Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Viral hemorrhagic fevers: advancing the level of treatment | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-10-31

  The management of viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) has mainly focused on strict infection control measures, while standard clinical interventions that are provided to patients with other life-threatening conditions are rarely offered to patients with VHFs. […] Given that patient outcomes improve when treatment is started as soon as possible, development and implementation of protocols to promptly identify and treat patients in the earliest phases of diseases are urgently needed. […] Different pharmacological options have been proposed to manage patients and, as for other life-threatening conditions, advanced life support has been proved effective to address multiorgan failure. […] Despite the practical difficulties of caring for VHF patients, a proper clinical case management of VHFs is neither futile nor does it lack of scientific rationale, as aggressive supportive care and specific antiviral therapy (whenever it is indicated) has been proved to improve patient outcomes.

• #1 Clinical Treatment of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Healthcare providers should notify their health department and CDC to determine a patient’s course of treatment. […] FDA-approved therapeutics do not exist for most viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] Supportive care is vital for patients with suspected or confirmed VHFs. […] Special precautions are needed to safely provide care like hemodialysis to VHF patients.

• #1

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40506-014-0022-4

  Viral hemorrhagic fever is a severe potentially fatal infectious disease. […] There is increasing evidence that aggressive goal directed supportive treatment is essential in preventing morbidity and mortality. […] Directed specific anti-viral therapy is recommended in certain situations, based mainly on in-vitro, animal, or observational studies. […] Ribavirin has the greatest body of evidence suggesting its efficacy in the treatment of Lassa hemorrhagic fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Hanta virus, and Rift valley fever. […] As therapeutic options remain extremely limited and the threat of this disease remains significant, prevention of disease via vaccination, vector control, public health education, and prevention of onward transmission remain a key part of public health control.

• #1 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351266

  There’s no treatment for most viral hemorrhagic fevers other than supportive care. […] The antiviral medicine ribavirin (Virazole) might shorten the course of some infections, such as Lassa fever. And the Food and Drug Administration has approved monoclonal antibody therapies Inmazeb and Ebanga to treat Ebola. […] Supportive care may help you feel better while your body fights the infection. For instance, to keep from losing too much fluid, called dehydration, you might need to get fluids through a vein in an arm, called IV. This can help keep the balance of minerals needed for nerves and muscles to work, called electrolytes. […] Kidney dialysis might help some people. Kidney dialysis removes wastes from the blood when the kidneys fail.

• #1 Management of Patients With Suspected Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00037085.htm

  Lassa fever was first recognized in 1969 in northern Nigeria when two of three nurses infected in a rural hospital died. […] Treatment is supportive and may require all the modern intensive-care facilities, including renal dialysis and mechanical ventilation. It is essential to pay attention to fluid and electrolyte balance, maintenance of blood pressure and circulatory volume, and control of seizures. […] A controlled clinical trial has shown an increased survival rate for Lassa fever patients treated with ribavirin. All patients with the disease should now receive this drug. […] Treatment is supportive and may require intensive care. Limited information exists on the efficacy of antiviral drugs or immune plasma to prevent or ameliorate Ebola hemorrhagic fever. […] The treatment is the same as for Ebola virus disease, and the same comments about antiviral drugs and the use of immune plasma apply.

• #1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17973-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Theres no specific cure for viral hemorrhagic fever. But there are antiviral treatments for a few VHFs. Most of the time, healthcare providers treat you by managing your symptoms and keeping your condition stable. Treatments might include: […] Ribavirin. […] Inmazeb and Ebanga (monoclonal antibody treatments approved for Ebola). […] Supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. […] Intravenous (IV) fluids. […] Medications to manage symptoms, like pain or nausea.

• #1 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P01464

  Generally, there is no known cure or treatment for these diseases. People with these illnesses may get supportive treatment. This may include getting fluids or assistance with breathing and pain relievers. An antiviral medicine may help some people with Ebola and Lassa fever. […] No cure or treatment is available for most of these illnesses.

• #1 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Treatment is typically supportive, but antivirals may be used in some cases (e.g., ribavirin in Lassa fever). […] Supportive treatment includes management of fluids and electrolyte balance, maintenance of blood pressure and oxygenation, analgesics for pain and fever, and blood products in patients with severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, hemorrhage. […] Medical treatment: Ribavirin may be used in some cases (e.g., Lassa fever). […] Aspirin and NSAIDs should be avoided in VHFs because they are associated with an increased risk of bleeding!

