Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351266

  If you think you might have a viral hemorrhagic fever, contact your healthcare professional. Let the office know what you think you have. You might be sent directly to an emergency room. Make sure the emergency room knows that you might have a viral hemorrhagic fever before you go. […] Diagnosing viral hemorrhagic fevers in the first few days of illness can be hard. Early symptoms, such as high fever, muscle aches, headaches and extreme tiredness, are common to many other conditions. […] Lab tests, most often using a blood sample, can confirm a diagnosis. You most often have these tests in special labs. That’s because viral hemorrhagic fevers are so easy to catch.

• #2 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) represent a group of severe systemic febrile illnesses caused by four families of viruses – Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae. […] This activity outlines the evaluation and management of viral hemorrhagic fevers and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the care of patients with this condition. […] Review the appropriate evaluation of patients with viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] Describe the management of viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] The clinical evaluation for viral hemorrhagic fevers includes complete blood count with differential, comprehensive metabolic panel, type and cross, coagulation studies, liver function tests, as well as evaluation for bacterial infections with urinalysis, urine culture, chest x-ray, and blood cultures.

• #3 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351266

  If you think you might have a viral hemorrhagic fever, contact your healthcare professional. Let the office know what you think you have. You might be sent directly to an emergency room. Make sure the emergency room knows that you might have a viral hemorrhagic fever before you go. […] Diagnosing viral hemorrhagic fevers in the first few days of illness can be hard. Early symptoms, such as high fever, muscle aches, headaches and extreme tiredness, are common to many other conditions. […] Lab tests, most often using a blood sample, can confirm a diagnosis. You most often have these tests in special labs. That’s because viral hemorrhagic fevers are so easy to catch.

• #4 Clinical Screening and Diagnosis for VHFs | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are rare and deadly viral illness that are reportable in all U.S. states and territories. […] If you suspect a VHF after screening, isolate the patient and notify your health department. […] Laboratory-confirmed diagnostic evidence of a VHF (i.e., through molecular and/or serologic testing). […] It is important to systematically assess patients for the possibility of a VHF through a triage and evaluation process. […] Getting a thorough history is important for all patients exhibiting symptoms compatible with a VHF who may have had an exposure to the virus. […] Signs and symptoms of most VHFs are nonspecific and similar to many other common causes of febrile illness in returning travelers. Assess a patient’s signs and symptoms along with their travel history and epidemiologic risk factors before initiating immediate infection control measures.

• #5 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Diagnostics

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4723665/

  Ebola virus is one cause of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) and the cause of the current outbreak in West Africa. Diagnostic modalities vary in detecting VHF, and this article reviews current assays available for diagnosing suspected VHF. […] This article reviews traditional and current diagnostic modalities for VHF. […] Laboratory diagnosis of VHF has traditionally taken place in highly specialized reference laboratories. […] Nucleic acid detection has become a common diagnostic tool for identifying viral diseases, including VHF. […] Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) has become the cornerstone for molecular diagnosis, and RT-PCR assays have been developed for the majority of VHF-associated viruses. […] Molecular detection by RT-PCR in blood is the most sensitive assay for diagnosing known VHF in symptomatic patients. […] Future test development needs to include increasing the sensitivity and specificity of rapid testing that can be performed in resource-limited settings, where humidity and temperature stability are not favorable.

• #6 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) represent a group of severe systemic febrile illnesses caused by four families of viruses – Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae. […] This activity outlines the evaluation and management of viral hemorrhagic fevers and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the care of patients with this condition. […] Review the appropriate evaluation of patients with viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] Describe the management of viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] The clinical evaluation for viral hemorrhagic fevers includes complete blood count with differential, comprehensive metabolic panel, type and cross, coagulation studies, liver function tests, as well as evaluation for bacterial infections with urinalysis, urine culture, chest x-ray, and blood cultures.

• #7 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers encompass a diverse group of severe, often life-threatening illnesses caused by viruses from multiple families, including Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, Peribunyaviridae, and Phenuiviridae. Characterised by fever and haemorrhagic symptoms, these diseases challenge public health systems by overwhelming healthcare facilities, complicating diagnostic processes, and requiring extensive resources for containment and treatment, especially in resource-limited settings. […] This review discusses the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate virology, ecology, and public health to enhance diagnostic capabilities, develop vaccines and antivirals, and improve outbreak interventions. […] The substantial genetic diversity among these viruses complicates their transmission dynamics and clinical manifestations, and poses challenges in the development of diagnostics and vaccines.

