Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Microcephaly NGS Panel | Fulgent Genetics

  https://www.fulgentgenetics.com/microcephaly

  Microcephaly is a condition characterized by abnormally small head size, often defined clinically as head circumference greater than two standard deviations below the mean for age and sex. Microcephaly may be related to poor brain growth in utero or in infancy and may be related to structural brain anomalies. Microcephaly leads to an increased risk of developmental delays and seizures. Syndromic microcephaly may be associated with hearing loss, vision problems, swallowing disorders, and balance disorders. Microcephaly is a lifelong condition with no known cure, but treatment can help patients and their families manage the symptoms. […] Identifying the pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant linked to a patients microcephaly can lead to increased surveillance and personalized management. Genetic testing for microcephaly can: Establish or confirm the appropriate diagnosis, Identify risks for additional health-related symptoms, Assist in modifying lifestyle changes, Result in more personalized treatment and symptom management, Inform family members about their own risk factors, Connect patients to relevant resources support, Provide options for family planning.

• #2 Microcephaly

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5483622/

  Microcephaly is defined as a head circumference more than two standard deviations below the mean for gender and age. Congenital microcephaly is present at birth, whereas postnatal microcephaly occurs later in life. […] Microcephaly is a lifelong condition with no known cure. The prognosis is usually worse for children who experienced an intrauterine infection or have a chromosomal or metabolic abnormality. Depending on the cause and severity, children with microcephaly can have a number of different problems. These include intellectual disability, developmental delay, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, as well as ophthalmologic and audiologic disorders. A retrospective study of 680 children reported that 65% of children with microcephaly had intellectual impairment, 43% had epilepsy, and 30% had ophthalmological disorders.

• #3 Microcephaly Birth Defect in Babies: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/microcephaly

  Microcephaly is a very rare birth defect occurring in approximately 1 baby per every 800 to 5,000 births in the U.S. Babies who are born with microcephaly have smaller-than-average head circumferences and can potentially have lifelong disabilities. […] While no universal definition exists, some experts define mild microcephaly as the head being more than two standard deviations below average, while severe microcephaly is defined as a head size more than three standard deviations below average. But all degrees of the disorder can cause major developmental problems depending on how they impact the brain’s structure. […] A microcephalic baby has a head, and usually a brain, that’s smaller than average. This can create structural brain problems that cause a combination of other conditions that range from mild to severe, depending on the degree of the disorder, including: seizures and, potentially, epilepsy; feeding difficulty, including problems swallowing; increased movement of the arms and legs (spasticity); developmental delays relating to speech, standing, sitting and walking; intellectual disabilities; hearing loss; vision problems.

• #4 Microcephaly | Birth Defects | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/birth-defects/about/microcephaly.html

  Microcephaly is a condition where a babys head is much smaller than expected. […] Microcephaly can occur because a babys brain has not developed properly during pregnancy or stopped growing after birth. […] The severity of microcephaly can range from mild to severe. […] Severe microcephaly is a serious, extreme form of this condition. It can be life-threatening. […] Babies with microcephaly can have multiple health problems, depending on the severity of the child’s microcephaly. Common problems include seizures, developmental delay, intellectual disability, problems with movement and balance, feeding problems, hearing loss, and vision problems. […] Microcephaly is a lifelong condition. There is no known cure or standard treatment for microcephaly. […] Microcephaly can range from mild to severe, and treatment options can range as well. […] For more severe cases, babies will need ongoing care and treatment focused on managing their health problems. Developmental services early in life often help babies with microcephaly to improve and maximize their physical and intellectual abilities.

• #5 Microcephaly – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcephaly

  Microcephaly may be present at birth or it may develop in the first few years of life. […] Brain development is often affected; people with this disorder often have an intellectual disability, poor motor function, poor speech, abnormal facial features, seizures and dwarfism. […] Severely impaired intellectual development is common, but disturbances in motor functions may not appear until later in life. […] Affected newborns generally have striking neurological defects and seizures. […] Development of motor functions and speech may be delayed. Hyperactivity and intellectual disability are common occurrences, although the degree of each varies. […] There is no specific treatment that returns the head size to normal. […] In general, life expectancy for individuals with microcephaly is reduced, and the prognosis for normal brain function is poor. Occasional cases develop normal intelligence and grow normally (apart from persistently small head circumference).

• #6 Microcephaly

  https://www.brainfacts.org/diseases-and-disorders/neurological-disorders-az/diseases-a-to-z-from-ninds/microcephaly

  Microcephaly is a medical condition in which the circumference of the head is smaller than normal because the brain has not developed properly or has stopped growing. Microcephaly can be present at birth or it may develop in the first few years of life. […] Babies born with microcephaly will have a smaller than normal head that will fail to grow as they progress through infancy. Depending on the severity of the accompanying syndrome, children with microcephaly may have impaired cognitive development, delayed motor functions and speech, facial distortions, dwarfism or short stature, hyperactivity, seizures, difficulties with coordination and balance, and other brain or neurological abnormalities. […] Some children with microcephaly will have normal intelligence and a head that will grow bigger, but they will track below the normal growth curves for head circumference.

• #7 Microcephaly: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Risk Factors and Treatment

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/corporate/diseases-and-conditions/microcephaly-symptoms-diagnosis-risk-factors-and-treatment/

  Microcephaly may be detected at the time of birth or may develop in the initial years. Your childs head will grow with age but remain smaller than whats considered normal. […] The primary sign of this condition is the significantly smaller head size of the children. This is the measurement of the distance around the childs head, also called circumference. […] Other symptoms include difficulties in coordination or balance other brain or neurological abnormalities. […] Many children with this type of condition have normal development and intelligence. Their heads will always remain significantly small for their age and sex. In accordance with the cause and severity of the condition, complications may include: Developmental delays in speech or movement, Coordination or balance difficulties, It may include dwarfism or short stature, It may also lead to facial distortions, Hyperactivity or the condition of being constantly, abnormally active, Intellectual disabilities, Seizures or changes in behavior occur after abnormal activities in the brain. […] Some children will have minimal or mild disabilities. Others, who are growing and developing normally, will have proper intellectual skills. They will continue to develop and achieve regular milestones as per their age.

• #8 A to Z: Microcephaly | Rady Children’s Hospital

  https://www.rchsd.org/health-article/a-to-z-microcephaly/

  Microcephaly (my-kro-SEF-ah-lee) is a rare condition in which a childs brain does not fully develop, resulting in an abnormally small head size. […] Microcephaly, which can be passed down through families, can be present at birth or develop during the first 2 years of life. […] Some children with microcephaly will have no symptoms or developmental delays, and will be generally unaffected. Others will have varying degrees of developmental problems depending on what caused the microcephaly. They may have intellectual disabilities, delayed speech and motor functions, vision and hearing problems, dwarfism or short stature, seizures, or other problems associated with brain abnormalities. […] There is no treatment for microcephaly that can reverse the problem. Children who have it can, however, benefit from early intervention programs with physical, occupational, and speech therapists to help them reach their full potential and enhance their quality of life.

• #9 Microcephaly – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/microcephaly/symptoms-causes/syc-20375051

  The primary symptom of microcephaly is having a head size that is much smaller than that of other children of the same age and sex. […] A child with more-severe microcephaly may also have a sloping forehead. […] Some children with microcephaly achieve developmental milestones even though their heads will always be small for their age and sex. But depending on the cause and severity of the microcephaly, complications may include developmental delays, including speech and movement, difficulties with coordination and balance, dwarfism or short stature, facial distortions, hyperactivity, intellectual delays, and seizures.