• #1 Viral haemorrhagic fevers | MSF Medical Guidelines

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CG/english/viral-haemorrhagic-fevers-16690024.html

  Aetiological treatment: ribavirine for Lassa fever and Crimean-Congo fever. […] Symptomatic treatment: Fever: paracetamol (Chapter 1). Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is contra-indicated. […] For Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fevers: invasive procedures must be strictly limited. Health care staff is at risk of contamination when inserting and maintaining IV lines. An IV line must be well secured so that the patient, often confused, cannot pull it out.

• #1 Prospects for treatment of viral hemorrhagic fevers with ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2546248/

  Ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, is active against hemorrhagic fever viruses (with the exception of Ebola virus) in cell culture systems. […] In model infections with arenaviruses in guinea pigs and monkeys, ribavirin has demonstrated both prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. […] In human cases of Lassa fever, it significantly reduces mortality when administered before day 7 of illness to persons at high risk. […] Ribavirin therapy resulted in reduced mortality in rodents and monkeys infected with Rift Valley fever virus; prophylactic administration to volunteers infected with sandfly fever virus, Sicilian strain, prevented development of illness. […] Ribavirin increased the number of survivors and the mean time to death in suckling mice infected with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and in suckling mice infected with Hantaan virus. […] In the People’s Republic of China, ribavirin significantly reduced mortality in patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. […] The only important adverse effect of ribavirin in humans is manageable, reversible anemia.

• #1 Management of Patients With Suspected Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00037085.htm

  Treatment is supportive and may require intensive care. Ribavirin inhibits CCHF virus in vitro, but its efficacy in clinical practice remains unconfirmed. […] Ribavirin is recommended both therapeutically for patients with Lassa fever and prophylactically for high-risk contacts of such patients. […] Ribavirin has been shown effective against some of the Bunyaviridae in vitro, and its use in patients with CCHF seems reasonable, although no clinical experience is available.

• #1

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/crimean-congo-haemorrhagic-fever

  Early intensive supportive care including fluid management and treatment of specific symptoms, can improve survival chance. […] There is currently no specific treatment approved for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. The antiviral drug ribavirin has been given off label as treatment; however, there is currently considerable uncertainties about its efficacy on the outcome of patients with CCHF given the lack of clinical evidence, as well as on its optimal dosing regimens. Whenever possible, if the decision is to use ribavirin to treat patients, they must be enrolled into a randomized clinical trial with ribavirin or other investigational therapeutics to assess clinical outcomes and safety.

• #1 Hemorrhagic Fever: Treatment, Procedure, Cost, Recovery, Side Effects And More

  https://www.lybrate.com/topic/hemorrhagic-fever

  There is no treatment for the hemorrhagic fever and vaccinations exist for only a few of the infections. The best approach for most viral hemorrhagic fever is to take preventive measure against them. […] Even though there is no clear treatment for the conditions, Ribavirin is an important drug, which can shorten the course of the infection. Patients also often require supportive care in order to manage the symptoms related to the disease. […] People suffering from severe forms of the hemorrhagic fever should seek treatment immediately. In such cases, internal bleeding may be caused, which can be fatal. The treatment will help the patient manage the symptoms and prevent damage to any organs in the body. […] Ribavirin is the only major drug used to treat hemorrhagic fevers caused by viruses. The medicine does not cause severe side effects, but may cause headache, muscle pain, dry mouth, weight loss, nausea and mood swings. Apart from this, there are no major side effects from the drug.

• #1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Treatment Developed

  https://www.genengnews.com/news/viral-hemorrhagic-fever-treatment-developed/

  Filoviruses such as Ebola often spread rapidly and lead to hemorrhagic fevers in humans with extremely high morbidity and mortality rates. The development of therapeutics to treat these deadly viral outbreaks are essential to help infected patients and minimize the public health threat. […] Now, a team of researchers from The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Mapp Biopharmaceutical, and Vanderbilt University have developed an antibody treatment that successfully protected nonhuman primates against the deadly Marburg and Ravn viruses, relatives of Ebola, even when administered five days after infection. […] Findings from the new study showed that the experimental treatment cured 100% of guinea pigs and rhesus monkeys in late stages of infection with lethal levels of Marburg and Ravn viruses.