• #8 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers encompass a diverse group of severe, often life-threatening illnesses caused by viruses from multiple families, including Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, Peribunyaviridae, and Phenuiviridae. Characterised by fever and haemorrhagic symptoms, these diseases challenge public health systems by overwhelming healthcare facilities, complicating diagnostic processes, and requiring extensive resources for containment and treatment, especially in resource-limited settings. […] This review discusses the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate virology, ecology, and public health to enhance diagnostic capabilities, develop vaccines and antivirals, and improve outbreak interventions. […] The substantial genetic diversity among these viruses complicates their transmission dynamics and clinical manifestations, and poses challenges in the development of diagnostics and vaccines.

• #9 Clinical Screening and Diagnosis for VHFs | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are rare and deadly viral illness that are reportable in all U.S. states and territories. […] If you suspect a VHF after screening, isolate the patient and notify your health department. […] Laboratory-confirmed diagnostic evidence of a VHF (i.e., through molecular and/or serologic testing). […] It is important to systematically assess patients for the possibility of a VHF through a triage and evaluation process. […] Getting a thorough history is important for all patients exhibiting symptoms compatible with a VHF who may have had an exposure to the virus. […] Signs and symptoms of most VHFs are nonspecific and similar to many other common causes of febrile illness in returning travelers. Assess a patient’s signs and symptoms along with their travel history and epidemiologic risk factors before initiating immediate infection control measures.

• #10 Clinical Screening and Diagnosis for VHFs | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are rare and deadly viral illness that are reportable in all U.S. states and territories. […] If you suspect a VHF after screening, isolate the patient and notify your health department. […] Laboratory-confirmed diagnostic evidence of a VHF (i.e., through molecular and/or serologic testing). […] It is important to systematically assess patients for the possibility of a VHF through a triage and evaluation process. […] Getting a thorough history is important for all patients exhibiting symptoms compatible with a VHF who may have had an exposure to the virus. […] Signs and symptoms of most VHFs are nonspecific and similar to many other common causes of febrile illness in returning travelers. Assess a patient’s signs and symptoms along with their travel history and epidemiologic risk factors before initiating immediate infection control measures.

• #11 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  https://library.sarahbush.org/library/diseasesconditions/pediatric/Dental/85,P01464

  Your healthcare provider will ask about your past health and travel history. You will also need a physical exam. Blood tests can also help in the diagnosis. […] Always see your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #12 Clinical Screening and Diagnosis for VHFs | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html

  VHF symptoms can appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to the virus. […] A person with a VHF is not contagious until the appearance of symptoms. […] Isolate the patient in a single room with a private bathroom or a covered bedside commode. […] Notify your facility’s Infection Prevention and Control Program and other healthcare personnel of a suspect VHF case. […] Contact the local or state health department for consultation about VHF testing.

• #13 Clinical Screening and Diagnosis for VHFs | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html

  VHF symptoms can appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to the virus. […] A person with a VHF is not contagious until the appearance of symptoms. […] Isolate the patient in a single room with a private bathroom or a covered bedside commode. […] Notify your facility’s Infection Prevention and Control Program and other healthcare personnel of a suspect VHF case. […] Contact the local or state health department for consultation about VHF testing.

• #14 Clinical Screening and Diagnosis for VHFs | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html

  VHF symptoms can appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to the virus. […] A person with a VHF is not contagious until the appearance of symptoms. […] Isolate the patient in a single room with a private bathroom or a covered bedside commode. […] Notify your facility’s Infection Prevention and Control Program and other healthcare personnel of a suspect VHF case. […] Contact the local or state health department for consultation about VHF testing.

• #15 Laboratory Testing for Patients with a Suspected VHF or High-Consequence Disease | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/php/laboratories/index.html

  Healthcare providers who suspect a patient is ill with a viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) or other high-consequence disease must conduct an initial screening, isolate the patient, and notify their health department before testing can take place. […] Routine laboratory testing to monitor the patients clinical status and diagnostic testing for other potential causes of the patients illness should be pursued while testing for a VHF or other high-consequence disease is underway. […] Early consideration of a VHF or other high-consequence disease in the differential diagnosis of a patient with applicable clinical and epidemiological factors is essential for providing appropriate care and preventing the spread of infection. […] Clinicians with concerns about a VHF or other high-consequence virus infection during the differential diagnosis of their patient’s illness should contact their jurisdictional health department immediately (via the 24-hour Epi-On-Call contact list) and follow jurisdictional protocols.