• #10 Microcephaly: Symptoms, Causes & Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9843-microcephaly

  A small head is the main symptom of microcephaly. The size of your brain influences the size of your head. […] Growth abnormalities of the brain can affect how your babys brain functions, which can cause additional symptoms. These range in severity and can include: Seizures. Issues with cognitive development. Developmental delays (learning how to speak, stand and walk). Balance, movement and coordination challenges. Difficulty feeding or swallowing. Hearing or vision loss. […] Symptoms can be life-threatening if theyre severe. Some babies have no symptoms other than a small head. […] As your child grows older, their face continues to grow while their skull doesnt. This can cause your child to develop a large face in comparison to their head size. In addition, they may experience: A receding forehead. A loose, wrinkled scalp. Less than expected weight for their age.

• #11 Microcephaly | Birth Defects | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/birth-defects/about/microcephaly.html

  Microcephaly is a condition where a babys head is much smaller than expected. […] Microcephaly can occur because a babys brain has not developed properly during pregnancy or stopped growing after birth. […] The severity of microcephaly can range from mild to severe. […] Severe microcephaly is a serious, extreme form of this condition. It can be life-threatening. […] Babies with microcephaly can have multiple health problems, depending on the severity of the child’s microcephaly. Common problems include seizures, developmental delay, intellectual disability, problems with movement and balance, feeding problems, hearing loss, and vision problems. […] Microcephaly is a lifelong condition. There is no known cure or standard treatment for microcephaly. […] Microcephaly can range from mild to severe, and treatment options can range as well. […] For more severe cases, babies will need ongoing care and treatment focused on managing their health problems. Developmental services early in life often help babies with microcephaly to improve and maximize their physical and intellectual abilities.

• #12 Microcephaly: Symptoms, Causes & Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9843-microcephaly

  A small head is the main symptom of microcephaly. The size of your brain influences the size of your head. […] Growth abnormalities of the brain can affect how your babys brain functions, which can cause additional symptoms. These range in severity and can include: Seizures. Issues with cognitive development. Developmental delays (learning how to speak, stand and walk). Balance, movement and coordination challenges. Difficulty feeding or swallowing. Hearing or vision loss. […] Symptoms can be life-threatening if theyre severe. Some babies have no symptoms other than a small head. […] As your child grows older, their face continues to grow while their skull doesnt. This can cause your child to develop a large face in comparison to their head size. In addition, they may experience: A receding forehead. A loose, wrinkled scalp. Less than expected weight for their age.

• #13 Microcephaly – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/microcephaly/symptoms-causes/syc-20375051

  The primary symptom of microcephaly is having a head size that is much smaller than that of other children of the same age and sex. […] A child with more-severe microcephaly may also have a sloping forehead. […] Some children with microcephaly achieve developmental milestones even though their heads will always be small for their age and sex. But depending on the cause and severity of the microcephaly, complications may include developmental delays, including speech and movement, difficulties with coordination and balance, dwarfism or short stature, facial distortions, hyperactivity, intellectual delays, and seizures.

• #14 Microcephaly | UM Health-Sparrow

  https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/microcephaly

  The primary symptom of microcephaly is having a head size that is much smaller than that of other children of the same age and sex. […] In children with microcephaly, head size measures much smaller than average for the child’s age and sex. […] A child with more-severe microcephaly may also have a sloping forehead.

• #15 Microcephaly: Symptoms, Causes & Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9843-microcephaly

  A small head is the main symptom of microcephaly. The size of your brain influences the size of your head. […] Growth abnormalities of the brain can affect how your babys brain functions, which can cause additional symptoms. These range in severity and can include: Seizures. Issues with cognitive development. Developmental delays (learning how to speak, stand and walk). Balance, movement and coordination challenges. Difficulty feeding or swallowing. Hearing or vision loss. […] Symptoms can be life-threatening if theyre severe. Some babies have no symptoms other than a small head. […] As your child grows older, their face continues to grow while their skull doesnt. This can cause your child to develop a large face in comparison to their head size. In addition, they may experience: A receding forehead. A loose, wrinkled scalp. Less than expected weight for their age.

• #16 Microcephaly: Symptoms, Causes & Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9843-microcephaly

  A small head is the main symptom of microcephaly. The size of your brain influences the size of your head. […] Growth abnormalities of the brain can affect how your babys brain functions, which can cause additional symptoms. These range in severity and can include: Seizures. Issues with cognitive development. Developmental delays (learning how to speak, stand and walk). Balance, movement and coordination challenges. Difficulty feeding or swallowing. Hearing or vision loss. […] Symptoms can be life-threatening if theyre severe. Some babies have no symptoms other than a small head. […] As your child grows older, their face continues to grow while their skull doesnt. This can cause your child to develop a large face in comparison to their head size. In addition, they may experience: A receding forehead. A loose, wrinkled scalp. Less than expected weight for their age.

• #17 Microcephaly – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcephaly

  Microcephaly may be present at birth or it may develop in the first few years of life. […] Brain development is often affected; people with this disorder often have an intellectual disability, poor motor function, poor speech, abnormal facial features, seizures and dwarfism. […] Severely impaired intellectual development is common, but disturbances in motor functions may not appear until later in life. […] Affected newborns generally have striking neurological defects and seizures. […] Development of motor functions and speech may be delayed. Hyperactivity and intellectual disability are common occurrences, although the degree of each varies. […] There is no specific treatment that returns the head size to normal. […] In general, life expectancy for individuals with microcephaly is reduced, and the prognosis for normal brain function is poor. Occasional cases develop normal intelligence and grow normally (apart from persistently small head circumference).

• #18 Microcephaly | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/microcephaly

  Some babies with microcephaly may have lifelong health problems, including intellectual and developmental disabilities. […] A baby with severe microcephaly has a head that’s much smaller than expected and may have more serious health problems than babies with mild microcephaly. […] After birth, a baby with microcephaly may have these signs and symptoms: Small head size, Failure to thrive (slow weight gain and growth), High-pitched crying, Little appetite or problems with feeding, Muscle spasms. […] Some babies with microcephaly have no health complications other than having a small head and being short. But some babies with microcephaly may have long-term or lifelong health problems, including: Cerebral palsy (also called CP), Congenital Zika syndrome, Dwarfism or short height, Face deformities, Feeding problems, Problems with hearing or vision, Hyperactivity, Seizures, Intellectual and developmental disabilities. […] Babies with severe microcephaly can have more of these problems than babies with mild microcephaly. Severe microcephaly may be life-threatening.

• #19 Microcephaly: Causes, Symptoms, and Therapy Options – NAPAAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontResetNAPA 澳大利亚普通话信息

  https://napacentre.com.au/microcephaly/

  Microcephaly Symptoms and Signs Include: […] Global developmental delays […] Difficulty with coordination and balance […] Seizures […] Learning disability […] Dwarfish (short stature) […] Facial deformities […] Hearing loss […] Vision problems […] Feeding difficulties (i.e., trouble swallowing) […] There is no known cure or standard treatment for microcephaly as it can range from mild to severe. Therefore, treatment options can vary as well. It is important to work with a multidisciplinary team to develop an individualised plan to support a child in reaching his or her maximal potential.

• #20 Microcephaly | Birth Defects | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/birth-defects/about/microcephaly.html

  Microcephaly is a condition where a babys head is much smaller than expected. […] Microcephaly can occur because a babys brain has not developed properly during pregnancy or stopped growing after birth. […] The severity of microcephaly can range from mild to severe. […] Severe microcephaly is a serious, extreme form of this condition. It can be life-threatening. […] Babies with microcephaly can have multiple health problems, depending on the severity of the child’s microcephaly. Common problems include seizures, developmental delay, intellectual disability, problems with movement and balance, feeding problems, hearing loss, and vision problems. […] Microcephaly is a lifelong condition. There is no known cure or standard treatment for microcephaly. […] Microcephaly can range from mild to severe, and treatment options can range as well. […] For more severe cases, babies will need ongoing care and treatment focused on managing their health problems. Developmental services early in life often help babies with microcephaly to improve and maximize their physical and intellectual abilities.