• #1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Appropriate management of individuals suspected to have viral hemorrhagic fever includes early diagnosis to both increase chances of survival and prevent nosocomial infections. Patients with symptoms or travel history suggestive of these diseases should be isolated, and all staff caring for persons under investigation should wear appropriate personal protective equipment (referred to as viral hemorrhagic fever isolation precautions). Research regarding treatment is ongoing; however, the cornerstone of current treatment is supportive care. […] Lassa virus – Ribavirin has been shown to improve treatment outcomes when given early in the disease course; however, studies have been limited. Newer agents such as favipiravir and LASV-specific monoclonal antibodies are currently being evaluated. There are currently no effective vaccines for Lassa fever.

• #1 Viral hemorrhagic fevers: advancing the level of treatment | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-10-31

  Therefore, a case definition that can identify VHF patients in the early phases of diseases is urgently needed. […] The transfusion of immune convalescent plasma with adequate doses of specific neutralizing antibodies is the current recommended treatment for Junn virus VHF; this intervention has been proved to be effective in improving clinical course of diseases and reducing mortality to less than 1%. […] Gene-silencing treatment using small interfering RNAs (siRNA) has given good results both in guinea pigs and non-human primate Ebola infection models. […] Ribavirin is an antiviral drug currently recommended for prophylaxis and treatment of arenaviruses and bunyaviruses. […] High-throughput screening (HTS) of small molecular libraries, has recently emerged as a novel promising way to find new candidates molecules for VHF therapy.

• #1 Viral hemorrhagic fevers: advancing the level of treatment | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-10-31

  Several indirect lines of evidence suggest that modulating coagulation factors and/or cytokines activity may represent a new promising field of investigation for VHF therapy. […] Proper intensive care should be provided to all patients with VHF as for patients with other life-threatening conditions unrelated to VHF. […] There is currently a need to develop standardized clinical protocols for VHF clinical case management that integrate infection control measures with comprehensive care for patients. […] Despite the obstacles to provide care for VHF patients, and the limited, even disappointing clinical data on the efficacy of clinically available drugs, we believe that providing access to promising new therapeutics, under compassionate use protocols in carefully controlled settings is not only ethically justified but urgently needed, given the high lethality of these diseases and the impact on national and international public health.

• #1 Viral hemorrhagic fevers: advancing the level of treatment | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-10-31

  Beside high-level standards of safety for HCWs, which should be similar to those provided to bio-safety laboratory level 4 (BSL-4) personnel, a comprehensive protocol for clinical management of VHFs may not exclude high standards of care for patients. […] In theory patient care should include two main components. These are: (1) specific antiviral treatment (which includes compassionate or investigational use of therapeutic agents based on data from phase 1/2/3 trials, non-randomized studies or single case reports); and (2) advanced life support to prevent multiorgan failure. […] Based on clinical observations and on immunovirological parameters, the course of severe VHFs can be divided into three phases that require different clinical approaches; that is, incubation, precoagulopathy and coagulopathy.

• #1 Viral hemorrhagic fevers: advancing the level of treatment | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-10-31

  The first phase begins with exposure to the virus and persists throughout the presymptomatic period. At this level, active/passive immunization and molecules with direct antiviral activity are the most effective pharmacological option. […] The second phase coincides with virus replication and the eventual viremia. At this stage molecules with direct antiviral activity can be still effective. […] The third and last phase is characterized by the onset of coagulation abnormalities driven by the dysregulation of the cytokine network (cytokine storm). […] At this stage immune-modulating drugs (for example, inhibitors of coagulation factors and/or proinflammatory cytokines) are the only sensible option although their actual efficacy is yet to be assessed. […] Animal models and clinical experience in humans indicate that patient outcomes improve when treatment is started as soon as possible.

• #1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever – Treatment largely remains supportive. Ribavarin has demonstrated an antiviral effect against this virus in vitro. There is currently no effective vaccine for humans. […] Ebola virus disease and Marburg hemorrhagic fever – Treatment involves supportive care. There are currently no vaccines available against the Marburg virus. There is currently one Food and Drug Administration approved Ebola vaccine against the Zaire ebolavirus. […] Dengue fever – There are currently no effective antiviral regimens available for treatment, thus management involves supportive care. One vaccine is currently available in Latin America and Southeast Asia. However, the World Health Organization has recommended that it only be given to individuals who have a previous history of dengue infection.

