Grypa
Etiologia i przyczyny

Grypa (influenza) to wysoce zakaźna choroba układu oddechowego wywoływana przez wirusy z rodziny Orthomyxoviridae, charakteryzujące się jednoniciowym, segmentowanym genomem RNA o polarności ujemnej. Wyróżnia się cztery typy wirusa: A, B, C i D, z których typ A odpowiada za ponad 70% sezonowych zakażeń i jest jedynym typem zdolnym do wywoływania pandemii. Typ A dzieli się na podtypy na podstawie białek powierzchniowych hemaglutyniny (H) i neuraminidazy (N), z najczęściej występującymi u ludzi podtypami H1N1 i H3N2. Typ B dzieli się na linie B/Yamagata i B/Victoria, typ C powoduje łagodne zakażenia, a typ D infekuje głównie bydło. Wirusy grypy mają naturalne rezerwuary wśród dzikich ptaków wodnych oraz innych zwierząt, takich jak świnie, bydło, konie, psy i koty, co sprzyja powstawaniu nowych wariantów wirusa poprzez reasortację genetyczną. Transmisja wirusa do ludzi może nastąpić przez bezpośredni lub pośredni kontakt ze zwierzętami, a okres inkubacji wynosi średnio 2 dni (zakres 1-4 dni). Zakaźność rozpoczyna się już na dzień przed wystąpieniem objawów i trwa do 5-7 dni po ich pojawieniu się, z dłuższym okresem u osób z obniżoną odpornością.

Etiologia wirusa grypy (influenza A, B, C, D)

Grypa (influenza) jest wysoce zakaźną chorobą układu oddechowego wywoływaną przez wirusy grypy należące do rodziny Orthomyxoviridae. Wirusy te charakteryzują się jednoniciowym, segmentowanym genomem RNA o polarności ujemnej.12 Wyróżniamy cztery główne typy wirusa grypy: A, B, C i D, które różnią się między sobą antygenowo i strukturalnie.34

Wirus grypy typu A jest najbardziej powszechny i odpowiada za większość przypadków sezonowej grypy (zwykle ponad 70% przypadków w typowym sezonie).5 Co więcej, jest to jedyny typ wirusa grypy, który powoduje pandemie.67 Wirusy typu A dzielą się na podtypy w oparciu o dwa białka powierzchniowe: hemaglutyninę (H) i neuraminidazę (N).8 Do tej pory zidentyfikowano 18 różnych typów hemaglutyniny i 11 różnych typów neuraminidazy, co daje ponad 130 możliwych kombinacji podtypów A.910 U ludzi najczęściej występują podtypy H1N1 i H3N2, które są odpowiedzialne za sezonowe epidemie grypy.11

Wirus grypy typu B występuje głównie u ludzi i jest rzadziej spotykany niż typ A.12 Wirusy typu B nie są dzielone na podtypy, lecz klasyfikowane są w dwie linie: B/Yamagata i B/Victoria.13 Podobnie jak typ A, wirus grypy typu B może powodować sezonowe epidemie, choć zazwyczaj o łagodniejszym przebiegu.14

Wirus grypy typu C powoduje znacznie łagodniejsze zakażenia, zwykle u dzieci, i nie jest uważany za przyczynę epidemii.1516 Zakażenia wirusem grypy typu C nie podlegają sezonowości – liczba zakażeń pozostaje względnie stała przez cały rok.17

Wirus grypy typu D infekuje głównie bydło i nie jest znany jako czynnik powodujący choroby u ludzi.1819 Jest on spokrewniony z wirusem grypy typu C.20

Rezerwuar i gospodarze wirusa grypy

Wirusy grypy występują naturalnie u różnych gatunków zwierząt, które stanowią ich rezerwuary. Dla wirusa grypy typu A głównym rezerwuarem naturalnym są dzikie ptaki wodne.2122 Praktycznie wszystkie możliwe kombinacje H (1-16) i N (1-11) zostały wyizolowane z dzikich ptaków.23 Uważa się, że wszystkie wirusy grypy A powodujące epidemie lub pandemie u ludzi od lat 1900 pochodziły od szczepów krążących wśród dzikich ptaków wodnych poprzez reasortację z innymi szczepami wirusa grypy.24

Poza ptakami, wirusy grypy wykryto także u innych zwierząt, takich jak:25

  • Świnie – które są podatne na zakażenie wirusami grypy ptasiej, ludzkiej i świńskiej
  • Bydło – naturalnry rezerwuar wirusa grypy typu D
  • Konie
  • Psy
  • Koty
  • Ssaki morskie

26

Wirus grypy typu B występuje głównie u ludzi, ale został również wykryty u świń, psów, koni i fok.27 Wirus grypy typu C infekuje przede wszystkim ludzi, ale zaobserwowano go także u świń, psów, bydła i wielbłądów jednogarbnych.28

Transmisja wirusa od zwierząt do ludzi

Ludzie mogą zostać zakażeni wirusami grypy pochodzenia zwierzęcego, choć zwykle zdarza się to rzadko.29 Transmisja wirusa od zwierząt do ludzi może nastąpić na kilka sposobów:

  • Bezpośredni kontakt z zakażonymi zwierzętami – poprzez dotykanie, wybijanie stad, ubój lub przetwarzanie zakażonych zwierząt
  • Kontakt pośredni – poprzez środowisko zanieczyszczone płynami ustrojowymi od zakażonych zwierząt

30

W przypadku ptasiej grypy głównym czynnikiem ryzyka zakażenia człowieka wydaje się być ekspozycja na zakażony żywy lub martwy drób lub zanieczyszczone środowisko, na przykład targi żywego ptactwa.31 Warto podkreślić, że nie ma dowodów sugerujących, że wirusa ptasiej grypy A(H5), A(H7N9) lub inne można przenieść na ludzi poprzez prawidłowo przygotowany i ugotowany drób lub jaja.32

Choć rzadko, niektóre szczepy ptasiej grypy, takie jak H5N1, H7N9, H5N6, H5N8 i niedawno H3N8, zakaziły ludzi, powodując poważne choroby.33 Wśród tych szczepów H5N1 jest prawdopodobnie najlepiej znany; od 2003 roku zgłoszono na całym świecie około 700 przypadków H5N1 u ludzi.34

W przypadku wirusa świńskiej grypy, czynnikami ryzyka są bliski kontakt z zakażonymi świniami lub odwiedzanie miejsc, gdzie świnie są eksponowane.35 Dobrym przykładem grypy pochodzenia zwierzęcego jest pandemia grypy z 2009 roku, wywołana przez wirus grypy zwierzęcej, który prawdopodobnie pojawił się w Ameryce Południowej na początku 2009 roku i rozwinął zdolność do rozprzestrzeniania się z człowieka na człowieka, osiągając zasięg globalny.36

Ryzyko pandemiczne

Wirusy grypy zwierzęcej mogą powodować zakażenia u ludzi, jeśli zmienią się ich cechy antygenowe.37 Jednak obecnie krążące odzwierzęce wirusy grypy nie wykazały zdolności do trwałego przenoszenia się z człowieka na człowieka.38 Gdy taka transmisja staje się efektywna, może dojść do pandemii, jak miało to miejsce w latach 1918 i 2009.39

Niektóre nowe wirusy grypy typu A są bardziej niepokojące dla urzędników zdrowia publicznego, ponieważ powodowały rzadkie, ale poważne choroby lub śmierć i były w stanie rozprzestrzeniać się w ograniczony sposób z człowieka na człowieka.40 Nowe wirusy ptasiej grypy typu A mają potencjał do spowodowania pandemii, jeśli wirus ulegnie zmianie, aby móc łatwo i trwale rozprzestrzeniać się z człowieka na człowieka.41

Zmienność genetyczna wirusa grypy

Jedną z najbardziej charakterystycznych cech wirusów grypy jest ich zdolność do ciągłej ewolucji, co umożliwia im unikanie odpowiedzi immunologicznej gospodarza.42 Wirusy grypy nieustannie się zmieniają, a nowe szczepy pojawiają się często.43 Ta zmienność genetyczna jest jednym z powodów, dla których grypa pozostaje istotnym problemem zdrowotnym.44

Wyróżniamy dwa główne rodzaje zmian genetycznych wirusa grypy:

Przesunięcie antygenowe (antigenic drift)

Przesunięcie antygenowe to seria mutacji zachodzących z czasem, powodujących stopniową ewolucję wirusa.45 Te powolne i stałe zmiany wirusa grypy są powodem, dla którego ludzie muszą otrzymywać szczepionkę przeciwko grypie co roku.46 Zmiany te mogą powodować na tyle istotną modyfikację białek powierzchniowych wirusa, że przeciwciała powstałe w wyniku wcześniejszych zakażeń lub szczepień nie zapewniają już wystarczającej ochrony przed nowym szczepem.47

Zdolność wirusa do przesunięcia antygenowego jest powodem, dla którego epidemie grypy występują niemal każdej zimy.48 Epidemie można przypisać właśnie przesunięciu białek HA i NA, co powoduje obejście wystarczającej istniejącej reaktywności komórek B, aby uczynić jednostkę podatną na zakażenie.49

Skok antygenowy (antigenic shift)

Skok antygenowy oznacza nagłą, znaczącą zmianę wirusa grypy typu A, która może prowadzić do powstania nowego podtypu wirusa.50 To zjawisko występuje rzadziej i może powodować pandemie, gdy nowy wirus, wobec którego populacja nie ma odporności, zyskuje zdolność efektywnego przenoszenia się między ludźmi.51

Do skoku antygenowego może dojść na dwa sposoby:52

  • Gdy podtyp grypy A występujący u zwierząt przeskakuje bezpośrednio na ludzi
  • Gdy organizm pośredni, taki jak świnia (podatna na wirusy grypy ptasiej, ludzkiej i świńskiej), zostaje jednocześnie zakażony wirusami grypy z dwóch różnych gatunków, a wirusy wymieniają informacje genetyczne, aby nabyć zupełnie nowe antygeny – proces nazywany reasortacją genetyczną

53

Przykładem skoku antygenowego jest pandemia grypy H1N1 z 2009 roku, która była spowodowana przez nowy wariant podtypu H1N1, powstały w wyniku wymiany genetycznej (reasortacji) między wirusem ludzkim, wirusem ptasim i dwoma wirusami świńskimi.54

Drogi zakażenia między ludźmi

Grypa jest wysoce zakaźną chorobą, która rozprzestrzenia się między ludźmi głównie drogą kropelkową. Istnieje kilka sposobów przenoszenia się wirusa:

Droga kropelkowa

Podstawowym mechanizmem przenoszenia wirusa grypy jest droga kropelkowa. Wirus rozprzestrzenia się poprzez małe kropelki, które są uwalniane do powietrza, gdy osoba zakażona kaszle, kicha, mówi lub oddycha.5556 Kropelki te mogą zostać wdychane bezpośrednio przez osoby znajdujące się w pobliżu.57

Przenoszenie wirusa grypy poprzez kropelki zakażonych osób jest znacznie zwiększone w gęstej populacji podatnych osób otaczających każdego zakażonego, co maksymalizuje potencjał rozprzestrzeniania się infekcji.58 Jest to jeden z powodów, dla których w środowiskach zamkniętych, takich jak szkoły, biura czy szpitale, zakażenie rozprzestrzenia się szybciej.

Droga kontaktowa

Wirus grypy może również rozprzestrzeniać się poprzez kontakt pośredni. Może to nastąpić, gdy osoba dotknie powierzchni lub przedmiotu zanieczyszczonego wirusem (np. klawiatura komputera, telefon, klamki), a następnie dotknie swoich oczu, nosa lub ust.5960 Wirus grypy może przetrwać na niektórych powierzchniach do 48 godzin.61

Okres zakaźności

Osoba zakażona wirusem grypy może zarażać innych:62

  • Już dzień przed wystąpieniem objawów
  • W czasie największego nasilenia objawów
  • Do 5-7 dni po wystąpieniu objawów

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U osób z osłabionym układem odpornościowym lub u małych dzieci okres zakaźności może być dłuższy. Co ważne, ludzie są najbardziej zakaźni w pierwszych 24 godzinach przed pojawieniem się objawów i podczas gdy objawy są najbardziej aktywne.65 Ryzyko zakażenia innych zwykle ustaje około siódmego dnia infekcji.66

Okres inkubacji wirusa grypy

Okres inkubacji to czas, jaki upływa od momentu zakażenia wirusem do pojawienia się objawów. W przypadku grypy trwa on średnio około 2 dni, ale może wahać się od 1 do 4 dni.6768 Co istotne, osoby zakażone wirusem stają się zakaźne już dzień przed pojawieniem się objawów, co znacząco przyczynia się do efektywnego rozprzestrzeniania się wirusa w populacji.