• #21 Microcephaly – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/microcephaly/

  In microcephaly, a childs head is significantly small for that childs age and sex. This is usually due to abnormal brain development. The brain may have developed differently during pregnancy or after birth. […] Children will usually have developmental delays. They may have other neurological issues, too. Seizures are one example. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe. In general, the smaller the head size, the more severe the symptoms. […] The two symptoms present in about half of all patients are: Developmental delay, Cognitive disability. […] These symptoms can range from mild to severe. It depends on the cause and severity of the microcephaly. […] In severe cases: Lifespan may be shortened due to seizures, feeding or swallowing issues, or other problems. […] Significant intellectual disability is likely. Children may need help with everyday tasks as they grow up. […] In milder cases: Children may have only mild delays. They may be able to perform everyday tasks independently. […] In general, the more severe the condition (the smaller the childs head), the more severe the symptoms.

• #22 Microcephaly | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/microcephaly

  Microcephaly is a condition where a baby’s head is much smaller than normal. It is most often present at birth (congenital). Most children with microcephaly also have a small brain and an intellectual disability. Some children with small heads have normal intelligence. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They may include: Very small head, High-pitched cry, Trouble feeding, Seizures, Shaky movement of the arms and legs (spasticity), Developmental delays, Intellectual disability. […] Microcephaly is a lifelong condition that has no cure. Treatment focuses on preventing or reducing problems and maximizing a child’s abilities. […] Children born with microcephaly need to see their healthcare team often. They will need tests to track the growth of the head. Their motor, social, intellectual, and language function will be tracked over time.

• #23 Microcephaly – Children’s Health Issues – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/birth-defects-of-the-brain-and-spinal-cord/microcephaly

  Microcephaly can be caused by many disorders, including genetic abnormalities, infections, and brain defects, or can sometimes run in families. […] Newborns with severe microcephaly usually have symptoms of brain damage. […] Symptoms depend on how severely the brain is damaged or underdeveloped. […] Some of the problems that babies with severe microcephaly can have include seizures, developmental delays, feeding problems, hearing or vision problems, problems with movement or balance, hyperactivity, and intellectual disabilities. […] Microcephaly is a lifelong condition, and there is no cure or standard treatment. […] Symptoms resulting from brain damage are treated. Some disorders causing microcephaly can be treated. […] Regular check-ups and follow-ups by a care team are very important. Developmental services, known as early intervention, often help babies with microcephaly maximize their physical and intellectual abilities.

• #24 Microcephaly | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/microcephaly

  When a child has microcephaly, the brain develops abnormally, causing the head to be much smaller than expected for the child’s age. The main feature of microcephaly is a head size that is much smaller than normal for the child’s age and gender. Other signs and symptoms can vary widely from child to child. They can include: Poor weight gain and growth […] Difficulty with movement and balance […] Speech delays […] Mild to severe learning disabilities. Some children with microcephaly also have other medical problems such as: Very short stature or dwarfism […] Seizures […] Vision and hearing problems. Microcephaly has a variety of causes. Knowing the cause is important in predicting what symptoms a child with microcephaly will have. For example, some forms of microcephaly are linked with severe developmental delay or a high risk for seizures, while others are not. Your child’s exact prognosis depends on his or her specific symptoms and circumstances. Keep in mind that head size doesn’t always predict how a child will do. While microcephaly cannot be cured, support and therapy can help new brain connections grow, even if the brain remains small. Even in the most severe cases, there are treatment options that can help your child feel and function better.

• #25 Microcephaly: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

  https://www.gillettechildrens.org/conditions-care/microcephaly

  Microcephaly can happen to a baby while in the womb or within the first few years of life. Most children who have microcephaly experience cognitive delays and other neurological problems. […] In addition to small head size, severe or mild microcephaly symptoms can include: Speech delays or delays standing or walking. Learning delays or other intellectual disability. Cerebral palsy. Seizures. Coordination or movement problems. Hearing loss. Vision loss. Short height. […] In most cases, the effects of microcephaly are permanent and last a lifetime. In rare cases, severe microcephaly can be life threatening. However, some babies and children experience no symptoms beyond small head size. […] Its difficult to predict at birth what lifelong issues microcephaly will cause. […] Theres no cure for microcephaly. However, many symptoms of the condition can be managed with routine care, monitoring, and therapies.

• #26 Microcephaly: symptoms, diagnosis, support | Raising Children Network

  https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/a-z-health-reference/microcephaly

  Children with microcephaly have smaller heads and brains than other children of the same age. They also often have intellectual disability and neurological issues like seizures, problems with muscle stiffness and control, or problems with balance. […] Most babies born with microcephaly have heads that are smaller than usual and that don’t grow with them. Some children with microcephaly have heads that grow but that stay below the typical growth curves. […] Children and teenagers with microcephaly often have delayed development, delayed speech, learning difficulties, intellectual disability, and difficulties with coordination and balance. […] Children and teenagers with microcephaly can have other medical concerns including seizures, vision problems, hearing problems, and joint deformities.

• #27 Microcephaly: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/305880

  Microcephaly is a rare neurological condition. In comparison with children the same age, a child with microcephaly has a smaller head and, on occasion, a smaller brain. […] While the defining feature of microcephaly is decreased head circumference, the condition has other effects on health that can limit quality of life and impair development. The effects of microcephaly on development can range from mild to severe, and might include: delayed development, such as learning to speak, stand, sit, or walk at a later age than other children at a similar stage, learning difficulties, movement and balance issues, a high-pitched cry, issues with feeding, such as dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, hearing loss, reduced vision from lesions on the retina, the area at the back of the eye, distorted facial features and expressions, hyperactivity, short stature. […] In severe cases, microcephaly may be life-threatening.

• #28 Microcephaly | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/microcephaly

  Microcephaly is a condition in which a baby’s head is much smaller than normal for an infant of that age. Microcephaly can be congenital, meaning it is present at birth, or acquired, meaning that the baby’s head was a normal size at birth but did not grow appropriately over time. […] In babies with microcephaly, the brain is generally smaller than normal. This may be because the brain did not develop properly during pregnancy. It may also be due to an injury that happened to the brain during pregnancy or around the time of birth. Children with microcephaly often have developmental delays or intellectual disabilities. […] In addition to having a head that is much smaller than normal for an infant of that age, the following are the most common symptoms of microcephaly. However, each child may experience symptoms differently, since microcephaly is often accompanied by additional neurologic problems. Symptoms may include: High-pitched cry, Poor feeding, Seizures, Increased muscle tone (tightness or stiffness) in the arms and legs caused by continuous muscle contraction (spasticity), Developmental delays, Intellectual disability.

• #29 Microcephaly in Children

  https://healthlibrary.harrishealth.org/Conditions/Neuroscience/Children/Congenital/90,P02610

  Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They may include: Very small head, High-pitched cry, Trouble feeding, Seizures, Shaky movement of the arms and legs (spasticity), Developmental delays, Intellectual disability. […] The symptoms of microcephaly can be like other health conditions. Make sure your child sees their healthcare provider for a diagnosis. […] Microcephaly is a lifelong condition that has no cure. Treatment focuses on preventing or reducing problems and maximizing a child’s abilities. […] Children born with microcephaly need to see their healthcare team often. They will need tests to track the growth of the head. Their motor, social, intellectual, and language function will be tracked over time.

• #30 Microcephaly – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/microcephaly/

  In microcephaly, a childs head is significantly small for that childs age and sex. This is usually due to abnormal brain development. The brain may have developed differently during pregnancy or after birth. […] Children will usually have developmental delays. They may have other neurological issues, too. Seizures are one example. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe. In general, the smaller the head size, the more severe the symptoms. […] The two symptoms present in about half of all patients are: Developmental delay, Cognitive disability. […] These symptoms can range from mild to severe. It depends on the cause and severity of the microcephaly. […] In severe cases: Lifespan may be shortened due to seizures, feeding or swallowing issues, or other problems. […] Significant intellectual disability is likely. Children may need help with everyday tasks as they grow up. […] In milder cases: Children may have only mild delays. They may be able to perform everyday tasks independently. […] In general, the more severe the condition (the smaller the childs head), the more severe the symptoms.