• #1 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969877-treatment

  Dengue fever typically presents with a sudden onset of high fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, and generalized lymphadenopathy. […] In more severe cases, dengue can lead to dengue hemorrhagic fever, characterized by a bleeding tendency and shock, which can be fatal. […] Diagnosis is made through serologic testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whereas treatment focuses on symptomatic relief. For dengue hemorrhagic fever, careful management of intravascular volume replacement is crucial. […] Dengue fever typically is a self-limited disease with a mortality rate of less than 1% when detected early and with access to proper medical care. When treated, severe dengue has a mortality rate of 2-5%, but, when left untreated, the mortality rate is as high as 20%. […] Successful management of severe dengue requires intravascular volume replacement, with careful attention to fluid management and proactive treatment of hemorrhage. Admission to an intensive care unit is indicated for patients with severe dengue.

• #1 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/symptoms-causes/syc-20351260

  There are vaccines and treatments for only a few types of viral hemorrhagic fevers. Until there are vaccines for more of them, do your best to keep from getting viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] The yellow fever vaccine is mainly safe and works well. But rarely, serious side effects can happen. The yellow fever vaccine isn’t for children younger than 9 months of age, pregnant people or people whose immune systems don’t work well. […] There’s also an Ebola vaccination that protects against one type of Ebola. It’s for healthcare professionals who work in areas of outbreak. Check with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention about the countries you plan to visit. For some, you must prove that you’ve been vaccinated.

• #1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in South America: Key Takeaways from a NETEC Webinar | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2025/02/27/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-in-south-america-key-takeaways-from-a-netec-webinar/

  Hemorrhagic fevers viral diseases characterized by their ability to cause severe bleeding are a serious public health concern in some parts of South America. […] Recognizing the similarities and differences between these viruses is crucial for effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. […] BHF can be caused by different arenaviruses, including the Machupo and Chapare, making diagnosis and treatment more complex. […] The emergence of the Chapare virus, with its high fatality rate, documented person-to-person transmission, and potential for long-term viral persistence, raises significant public health concerns. […] Argentinas AHF control program has achieved remarkable success through the development and widespread implementation of a highly effective vaccine. […] Training healthcare professionals to recognize and manage these diseases, including providing supportive care and utilizing available treatments like immune plasma, can improve patient outcomes.

• #1 Emergencies Biological Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/emergency-preparedness/emergencies-biological-viral-hemorrhagic-fever.page

  What is the treatment for viral hemorrhagic fever? + […] Patients receive supportive medical therapy, but generally speaking, there is no other treatment or cure for VHF. Ribavirin, an anti-viral drug, has been effective in treating some people with Lassa fever or hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. […] […] […] Is there a vaccine for viral hemorrhagic fever, and how can I get it? + […] With the exception of yellow fever and Argentine hemorrhagic fever, for which vaccines have been developed, no vaccines exist that can protect against these diseases. In places where VHFs occur naturally, prevention efforts focus on avoiding contact with animal and insect hosts.

• #1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  https://johnshopkinshealthcare.staywellsolutionsonline.com/library/diseasesconditions/pediatric/85,P01464

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are illnesses caused by several types of viruses. Some of these viruses cause mild illness. Many others lead to life-threatening diseases with no known cures. […] Generally, there is no known cure or treatment for these diseases. People with these illnesses may get supportive treatment. This may include getting fluids or assistance with breathing and pain relievers. An antiviral medicine may help some people with Ebola and Lassa fever. […] No cure or treatment is available for most of these illnesses. People should not travel to areas where there are active outbreaks. […] Prevention includes getting vaccinated if you may be exposed to yellow fever, Ebola, or Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Also wear protective clothing, prevent insect bites, and stay away from infected rodents.

• #1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | Saint Luke’s Health System

  https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Generally, there is no known cure or treatment for these diseases. People with these illnesses may get supportive treatment. This may include getting fluids or assistance with breathing and pain relievers. An antiviral medicine may help some people with Ebola and Lassa fever. […] No cure or treatment is available for most of these illnesses. People should not travel to areas where there are active outbreaks.