• #16 Clinical Screening and Diagnosis for VHFs | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html

  VHF symptoms can appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to the virus. […] A person with a VHF is not contagious until the appearance of symptoms. […] Isolate the patient in a single room with a private bathroom or a covered bedside commode. […] Notify your facility’s Infection Prevention and Control Program and other healthcare personnel of a suspect VHF case. […] Contact the local or state health department for consultation about VHF testing.

• #17 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) represent a group of severe systemic febrile illnesses caused by four families of viruses – Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae. […] This activity outlines the evaluation and management of viral hemorrhagic fevers and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the care of patients with this condition. […] Review the appropriate evaluation of patients with viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] Describe the management of viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] The clinical evaluation for viral hemorrhagic fevers includes complete blood count with differential, comprehensive metabolic panel, type and cross, coagulation studies, liver function tests, as well as evaluation for bacterial infections with urinalysis, urine culture, chest x-ray, and blood cultures.

• #18 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/116027

  Viruses implicated in viral hemorrhagic fevers and the diseases they cause are grouped by the family of viruses: […] The clinical evaluation for viral hemorrhagic fevers includes complete blood count with differential, comprehensive metabolic panel, type and cross, coagulation studies, liver function tests, as well as evaluation for bacterial infections with urinalysis, urine culture, chest x-ray, and blood cultures. Serological testing for virus-specific IgM and IgG can be helpful but is not as sensitive or specific as molecular-based testing. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation via cell culture are methods that can be used for diagnostic testing. […] Appropriate management of individuals suspected to have viral hemorrhagic fever includes early diagnosis to both increase chances of survival and prevent nosocomial infections.

• #19 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: From Global to Local Outbreaks | Today’s Clinical Lab

  https://www.clinicallab.com/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-from-global-to-local-outbreaks-28129

  Due to the pathology of many VHFs, its common for patients to show leukopenia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration, and occasionally, disseminated intravascular coagulation. Elevated hepatocellular enzyme levels and hypoalbuminemia are typically present and proteinuria is a universal finding. […] Unfortunately, VHFs have many nonspecific symptoms that can present like other diseases, such as malaria or typhoid fever. As a result, the CDC urges clinicians to evaluate patients for other causes of illness whether or not testing for a VHF is indicated. […] Thus, healthcare providers must first notify their jurisdictional health department when there is a patient in consideration for a highly contagious and infectious VHF. The health department, in coordination with the CDC, will facilitate testing, which is typically performed at a reference laboratory.

• #20 Viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  Definitive diagnosis is usually made at a reference laboratory with advanced biocontainment capabilities. The findings of laboratory investigation vary somewhat between the viruses but in general, there is a decrease in the total white cell count (particularly the lymphocytes), a decrease in the platelet count, an increase in the blood serum liver enzymes, and reduced blood clotting ability measured as an increase in both the prothrombin (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin times (PTT). The hematocrit may be elevated. The serum urea and creatine may be raised but this is dependent on the hydration status of the patient. The bleeding time tends to be prolonged.

• #21 Laboratory Testing for Patients with a Suspected VHF or High-Consequence Disease | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/php/laboratories/index.html

  Clinical teams should coordinate with public health officials and CDC to assess the risk of a VHF or other high-consequence disease based on the clinical presentation and epidemiologic risk factors to determine if VHF or other high-consequence disease testing is needed, and what other causes of illness should be considered (e.g., malaria). […] In the hospital setting, where policies and procedures should be in place to safeguard health care workers, consideration of a VHF or other high-consequence disease should not delay diagnostic assessments, laboratory testing, and appropriate care for other, more likely medical conditions. […] CDC’s Viral Special Pathogens Branch (VSPB) is available 24/7 for consultations on VHFs or other HCID by calling the CDC Emergency Operations Center at 770-488-7100 and requesting VSPB’s on-call epidemiologist.