• #31 Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly: MedlinePlus GeneticsLock

  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/autosomal-recessive-primary-microcephaly/

  Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (often shortened to MCPH, which stands for „microcephaly primary hereditary”) is a condition in which infants are born with a very small head and a small brain. Infants with MCPH have an unusually small head circumference compared to other infants of the same sex and age. Affected infants’ brain volume is also smaller than usual, although they usually do not have any major abnormalities in the structure of the brain. The head and brain grow throughout childhood and adolescence, but they continue to be much smaller than normal. […] MCPH causes intellectual disability, which is typically mild to moderate and does not become more severe with age. Most affected individuals have delayed speech and language skills. Motor skills, such as sitting, standing, and walking, may also be mildly delayed.

• #32 Microcephaly: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Risk Factors and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/microcephaly-symptoms-diagnosis-risk-factors-and-treatment/

  Microcephaly may be detected at the time of birth or may develop in the initial years. Your childs head will grow with age but remain smaller than whats considered normal. […] The primary sign of this condition is the significantly smaller head size of the children. This is the measurement of the distance around the childs head, also called circumference. […] In some severe cases of microcephaly, a child may have a backwards-sloping forehead. Other symptoms include difficulties in coordination or balance other brain or neurological abnormalities. […] Many children with this type of condition have normal development and intelligence. Their heads will always remain significantly small for their age and sex. In accordance with the cause and severity of the condition, complications may include developmental delays in speech or movement, coordination or balance difficulties, dwarfism or short stature, facial distortions, hyperactivity or the condition of being constantly, abnormally active, intellectual disabilities, seizures or changes in behavior occur after abnormal activities in the brain. […] Some children will have minimal or mild disabilities. Others, who are growing and developing normally, will have proper intellectual skills. They will continue to develop and achieve regular milestones as per their age.

• #33 Microcephaly: symptoms, diagnosis, support | Raising Children Network

  https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/a-z-health-reference/microcephaly

  Children with microcephaly have smaller heads and brains than other children of the same age. They also often have intellectual disability and neurological issues like seizures, problems with muscle stiffness and control, or problems with balance. […] Most babies born with microcephaly have heads that are smaller than usual and that don’t grow with them. Some children with microcephaly have heads that grow but that stay below the typical growth curves. […] Children and teenagers with microcephaly often have delayed development, delayed speech, learning difficulties, intellectual disability, and difficulties with coordination and balance. […] Children and teenagers with microcephaly can have other medical concerns including seizures, vision problems, hearing problems, and joint deformities.

• #34 Microcephaly | Birth Defects | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/birth-defects/about/microcephaly.html

  Microcephaly is a condition where a babys head is much smaller than expected. […] Microcephaly can occur because a babys brain has not developed properly during pregnancy or stopped growing after birth. […] The severity of microcephaly can range from mild to severe. […] Severe microcephaly is a serious, extreme form of this condition. It can be life-threatening. […] Babies with microcephaly can have multiple health problems, depending on the severity of the child’s microcephaly. Common problems include seizures, developmental delay, intellectual disability, problems with movement and balance, feeding problems, hearing loss, and vision problems. […] Microcephaly is a lifelong condition. There is no known cure or standard treatment for microcephaly. […] Microcephaly can range from mild to severe, and treatment options can range as well. […] For more severe cases, babies will need ongoing care and treatment focused on managing their health problems. Developmental services early in life often help babies with microcephaly to improve and maximize their physical and intellectual abilities.

• #35 Microcephaly – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/microcephaly.html

  When your baby’s head is smaller than expected, it is called microcephaly. […] Your baby may have any of the following mild to severe symptoms: Seizures, Problems with speech, Problems with movement and balance when he or she sits up, stands, or walks, Trouble swallowing, Not being able to learn or function with daily activities, Hearing loss and vision problems. […] Your baby may not need any treatment with mild microcephaly. Other medical problems caused by microcephaly may need to be treated. Your baby may also need speech, physical, or occupational therapy. These therapies will help your child function at his or her highest level as he or she grows. Life-long treatment will be needed for babies with severe microcephaly. Severe microcephaly may be life-threatening.

• #36 Microcephaly | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/microcephaly

  Microcephaly is a condition in which a baby’s head is much smaller than normal for an infant of that age. Microcephaly can be congenital, meaning it is present at birth, or acquired, meaning that the baby’s head was a normal size at birth but did not grow appropriately over time. […] In babies with microcephaly, the brain is generally smaller than normal. This may be because the brain did not develop properly during pregnancy. It may also be due to an injury that happened to the brain during pregnancy or around the time of birth. Children with microcephaly often have developmental delays or intellectual disabilities. […] In addition to having a head that is much smaller than normal for an infant of that age, the following are the most common symptoms of microcephaly. However, each child may experience symptoms differently, since microcephaly is often accompanied by additional neurologic problems. Symptoms may include: High-pitched cry, Poor feeding, Seizures, Increased muscle tone (tightness or stiffness) in the arms and legs caused by continuous muscle contraction (spasticity), Developmental delays, Intellectual disability.

• #37 Microcephaly in Children | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/microcephaly-in-children

  Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They may include: […] Very small head […] High-pitched cry […] Trouble feeding […] Seizures […] Shaky movement of the arms and legs (spasticity) […] Developmental delays […] Intellectual disability. […] Microcephaly is a lifelong condition that has no cure. Treatment focuses on preventing or reducing problems and maximizing a child’s abilities. […] Children born with microcephaly need to see their healthcare team often. They will need tests to track the growth of the head. Their motor, social, intellectual, and language function will be tracked over time.

• #38 Microcephaly | Birth Defects | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/birth-defects/about/microcephaly.html

  Microcephaly is a condition where a babys head is much smaller than expected. […] Microcephaly can occur because a babys brain has not developed properly during pregnancy or stopped growing after birth. […] The severity of microcephaly can range from mild to severe. […] Severe microcephaly is a serious, extreme form of this condition. It can be life-threatening. […] Babies with microcephaly can have multiple health problems, depending on the severity of the child’s microcephaly. Common problems include seizures, developmental delay, intellectual disability, problems with movement and balance, feeding problems, hearing loss, and vision problems. […] Microcephaly is a lifelong condition. There is no known cure or standard treatment for microcephaly. […] Microcephaly can range from mild to severe, and treatment options can range as well. […] For more severe cases, babies will need ongoing care and treatment focused on managing their health problems. Developmental services early in life often help babies with microcephaly to improve and maximize their physical and intellectual abilities.

• #39 Microcephaly | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/microcephaly

  When a child has microcephaly, the brain develops abnormally, causing the head to be much smaller than expected for the child’s age. The main feature of microcephaly is a head size that is much smaller than normal for the child’s age and gender. Other signs and symptoms can vary widely from child to child. They can include: Poor weight gain and growth […] Difficulty with movement and balance […] Speech delays […] Mild to severe learning disabilities. Some children with microcephaly also have other medical problems such as: Very short stature or dwarfism […] Seizures […] Vision and hearing problems. Microcephaly has a variety of causes. Knowing the cause is important in predicting what symptoms a child with microcephaly will have. For example, some forms of microcephaly are linked with severe developmental delay or a high risk for seizures, while others are not. Your child’s exact prognosis depends on his or her specific symptoms and circumstances. Keep in mind that head size doesn’t always predict how a child will do. While microcephaly cannot be cured, support and therapy can help new brain connections grow, even if the brain remains small. Even in the most severe cases, there are treatment options that can help your child feel and function better.