• #1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/emergency-preparedness-response/public-health-care-system-preparedness/viral-hemorrhagic-fever.html

  What is the treatment for VHFs? […] Treatment of illness: There is no treatment or established cure for VHFs. The antiviral drug ribavirin may be of use in treating a subset of VHFs. […] People who are sick from VHFs need to be isolated.

• #1 15.25F: Classic Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Biology LibreTexts

  https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Boundless)/15%3A_Diseases/15.25%3A_Viral_Diseases_of_the_Cardiovascular_and_Lymphatic_Systems/15.25F%3A_Classic_Viral_Hemorrhagic_Fevers

  For most viral hemorrhagic fevers, there is no effective treatment other than supportive care. […] The only licensed vaccine available is for yellow fever. […] Control of rodent populations, insect and other arthropod populations can prevent VHFs.

• #1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: From Global to Local Outbreaks | Today’s Clinical Lab

  https://www.clinicallab.com/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-from-global-to-local-outbreaks-28129

  Due to the wide range of virus pathology from VHFs, most treatment algorithms are based on two primary factors: […] Antiviral treatment […] Life support to prevent multiorgan failure. […] With the danger of severe disease or higher mortality from VHFs, it is essential that the public understands how important prevention is to avoid an infection. […] Collaborative local and international disease control and prevention plans will be required to not only limit the spread of diseases like VHFs but also provide funding and support for early detection and supportive therapies for improving patient outcomes.

• #2 Viral hemorrhagic fevers: advancing the level of treatment | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-10-31

  Beside high-level standards of safety for HCWs, which should be similar to those provided to bio-safety laboratory level 4 (BSL-4) personnel, a comprehensive protocol for clinical management of VHFs may not exclude high standards of care for patients. […] In theory patient care should include two main components. These are: (1) specific antiviral treatment (which includes compassionate or investigational use of therapeutic agents based on data from phase 1/2/3 trials, non-randomized studies or single case reports); and (2) advanced life support to prevent multiorgan failure. […] Based on clinical observations and on immunovirological parameters, the course of severe VHFs can be divided into three phases that require different clinical approaches; that is, incubation, precoagulopathy and coagulopathy.

• #2 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Appropriate management of individuals suspected to have viral hemorrhagic fever includes early diagnosis to both increase chances of survival and prevent nosocomial infections. Patients with symptoms or travel history suggestive of these diseases should be isolated, and all staff caring for persons under investigation should wear appropriate personal protective equipment (referred to as viral hemorrhagic fever isolation precautions). Research regarding treatment is ongoing; however, the cornerstone of current treatment is supportive care. […] Lassa virus – Ribavirin has been shown to improve treatment outcomes when given early in the disease course; however, studies have been limited. Newer agents such as favipiravir and LASV-specific monoclonal antibodies are currently being evaluated. There are currently no effective vaccines for Lassa fever.

• #2 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17973-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Theres no specific cure for viral hemorrhagic fever. But there are antiviral treatments for a few VHFs. Most of the time, healthcare providers treat you by managing your symptoms and keeping your condition stable. Treatments might include: […] Ribavirin. […] Inmazeb and Ebanga (monoclonal antibody treatments approved for Ebola). […] Supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. […] Intravenous (IV) fluids. […] Medications to manage symptoms, like pain or nausea.

• #2 Clinical Treatment of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/clinical-care/index.html

  Healthcare providers should notify their health department and CDC to determine a patient’s course of treatment. […] FDA-approved therapeutics do not exist for most viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] Supportive care is vital for patients with suspected or confirmed VHFs. […] Special precautions are needed to safely provide care like hemodialysis to VHF patients.

• #2 Viral haemorrhagic fevers | MSF Medical Guidelines

  https://medicalguidelines.msf.org/en/viewport/CG/english/viral-haemorrhagic-fevers-16690024.html

  Aetiological treatment: ribavirine for Lassa fever and Crimean-Congo fever. […] Symptomatic treatment: Fever: paracetamol (Chapter 1). Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is contra-indicated. […] For Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fevers: invasive procedures must be strictly limited. Health care staff is at risk of contamination when inserting and maintaining IV lines. An IV line must be well secured so that the patient, often confused, cannot pull it out.

