidence has suggested, affirming our early guidance to pregnant women and their partners to take steps to avoid Zika infection and to health care professionals who are talking to patients every day. […] We are working to do everything possible to protect the American public.

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