• #40 Microcephaly: Causes, symptoms, and treatment

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/305880

  Microcephaly is a rare neurological condition. In comparison with children the same age, a child with microcephaly has a smaller head and, on occasion, a smaller brain. […] While the defining feature of microcephaly is decreased head circumference, the condition has other effects on health that can limit quality of life and impair development. The effects of microcephaly on development can range from mild to severe, and might include: delayed development, such as learning to speak, stand, sit, or walk at a later age than other children at a similar stage, learning difficulties, movement and balance issues, a high-pitched cry, issues with feeding, such as dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, hearing loss, reduced vision from lesions on the retina, the area at the back of the eye, distorted facial features and expressions, hyperactivity, short stature. […] In severe cases, microcephaly may be life-threatening.

• #41 Microcephaly Causes, Treatments, Prevention, and Long-Term Effects

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/what-is-microcephaly

  Microcephaly is having a head circumference well below average. The child’s brain stops growing as it should, either while the baby is in the mother’s womb or in the first few years of life. […] Children with a mild case may have a small head but no other problems. Your child’s head will grow as they get older. But it will remain smaller than what’s considered normal. […] Some children have normal intelligence. Others have problems learning, but they usually don’t get worse as they get older. […] Other symptoms may include: Balance and coordination problems, Developmental delays (delayed sitting, standing, walking), Trouble swallowing and problems with feeding, Hearing loss, Hyperactivity (trouble paying attention or sitting still), Seizures, Short height, Speech problems, Vision problems.

• #42 Microcephaly: Causes & Symptoms | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/53699-microcephaly.html

  Microcephaly The most obvious symptom of microcephaly is that the child has a smaller head than others of the same age and gender. […] Because the brain doesn’t grow at a normal rate, the skull doesn’t either. […] Besides having a head that is significantly smaller than normal, some children with microcephaly also have backward-sloping foreheads, according to the Mayo Clinic. Babies with microcephaly may also have poor appetite, developmental delays, unusually high-pitched crying or involuntary muscle contractions. […] However, many children with microcephaly, especially those with more severe cases, may face: mild to significant learning disabilities, impaired motor functions, difficulty with movement and balance, speech delays. […] Microcephaly may be life-threatening in some cases. However, many children with microcephaly live long, happy lives, unaffected by microcephaly. […] There is no treatment to make the head grow to normal size, but a medical professional may treat complications of microcephaly, such as hyperactivity or seizures.

• #43 Microcephaly | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/microcephaly

  When a child has microcephaly, the brain develops abnormally, causing the head to be much smaller than expected for the child’s age. The main feature of microcephaly is a head size that is much smaller than normal for the child’s age and gender. Other signs and symptoms can vary widely from child to child. They can include: Poor weight gain and growth […] Difficulty with movement and balance […] Speech delays […] Mild to severe learning disabilities. Some children with microcephaly also have other medical problems such as: Very short stature or dwarfism […] Seizures […] Vision and hearing problems. Microcephaly has a variety of causes. Knowing the cause is important in predicting what symptoms a child with microcephaly will have. For example, some forms of microcephaly are linked with severe developmental delay or a high risk for seizures, while others are not. Your child’s exact prognosis depends on his or her specific symptoms and circumstances. Keep in mind that head size doesn’t always predict how a child will do. While microcephaly cannot be cured, support and therapy can help new brain connections grow, even if the brain remains small. Even in the most severe cases, there are treatment options that can help your child feel and function better.

• #44 Microcephaly in children – Children’s Health Neurology

  https://www.childrens.com/specialties-services/conditions/microcephaly

  Microcephaly is a rare condition that occurs when a babys head and brain are smaller than normal for the babys age. It can result from infections or very rare genetic syndromes. […] A smaller brain can cause developmental and intellectual difficulties. Microcephaly can range from mild to severe. […] In most cases, the only early sign of microcephaly is a small head (skull) size. However, many babies born with microcephaly dont have any symptoms at birth. […] Other symptoms include: Feeding difficulties or failure to thrive, Hearing and vision problems, High-pitched crying, Movement and balance problems, Seizures or muscle spasm. […] Later in life, they may develop complications such as: Cerebral palsy, Epilepsy (seizures), Head or facial deformities, Hearing loss, Learning disabilities, Vision problems.

• #45 Microcephaly | Birth Defects | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/birth-defects/about/microcephaly.html

  Microcephaly is a condition where a babys head is much smaller than expected. […] Microcephaly can occur because a babys brain has not developed properly during pregnancy or stopped growing after birth. […] The severity of microcephaly can range from mild to severe. […] Severe microcephaly is a serious, extreme form of this condition. It can be life-threatening. […] Babies with microcephaly can have multiple health problems, depending on the severity of the child’s microcephaly. Common problems include seizures, developmental delay, intellectual disability, problems with movement and balance, feeding problems, hearing loss, and vision problems. […] Microcephaly is a lifelong condition. There is no known cure or standard treatment for microcephaly. […] Microcephaly can range from mild to severe, and treatment options can range as well. […] For more severe cases, babies will need ongoing care and treatment focused on managing their health problems. Developmental services early in life often help babies with microcephaly to improve and maximize their physical and intellectual abilities.

• #46 Microcephaly | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/microcephaly

  Microcephaly is a condition where a baby’s head is much smaller than normal. It is most often present at birth (congenital). Most children with microcephaly also have a small brain and an intellectual disability. Some children with small heads have normal intelligence. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They may include: Very small head, High-pitched cry, Trouble feeding, Seizures, Shaky movement of the arms and legs (spasticity), Developmental delays, Intellectual disability. […] Microcephaly is a lifelong condition that has no cure. Treatment focuses on preventing or reducing problems and maximizing a child’s abilities. […] Children born with microcephaly need to see their healthcare team often. They will need tests to track the growth of the head. Their motor, social, intellectual, and language function will be tracked over time.

• #47 Microcephaly – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/microcephaly/

  In microcephaly, a childs head is significantly small for that childs age and sex. This is usually due to abnormal brain development. The brain may have developed differently during pregnancy or after birth. […] Children will usually have developmental delays. They may have other neurological issues, too. Seizures are one example. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe. In general, the smaller the head size, the more severe the symptoms. […] The two symptoms present in about half of all patients are: Developmental delay, Cognitive disability. […] These symptoms can range from mild to severe. It depends on the cause and severity of the microcephaly. […] In severe cases: Lifespan may be shortened due to seizures, feeding or swallowing issues, or other problems. […] Significant intellectual disability is likely. Children may need help with everyday tasks as they grow up. […] In milder cases: Children may have only mild delays. They may be able to perform everyday tasks independently. […] In general, the more severe the condition (the smaller the childs head), the more severe the symptoms.

• #48 Microcephaly Causes, Treatments, Prevention, and Long-Term Effects

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/what-is-microcephaly

  Microcephaly is having a head circumference well below average. The child’s brain stops growing as it should, either while the baby is in the mother’s womb or in the first few years of life. […] Children with a mild case may have a small head but no other problems. Your child’s head will grow as they get older. But it will remain smaller than what’s considered normal. […] Some children have normal intelligence. Others have problems learning, but they usually don’t get worse as they get older. […] Other symptoms may include: Balance and coordination problems, Developmental delays (delayed sitting, standing, walking), Trouble swallowing and problems with feeding, Hearing loss, Hyperactivity (trouble paying attention or sitting still), Seizures, Short height, Speech problems, Vision problems.

• #49 Microcephaly Causes, Treatments, Prevention, and Long-Term Effects

  https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/what-is-microcephaly

  There’s no cure for microcephaly, but there are treatments to help with development, behavior, and seizures. […] If your child has mild microcephaly, they’ll need regular doctor checkups to monitor how they grow and develop. […] Children who have more severe cases need lifelong treatment to control symptoms. Some, like seizures, can be life-threatening. Your doctor will discuss treatments to keep your child safe and improve their quality of life. […] How well your child does depends on what caused the brain to stop growing in the first place. Children with a mild form of this disorder may have no other problems. They grow normally during childhood and adolescence and still meet age-appropriate growth milestones as they get older. […] Others can have severe problems with learning and moving. Children with microcephaly are more likely to have other medical problems, like cerebral palsy and epilepsy.