• #2 Management of Patients With Suspected Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

  https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00037085.htm

  Lassa fever was first recognized in 1969 in northern Nigeria when two of three nurses infected in a rural hospital died. […] Treatment is supportive and may require all the modern intensive-care facilities, including renal dialysis and mechanical ventilation. It is essential to pay attention to fluid and electrolyte balance, maintenance of blood pressure and circulatory volume, and control of seizures. […] A controlled clinical trial has shown an increased survival rate for Lassa fever patients treated with ribavirin. All patients with the disease should now receive this drug. […] Treatment is supportive and may require intensive care. Limited information exists on the efficacy of antiviral drugs or immune plasma to prevent or ameliorate Ebola hemorrhagic fever. […] The treatment is the same as for Ebola virus disease, and the same comments about antiviral drugs and the use of immune plasma apply.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/crimean-congo-haemorrhagic-fever

  Early intensive supportive care including fluid management and treatment of specific symptoms, can improve survival chance. […] There is currently no specific treatment approved for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. The antiviral drug ribavirin has been given off label as treatment; however, there is currently considerable uncertainties about its efficacy on the outcome of patients with CCHF given the lack of clinical evidence, as well as on its optimal dosing regimens. Whenever possible, if the decision is to use ribavirin to treat patients, they must be enrolled into a randomized clinical trial with ribavirin or other investigational therapeutics to assess clinical outcomes and safety.

• #2 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Treatment Developed

  https://www.genengnews.com/news/viral-hemorrhagic-fever-treatment-developed/

  In the current study, the investigators gave the animals a therapeutic candidate, MR191-N, which is a monoclonal antibody (mAb) derived from a person who survived Marburg disease. […] The authors report that two doses of MR191-N were able to confer protection of up to 100% when treatment was started up to five days post-infection. […] „In this paper, we demonstrated that one monoclonal antibody is able to protect up to 100% of Marburg or Ravn virus-infected nonhuman primates when the antibody treatment is given up to five days following exposure to a lethal amount of the virus,” explained senior study investigator Thomas Geisbert, Ph.D., professor in the department of microbiology and immunology at UTMB. […] „The level of protection observed by Dr. Geisbert’s team with this antibody is very impressive. We plan to advance this product towards human safety testing as quickly as possible,” concluded co-senior study investigator Larry Zeitlin, Ph.D., president of Mapp Biopharmaceutical.

• #2 Viral hemorrhagic fevers: advancing the level of treatment | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-10-31

  The first phase begins with exposure to the virus and persists throughout the presymptomatic period. At this level, active/passive immunization and molecules with direct antiviral activity are the most effective pharmacological option. […] The second phase coincides with virus replication and the eventual viremia. At this stage molecules with direct antiviral activity can be still effective. […] The third and last phase is characterized by the onset of coagulation abnormalities driven by the dysregulation of the cytokine network (cytokine storm). […] At this stage immune-modulating drugs (for example, inhibitors of coagulation factors and/or proinflammatory cytokines) are the only sensible option although their actual efficacy is yet to be assessed. […] Animal models and clinical experience in humans indicate that patient outcomes improve when treatment is started as soon as possible.

• #2 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever – Treatment largely remains supportive. Ribavarin has demonstrated an antiviral effect against this virus in vitro. There is currently no effective vaccine for humans. […] Ebola virus disease and Marburg hemorrhagic fever – Treatment involves supportive care. There are currently no vaccines available against the Marburg virus. There is currently one Food and Drug Administration approved Ebola vaccine against the Zaire ebolavirus. […] Dengue fever – There are currently no effective antiviral regimens available for treatment, thus management involves supportive care. One vaccine is currently available in Latin America and Southeast Asia. However, the World Health Organization has recommended that it only be given to individuals who have a previous history of dengue infection.

• #2 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Treatment Developed

  https://www.genengnews.com/news/viral-hemorrhagic-fever-treatment-developed/

  Filoviruses such as Ebola often spread rapidly and lead to hemorrhagic fevers in humans with extremely high morbidity and mortality rates. The development of therapeutics to treat these deadly viral outbreaks are essential to help infected patients and minimize the public health threat. […] Now, a team of researchers from The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Mapp Biopharmaceutical, and Vanderbilt University have developed an antibody treatment that successfully protected nonhuman primates against the deadly Marburg and Ravn viruses, relatives of Ebola, even when administered five days after infection. […] Findings from the new study showed that the experimental treatment cured 100% of guinea pigs and rhesus monkeys in late stages of infection with lethal levels of Marburg and Ravn viruses.

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