Czynniki środowiskowe wpływające na transmisję wirusa

Różne czynniki środowiskowe mogą wpływać na przeżywalność i transmisję wirusa grypy, a także na sezonowy charakter występowania epidemii grypy.

Wpływ temperatury

Obniżona temperatura jest czynnikiem środowiskowym często związanym z wysokim poziomem sezonowych zakażeń wirusem grypy.69 Może to wyjaśniać, dlaczego w klimacie umiarkowanym epidemie grypy występują głównie w miesiącach zimowych.

Bezpośredni wpływ niskich temperatur na biologię wirusa lub gospodarza może być jednym z mechanizmów odpowiedzialnych za sezonowość. Ponadto, ludzkie zachowania obronne przed spadkiem temperatury same w sobie mogą przyczyniać się do sezonowości grypy.70 W zimie ludzie spędzają więcej czasu w zamkniętych pomieszczeniach, co zwiększa prawdopodobieństwo transmisji wirusa.

Wzorce sezonowe

Grypa ma wyraźny wzorzec sezonowy. W krajach o klimacie umiarkowanym większość przypadków występuje od kwietnia do września.71 Ta sezonowość może wynikać z kilku czynników, w tym:72

  • Zmian w zachowaniu ludzi – sezonowe wahania w zachowaniu gospodarza mogą dawać grypie większą szansę na rozprzestrzenianie się i utrzymywanie się na poziomie epidemicznym w zimie
  • Zmian w stanie zdrowia i statusie fizjologicznym – sezonowe zmiany w zdrowiu i stanie fizjologicznym zwierząt są dość powszechne
  • Wpływu melatoniny i witaminy D – dwa możliwe pośredniki między fotoperiodem a odpornością to melatonina i witamina D
  • Spożycia składników odżywczych przez gospodarza – które może również przyczyniać się do sezonowych wzorców występowania grypy

73

Zaobserwowano również związek między zjawiskiem El Niño a zachorowaniami na grypę. El Niño (ENSO – El Niño Southern Oscillation) jest półokresowym, długoterminowym ociepleniem górnej warstwy oceanu w tropikalnym wschodnim Oceanie Spokojnym i reprezentuje największy sygnał zmienności atmosferyczno-oceanicznej, zdolny do wpływania na klimat na całym świecie.74 Związki między epizodami El Niño a chorobami zakaźnymi były szeroko raportowane w przypadku wielu różnych chorób, w tym grypy.75

Wpływ podróży lotniczych

Podróże lotnicze odgrywają istotną rolę w współczesnej epidemiologii grypy. Ich wpływ na rozprzestrzenianie się choroby można podzielić na dwie kategorie:76

  • Przyśpieszenie rozprzestrzeniania się wirusa pomiędzy różnymi regionami geograficznymi
  • Możliwość przewidywania ciężkości sezonu grypowego na podstawie wzorców ruchu lotniczego

77

Podróże lotnicze umożliwiają szybkie przemieszczanie się ludzi zakażonych wirusem grypy na duże odległości, co przyczynia się do szybszego rozprzestrzeniania się wirusa na skalę globalną.

Historyczna perspektywa na grypę

Grypa prawdopodobnie towarzyszy ludzkości od tysiącleci, choć jej przyczyna została zidentyfikowana stosunkowo niedawno.78 Niektórzy naukowcy przypuszczają, że ludzie nabyli wirusa grypy, gdy zaczęli udomawiać zwierzęta, takie jak ptaki i świnie. Powstanie rolnictwa i stałych osiedli zapewniło idealne warunki do wywołania epidemii grypy.79

Odkrycie wirusa grypy

Początkowo przyczyna grypy była błędnie identyfikowana. W 1892 roku dr Richard Pfeiffer wyizolował nieznaną bakterię z plwociny swoich najciężej chorych pacjentów z grypą i doszedł do wniosku, że to bakteria powoduje grypę. Nazwał ją pałeczką Pfeiffera lub Haemophilus influenzae.80

Dopiero w 1931 roku naukowcy wyizolowali wirusa powodującego grypę od świń, a w 1933 roku od ludzi.81 To odkrycie, dokonane przez naukowców z National Institute for Medical Research w Londynie, którzy wyizolowali wirusa grypy A z wydzieliny z nosa zakażonych pacjentów, doprowadziło do opracowania inaktywowanych szczepionek w późnych latach 30. i 40. XX wieku.82

Znaczące pandemie grypy

Historycznie pandemie grypy pojawiają się około trzy do czterech razy w ciągu stulecia.83 Najbardziej znane pandemie to:

  • Pandemia z 1918 roku (Hiszpanka) – spowodowana przez nowy szczep wirusa grypy A pochodzenia ptasiego (H1N1), która pochłonęła od 20 do 40 milionów ofiar na całym świecie
  • Pandemia z 2009 roku (Świńska grypa) – spowodowana nowym wirusem grypy H1N1, który został wykryty w Stanach Zjednoczonych w kwietniu 2009 roku, zanim szybko rozprzestrzenił się na całym świecie. Ta pandemia miała miejsce około 40 lat po poprzedniej i była pierwszą pandemią w XXI wieku

848586

Szczególnym aspektem pandemii z 1918 roku było to, że najbardziej dotknęła zdrowych, silnych dorosłych, co jest odmienne od typowego wzorca grypy sezonowej, która najbardziej zagraża małym dzieciom i osobom starszym.87

Metody diagnostyczne w grypie

Diagnostyka grypy opiera się na metodach laboratoryjnych, które pozwalają na identyfikację wirusa lub odpowiedzi immunologicznej na zakażenie.

  • Testy przeciwciał lub antygenów – służące do wykrywania obecności wirusa lub odpowiedzi immunologicznej organizmu
  • Reakcja łańcuchowa polimerazy (PCR) – umożliwiająca identyfikację kwasu nukleinowego wirusa
  • Szybkie testy diagnostyczne grypy (RIDTs) – najczęściej stosowane w praktyce klinicznej

8889

Wczesna i dokładna diagnostyka jest kluczowa dla skutecznego leczenia, szczególnie w przypadku pacjentów z grup wysokiego ryzyka, u których wdrożenie leczenia przeciwwirusowego w ciągu pierwszych 48 godzin od wystąpienia objawów może znacząco zmniejszyć ciężkość choroby i ryzyko powikłań.90

Leczenie i zapobieganie grypie

Leczenie grypy koncentruje się głównie na łagodzeniu objawów, gdyż większość zdrowych osób zdrowieje samoistnie bez konieczności stosowania specjalistycznego leczenia.91 Jednak w ciężkich przypadkach lub u osób z grup ryzyka stosuje się leki przeciwwirusowe.

Leki przeciwwirusowe

Leki przeciwwirusowe są przepisywane w celu skrócenia czasu trwania i zmniejszenia nasilenia objawów, a także przyspieszenia powrotu do zdrowia.92 Najskuteczniejsze są, gdy zostaną podane w ciągu pierwszych 48 godzin od pojawienia się objawów.93 Do często stosowanych leków przeciwwirusowych należą:

  • Oseltamiwir (Tamiflu)
  • Zanamiwir (Relenza)
  • Baloksawir marksobil
  • Peramiwir

9495

Wybór konkretnego leku lub leków zależy od specyficznego wirusa grypy powodującego zakażenie.96 Ważne jest, aby podkreślić, że antybiotyki nie są skuteczne przeciwko grypie, ponieważ jest ona wywoływana przez wirusy, a nie bakterie.9798

Szczepienia przeciwko grypie

Najskuteczniejszym sposobem zapobiegania grypie jest coroczne szczepienie.99100 Ze względu na ciągłą ewolucję wirusa grypy, szczepionki są opracowywane co roku, aby chronić przed szczepami, które prawdopodobnie będą dominować w nadchodzącym sezonie grypowym.101

Szczepionki przeciwko grypie zwykle chronią przed 3 lub 4 różnymi szczepami wirusa grypy.102 Skuteczność szczepionki zależy od stopnia podobieństwa między szczepami wirusa grypy uwzględnionymi w szczepionce a szczepem lub szczepami krążącymi w sezonie grypowym.103

Szczepy wirusa, które mają być uwzględnione w szczepionce, muszą być wybrane dziewięć do dziesięciu miesięcy przed sezonem grypowym, co stanowi wyzwanie dla twórców szczepionek.104 Pomimo tych wyzwań, szczepienia są zalecane dla wszystkich osób powyżej 6 miesiąca życia, a szczególnie dla grup wysokiego ryzyka, takich jak osoby starsze, małe dzieci, kobiety w ciąży i osoby z chorobami przewlekłymi.105

Wpływ i znaczenie grypy

Grypa jest poważnym problemem zdrowia publicznego, powodującym każdego roku od 290 000 do 650 000 zgonów z powodu chorób układu oddechowego na całym świecie.106 W samych Stanach Zjednoczonych grypa prowadzi do hospitalizacji ponad 200 000 osób rocznie i powoduje 36 000 zgonów z powodu grypy lub powikłań pogrypowych.107

Szczególnie narażone na ciężki przebieg grypy i powikłania są:108

  • Osoby w wieku 65 lat i starsze
  • Dzieci poniżej 5 roku życia, szczególnie poniżej 2 lat
  • Kobiety w ciąży
  • Osoby z chorobami przewlekłymi, takimi jak astma, cukrzyca, choroby serca
  • Osoby z obniżoną odpornością

109

Grypa może powodować poważne powikłania, w tym:110

  • Bakteryjne zapalenie płuc
  • Zapalenie ucha
  • Zapalenie zatok
  • Zaostrzenie przewlekłych schorzeń, takich jak zastoinowa niewydolność serca, astma lub cukrzyca
  • Zapalenie mięśnia sercowego (zapalenie mięśnia serca) lub zapalenie osierdzia (zapalenie błony otaczającej serce)