• #50 Microcephaly – Child Neurology Foundation

  https://www.childneurologyfoundation.org/disorder/microcephaly/

  In microcephaly, a childs head is significantly small for that childs age and sex. This is usually due to abnormal brain development. The brain may have developed differently during pregnancy or after birth. […] Children will usually have developmental delays. They may have other neurological issues, too. Seizures are one example. […] Symptoms can range from mild to severe. In general, the smaller the head size, the more severe the symptoms. […] The two symptoms present in about half of all patients are: Developmental delay, Cognitive disability. […] These symptoms can range from mild to severe. It depends on the cause and severity of the microcephaly. […] In severe cases: Lifespan may be shortened due to seizures, feeding or swallowing issues, or other problems. […] Significant intellectual disability is likely. Children may need help with everyday tasks as they grow up. […] In milder cases: Children may have only mild delays. They may be able to perform everyday tasks independently. […] In general, the more severe the condition (the smaller the childs head), the more severe the symptoms.

• #51 Microcephaly: Symptoms, Causes & Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9843-microcephaly

  Microcephaly can be life-threatening if symptoms are severe. Its difficult to predict how the abnormal development of your childs brain will affect their growth, so they may need lifelong support and monitoring to prevent complications. […] While theres no cure for microcephaly, treatment is available to help your child manage any symptoms. Providers usually dont know the extent of microcephaly until your child grows and develops. Their healthcare provider will monitor them through infancy and childhood to make sure there arent any complications. […] The prognosis depends on the severity of the condition. In some cases, a child wont have complications and will have a normal life expectancy. More severe cases can reduce your childs life expectancy. Their risk is higher if the condition affects their brain function.

• #52 Microcephaly | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/microcephaly

  Some babies with microcephaly may have lifelong health problems, including intellectual and developmental disabilities. […] A baby with severe microcephaly has a head that’s much smaller than expected and may have more serious health problems than babies with mild microcephaly. […] After birth, a baby with microcephaly may have these signs and symptoms: Small head size, Failure to thrive (slow weight gain and growth), High-pitched crying, Little appetite or problems with feeding, Muscle spasms. […] Some babies with microcephaly have no health complications other than having a small head and being short. But some babies with microcephaly may have long-term or lifelong health problems, including: Cerebral palsy (also called CP), Congenital Zika syndrome, Dwarfism or short height, Face deformities, Feeding problems, Problems with hearing or vision, Hyperactivity, Seizures, Intellectual and developmental disabilities. […] Babies with severe microcephaly can have more of these problems than babies with mild microcephaly. Severe microcephaly may be life-threatening.

• #53 Microcephaly – What You Need to Know

  https://www.drugs.com/cg/microcephaly.html

  When your baby’s head is smaller than expected, it is called microcephaly. […] Your baby may have any of the following mild to severe symptoms: Seizures, Problems with speech, Problems with movement and balance when he or she sits up, stands, or walks, Trouble swallowing, Not being able to learn or function with daily activities, Hearing loss and vision problems. […] Your baby may not need any treatment with mild microcephaly. Other medical problems caused by microcephaly may need to be treated. Your baby may also need speech, physical, or occupational therapy. These therapies will help your child function at his or her highest level as he or she grows. Life-long treatment will be needed for babies with severe microcephaly. Severe microcephaly may be life-threatening.

• #54 Microcephaly – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/microcephaly/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375056

  To determine if your child has microcephaly, your provider likely will take a thorough prenatal, birth and family history and do a physical exam. Your provider will measure the circumference of your child’s head, compare it with a growth chart, and remeasure and plot the growth at future visits. […] In some cases, particularly if your child’s development is delayed, your health care provider may order a head CT scan or MRI and blood tests to help determine the underlying cause of the delay. […] Except for surgery for craniosynostosis, there’s generally no treatment that will enlarge your child’s head or reverse complications of microcephaly. Treatment focuses on ways to manage your child’s condition. Early childhood intervention programs that include speech, physical and occupational therapy may help to maximize your child’s abilities.

• #55 Microcephaly | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/microcephaly

  The full extent of the problem may not be completely understood immediately after birth, but may be revealed as your child grows and develops. […] Most children with microcephaly should see a pediatric neurologist to help assess the underlying cause and to identify any co-existing problems such as developmental delays.

• #56 Microcephaly in Newborns | Causes and Symptoms | Children’s Wisconsin

  https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/neuroscience/conditions/microcephaly

  The following are the most common signs and symptoms of microcephaly. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include: […] The symptoms of microcephaly may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child’s physician for a diagnosis. […] There is no treatment for microcephaly that will return the baby’s head to a normal size or shape. Since microcephaly is a life-long condition that is not correctable, management includes focusing on preventing or minimizing deformities and maximizing the child’s capabilities at home and in the community. Positive reinforcement will encourage the child to strengthen his/her self-esteem and promote as much independence as possible. […] The full extent of the problem is usually not completely understood immediately after birth, but may be revealed as the child grows and develops. […] Children born with microcephaly require frequent examinations and diagnostic testing by their physician to monitor the development of the head as the child grows. The medical team works hard with the child’s family to provide education and guidance to improve the health and well being of the child.

• #57 Microcephaly | Loma Linda University Children’s Health

  https://lluch.org/conditions/microcephaly

  Microcephaly is a condition where a baby’s head is much smaller than normal. It is most often present at birth (congenital). Most children with microcephaly also have a small brain and an intellectual disability. Some children with small heads have normal intelligence. […] Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They may include: Very small head, High-pitched cry, Trouble feeding, Seizures, Shaky movement of the arms and legs (spasticity), Developmental delays, Intellectual disability. […] Microcephaly is a lifelong condition that has no cure. Treatment focuses on preventing or reducing problems and maximizing a child’s abilities. […] Children born with microcephaly need to see their healthcare team often. They will need tests to track the growth of the head. Their motor, social, intellectual, and language function will be tracked over time.

• #58 Microcephaly in Children | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/health-information/health-and-wellness-library/article/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/microcephaly-in-children

  Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each child. They may include: […] Very small head […] High-pitched cry […] Trouble feeding […] Seizures […] Shaky movement of the arms and legs (spasticity) […] Developmental delays […] Intellectual disability. […] Microcephaly is a lifelong condition that has no cure. Treatment focuses on preventing or reducing problems and maximizing a child’s abilities. […] Children born with microcephaly need to see their healthcare team often. They will need tests to track the growth of the head. Their motor, social, intellectual, and language function will be tracked over time.

• #59 Microcephaly – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/microcephaly/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375056

  To determine if your child has microcephaly, your provider likely will take a thorough prenatal, birth and family history and do a physical exam. Your provider will measure the circumference of your child’s head, compare it with a growth chart, and remeasure and plot the growth at future visits. […] In some cases, particularly if your child’s development is delayed, your health care provider may order a head CT scan or MRI and blood tests to help determine the underlying cause of the delay. […] Except for surgery for craniosynostosis, there’s generally no treatment that will enlarge your child’s head or reverse complications of microcephaly. Treatment focuses on ways to manage your child’s condition. Early childhood intervention programs that include speech, physical and occupational therapy may help to maximize your child’s abilities.

• #60 Microcephaly | Birth Defects | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/birth-defects/about/microcephaly.html

  Microcephaly is a condition where a babys head is much smaller than expected. […] Microcephaly can occur because a babys brain has not developed properly during pregnancy or stopped growing after birth. […] The severity of microcephaly can range from mild to severe. […] Severe microcephaly is a serious, extreme form of this condition. It can be life-threatening. […] Babies with microcephaly can have multiple health problems, depending on the severity of the child’s microcephaly. Common problems include seizures, developmental delay, intellectual disability, problems with movement and balance, feeding problems, hearing loss, and vision problems. […] Microcephaly is a lifelong condition. There is no known cure or standard treatment for microcephaly. […] Microcephaly can range from mild to severe, and treatment options can range as well. […] For more severe cases, babies will need ongoing care and treatment focused on managing their health problems. Developmental services early in life often help babies with microcephaly to improve and maximize their physical and intellectual abilities.

• #61 Microcephaly – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/microcephaly/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375056

  To determine if your child has microcephaly, your provider likely will take a thorough prenatal, birth and family history and do a physical exam. Your provider will measure the circumference of your child’s head, compare it with a growth chart, and remeasure and plot the growth at future visits. […] In some cases, particularly if your child’s development is delayed, your health care provider may order a head CT scan or MRI and blood tests to help determine the underlying cause of the delay. […] Except for surgery for craniosynostosis, there’s generally no treatment that will enlarge your child’s head or reverse complications of microcephaly. Treatment focuses on ways to manage your child’s condition. Early childhood intervention programs that include speech, physical and occupational therapy may help to maximize your child’s abilities.

• #62 Microcephaly – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/microcephaly/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375056

  To determine if your child has microcephaly, your provider likely will take a thorough prenatal, birth and family history and do a physical exam. Your provider will measure the circumference of your child’s head, compare it with a growth chart, and remeasure and plot the growth at future visits. […] In some cases, particularly if your child’s development is delayed, your health care provider may order a head CT scan or MRI and blood tests to help determine the underlying cause of the delay. […] Except for surgery for craniosynostosis, there’s generally no treatment that will enlarge your child’s head or reverse complications of microcephaly. Treatment focuses on ways to manage your child’s condition. Early childhood intervention programs that include speech, physical and occupational therapy may help to maximize your child’s abilities.

• #63 Microcephaly Birth Defect in Babies: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/microcephaly

  There is no standard life expectancy for microcephalic babies because outcomes depend on so many factors, and the severity of the condition can vary. Babies with mild microcephaly may still meet the same milestones like speaking, sitting and walking as a child without the disorder. But in some cases, the condition can cause life-threatening problems. […] Microcephaly is not correctable, meaning you can’t increase a baby’s head circumference. But early intervention with speech and occupational therapy can minimize some of the associated developmental problems. The earlier it’s diagnosed, the better. Kids with microcephaly may require more frequent health care visits and counseling.

• #64 Microcephaly: Causes, Complications, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/microcephaly

  Microcephaly is a condition in which your babys head is smaller than those of other children of the same age and sex. This condition may be present when your baby is born. […] It may also develop in the first 2 years of their life. It has no cure. However, early diagnosis and treatment can improve your childs outlook. […] Children diagnosed with this condition will have mild to severe complications. Children with mild complications may have normal intelligence. However, their head circumference will always be small for their age and sex. […] Children with more severe complications may experience: intellectual disability, delayed motor function, delayed speech, facial distortions, hyperactivity, seizures, difficulty with coordination and balance. […] Theres no cure for microcephaly. However, treatment is available for your childs condition. It will focus on managing complications. […] If your child has delayed motor function, occupational therapy may benefit them. If they have delayed language development, speech therapy may help. These therapies will help build and strengthen your childs natural abilities.

• #65 Microcephaly: Understanding the Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

  https://www.doctorshubnepal.com/diseases-conditions/microcephaly

  The symptoms of microcephaly can vary depending on the severity and cause of the condition. Common symptoms include: 1. Small Head Size: The most obvious symptom of microcephaly is a small head size. 2. Developmental Issues: Children with microcephaly often have developmental issues such as delayed speech and language skills, delayed motor skills, and cognitive impairment. 3. Seizures: Some children with microcephaly may experience seizures. 4. Vision and Hearing Problems: Some children with microcephaly may experience vision and hearing problems. […] Treatment for microcephaly typically involves a combination of supportive therapies and management strategies. The following treatments may be used to manage microcephaly: Speech Therapy: Speech therapy can help improve speech and language skills. Occupational Therapy: Occupational therapy can help improve daily living skills and cognitive function. Physical Therapy: Physical therapy can help improve motor skills and mobility. Medications: Medications may be used to manage seizures or other symptoms.

• #66 Microcephaly: Causes, Symptoms, and Therapy Options – NAPAAccessibility ToolsIncrease TextDecrease TextGrayscaleHigh ContrastNegative ContrastLight BackgroundLinks UnderlineReadable FontResetNAPA 澳大利亚普通话信息

  https://napacentre.com.au/microcephaly/

  Microcephaly Symptoms and Signs Include: […] Global developmental delays […] Difficulty with coordination and balance […] Seizures […] Learning disability […] Dwarfish (short stature) […] Facial deformities […] Hearing loss […] Vision problems […] Feeding difficulties (i.e., trouble swallowing) […] There is no known cure or standard treatment for microcephaly as it can range from mild to severe. Therefore, treatment options can vary as well. It is important to work with a multidisciplinary team to develop an individualised plan to support a child in reaching his or her maximal potential.

• #67 Microcephaly – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/microcephaly/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375056

  Your health care provider might recommend medication for certain complications of microcephaly, such as seizures or hyperactivity. […] You may want to ask about small head size or delayed development. If you’re worried about your child’s head size, try to get the hat sizes or measure the head circumferences of several first-degree relatives, such as parents and siblings, for comparison.

• #68 Microcephaly | Nevada Dual Sensory Impairment Project | University of Nevada, Reno

  https://www.unr.edu/ndsip/services/resources/deafblindness/microcephaly

  When a child has microcephaly, abnormal brain development results in a reduced head size much smaller than peers of the same age and sex. Complications from microcephaly can result in diminished cognitive abilities and affect neurological functioning. Microcephaly can present alone, or it can be associated with other comorbid health problems. Depending on the severity of the accompanying syndrome, children with microcephaly may have: intellectual disability, delayed motor functions and speech, facial distortions, dwarfism or short stature, hyperactivity, seizures, difficulties with coordination and balance, vision and hearing problems, including deafblindness, other brain or neurological abnormalities. While the disabling effects of microcephaly can range from mild to profound, some children with microcephaly will have normal intelligence and a head that will grow bigger, but their head will never develop to the size of their typically developing peers. There is no treatment for microcephaly that can return a child’s head to a normal size or shape. Treatments focus on ways to decrease the negative effects of the associated deformities and neurological disabilities. Children with microcephaly and developmental delays will require regular visits to a pediatric neurologist and will likely need the services of a medical management team. Early intervention programs that incorporate physical, speech, and occupational therapies should help to maximize abilities of children with microcephaly and minimize any associated difficulties. […] Medications are also often used to control related seizures, hyperactivity, and neuromuscular symptoms if present.

• #69 Microcephaly | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

  https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/microcephaly

  The full extent of the problem may not be completely understood immediately after birth, but may be revealed as your child grows and develops. […] Most children with microcephaly should see a pediatric neurologist to help assess the underlying cause and to identify any co-existing problems such as developmental delays.

• #70 Primary Steps for Primary Care: Microcephaly – The Arcuate – Neuroscience News

  https://www.arcuate.org/microcephaly/

  Microcephaly is currently poorly classified; however, one convention is to distinguish primary from secondary etiologies based on time of onset. Primary (congenital) etiologies represent microcephaly present at birth, and anything thereafter, is designated secondary. […] However, in general, microcephaly often includes developmental delay and intellectual disability as part of its sequelae. […] Symptoms suggesting urgent referral and imaging: Poor feeding/failure to thrive, Developmental regression, Change in mobility, Seizures, Impaired consciousness, or excessive irritability. […] Physical exam findings which may suggest underlying syndromic cause of microcephaly: Dysmorphic features, Craniosynostosis, Behavior (excessive inappropriate laughter, stereotypic behaviors, etc.), Developmental delays or neurologic deficits, Cardiac anomalies, Skeletal anomalies, Ophthalmologic disorders. […] Referral to a neurologist is warranted for children with microcephaly and abnormal neurological examinations, developmental delays, seizures, and other signs/symptoms of underlying genetic or metabolic etiology.