111112

Warto podkreślić, że choć większość zgonów spowodowanych grypą występuje wśród osób starszych i osób z chorobami przewlekłymi, zgony mogą również wystąpić wśród młodszych dorosłych i dzieci.113 Mimo że grypa jest zwykle łagodną chorobą, która sama ustępuje, jej wpływ na zdrowie publiczne i systemy opieki zdrowotnej jest znaczący.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Influenza – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza
    Influenza viruses have a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that is segmented. […] Influenza A virus and influenza B virus have eight genome segments that encode 10 major proteins. […] Influenza C virus and influenza D virus have seven genome segments that encode nine major proteins. […] Influenza D virus has been isolated from pigs and cattle, the latter being the natural reservoir. […] Influenza D virus is distantly related to influenza C virus. […] Influenza viruses have been found in many other animals, including cattle, horses, dogs, cats, and marine mammals. […] Influenza B virus is mainly found in humans but has also been detected in pigs, dogs, horses, and seals. […] Influenza C virus primarily infects humans but has been observed in pigs, dogs, cattle, and dromedary camels. […] Influenza D virus causes an influenza-like illness in pigs but its impact in its natural reservoir, cattle, is relatively unknown.
  • #2 Influenza – Causes, Treatments & Pandemics
    https://www.history.com/articles/flu
    Influenza has likely been around for millennia, though its cause was only identified relatively recently. […] In 1892, Dr. Richard Pfeiffer isolated an unknown bacterium from the sputum of his sickest flu patients, and he concluded that the bacteria caused influenza. He called it Pfeiffer’s bacillus, or Haemophilus influenzae. […] Researchers finally isolated the virus that causes flu from pigs in 1931, and from humans in 1933. […] Influenza viruses, which are part of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, cause the flu. […] Four types of the virus exist: A and B, which are responsible for seasonal flu epidemics in people; C, which is relatively rare, causes a mild respiratory illness, and is not thought to cause epidemics; and D, which primarily infects cattle and isn’t known to affect people.
  • #3 Influenza – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza
    Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. […] There are four types of influenza virus: types A, B, C, and D. […] Influenza A virus is responsible for most cases of severe illness as well as seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. […] Influenza A virus and influenza B virus circulate in humans and cause seasonal epidemics, and influenza C virus causes a mild infection, primarily in children. […] Influenza D virus can infect humans but is not known to cause illness. […] Influenza viruses, particularly influenza A virus, evolve quickly, so flu vaccines are updated regularly to match which influenza strains are in circulation. […] Influenza infection is diagnosed with laboratory methods such as antibody or antigen tests and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify viral nucleic acid.
  • #4 Flu (influenza) – influenza A and B, symptoms, vaccine | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/flu
    Influenza (the flu) is a viral infection that causes fever and chills, sneezing, coughing and a sore throat. […] Influenza is a very contagious viral infection. Its a respiratory illness that can affect your nose, throat and sometimes your lungs. […] There are 4 types of influenza virus: influenza A virus, influenza B virus, influenza C virus, influenza D virus. […] Influenza types A and B are usually the cause of seasonal flu. […] Influenza C virus infections generally cause mild illness and are not thought to cause human epidemics. […] Influenza D viruses mainly affect cows. They are not known to cause illness in people. […] Some strains of the influenza virus can also infect other animals. Animal influenza viruses are distinct from human seasonal influenza viruses and do not easily pass between people.
  • #5 Influenza (Flu) – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/respiratory-viruses/influenza-flu
    Influenza (flu) is a viral infection of the lungs and airways with one of the influenza viruses. […] Influenza is distinctly different from the common cold. It is caused by a different virus and produces symptoms that are more severe. […] There are 3 types of influenza virus: Type A, Type B, and Type C. […] Type A causes most influenza cases (usually more than 70% in a typical season), and most of the others are caused by type B. Type C influenza occurs less frequently, mainly in children. […] The strain of influenza virus causing outbreaks is always changing slightly, so that each year the influenza virus is a little different from the previous year’s. […] An influenza pandemic is concerning because it usually occurs only when there has been a larger than usual change in the strain of influenza virus.
  • #6
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)
    Seasonal influenza (the flu) is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. […] It causes 290 000 to 650 000 respiratory deaths annually. […] Influenza A and B viruses circulate and cause seasonal epidemics of disease. […] Only influenza type A viruses are known to have caused pandemics. […] Influenza can worsen symptoms of other chronic diseases. […] In severe cases influenza can lead to pneumonia and sepsis. […] Most people will recover from influenza on their own. […] People at high risk or with severe symptoms should be treated with antiviral medications as soon as possible. […] Vaccination is the best way to prevent influenza. […] Immunity from vaccination goes away over time so annual vaccination is recommended to protect against influenza. […] Vaccination is especially important for people at high risk of influenza complications and their carers.
  • #7 Influenza A vs. B: Differences, symptoms, treatment, and more
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/327397
    There are four types of influenza virus. Influenza A is the most common, followed by influenza B. Both are highly contagious, and their symptoms are similar. […] Influenza A viruses cause seasonal flu epidemics practically every year in the United States. They can infect humans and animals. […] Influenza A is the only type that can cause a pandemic, which is a global spread of disease. Bird flu and swine flu pandemics both resulted from influenza A viruses. […] Influenza A is a highly contagious virus that causes seasonal flu epidemics in the U.S. […] Typically, seasonal flu outbreaks are influenza A. […] While many people recover from the flu with home remedies, influenza A and B can each cause serious illness and death in people with a high risk of complications.
  • #8 Flu (Influenza) Vaccine, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
    https://www.medicinenet.com/influenza/article.htm
    Influenza, commonly called „the flu,” is an illness caused by RNA viruses (Orthomyxoviridae family) that infect the respiratory tract of many animals, birds, and humans. […] Influenza viruses cause the flu and are divided into three types, designated A, B, and C. Influenza A and influenza B are responsible for epidemics of respiratory illness that occur almost every winter and are often associated with increased rates of hospitalization and death. […] Influenza viruses continually change over time, usually by mutation (change in the viral RNA). This constant changing often enables the virus to evade the immune system of the host (humans, birds, and other animals) so that the host is susceptible to changing influenza virus infections throughout life. […] Type A viruses are divided into subtypes or strains based on differences in two viral surface proteins called the hemagglutinin (H) and the neuraminidase (N).
  • #9 The flu (influenza): Causes, symptoms and treatment | Live Science
    https://www.livescience.com/54509-flu-influenza.html
    The flu (short for influenza) is a viral respiratory disease that affects the throat, nose and lungs. There are different types of influenza viruses, and they evolve from year to year. […] The three main types of influenza virus that cause illness in people are named A, B and C. Influenza A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics of disease almost every winter in the United States, while influenza C causes only mild respiratory symptoms and is not thought to cause epidemics, according to the CDC. A fourth type of influenza, type D, is not known to cause illness in people and mainly affects cattle, according to the CDC. […] The influenza A virus is broken down into subtypes based on two proteins on the virus’s surface called hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). A total of 18 different hemagglutinin proteins and 11 different neuraminidase proteins are known to exist, and these two proteins appear together in various combinations, according to the CDC. Over 130 influenza A subtype combinations have been identified in nature, with most infecting wild birds. The two subtypes of influenza A that commonly cause seasonal flu in people are called H1N1 and H3N2. Influenza B viruses aren’t divided into subtypes; instead, they are classified into two lineages: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria.
  • #10 Influenza A virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus
    Influenza A virus (Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae) is the only species of the genus Alphainfluenzavirus of the virus family Orthomyxoviridae. It is a pathogen with strains that infect birds and some mammals, as well as causing seasonal flu in humans. […] Through a combination of mutation and genetic reassortment the virus can evolve to acquire new characteristics, enabling it to evade host immunity and occasionally to jump from one species of host to another. […] Almost all possible combinations of H (1 through 16) and N (1 through 11) have been isolated from wild birds. Further variations exist within the subtypes and can lead to very significant differences in the virus’s ability to infect and cause disease, as well as to the severity of symptoms. […] Humans can rarely become infected with strains of avian or swine influenza, usually as a result of close contact with infected animals; symptoms range from mild to severe including death.
  • #11 The flu (influenza): Causes, symptoms and treatment | Live Science
    https://www.livescience.com/54509-flu-influenza.html
    The flu (short for influenza) is a viral respiratory disease that affects the throat, nose and lungs. There are different types of influenza viruses, and they evolve from year to year. […] The three main types of influenza virus that cause illness in people are named A, B and C. Influenza A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics of disease almost every winter in the United States, while influenza C causes only mild respiratory symptoms and is not thought to cause epidemics, according to the CDC. A fourth type of influenza, type D, is not known to cause illness in people and mainly affects cattle, according to the CDC. […] The influenza A virus is broken down into subtypes based on two proteins on the virus’s surface called hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). A total of 18 different hemagglutinin proteins and 11 different neuraminidase proteins are known to exist, and these two proteins appear together in various combinations, according to the CDC. Over 130 influenza A subtype combinations have been identified in nature, with most infecting wild birds. The two subtypes of influenza A that commonly cause seasonal flu in people are called H1N1 and H3N2. Influenza B viruses aren’t divided into subtypes; instead, they are classified into two lineages: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria.
  • #12 Flu Causes: Types of Influenza Viruses, Contagious Transmission, and More
    https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/what-causes-flu-viruses
    This illness is different from a cold. While more than 100 different viruses can cause a cold, only influenza virus types A, B, and C cause the flu. […] Type A and B viruses cause the large seasonal outbreaks. Type C usually causes milder respiratory symptoms. […] Type A flu viruses are also found in many different animals, including ducks, chickens, pigs, whales, horses, and seals. Type B viruses only affect people.
  • #13 The flu (influenza): Causes, symptoms and treatment | Live Science
    https://www.livescience.com/54509-flu-influenza.html
    The flu (short for influenza) is a viral respiratory disease that affects the throat, nose and lungs. There are different types of influenza viruses, and they evolve from year to year. […] The three main types of influenza virus that cause illness in people are named A, B and C. Influenza A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics of disease almost every winter in the United States, while influenza C causes only mild respiratory symptoms and is not thought to cause epidemics, according to the CDC. A fourth type of influenza, type D, is not known to cause illness in people and mainly affects cattle, according to the CDC. […] The influenza A virus is broken down into subtypes based on two proteins on the virus’s surface called hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). A total of 18 different hemagglutinin proteins and 11 different neuraminidase proteins are known to exist, and these two proteins appear together in various combinations, according to the CDC. Over 130 influenza A subtype combinations have been identified in nature, with most infecting wild birds. The two subtypes of influenza A that commonly cause seasonal flu in people are called H1N1 and H3N2. Influenza B viruses aren’t divided into subtypes; instead, they are classified into two lineages: B/Yamagata and B/Victoria.
  • #14 Flu Causes: Types, Transmission, and Prevention Tips
    https://www.healthline.com/health/flu-causes
    Influenza, or the flu, is a viral infection that attacks the lungs, nose, and throat. Its a contagious respiratory illness with symptoms ranging from mild to severe. […] The flu virus can be transmitted from animals to humans. This virus constantly changes and can cause annual flu epidemics. […] Type A flu can also cause seasonal outbreaks during the winter months. However, this type is typically less severe than type A and causes milder symptoms. […] The flu virus changes from year to year. Vaccines provide protection against the most common strains of the flu each year. The flu vaccine works by stimulating the immune system to create antibodies to fight the infection.
  • #15 Influenza – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza
    Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. […] There are four types of influenza virus: types A, B, C, and D. […] Influenza A virus is responsible for most cases of severe illness as well as seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. […] Influenza A virus and influenza B virus circulate in humans and cause seasonal epidemics, and influenza C virus causes a mild infection, primarily in children. […] Influenza D virus can infect humans but is not known to cause illness. […] Influenza viruses, particularly influenza A virus, evolve quickly, so flu vaccines are updated regularly to match which influenza strains are in circulation. […] Influenza infection is diagnosed with laboratory methods such as antibody or antigen tests and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify viral nucleic acid.
  • #16 Flu (influenza) – influenza A and B, symptoms, vaccine | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/flu
    Influenza (the flu) is a viral infection that causes fever and chills, sneezing, coughing and a sore throat. […] Influenza is a very contagious viral infection. Its a respiratory illness that can affect your nose, throat and sometimes your lungs. […] There are 4 types of influenza virus: influenza A virus, influenza B virus, influenza C virus, influenza D virus. […] Influenza types A and B are usually the cause of seasonal flu. […] Influenza C virus infections generally cause mild illness and are not thought to cause human epidemics. […] Influenza D viruses mainly affect cows. They are not known to cause illness in people. […] Some strains of the influenza virus can also infect other animals. Animal influenza viruses are distinct from human seasonal influenza viruses and do not easily pass between people.
  • #17 Influenza (Flu): Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Banner
    https://www.bannerhealth.com/staying-well/health-and-wellness/wellness/flu/what-is-the-flu
    The flu is a contagious respiratory (breathing) illness caused by the influenza virus. It affects the nose, throat, airways, and sometimes the lungs. It is considered one of the most common infectious diseases. […] There are several strains of the flu virus, including influenza A, B and C. Some strains can also have different subtypes, which makes the flu virus very complex. […] Influenza A and B strains are responsible for seasonal flu outbreaks. Most people catch the flu in the winter, especially between December and February in the United States. […] Influenza C viruses cause milder respiratory symptoms. They arent seasonal, so the number of cases doesnt change throughout the year. […] Antiviral medications can help treat the flu and reduce symptoms if taken within the first 48 hours (about two days) of when symptoms start. These prescription medications can shorten how long you have the flu and help prevent complications, especially in high-risk individuals.