• #71 Microcephaly: Symptoms, Causes & Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9843-microcephaly

  Microcephaly can be life-threatening if symptoms are severe. Its difficult to predict how the abnormal development of your childs brain will affect their growth, so they may need lifelong support and monitoring to prevent complications. […] While theres no cure for microcephaly, treatment is available to help your child manage any symptoms. Providers usually dont know the extent of microcephaly until your child grows and develops. Their healthcare provider will monitor them through infancy and childhood to make sure there arent any complications. […] The prognosis depends on the severity of the condition. In some cases, a child wont have complications and will have a normal life expectancy. More severe cases can reduce your childs life expectancy. Their risk is higher if the condition affects their brain function.

• #72 Microcephaly | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/microcephaly

  When a child has microcephaly, the brain develops abnormally, causing the head to be much smaller than expected for the child’s age. The main feature of microcephaly is a head size that is much smaller than normal for the child’s age and gender. Other signs and symptoms can vary widely from child to child. They can include: Poor weight gain and growth […] Difficulty with movement and balance […] Speech delays […] Mild to severe learning disabilities. Some children with microcephaly also have other medical problems such as: Very short stature or dwarfism […] Seizures […] Vision and hearing problems. Microcephaly has a variety of causes. Knowing the cause is important in predicting what symptoms a child with microcephaly will have. For example, some forms of microcephaly are linked with severe developmental delay or a high risk for seizures, while others are not. Your child’s exact prognosis depends on his or her specific symptoms and circumstances. Keep in mind that head size doesn’t always predict how a child will do. While microcephaly cannot be cured, support and therapy can help new brain connections grow, even if the brain remains small. Even in the most severe cases, there are treatment options that can help your child feel and function better.

• #73 Microcephaly Birth Defect in Babies: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/microcephaly

  There is no standard life expectancy for microcephalic babies because outcomes depend on so many factors, and the severity of the condition can vary. Babies with mild microcephaly may still meet the same milestones like speaking, sitting and walking as a child without the disorder. But in some cases, the condition can cause life-threatening problems. […] Microcephaly is not correctable, meaning you can’t increase a baby’s head circumference. But early intervention with speech and occupational therapy can minimize some of the associated developmental problems. The earlier it’s diagnosed, the better. Kids with microcephaly may require more frequent health care visits and counseling.

• #74 Microcephaly — Cortical Malformation & Cephalic Disorder Foundation

  https://www.cmcdfoundation.org/microcephaly

  Microcephaly is a medical condition in which the circumference of the head is smaller than normal because the brain has not developed properly or has stopped growing. Microcephaly can be present at birth or it may develop in the first few years of life. […] Babies born with microcephaly will have a smaller than normal head that will fail to grow as they progress through infancy. Depending on the severity of the accompanying syndrome, children with microcephaly may have mental retardation, delayed motor functions and speech, facial distortions, dwarfism or short stature, hyperactivity, seizures, difficulties with coordination and balance, and other brain or neurological abnormalities. Some children with microcephaly will have normal intelligence and a head that will grow bigger, but they will track below the normal growth curves for head circumference. […] Some children will only have mild disability. Others, especially if they are otherwise growing and developing normally, will have normal intelligence and continue to develop and meet regular age-appropriate milestones.

• #75 Microcephaly – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcephaly

  Microcephaly may be present at birth or it may develop in the first few years of life. […] Brain development is often affected; people with this disorder often have an intellectual disability, poor motor function, poor speech, abnormal facial features, seizures and dwarfism. […] Severely impaired intellectual development is common, but disturbances in motor functions may not appear until later in life. […] Affected newborns generally have striking neurological defects and seizures. […] Development of motor functions and speech may be delayed. Hyperactivity and intellectual disability are common occurrences, although the degree of each varies. […] There is no specific treatment that returns the head size to normal. […] In general, life expectancy for individuals with microcephaly is reduced, and the prognosis for normal brain function is poor. Occasional cases develop normal intelligence and grow normally (apart from persistently small head circumference).

• #76 Microcephaly | March of Dimes

  https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/planning-baby/microcephaly

  Some babies with microcephaly may have lifelong health problems, including intellectual and developmental disabilities. […] A baby with severe microcephaly has a head that’s much smaller than expected and may have more serious health problems than babies with mild microcephaly. […] After birth, a baby with microcephaly may have these signs and symptoms: Small head size, Failure to thrive (slow weight gain and growth), High-pitched crying, Little appetite or problems with feeding, Muscle spasms. […] Some babies with microcephaly have no health complications other than having a small head and being short. But some babies with microcephaly may have long-term or lifelong health problems, including: Cerebral palsy (also called CP), Congenital Zika syndrome, Dwarfism or short height, Face deformities, Feeding problems, Problems with hearing or vision, Hyperactivity, Seizures, Intellectual and developmental disabilities. […] Babies with severe microcephaly can have more of these problems than babies with mild microcephaly. Severe microcephaly may be life-threatening.

• #77 Microcephaly | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/microcephaly

  When a child has microcephaly, the brain develops abnormally, causing the head to be much smaller than expected for the child’s age. The main feature of microcephaly is a head size that is much smaller than normal for the child’s age and gender. Other signs and symptoms can vary widely from child to child. They can include: Poor weight gain and growth […] Difficulty with movement and balance […] Speech delays […] Mild to severe learning disabilities. Some children with microcephaly also have other medical problems such as: Very short stature or dwarfism […] Seizures […] Vision and hearing problems. Microcephaly has a variety of causes. Knowing the cause is important in predicting what symptoms a child with microcephaly will have. For example, some forms of microcephaly are linked with severe developmental delay or a high risk for seizures, while others are not. Your child’s exact prognosis depends on his or her specific symptoms and circumstances. Keep in mind that head size doesn’t always predict how a child will do. While microcephaly cannot be cured, support and therapy can help new brain connections grow, even if the brain remains small. Even in the most severe cases, there are treatment options that can help your child feel and function better.

• #78 Microcephaly | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/microcephaly

  When a child has microcephaly, the brain develops abnormally, causing the head to be much smaller than expected for the child’s age. The main feature of microcephaly is a head size that is much smaller than normal for the child’s age and gender. Other signs and symptoms can vary widely from child to child. They can include: Poor weight gain and growth […] Difficulty with movement and balance […] Speech delays […] Mild to severe learning disabilities. Some children with microcephaly also have other medical problems such as: Very short stature or dwarfism […] Seizures […] Vision and hearing problems. Microcephaly has a variety of causes. Knowing the cause is important in predicting what symptoms a child with microcephaly will have. For example, some forms of microcephaly are linked with severe developmental delay or a high risk for seizures, while others are not. Your child’s exact prognosis depends on his or her specific symptoms and circumstances. Keep in mind that head size doesn’t always predict how a child will do. While microcephaly cannot be cured, support and therapy can help new brain connections grow, even if the brain remains small. Even in the most severe cases, there are treatment options that can help your child feel and function better.

• #79 Microcephaly | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/microcephaly

  Microcephaly is a rare condition; in the United States, the CDC has reported that as of 2017, state tracking systems estimate between two and twelve new cases for every ten thousand live births. […] Early detection of the condition can minimize the severity of complications with correct and constant therapeutic treatment. […] There is currently minimal to no treatment available to reverse microcephaly or its associated complications, apart from surgery to relieve the premature bone development caused by craniosynostosis. […] Pediatricians may still prescribe medication to alleviate specific complications caused by microcephaly, such as seizures and hyperactivity.

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