  • #18 Influenza – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza
    Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. […] There are four types of influenza virus: types A, B, C, and D. […] Influenza A virus is responsible for most cases of severe illness as well as seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. […] Influenza A virus and influenza B virus circulate in humans and cause seasonal epidemics, and influenza C virus causes a mild infection, primarily in children. […] Influenza D virus can infect humans but is not known to cause illness. […] Influenza viruses, particularly influenza A virus, evolve quickly, so flu vaccines are updated regularly to match which influenza strains are in circulation. […] Influenza infection is diagnosed with laboratory methods such as antibody or antigen tests and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify viral nucleic acid.
  • #19 Flu (influenza) – influenza A and B, symptoms, vaccine | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/flu
    Influenza (the flu) is a viral infection that causes fever and chills, sneezing, coughing and a sore throat. […] Influenza is a very contagious viral infection. Its a respiratory illness that can affect your nose, throat and sometimes your lungs. […] There are 4 types of influenza virus: influenza A virus, influenza B virus, influenza C virus, influenza D virus. […] Influenza types A and B are usually the cause of seasonal flu. […] Influenza C virus infections generally cause mild illness and are not thought to cause human epidemics. […] Influenza D viruses mainly affect cows. They are not known to cause illness in people. […] Some strains of the influenza virus can also infect other animals. Animal influenza viruses are distinct from human seasonal influenza viruses and do not easily pass between people.
  • #20 Influenza – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza
    Influenza viruses have a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that is segmented. […] Influenza A virus and influenza B virus have eight genome segments that encode 10 major proteins. […] Influenza C virus and influenza D virus have seven genome segments that encode nine major proteins. […] Influenza D virus has been isolated from pigs and cattle, the latter being the natural reservoir. […] Influenza D virus is distantly related to influenza C virus. […] Influenza viruses have been found in many other animals, including cattle, horses, dogs, cats, and marine mammals. […] Influenza B virus is mainly found in humans but has also been detected in pigs, dogs, horses, and seals. […] Influenza C virus primarily infects humans but has been observed in pigs, dogs, cattle, and dromedary camels. […] Influenza D virus causes an influenza-like illness in pigs but its impact in its natural reservoir, cattle, is relatively unknown.
  • #21
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1900246/
    Influenza (or flu) leads to the hospitalization of more than 200,000 people yearly and results in 36,000 deaths from flu or flu-related complications in the United States, striking both the elderly and infant populations particularly hard. Two members of the Orthomyxoviridae family, the influenza A and B viruses, are the primary causes of this acute viral respiratory disease. […] Because of the higher levels of morbidity and mortality associated with influenza A virus, in part due to the large reservoir of the virus in aquatic birds, we will restrict ourselves to discussions of this virus. […] The pathogen originates in avian host species and is traditionally thought to infect human populations only via intermediary hosts (e.g., pigs), although there is now evidence that direct bird-human transmission is also possible. […] Novel influenza virus strains can be the source of infrequent but devastating pandemics, most famously the 1918 pandemic, which killed between 20 and 40 million people.
  • #22 Influenza A virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus
    A global network, the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) monitors the spread of influenza with the aim to inform development of both seasonal and pandemic vaccines. […] Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of RNA viruses. The segmentation of the influenza A virus genome facilitates genetic recombination by segment reassortment in hosts who become infected with two different strains of influenza viruses at the same time. […] It is thought that all influenza A viruses causing outbreaks or pandemics among humans since the 1900s originated from strains circulating in wild aquatic birds through reassortment with other influenza strains.
  • #23 Influenza A virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus
    Influenza A virus (Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae) is the only species of the genus Alphainfluenzavirus of the virus family Orthomyxoviridae. It is a pathogen with strains that infect birds and some mammals, as well as causing seasonal flu in humans. […] Through a combination of mutation and genetic reassortment the virus can evolve to acquire new characteristics, enabling it to evade host immunity and occasionally to jump from one species of host to another. […] Almost all possible combinations of H (1 through 16) and N (1 through 11) have been isolated from wild birds. Further variations exist within the subtypes and can lead to very significant differences in the virus’s ability to infect and cause disease, as well as to the severity of symptoms. […] Humans can rarely become infected with strains of avian or swine influenza, usually as a result of close contact with infected animals; symptoms range from mild to severe including death.
  • #24 Influenza A virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus
    A global network, the Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) monitors the spread of influenza with the aim to inform development of both seasonal and pandemic vaccines. […] Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of RNA viruses. The segmentation of the influenza A virus genome facilitates genetic recombination by segment reassortment in hosts who become infected with two different strains of influenza viruses at the same time. […] It is thought that all influenza A viruses causing outbreaks or pandemics among humans since the 1900s originated from strains circulating in wild aquatic birds through reassortment with other influenza strains.
  • #25 Influenza – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza
    Influenza viruses have a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that is segmented. […] Influenza A virus and influenza B virus have eight genome segments that encode 10 major proteins. […] Influenza C virus and influenza D virus have seven genome segments that encode nine major proteins. […] Influenza D virus has been isolated from pigs and cattle, the latter being the natural reservoir. […] Influenza D virus is distantly related to influenza C virus. […] Influenza viruses have been found in many other animals, including cattle, horses, dogs, cats, and marine mammals. […] Influenza B virus is mainly found in humans but has also been detected in pigs, dogs, horses, and seals. […] Influenza C virus primarily infects humans but has been observed in pigs, dogs, cattle, and dromedary camels. […] Influenza D virus causes an influenza-like illness in pigs but its impact in its natural reservoir, cattle, is relatively unknown.
  • #26 Influenza – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza
    Influenza viruses have a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that is segmented. […] Influenza A virus and influenza B virus have eight genome segments that encode 10 major proteins. […] Influenza C virus and influenza D virus have seven genome segments that encode nine major proteins. […] Influenza D virus has been isolated from pigs and cattle, the latter being the natural reservoir. […] Influenza D virus is distantly related to influenza C virus. […] Influenza viruses have been found in many other animals, including cattle, horses, dogs, cats, and marine mammals. […] Influenza B virus is mainly found in humans but has also been detected in pigs, dogs, horses, and seals. […] Influenza C virus primarily infects humans but has been observed in pigs, dogs, cattle, and dromedary camels. […] Influenza D virus causes an influenza-like illness in pigs but its impact in its natural reservoir, cattle, is relatively unknown.
  • #27 Influenza – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza
    Influenza viruses have a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that is segmented. […] Influenza A virus and influenza B virus have eight genome segments that encode 10 major proteins. […] Influenza C virus and influenza D virus have seven genome segments that encode nine major proteins. […] Influenza D virus has been isolated from pigs and cattle, the latter being the natural reservoir. […] Influenza D virus is distantly related to influenza C virus. […] Influenza viruses have been found in many other animals, including cattle, horses, dogs, cats, and marine mammals. […] Influenza B virus is mainly found in humans but has also been detected in pigs, dogs, horses, and seals. […] Influenza C virus primarily infects humans but has been observed in pigs, dogs, cattle, and dromedary camels. […] Influenza D virus causes an influenza-like illness in pigs but its impact in its natural reservoir, cattle, is relatively unknown.
  • #28 Influenza – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza
    Influenza viruses have a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that is segmented. […] Influenza A virus and influenza B virus have eight genome segments that encode 10 major proteins. […] Influenza C virus and influenza D virus have seven genome segments that encode nine major proteins. […] Influenza D virus has been isolated from pigs and cattle, the latter being the natural reservoir. […] Influenza D virus is distantly related to influenza C virus. […] Influenza viruses have been found in many other animals, including cattle, horses, dogs, cats, and marine mammals. […] Influenza B virus is mainly found in humans but has also been detected in pigs, dogs, horses, and seals. […] Influenza C virus primarily infects humans but has been observed in pigs, dogs, cattle, and dromedary camels. […] Influenza D virus causes an influenza-like illness in pigs but its impact in its natural reservoir, cattle, is relatively unknown.
  • #29 Influenza A virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_A_virus
    Influenza A virus (Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae) is the only species of the genus Alphainfluenzavirus of the virus family Orthomyxoviridae. It is a pathogen with strains that infect birds and some mammals, as well as causing seasonal flu in humans. […] Through a combination of mutation and genetic reassortment the virus can evolve to acquire new characteristics, enabling it to evade host immunity and occasionally to jump from one species of host to another. […] Almost all possible combinations of H (1 through 16) and N (1 through 11) have been isolated from wild birds. Further variations exist within the subtypes and can lead to very significant differences in the virus’s ability to infect and cause disease, as well as to the severity of symptoms. […] Humans can rarely become infected with strains of avian or swine influenza, usually as a result of close contact with infected animals; symptoms range from mild to severe including death.
  • #30
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(avian-and-other-zoonotic)
    Humans can be infected with avian, swine and other influenza viruses. […] Direct contact with infected animals (through handling, culling, slaughtering or processing) or indirect contact (through environments contaminated with bodily fluids from infected animals) represent a risk for human infection. […] Exposure to animal influenza viruses can lead to infection and disease in humans ranging from mild, flu-like symptoms or eye inflammation to severe, acute respiratory disease and/or death. Disease severity will depend upon the virus causing the infection and the characteristics of the infected individual. […] Currently circulating zoonotic influenza viruses have not yet demonstrated sustained person-to-person transmission. […] For avian influenza viruses, the primary risk factor for human infection appears to be exposure to infected live or dead poultry or contaminated environments, such as live bird markets.
  • #31
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(avian-and-other-zoonotic)
    Humans can be infected with avian, swine and other influenza viruses. […] Direct contact with infected animals (through handling, culling, slaughtering or processing) or indirect contact (through environments contaminated with bodily fluids from infected animals) represent a risk for human infection. […] Exposure to animal influenza viruses can lead to infection and disease in humans ranging from mild, flu-like symptoms or eye inflammation to severe, acute respiratory disease and/or death. Disease severity will depend upon the virus causing the infection and the characteristics of the infected individual. […] Currently circulating zoonotic influenza viruses have not yet demonstrated sustained person-to-person transmission. […] For avian influenza viruses, the primary risk factor for human infection appears to be exposure to infected live or dead poultry or contaminated environments, such as live bird markets.
  • #32
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(avian-and-other-zoonotic)
    There is no evidence to suggest that A(H5), A(H7N9) or other avian influenza viruses can be transmitted to humans through properly prepared and cooked poultry or eggs. […] Human infections with avian and other zoonotic influenza viruses, though rare, have been reported sporadically. […] Current zoonotic influenza viruses have not demonstrated sustained person-to-person transmission. […] For swine influenza viruses, risk factors include close proximity to infected pigs or visiting locations where pigs are exhibited.
  • #33 The flu (influenza): Causes, symptoms and treatment | Live Science
    https://www.livescience.com/54509-flu-influenza.html
    Also, avian influenza, or bird flu, refers to flu viruses that typically affect only birds. That’s because bird flu viruses are adapted to birds and don’t easily spread to other animals, including humans. But in rare cases, certain strains of bird flu have been known to infect humans. These strains include H5N1, H7N9, H5N6, H5N8 and, most recently, H3N8, which was reported in humans for the first time in April 2022, in a 4-year-old boy in China, Live Science previously reported. Among these bird flu strains, H5N1 is perhaps the best known; around 700 cases of H5N1 have been reported worldwide in humans since 2003, according to the CDC. It is most often contracted directly from birds and, unlike most types of influenza, is usually not spread from person to person.
  • #34 The flu (influenza): Causes, symptoms and treatment | Live Science
    https://www.livescience.com/54509-flu-influenza.html
    Also, avian influenza, or bird flu, refers to flu viruses that typically affect only birds. That’s because bird flu viruses are adapted to birds and don’t easily spread to other animals, including humans. But in rare cases, certain strains of bird flu have been known to infect humans. These strains include H5N1, H7N9, H5N6, H5N8 and, most recently, H3N8, which was reported in humans for the first time in April 2022, in a 4-year-old boy in China, Live Science previously reported. Among these bird flu strains, H5N1 is perhaps the best known; around 700 cases of H5N1 have been reported worldwide in humans since 2003, according to the CDC. It is most often contracted directly from birds and, unlike most types of influenza, is usually not spread from person to person.
  • #35
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(avian-and-other-zoonotic)
    There is no evidence to suggest that A(H5), A(H7N9) or other avian influenza viruses can be transmitted to humans through properly prepared and cooked poultry or eggs. […] Human infections with avian and other zoonotic influenza viruses, though rare, have been reported sporadically. […] Current zoonotic influenza viruses have not demonstrated sustained person-to-person transmission. […] For swine influenza viruses, risk factors include close proximity to infected pigs or visiting locations where pigs are exhibited.
  • #36 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459363/
    Animal influenza viruses can cause infections in humans if the antigenic characteristics of the virus change. When this happens, transmission from person to person is usually inefficient. Influenza pandemics like 1918 and 2009 can occur if the transmission from person to person becomes efficient. […] A good example of animal-origin influenza is the 2009 pandemic influenza, which is an animal influenza virus that likely started in South America in early 2009 and developed the ability to spread from person to person and spread globally.
  • #37 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459363/
    Animal influenza viruses can cause infections in humans if the antigenic characteristics of the virus change. When this happens, transmission from person to person is usually inefficient. Influenza pandemics like 1918 and 2009 can occur if the transmission from person to person becomes efficient. […] A good example of animal-origin influenza is the 2009 pandemic influenza, which is an animal influenza virus that likely started in South America in early 2009 and developed the ability to spread from person to person and spread globally.
  • #38
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(avian-and-other-zoonotic)
    There is no evidence to suggest that A(H5), A(H7N9) or other avian influenza viruses can be transmitted to humans through properly prepared and cooked poultry or eggs. […] Human infections with avian and other zoonotic influenza viruses, though rare, have been reported sporadically. […] Current zoonotic influenza viruses have not demonstrated sustained person-to-person transmission. […] For swine influenza viruses, risk factors include close proximity to infected pigs or visiting locations where pigs are exhibited.
  • #39 Influenza – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459363/
    Animal influenza viruses can cause infections in humans if the antigenic characteristics of the virus change. When this happens, transmission from person to person is usually inefficient. Influenza pandemics like 1918 and 2009 can occur if the transmission from person to person becomes efficient. […] A good example of animal-origin influenza is the 2009 pandemic influenza, which is an animal influenza virus that likely started in South America in early 2009 and developed the ability to spread from person to person and spread globally.
  • #40 Novel and Variant Influenza A Viruses – MN Dept. of Health
    https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/flu/current/index.html
    A new (novel) influenza A virus is an influenza virus that causes human infection but is different from seasonal human influenza A viruses that circulate among people each year. […] Some novel influenza A viruses are more concerning to public health officials because they have caused rare but serious disease or death and have been able to spread in a limited manner from person-to-person. […] Novel avian influenza A viruses have the potential to cause a pandemic if the virus were to change to become easily and sustainably spread from person-to-person. […] An influenza pandemic is a global outbreak of a new influenza virus that is different from current and recently circulating human seasonal influenza viruses. […] Some HPAI viruses can infect people causing mild to severe respiratory illness or, rarely, death. […] Person-to-person transmission of avian influenza viruses is very rare. […] HPAI is considered low risk to the general public, but there is an occupational risk for those who handle and care for infected animals.
  • #41 Novel and Variant Influenza A Viruses – MN Dept. of Health
    https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/flu/current/index.html
    A new (novel) influenza A virus is an influenza virus that causes human infection but is different from seasonal human influenza A viruses that circulate among people each year. […] Some novel influenza A viruses are more concerning to public health officials because they have caused rare but serious disease or death and have been able to spread in a limited manner from person-to-person. […] Novel avian influenza A viruses have the potential to cause a pandemic if the virus were to change to become easily and sustainably spread from person-to-person. […] An influenza pandemic is a global outbreak of a new influenza virus that is different from current and recently circulating human seasonal influenza viruses. […] Some HPAI viruses can infect people causing mild to severe respiratory illness or, rarely, death. […] Person-to-person transmission of avian influenza viruses is very rare. […] HPAI is considered low risk to the general public, but there is an occupational risk for those who handle and care for infected animals.
  • #42 Influenza (flu) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719
    Flu, also called influenza, is an infection of the nose, throat and lungs, which are part of the respiratory system. The flu is caused by a virus. […] Influenza is caused by viruses. These viruses travel through the air in droplets when someone with the infection coughs, sneezes or talks. You can inhale the droplets directly. Or you can pick up the virus from touching an object, such as a computer keyboard, and then touching your eyes, nose or mouth. […] Influenza viruses are constantly changing, with new strains appearing often.
  • #43 Influenza (flu) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719
    Flu, also called influenza, is an infection of the nose, throat and lungs, which are part of the respiratory system. The flu is caused by a virus. […] Influenza is caused by viruses. These viruses travel through the air in droplets when someone with the infection coughs, sneezes or talks. You can inhale the droplets directly. Or you can pick up the virus from touching an object, such as a computer keyboard, and then touching your eyes, nose or mouth. […] Influenza viruses are constantly changing, with new strains appearing often.
  • #44
    https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/influenza
    Influenza (or flu) is a highly contagious viral infection and is one of the most severe illnesses of the winter season. An estimated 5 to 20 percent of the population in the US contract influenza each year. […] Influenza is a viral infection of the upper respiratory system, which includes the nose, bronchial tubes, and lungs. […] Influenza may also lead to pneumonia and/or death. […] Influenza viruses are divided into three types designated as A, B, and C. […] Influenza types A and B are responsible for epidemics of respiratory illness that occur almost every winter and are often associated with increased rates of hospitalization and death. […] One of the reasons the flu remains a problem is because the viruses actually alter their structure, exposing adults and children to new types of the virus each time.
  • #45 Flu (Influenza) Vaccine, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
    https://www.medicinenet.com/influenza/article.htm
    Influenza type A viruses undergo two major kinds of changes. One is a series of mutations that occurs over time and causes a gradual evolution of the virus. This is called antigenic „drift.” The other kind of change is an abrupt change in the hemagglutinin and/or the neuraminidase proteins. This is called antigenic „shift.” […] The 2009 pandemic-causing H1N1 virus was a classic example of antigenic shift. […] The flu or influenza is usually a mild illness that goes away on its own. However, the flu can lead to serious complications, especially in certain groups of people. […] The flu can also lead to complications involving the heart, such as myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) or pericarditis (inflammation of the lining around the heart). […] Yes. However, associated deaths per year depend upon the virulence of the particular strain of virus that is circulating. That means for any given year, the likelihood of dying from the flu varies according to the specific infecting viruses.
  • #46 Novel Influenza (Flu) A Viruses – Epidemiology
    https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/influenza-flu-in-virginia/novel-variant-and-pandemic-influenza/
    There are four types of influenza (flu) viruses: A, B, C, and D. Influenza A and B viruses cause seasonal flu illness every fall and winter. […] Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on the two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). […] Different animals can carry or be infected with influenza A viruses. […] Current subtypes of influenza A viruses that routinely circulate in people include A(H1N1) and A(H3N2). […] Influenza (flu) viruses constantly change. […] Slow changes are called antigenic drift. […] The slow and constant changes to the flu virus are the reason people need to get a flu vaccine each year. […] Sudden changes to flu viruses are called antigenic shift. […] This can occur when the genetic material from two flu viruses combine to form a virus with a new subtype or a mix of genes (including some from animals).
  • #47 Influenza (Flu): Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/primary-care/influenza-flu
    Influenza, also known as the flu, is a respiratory infection caused by a virus that affects the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs. […] The flu is caused by a virus that can be spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. The flu can also be spread by touching the mouth, nose, or eyes after touching an object or surface that has been contaminated with the virus. […] When a person gets the flu virus, their immune system creates antibodies to fight off the virus. However, the flu virus is constantly changing and creating new strains. While your antibodies may protect against a strain you already had, they may not protect against different strains. This also applies to the antibodies that result from the flu vaccination.
  • #48
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1900246/
    These pandemics are associated with major shifts in the HA and NA proteins that define viral strains. More routinely, influenza virus also generates epidemics or large outbreaks. […] Epidemics can be traced to a drift in the HA and NA proteins that circumvents sufficient preexisting B-cell reactivity so as to render the individual susceptible. […] The cyclical patterns of other viral diseases with different immunological and virological behaviors can provide useful comparisons to those of influenza virus. […] Influenza virus’s ability to evade protective immunity via the introduction of new strains replenishes the pool of available susceptible hosts much more rapidly, shortening the expected length of the epidemic cycle. […] While antibody-mediated protection is generally considered the primary protection against infection, another source of protection is mediated by CD8 T cells that kill already infected host cells. […] The role of CD4 T cells in the immune response to influenza virus is well described.
  • #49
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1900246/
    These pandemics are associated with major shifts in the HA and NA proteins that define viral strains. More routinely, influenza virus also generates epidemics or large outbreaks. […] Epidemics can be traced to a drift in the HA and NA proteins that circumvents sufficient preexisting B-cell reactivity so as to render the individual susceptible. […] The cyclical patterns of other viral diseases with different immunological and virological behaviors can provide useful comparisons to those of influenza virus. […] Influenza virus’s ability to evade protective immunity via the introduction of new strains replenishes the pool of available susceptible hosts much more rapidly, shortening the expected length of the epidemic cycle. […] While antibody-mediated protection is generally considered the primary protection against infection, another source of protection is mediated by CD8 T cells that kill already infected host cells. […] The role of CD4 T cells in the immune response to influenza virus is well described.
  • #50 Flu (Influenza) Vaccine, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
    https://www.medicinenet.com/influenza/article.htm
    Influenza type A viruses undergo two major kinds of changes. One is a series of mutations that occurs over time and causes a gradual evolution of the virus. This is called antigenic „drift.” The other kind of change is an abrupt change in the hemagglutinin and/or the neuraminidase proteins. This is called antigenic „shift.” […] The 2009 pandemic-causing H1N1 virus was a classic example of antigenic shift. […] The flu or influenza is usually a mild illness that goes away on its own. However, the flu can lead to serious complications, especially in certain groups of people. […] The flu can also lead to complications involving the heart, such as myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) or pericarditis (inflammation of the lining around the heart). […] Yes. However, associated deaths per year depend upon the virulence of the particular strain of virus that is circulating. That means for any given year, the likelihood of dying from the flu varies according to the specific infecting viruses.
  • #51 Influenza Virus (Flu) | BCM
    https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/influenza-virus-flu
    Historically, influenza pandemics arise about three to four times each century. The most recent pandemic, and the first of the 21st century, occurred in 2009, some 40 years after the previous pandemic. […] Pandemic flu strains are of deep concern because there is no or only limited natural immunity to novel flu strains, and therefore nearly everyone is susceptible to infection.
  • #52 Influenza – Causes, Treatments & Pandemics
    https://www.history.com/articles/flu
    Influenza is a constantly evolving virus. It quickly goes through mutations that slightly alter the properties of its H and N antigens. […] This antigenic shift can occur if an influenza A subtype in an animal jumps directly into humans. […] It can also occur if an intermediate host such as a pig—which is susceptible to avian, human, and swine influenza—becomes simultaneously infected by influenza viruses from two different species and the viruses exchange genetic information to acquire completely new antigens, a process called genetic reassortment.
  • #53 Influenza – Causes, Treatments & Pandemics
    https://www.history.com/articles/flu
    Influenza is a constantly evolving virus. It quickly goes through mutations that slightly alter the properties of its H and N antigens. […] This antigenic shift can occur if an influenza A subtype in an animal jumps directly into humans. […] It can also occur if an intermediate host such as a pig—which is susceptible to avian, human, and swine influenza—becomes simultaneously infected by influenza viruses from two different species and the viruses exchange genetic information to acquire completely new antigens, a process called genetic reassortment.
  • #54 Influenza: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur
    https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/influenza
    Influenza is a contagious respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses, which are unique due to their vast genetic variability. […] Influenza is an infectious disease caused by an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the Orthomyxoviridae family, which mainly affects the upper respiratory tracts (nose, throat and bronchi) and sometimes the lungs. […] Humans can be infected with three types of influenza virus: A, B and C. […] Type A and B viruses are responsible for seasonal outbreaks. […] Type A viruses have pandemic (global epidemic) potential: like the influenza A(H1N1) pandemic of 2009/2010, which claimed 280,000 lives, which was the second pandemic in history caused by the H1N1 subtype; the first was the 1918 influenza pandemic. […] In 2009, the year of the last influenza pandemic, the virus responsible was a new variant of the H1N1 subtype, resulting from genetic exchanges (called reassortments) between a human virus, an avian virus and two swine viruses.
  • #55 Influenza (flu) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719
    Flu, also called influenza, is an infection of the nose, throat and lungs, which are part of the respiratory system. The flu is caused by a virus. […] Influenza is caused by viruses. These viruses travel through the air in droplets when someone with the infection coughs, sneezes or talks. You can inhale the droplets directly. Or you can pick up the virus from touching an object, such as a computer keyboard, and then touching your eyes, nose or mouth. […] Influenza viruses are constantly changing, with new strains appearing often.
  • #56 About Influenza | Influenza (Flu) | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/index.html
    Flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. […] The best way to prevent flu is by getting a flu vaccine each year. […] Most experts believe that flu viruses spread mainly by tiny droplets made when people with flu cough, sneeze, or talk. […] Complications of flu can include bacterial pneumonia, ear infections, sinus infections and worsening of chronic medical conditions, such as congestive heart failure, asthma, or diabetes. […] Influenza (flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs.
  • #57 Influenza (Flu): Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/primary-care/influenza-flu
    Influenza, also known as the flu, is a respiratory infection caused by a virus that affects the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs. […] The flu is caused by a virus that can be spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. The flu can also be spread by touching the mouth, nose, or eyes after touching an object or surface that has been contaminated with the virus. […] When a person gets the flu virus, their immune system creates antibodies to fight off the virus. However, the flu virus is constantly changing and creating new strains. While your antibodies may protect against a strain you already had, they may not protect against different strains. This also applies to the antibodies that result from the flu vaccination.
  • #58
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1900246/
    The person-to-person spread of virus-laden aerosol particles is greatly enhanced by having a dense population of susceptible individuals surrounding each infective subject, thereby maximizing the potential for the spread of infection. […] Seasonal fluctuations in host behavior might give influenza a greater opportunity to spread and maintain itself at epidemic levels during the winter. […] Decreased temperature is an environmental variable frequently found to be associated with high levels of seasonal influenza virus infection. […] It may be that ambient temperature is simply extremely strongly correlated with the actual mechanism responsible for driving seasonality. […] Paralleling the direct effects of temperature and harsh weather on the biology of either the host or the pathogen, human defenses against declining temperature may themselves contribute to the seasonality of influenza. […] The role of air travel in the modern epidemiology of influenza has been examined in a substantial body of work, and its impact on the spread of the disease can be subdivided into two categories.
  • #59 Influenza (flu) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719
    Flu, also called influenza, is an infection of the nose, throat and lungs, which are part of the respiratory system. The flu is caused by a virus. […] Influenza is caused by viruses. These viruses travel through the air in droplets when someone with the infection coughs, sneezes or talks. You can inhale the droplets directly. Or you can pick up the virus from touching an object, such as a computer keyboard, and then touching your eyes, nose or mouth. […] Influenza viruses are constantly changing, with new strains appearing often.
  • #60 Influenza (Flu): Symptoms & Causes | NewYork-Presbyterian
    https://www.nyp.org/primary-care/influenza-flu
    Influenza, also known as the flu, is a respiratory infection caused by a virus that affects the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs. […] The flu is caused by a virus that can be spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. The flu can also be spread by touching the mouth, nose, or eyes after touching an object or surface that has been contaminated with the virus. […] When a person gets the flu virus, their immune system creates antibodies to fight off the virus. However, the flu virus is constantly changing and creating new strains. While your antibodies may protect against a strain you already had, they may not protect against different strains. This also applies to the antibodies that result from the flu vaccination.
  • #61 Influenza (Flu): Symptoms, Treatment, and More
    https://www.health.com/condition/flu-overview
    Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a contagious viral respiratory infection. […] The flu causes inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. Flu viruses spread through tiny respiratory droplets that escape a person’s mouth or nose when they sneeze, cough, talk, or laugh. […] Most people with the flu can infect others the day before they develop symptoms. The infectious period continues up to a week after your symptoms begin. […] The flu virus can live on some surfaces for up to 48 hours.
  • #62 Influenza (Flu) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/flu
    People infected by the virus are contagious starting a day before symptoms begin and until five to seven days after the onset of symptoms. […] Whats even more problematic is that new strains of the virus appear often. […] The most commonly used are the rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs). […] Sometimes, your doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication like Tamiflu (oseltamivir). […] Antiviral medications work best when they are taken within two days of the onset of symptoms, but they may be given outside of that timeframe for those who are hospitalized, have severe flu, or have an increased risk for complications. […] The CDC recommends annual flu vaccinations for everyone over the age of 6 months, including pregnant women. […] Each year, the vaccine contains protection from the three or four influenza viruses anticipated to be the most common during that year’s flu season.
  • #63 Influenza (Flu) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/flu
    People infected by the virus are contagious starting a day before symptoms begin and until five to seven days after the onset of symptoms. […] Whats even more problematic is that new strains of the virus appear often. […] The most commonly used are the rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs). […] Sometimes, your doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication like Tamiflu (oseltamivir). […] Antiviral medications work best when they are taken within two days of the onset of symptoms, but they may be given outside of that timeframe for those who are hospitalized, have severe flu, or have an increased risk for complications. […] The CDC recommends annual flu vaccinations for everyone over the age of 6 months, including pregnant women. […] Each year, the vaccine contains protection from the three or four influenza viruses anticipated to be the most common during that year’s flu season.
  • #64
    https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/influenza
    Influenza viruses continually mutate or change, which enables the virus to evade the immune system of a child. […] An influenza virus is generally passed from person to person by airborne transmission. […] The virus can also live for a short time on objects such as doorknobs, pens/pencils, keyboards, telephone receivers, and eating or drinking utensils, for example. […] People are generally the most contagious with the flu 24 hours before they start having symptoms and during the time they have the most symptoms. […] The risk of infecting others usually stops around the seventh day of the infection. […] Vaccine effectiveness varies from year to year, depending upon the degree of similarity between the influenza virus strains included in the vaccine and the strain or strains that circulate during the influenza season.
  • #65 Influenza (Flu) in Children | Valley Children’s Healthcare
    https://www.valleychildrens.org/services/infectious-disease/conditions-we-treat/flu
    Influenza (flu) is a very contagious viral infection that affects the air passages of the lungs. It causes a high fever, body aches, a cough, and other symptoms. […] The flu is caused by flu viruses. Flu viruses are divided into 3 types: […] Influenza types A and B. These 2 types of viruses cause widespread illness (epidemics) almost every winter. They often lead to more people needing to go to the hospital, and more people dying from the flu. […] One of the reasons the flu remains a problem is because the viruses change (mutate) often. This means that people are exposed to new types of the viruses each year. […] A flu virus is often passed from child to child through sneezing or coughing. […] People are most contagious with the flu 24 hours before symptoms start, and while symptoms are most active. […] The flu can lead to a lung infection called pneumonia. In some cases, the flu can lead to death. […] The best way to prevent the flu is to have the yearly flu vaccine. […] The vaccine is advised for all children 6 months and older.
  • #66
    https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/influenza
    Influenza viruses continually mutate or change, which enables the virus to evade the immune system of a child. […] An influenza virus is generally passed from person to person by airborne transmission. […] The virus can also live for a short time on objects such as doorknobs, pens/pencils, keyboards, telephone receivers, and eating or drinking utensils, for example. […] People are generally the most contagious with the flu 24 hours before they start having symptoms and during the time they have the most symptoms. […] The risk of infecting others usually stops around the seventh day of the infection. […] Vaccine effectiveness varies from year to year, depending upon the degree of similarity between the influenza virus strains included in the vaccine and the strain or strains that circulate during the influenza season.
  • #67 Flu: Symptoms, treatment, contagiousness, and do I have it?
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/15107
    Antivirals aim to stop the virus from multiplying in a persons body. Examples include oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza). […] The incubation period of a disease is the time it takes from when the virus infects a person to when the symptoms start. For flu, this is around 2 days, but it can vary from 1 to 4 days. […] Flu can be more serious during pregnancy, as pregnancy affects how the immune system works. If a woman is pregnant and has flu, they may need to spend time in the hospital. […] Sometimes a new type of flu will emerge, such as H5N1, or bird flu.
  • #68 Influenza (Flu) Prevention – Clayton County Health District – Department of Public Health
    https://www.claytoncountypublichealth.org/services/adult-health/influenza-flu-prevention/
    Influenza (flu) is a contagious respiratory illness that infects the nose, throat and sometimes the lungs. It can cause mild to severe illness, and serious outcomes can sometimes result in hospitalization or even death. […] Flu is caused by influenza viruses Type A and B, which lead to seasonal flu epidemics. Most times, flu virus is spread from person to person when infected people cough, sneeze or talk and tiny droplets land in the nose or mouth of someone nearby. […] It may be spread before a person knows they are sick, while they are sick, and 5 to 7 days after becoming sick. […] When exposed, it may take up to 4 days before you are infected.
  • #69
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1900246/
    The person-to-person spread of virus-laden aerosol particles is greatly enhanced by having a dense population of susceptible individuals surrounding each infective subject, thereby maximizing the potential for the spread of infection. […] Seasonal fluctuations in host behavior might give influenza a greater opportunity to spread and maintain itself at epidemic levels during the winter. […] Decreased temperature is an environmental variable frequently found to be associated with high levels of seasonal influenza virus infection. […] It may be that ambient temperature is simply extremely strongly correlated with the actual mechanism responsible for driving seasonality. […] Paralleling the direct effects of temperature and harsh weather on the biology of either the host or the pathogen, human defenses against declining temperature may themselves contribute to the seasonality of influenza. […] The role of air travel in the modern epidemiology of influenza has been examined in a substantial body of work, and its impact on the spread of the disease can be subdivided into two categories.
  • #70
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1900246/
    The person-to-person spread of virus-laden aerosol particles is greatly enhanced by having a dense population of susceptible individuals surrounding each infective subject, thereby maximizing the potential for the spread of infection. […] Seasonal fluctuations in host behavior might give influenza a greater opportunity to spread and maintain itself at epidemic levels during the winter. […] Decreased temperature is an environmental variable frequently found to be associated with high levels of seasonal influenza virus infection. […] It may be that ambient temperature is simply extremely strongly correlated with the actual mechanism responsible for driving seasonality. […] Paralleling the direct effects of temperature and harsh weather on the biology of either the host or the pathogen, human defenses against declining temperature may themselves contribute to the seasonality of influenza. […] The role of air travel in the modern epidemiology of influenza has been examined in a substantial body of work, and its impact on the spread of the disease can be subdivided into two categories.
  • #71 Influenza (flu) | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/flu-influenza
    Influenza (sometimes called 'the flu’) is a highly contagious virus that causes widespread illness every year. […] Influenza (flu) is a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory tract that can cause severe illness and life-threatening complications (including pneumonia). […] The flu is a seasonal infection that usually occurs from April to September. […] On average each year in Australia, influenza causes approximately 100 deaths and 5100 hospitalisations. […] Even healthy people can sometimes die from the flu. […] In some cases of the flu, severe illness and complications (such as pneumonia and bronchitis) can develop. […] The flu can also make some existing medical conditions worse. […] The flu is a viral infection so antibiotics won’t help and should not be taken. […] Antiviral medications, if started in the first 2 days after symptoms start, can shorten the length of your illness. […] Antibiotics are not effective against the flu because influenza is a virus, and antibiotics fight bacteria.
  • #72
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1900246/
    Seasonal variations in the health and physiological statuses of animals are quite common. […] It has been suggested that the observed seasonality of influenza is the result not of sweeping waves of disease traveling across the globe but rather of a constant level of infection mediated differently by the host immune system over time. […] Two possible intermediaries between photoperiod and immunity are melatonin and vitamin D. […] Host nutrient intake may also contribute to the seasonal patterns of flu occurrence. […] When influenza virus occasionally makes the transition from its natural reservoir of wildfowl and spreads to humans, it is transmitted entirely through person-to-person contact. […] The classic susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered model of disease spread is extremely sensitive to the underlying population to which that model is being applied, as it provides both the pool of susceptible hosts who may come down with the disease and the already infected individuals (spreaders) who will pass the virus on to them.
  • #73
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1900246/
    Seasonal variations in the health and physiological statuses of animals are quite common. […] It has been suggested that the observed seasonality of influenza is the result not of sweeping waves of disease traveling across the globe but rather of a constant level of infection mediated differently by the host immune system over time. […] Two possible intermediaries between photoperiod and immunity are melatonin and vitamin D. […] Host nutrient intake may also contribute to the seasonal patterns of flu occurrence. […] When influenza virus occasionally makes the transition from its natural reservoir of wildfowl and spreads to humans, it is transmitted entirely through person-to-person contact. […] The classic susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered model of disease spread is extremely sensitive to the underlying population to which that model is being applied, as it provides both the pool of susceptible hosts who may come down with the disease and the already infected individuals (spreaders) who will pass the virus on to them.
  • #74
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1900246/
    The second category of air travel studies show that it is possible to forecast the severity of the influenza season based on air traffic patterns. […] Beyond the issue of crowding, the aerosolization of influenza virus particles from infectious individuals may itself be directly responsible for the disease’s seasonality. […] The El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a semiperiodic, long-term warming of the upper ocean in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, represents the largest signal of atmospheric-oceanic variation and is capable of influencing climates across the globe. […] Links between El Nino episodes and infectious disease have been widely reported for a number of different diseases. […] The myriad theories accounting for seasonality reviewed in this paper, as well as those that will hopefully emerge as influenza continues to rise in prominence, suggest that the elegant and predictable periodicity of nonpandemic influenza is caused by a less-than-straightforward interaction of many different factors.
  • #75
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1900246/
    The second category of air travel studies show that it is possible to forecast the severity of the influenza season based on air traffic patterns. […] Beyond the issue of crowding, the aerosolization of influenza virus particles from infectious individuals may itself be directly responsible for the disease’s seasonality. […] The El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a semiperiodic, long-term warming of the upper ocean in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, represents the largest signal of atmospheric-oceanic variation and is capable of influencing climates across the globe. […] Links between El Nino episodes and infectious disease have been widely reported for a number of different diseases. […] The myriad theories accounting for seasonality reviewed in this paper, as well as those that will hopefully emerge as influenza continues to rise in prominence, suggest that the elegant and predictable periodicity of nonpandemic influenza is caused by a less-than-straightforward interaction of many different factors.
  • #76
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1900246/
    The person-to-person spread of virus-laden aerosol particles is greatly enhanced by having a dense population of susceptible individuals surrounding each infective subject, thereby maximizing the potential for the spread of infection. […] Seasonal fluctuations in host behavior might give influenza a greater opportunity to spread and maintain itself at epidemic levels during the winter. […] Decreased temperature is an environmental variable frequently found to be associated with high levels of seasonal influenza virus infection. […] It may be that ambient temperature is simply extremely strongly correlated with the actual mechanism responsible for driving seasonality. […] Paralleling the direct effects of temperature and harsh weather on the biology of either the host or the pathogen, human defenses against declining temperature may themselves contribute to the seasonality of influenza. […] The role of air travel in the modern epidemiology of influenza has been examined in a substantial body of work, and its impact on the spread of the disease can be subdivided into two categories.
  • #77
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1900246/
    The second category of air travel studies show that it is possible to forecast the severity of the influenza season based on air traffic patterns. […] Beyond the issue of crowding, the aerosolization of influenza virus particles from infectious individuals may itself be directly responsible for the disease’s seasonality. […] The El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a semiperiodic, long-term warming of the upper ocean in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, represents the largest signal of atmospheric-oceanic variation and is capable of influencing climates across the globe. […] Links between El Nino episodes and infectious disease have been widely reported for a number of different diseases. […] The myriad theories accounting for seasonality reviewed in this paper, as well as those that will hopefully emerge as influenza continues to rise in prominence, suggest that the elegant and predictable periodicity of nonpandemic influenza is caused by a less-than-straightforward interaction of many different factors.
  • #78 Influenza – Causes, Treatments & Pandemics
    https://www.history.com/articles/flu
    Influenza has likely been around for millennia, though its cause was only identified relatively recently. […] In 1892, Dr. Richard Pfeiffer isolated an unknown bacterium from the sputum of his sickest flu patients, and he concluded that the bacteria caused influenza. He called it Pfeiffer’s bacillus, or Haemophilus influenzae. […] Researchers finally isolated the virus that causes flu from pigs in 1931, and from humans in 1933. […] Influenza viruses, which are part of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, cause the flu. […] Four types of the virus exist: A and B, which are responsible for seasonal flu epidemics in people; C, which is relatively rare, causes a mild respiratory illness, and is not thought to cause epidemics; and D, which primarily infects cattle and isn’t known to affect people.
  • #79 The History of Influenza
    https://www.flu.com/Articles/2022/The-History-of-Influenza
    When did the influenza virus first infect humans? Some scientists hypothesize that humans probably acquired influenza when they began domesticating animals like birds and pigs. The rise of agriculture and permanent settlements provided ideal conditions to trigger a flu epidemic. […] The 1918 influenza outbreak was caused by a new strain of the influenza A virus that started in birds (H1N1). […] In 1933, scientists at the National Institute for Medical Research in London isolated the influenza A virus from nasal secretions of infected human patients. This discovery would lead to the innovation of inactivated vaccines in the late 1930s and 1940s. […] A new influenza H1N1 virus was detected in the United States in April 2009 before quickly spreading worldwide. Swine flu primarily affected children and young adults who had no immunity to the new virus.
  • #80 Influenza – Causes, Treatments & Pandemics
    https://www.history.com/articles/flu
    Influenza has likely been around for millennia, though its cause was only identified relatively recently. […] In 1892, Dr. Richard Pfeiffer isolated an unknown bacterium from the sputum of his sickest flu patients, and he concluded that the bacteria caused influenza. He called it Pfeiffer’s bacillus, or Haemophilus influenzae. […] Researchers finally isolated the virus that causes flu from pigs in 1931, and from humans in 1933. […] Influenza viruses, which are part of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, cause the flu. […] Four types of the virus exist: A and B, which are responsible for seasonal flu epidemics in people; C, which is relatively rare, causes a mild respiratory illness, and is not thought to cause epidemics; and D, which primarily infects cattle and isn’t known to affect people.
  • #81 Influenza – Causes, Treatments & Pandemics
    https://www.history.com/articles/flu
    Influenza has likely been around for millennia, though its cause was only identified relatively recently. […] In 1892, Dr. Richard Pfeiffer isolated an unknown bacterium from the sputum of his sickest flu patients, and he concluded that the bacteria caused influenza. He called it Pfeiffer’s bacillus, or Haemophilus influenzae. […] Researchers finally isolated the virus that causes flu from pigs in 1931, and from humans in 1933. […] Influenza viruses, which are part of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, cause the flu. […] Four types of the virus exist: A and B, which are responsible for seasonal flu epidemics in people; C, which is relatively rare, causes a mild respiratory illness, and is not thought to cause epidemics; and D, which primarily infects cattle and isn’t known to affect people.
  • #82 The History of Influenza
    https://www.flu.com/Articles/2022/The-History-of-Influenza
    When did the influenza virus first infect humans? Some scientists hypothesize that humans probably acquired influenza when they began domesticating animals like birds and pigs. The rise of agriculture and permanent settlements provided ideal conditions to trigger a flu epidemic. […] The 1918 influenza outbreak was caused by a new strain of the influenza A virus that started in birds (H1N1). […] In 1933, scientists at the National Institute for Medical Research in London isolated the influenza A virus from nasal secretions of infected human patients. This discovery would lead to the innovation of inactivated vaccines in the late 1930s and 1940s. […] A new influenza H1N1 virus was detected in the United States in April 2009 before quickly spreading worldwide. Swine flu primarily affected children and young adults who had no immunity to the new virus.
  • #83 Influenza Virus (Flu) | BCM
    https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/influenza-virus-flu
    Historically, influenza pandemics arise about three to four times each century. The most recent pandemic, and the first of the 21st century, occurred in 2009, some 40 years after the previous pandemic. […] Pandemic flu strains are of deep concern because there is no or only limited natural immunity to novel flu strains, and therefore nearly everyone is susceptible to infection.
  • #84
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1900246/
    Influenza (or flu) leads to the hospitalization of more than 200,000 people yearly and results in 36,000 deaths from flu or flu-related complications in the United States, striking both the elderly and infant populations particularly hard. Two members of the Orthomyxoviridae family, the influenza A and B viruses, are the primary causes of this acute viral respiratory disease. […] Because of the higher levels of morbidity and mortality associated with influenza A virus, in part due to the large reservoir of the virus in aquatic birds, we will restrict ourselves to discussions of this virus. […] The pathogen originates in avian host species and is traditionally thought to infect human populations only via intermediary hosts (e.g., pigs), although there is now evidence that direct bird-human transmission is also possible. […] Novel influenza virus strains can be the source of infrequent but devastating pandemics, most famously the 1918 pandemic, which killed between 20 and 40 million people.
  • #85 Influenza Virus (Flu) | BCM
    https://www.bcm.edu/departments/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-and-biodefense/specific-agents/influenza-virus-flu
    Historically, influenza pandemics arise about three to four times each century. The most recent pandemic, and the first of the 21st century, occurred in 2009, some 40 years after the previous pandemic. […] Pandemic flu strains are of deep concern because there is no or only limited natural immunity to novel flu strains, and therefore nearly everyone is susceptible to infection.
  • #86 The History of Influenza
    https://www.flu.com/Articles/2022/The-History-of-Influenza
    When did the influenza virus first infect humans? Some scientists hypothesize that humans probably acquired influenza when they began domesticating animals like birds and pigs. The rise of agriculture and permanent settlements provided ideal conditions to trigger a flu epidemic. […] The 1918 influenza outbreak was caused by a new strain of the influenza A virus that started in birds (H1N1). […] In 1933, scientists at the National Institute for Medical Research in London isolated the influenza A virus from nasal secretions of infected human patients. This discovery would lead to the innovation of inactivated vaccines in the late 1930s and 1940s. […] A new influenza H1N1 virus was detected in the United States in April 2009 before quickly spreading worldwide. Swine flu primarily affected children and young adults who had no immunity to the new virus.
  • #87 Purple Death: The Great Flu of 1918 – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization
    https://www.paho.org/en/who-we-are/history-paho/purple-death-great-flu-1918
    Influenzamore specifically the Spanish fluleft its devastating mark in both world and American history that year. […] Despite its name, researchers believe the Spanish flu most likely originated in the United States. […] Overcrowding and unsanitary conditions created a fertile breeding ground for the virus. […] The flu seemed to target military personnel and not civilians, so the virus was largely overshadowed by hotter current affairs such as Prohibition, the suffragette movement and the bloody battles in Europe. […] What made this influenza especially baffling to health care workers was that it attacked healthy, strong adults most often. […] Spanish flu turned the tables on this pattern. […] Every year, the world catches a new influenza virus. […] However, as historical records dating from the 1700s show, every 10 to 40 years the world suffers a global flu pandemic, the result of a major antigenic drift. […] The virus mutates so much that the human body no longer recognizes it and is left defenseless. […] This is what happened in 1918.
  • #88 Influenza – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza
    Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. […] There are four types of influenza virus: types A, B, C, and D. […] Influenza A virus is responsible for most cases of severe illness as well as seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. […] Influenza A virus and influenza B virus circulate in humans and cause seasonal epidemics, and influenza C virus causes a mild infection, primarily in children. […] Influenza D virus can infect humans but is not known to cause illness. […] Influenza viruses, particularly influenza A virus, evolve quickly, so flu vaccines are updated regularly to match which influenza strains are in circulation. […] Influenza infection is diagnosed with laboratory methods such as antibody or antigen tests and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify viral nucleic acid.
  • #89 Influenza (Flu) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/flu
    People infected by the virus are contagious starting a day before symptoms begin and until five to seven days after the onset of symptoms. […] Whats even more problematic is that new strains of the virus appear often. […] The most commonly used are the rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs). […] Sometimes, your doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication like Tamiflu (oseltamivir). […] Antiviral medications work best when they are taken within two days of the onset of symptoms, but they may be given outside of that timeframe for those who are hospitalized, have severe flu, or have an increased risk for complications. […] The CDC recommends annual flu vaccinations for everyone over the age of 6 months, including pregnant women. […] Each year, the vaccine contains protection from the three or four influenza viruses anticipated to be the most common during that year’s flu season.
  • #90 Influenza (Flu): Causes, Symptoms and Treatment | Banner
    https://www.bannerhealth.com/staying-well/health-and-wellness/wellness/flu/what-is-the-flu
    The flu is a contagious respiratory (breathing) illness caused by the influenza virus. It affects the nose, throat, airways, and sometimes the lungs. It is considered one of the most common infectious diseases. […] There are several strains of the flu virus, including influenza A, B and C. Some strains can also have different subtypes, which makes the flu virus very complex. […] Influenza A and B strains are responsible for seasonal flu outbreaks. Most people catch the flu in the winter, especially between December and February in the United States. […] Influenza C viruses cause milder respiratory symptoms. They arent seasonal, so the number of cases doesnt change throughout the year. […] Antiviral medications can help treat the flu and reduce symptoms if taken within the first 48 hours (about two days) of when symptoms start. These prescription medications can shorten how long you have the flu and help prevent complications, especially in high-risk individuals.
  • #91
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)
    Seasonal influenza (the flu) is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. […] It causes 290 000 to 650 000 respiratory deaths annually. […] Influenza A and B viruses circulate and cause seasonal epidemics of disease. […] Only influenza type A viruses are known to have caused pandemics. […] Influenza can worsen symptoms of other chronic diseases. […] In severe cases influenza can lead to pneumonia and sepsis. […] Most people will recover from influenza on their own. […] People at high risk or with severe symptoms should be treated with antiviral medications as soon as possible. […] Vaccination is the best way to prevent influenza. […] Immunity from vaccination goes away over time so annual vaccination is recommended to protect against influenza. […] Vaccination is especially important for people at high risk of influenza complications and their carers.
  • #92 Influenza (Flu) Causes and Symptoms | Flu Treatment
    https://greatergoodhealth.com/conditions/influenza/
    Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus. […] The influenza virus belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family and is divided into three types: A, B, and C. Types A and B are responsible for the seasonal flu outbreaks that occur annually, while type C typically causes milder respiratory symptoms. […] Influenza spreads through respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the face. […] The virus quickly mutates, making it challenging to develop long-term immunity. […] Research has consistently shown that the vaccine reduces influenza-related hospitalizations, deaths, and the spread of the virus within communities. […] There are prescription antiviral drugs available to treat the flu, that work best when started 1-2 days of the onset of symptoms. […] Those at risk for severe illness can potentially avoid hospitalization and prevent the development of severe symptoms and complications such as pneumonia.
  • #93 Influenza (Flu) > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/flu
    People infected by the virus are contagious starting a day before symptoms begin and until five to seven days after the onset of symptoms. […] Whats even more problematic is that new strains of the virus appear often. […] The most commonly used are the rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs). […] Sometimes, your doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication like Tamiflu (oseltamivir). […] Antiviral medications work best when they are taken within two days of the onset of symptoms, but they may be given outside of that timeframe for those who are hospitalized, have severe flu, or have an increased risk for complications. […] The CDC recommends annual flu vaccinations for everyone over the age of 6 months, including pregnant women. […] Each year, the vaccine contains protection from the three or four influenza viruses anticipated to be the most common during that year’s flu season.
  • #94 Influenza (Flu) – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/respiratory-viruses/influenza-flu
    In 2009-2010, there was an epidemic of the H1N1 strain of influenza virus that became widespread and was considered a pandemic. […] Antiviral medications (oseltamivir, zanamivir, baloxavir marboxil, and peramivir) are helpful in treating people who have influenza. […] Which medication or medications are used depends on the specific influenza virus causing the infection. […] Annual vaccination is the best way to avoid getting influenza. […] Influenza vaccines usually protect against 3 or 4 different strains of influenza virus. […] The strains of virus that cause influenza outbreaks change each year. Thus, different vaccines are developed each year to keep up with changes in the virus.
  • #95 Flu: Symptoms, treatment, contagiousness, and do I have it?
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/15107
    Antivirals aim to stop the virus from multiplying in a persons body. Examples include oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza). […] The incubation period of a disease is the time it takes from when the virus infects a person to when the symptoms start. For flu, this is around 2 days, but it can vary from 1 to 4 days. […] Flu can be more serious during pregnancy, as pregnancy affects how the immune system works. If a woman is pregnant and has flu, they may need to spend time in the hospital. […] Sometimes a new type of flu will emerge, such as H5N1, or bird flu.
  • #96 Influenza (Flu) – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/respiratory-viruses/influenza-flu
    In 2009-2010, there was an epidemic of the H1N1 strain of influenza virus that became widespread and was considered a pandemic. […] Antiviral medications (oseltamivir, zanamivir, baloxavir marboxil, and peramivir) are helpful in treating people who have influenza. […] Which medication or medications are used depends on the specific influenza virus causing the infection. […] Annual vaccination is the best way to avoid getting influenza. […] Influenza vaccines usually protect against 3 or 4 different strains of influenza virus. […] The strains of virus that cause influenza outbreaks change each year. Thus, different vaccines are developed each year to keep up with changes in the virus.
  • #97 Influenza (flu) | Better Health Channel
    https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/flu-influenza
    Influenza (sometimes called 'the flu’) is a highly contagious virus that causes widespread illness every year. […] Influenza (flu) is a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory tract that can cause severe illness and life-threatening complications (including pneumonia). […] The flu is a seasonal infection that usually occurs from April to September. […] On average each year in Australia, influenza causes approximately 100 deaths and 5100 hospitalisations. […] Even healthy people can sometimes die from the flu. […] In some cases of the flu, severe illness and complications (such as pneumonia and bronchitis) can develop. […] The flu can also make some existing medical conditions worse. […] The flu is a viral infection so antibiotics won’t help and should not be taken. […] Antiviral medications, if started in the first 2 days after symptoms start, can shorten the length of your illness. […] Antibiotics are not effective against the flu because influenza is a virus, and antibiotics fight bacteria.
  • #98 Flu: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaLock
    https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000080.htm
    The flu is caused by an influenza virus. […] Most people get the flu when they breathe in tiny airborne droplets from the coughs or sneezes of someone who has the flu. […] The flu spreads easily. […] While certain people are at a higher risk, anyone at any age can develop serious complications from the flu. […] Antibiotics are NOT used to treat the flu. Antibiotics kill bacteria. They won’t work on the viruses that cause the flu.
  • #99 About Influenza | Influenza (Flu) | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/index.html
    Flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. […] The best way to prevent flu is by getting a flu vaccine each year. […] Most experts believe that flu viruses spread mainly by tiny droplets made when people with flu cough, sneeze, or talk. […] Complications of flu can include bacterial pneumonia, ear infections, sinus infections and worsening of chronic medical conditions, such as congestive heart failure, asthma, or diabetes. […] Influenza (flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs.
  • #100 Flu (Influenza): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/cold-flu/flu
    Influenza (the flu) is a common, infectious virus spread by droplets that enter another persons body. From there, the virus takes hold and begins to develop. […] The flu is a virus thats spread in several ways. First, you can contract the virus from a person near you who has the flu and sneezes, coughs, or talks. If someone with the virus touched a common surface, like a door handle or a keyboard, and you touch the same surface, you could get the virus. […] Many strains of the flu exist. Doctors and researchers determine which strains of the virus will be most common each year. Those strains are then used to produce vaccines. A flu vaccine is one of the easiest and most effective ways to prevent the flu. […] Prescription medications are available and are typically given to those with severe symptoms or those at risk of being hospitalized from the flu. […] Getting a flu vaccination is the best and most efficient way to avoid the flu and prevent its spread. It can also help reduce the severity of the illness if you end up getting the flu.
  • #101 Influenza (Flu) – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/respiratory-viruses/influenza-flu
    In 2009-2010, there was an epidemic of the H1N1 strain of influenza virus that became widespread and was considered a pandemic. […] Antiviral medications (oseltamivir, zanamivir, baloxavir marboxil, and peramivir) are helpful in treating people who have influenza. […] Which medication or medications are used depends on the specific influenza virus causing the infection. […] Annual vaccination is the best way to avoid getting influenza. […] Influenza vaccines usually protect against 3 or 4 different strains of influenza virus. […] The strains of virus that cause influenza outbreaks change each year. Thus, different vaccines are developed each year to keep up with changes in the virus.
  • #102 Influenza (Flu) – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version
    https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/respiratory-viruses/influenza-flu
    In 2009-2010, there was an epidemic of the H1N1 strain of influenza virus that became widespread and was considered a pandemic. […] Antiviral medications (oseltamivir, zanamivir, baloxavir marboxil, and peramivir) are helpful in treating people who have influenza. […] Which medication or medications are used depends on the specific influenza virus causing the infection. […] Annual vaccination is the best way to avoid getting influenza. […] Influenza vaccines usually protect against 3 or 4 different strains of influenza virus. […] The strains of virus that cause influenza outbreaks change each year. Thus, different vaccines are developed each year to keep up with changes in the virus.
  • #103
    https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/influenza
    Influenza viruses continually mutate or change, which enables the virus to evade the immune system of a child. […] An influenza virus is generally passed from person to person by airborne transmission. […] The virus can also live for a short time on objects such as doorknobs, pens/pencils, keyboards, telephone receivers, and eating or drinking utensils, for example. […] People are generally the most contagious with the flu 24 hours before they start having symptoms and during the time they have the most symptoms. […] The risk of infecting others usually stops around the seventh day of the infection. […] Vaccine effectiveness varies from year to year, depending upon the degree of similarity between the influenza virus strains included in the vaccine and the strain or strains that circulate during the influenza season.
  • #104
    https://www.beaumont.org/conditions/influenza
    Vaccine strains must be chosen nine to ten months before the influenza season. […] According to the CDC, „influenza vaccine produced in the United States has never been capable of causing influenza because the only type of influenza vaccine that has been licensed in the United States to the present time is made from killed influenza viruses, which cannot cause infection.” […] Specific treatment for influenza will be determined by your child’s physician based on your child’s age, overall health, and medical history.
  • #105
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)
    Seasonal influenza (the flu) is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. […] It causes 290 000 to 650 000 respiratory deaths annually. […] Influenza A and B viruses circulate and cause seasonal epidemics of disease. […] Only influenza type A viruses are known to have caused pandemics. […] Influenza can worsen symptoms of other chronic diseases. […] In severe cases influenza can lead to pneumonia and sepsis. […] Most people will recover from influenza on their own. […] People at high risk or with severe symptoms should be treated with antiviral medications as soon as possible. […] Vaccination is the best way to prevent influenza. […] Immunity from vaccination goes away over time so annual vaccination is recommended to protect against influenza. […] Vaccination is especially important for people at high risk of influenza complications and their carers.
  • #106
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)
    Seasonal influenza (the flu) is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses. […] It causes 290 000 to 650 000 respiratory deaths annually. […] Influenza A and B viruses circulate and cause seasonal epidemics of disease. […] Only influenza type A viruses are known to have caused pandemics. […] Influenza can worsen symptoms of other chronic diseases. […] In severe cases influenza can lead to pneumonia and sepsis. […] Most people will recover from influenza on their own. […] People at high risk or with severe symptoms should be treated with antiviral medications as soon as possible. […] Vaccination is the best way to prevent influenza. […] Immunity from vaccination goes away over time so annual vaccination is recommended to protect against influenza. […] Vaccination is especially important for people at high risk of influenza complications and their carers.
  • #107
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1900246/
    Influenza (or flu) leads to the hospitalization of more than 200,000 people yearly and results in 36,000 deaths from flu or flu-related complications in the United States, striking both the elderly and infant populations particularly hard. Two members of the Orthomyxoviridae family, the influenza A and B viruses, are the primary causes of this acute viral respiratory disease. […] Because of the higher levels of morbidity and mortality associated with influenza A virus, in part due to the large reservoir of the virus in aquatic birds, we will restrict ourselves to discussions of this virus. […] The pathogen originates in avian host species and is traditionally thought to infect human populations only via intermediary hosts (e.g., pigs), although there is now evidence that direct bird-human transmission is also possible. […] Novel influenza virus strains can be the source of infrequent but devastating pandemics, most famously the 1918 pandemic, which killed between 20 and 40 million people.
  • #108 Influenza (Flu)
    https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/respiratory-disease/diseases/influenza.html
    Influenza viruses are divided into three types, designated A, B, and C. Influenza types A and B are responsible for epidemics of respiratory illness that occur almost every winter and are often associated with increased rates for hospitalization and death. […] The flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It can cause mild to severe illness and, at times, can lead to death. […] While getting a flu vaccine each year is the best way to protect against flu, influenza antiviral drugs can fight against influenza, offering a second line of defense. […] Antiviral drugs are an important second line of defense against the flu. […] Antiviral drugs are prescription medicines (pills, liquid, an inhaled powder, or an intravenous solution) that fight against the flu by keeping flu viruses from reproducing in your body. […] Most healthy people recover from the flu without complications. […] Remember that serious illness from the flu is more likely in certain groups of people, including people 65 years of age and older, pregnant individuals, people with certain chronic medical conditions, and young children.
  • #109 Influenza (Flu)
    https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/respiratory-disease/diseases/influenza.html
    Influenza viruses are divided into three types, designated A, B, and C. Influenza types A and B are responsible for epidemics of respiratory illness that occur almost every winter and are often associated with increased rates for hospitalization and death. […] The flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It can cause mild to severe illness and, at times, can lead to death. […] While getting a flu vaccine each year is the best way to protect against flu, influenza antiviral drugs can fight against influenza, offering a second line of defense. […] Antiviral drugs are an important second line of defense against the flu. […] Antiviral drugs are prescription medicines (pills, liquid, an inhaled powder, or an intravenous solution) that fight against the flu by keeping flu viruses from reproducing in your body. […] Most healthy people recover from the flu without complications. […] Remember that serious illness from the flu is more likely in certain groups of people, including people 65 years of age and older, pregnant individuals, people with certain chronic medical conditions, and young children.
  • #110 About Influenza | Influenza (Flu) | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/index.html
    Flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. […] The best way to prevent flu is by getting a flu vaccine each year. […] Most experts believe that flu viruses spread mainly by tiny droplets made when people with flu cough, sneeze, or talk. […] Complications of flu can include bacterial pneumonia, ear infections, sinus infections and worsening of chronic medical conditions, such as congestive heart failure, asthma, or diabetes. […] Influenza (flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs.
  • #111 About Influenza | Influenza (Flu) | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/index.html
    Flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. […] The best way to prevent flu is by getting a flu vaccine each year. […] Most experts believe that flu viruses spread mainly by tiny droplets made when people with flu cough, sneeze, or talk. […] Complications of flu can include bacterial pneumonia, ear infections, sinus infections and worsening of chronic medical conditions, such as congestive heart failure, asthma, or diabetes. […] Influenza (flu) is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs.
  • #112 Flu (Influenza) Vaccine, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment
    https://www.medicinenet.com/influenza/article.htm
    Influenza type A viruses undergo two major kinds of changes. One is a series of mutations that occurs over time and causes a gradual evolution of the virus. This is called antigenic „drift.” The other kind of change is an abrupt change in the hemagglutinin and/or the neuraminidase proteins. This is called antigenic „shift.” […] The 2009 pandemic-causing H1N1 virus was a classic example of antigenic shift. […] The flu or influenza is usually a mild illness that goes away on its own. However, the flu can lead to serious complications, especially in certain groups of people. […] The flu can also lead to complications involving the heart, such as myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) or pericarditis (inflammation of the lining around the heart). […] Yes. However, associated deaths per year depend upon the virulence of the particular strain of virus that is circulating. That means for any given year, the likelihood of dying from the flu varies according to the specific infecting viruses.
  • #113 Influenza | Georgia Department of Public Health
    https://dph.georgia.gov/epidemiology/influenza
    Influenza, also called „flu,” is a viral illness that causes fever, sore throat, muscle aches and cough. […] Influenza can weaken the body’s defenses and lead to complications like bacterial pneumonia. […] Some people, such as young children, the elderly, pregnant women and people with certain chronic health conditions are more likely to have complications related to influenza. […] While most deaths occur among the elderly and people with chronic health conditions, deaths can also occur among younger adults and children. […] Influenza: A virus that causes a contagious respiratory illness in a variety of animals and in humans. […] Pandemic Influenza: A newly introduced contagious strain of influenza that is found in humans around the world and is associated with an elevated rate of severe illness and death.