• #22 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: From Global to Local Outbreaks | Today’s Clinical Lab

  https://www.clinicallab.com/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-from-global-to-local-outbreaks-28129

  Due to the pathology of many VHFs, its common for patients to show leukopenia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration, and occasionally, disseminated intravascular coagulation. Elevated hepatocellular enzyme levels and hypoalbuminemia are typically present and proteinuria is a universal finding. […] Unfortunately, VHFs have many nonspecific symptoms that can present like other diseases, such as malaria or typhoid fever. As a result, the CDC urges clinicians to evaluate patients for other causes of illness whether or not testing for a VHF is indicated. […] Thus, healthcare providers must first notify their jurisdictional health department when there is a patient in consideration for a highly contagious and infectious VHF. The health department, in coordination with the CDC, will facilitate testing, which is typically performed at a reference laboratory.

• #23 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Diagnostics

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4723665/

  Ebola virus is one cause of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) and the cause of the current outbreak in West Africa. Diagnostic modalities vary in detecting VHF, and this article reviews current assays available for diagnosing suspected VHF. […] This article reviews traditional and current diagnostic modalities for VHF. […] Laboratory diagnosis of VHF has traditionally taken place in highly specialized reference laboratories. […] Nucleic acid detection has become a common diagnostic tool for identifying viral diseases, including VHF. […] Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) has become the cornerstone for molecular diagnosis, and RT-PCR assays have been developed for the majority of VHF-associated viruses. […] Molecular detection by RT-PCR in blood is the most sensitive assay for diagnosing known VHF in symptomatic patients. […] Future test development needs to include increasing the sensitivity and specificity of rapid testing that can be performed in resource-limited settings, where humidity and temperature stability are not favorable.

• #24 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351266

  If you think you might have a viral hemorrhagic fever, contact your healthcare professional. Let the office know what you think you have. You might be sent directly to an emergency room. Make sure the emergency room knows that you might have a viral hemorrhagic fever before you go. […] Diagnosing viral hemorrhagic fevers in the first few days of illness can be hard. Early symptoms, such as high fever, muscle aches, headaches and extreme tiredness, are common to many other conditions. […] Lab tests, most often using a blood sample, can confirm a diagnosis. You most often have these tests in special labs. That’s because viral hemorrhagic fevers are so easy to catch.

• #25 Viral haemorrhagic fevers – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/viral+haemorrhagic+fevers/viral+haemorrhagic+fevers+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of potentially life threatening infections which are associated with fever and bleeding. […] Cases are diagnosed with a blood test, either PCR or serology or both, depending on the virus. […] Testing is done in a public health laboratory with special biosafety features, and appropriate safety procedures are followed during the collection and transport of specimens.

• #26 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Diagnostics

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4723665/

  Ebola virus is one cause of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) and the cause of the current outbreak in West Africa. Diagnostic modalities vary in detecting VHF, and this article reviews current assays available for diagnosing suspected VHF. […] This article reviews traditional and current diagnostic modalities for VHF. […] Laboratory diagnosis of VHF has traditionally taken place in highly specialized reference laboratories. […] Nucleic acid detection has become a common diagnostic tool for identifying viral diseases, including VHF. […] Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) has become the cornerstone for molecular diagnosis, and RT-PCR assays have been developed for the majority of VHF-associated viruses. […] Molecular detection by RT-PCR in blood is the most sensitive assay for diagnosing known VHF in symptomatic patients. […] Future test development needs to include increasing the sensitivity and specificity of rapid testing that can be performed in resource-limited settings, where humidity and temperature stability are not favorable.

• #27 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Diagnostics

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4723665/

  Ebola virus is one cause of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) and the cause of the current outbreak in West Africa. Diagnostic modalities vary in detecting VHF, and this article reviews current assays available for diagnosing suspected VHF. […] This article reviews traditional and current diagnostic modalities for VHF. […] Laboratory diagnosis of VHF has traditionally taken place in highly specialized reference laboratories. […] Nucleic acid detection has become a common diagnostic tool for identifying viral diseases, including VHF. […] Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) has become the cornerstone for molecular diagnosis, and RT-PCR assays have been developed for the majority of VHF-associated viruses. […] Molecular detection by RT-PCR in blood is the most sensitive assay for diagnosing known VHF in symptomatic patients. […] Future test development needs to include increasing the sensitivity and specificity of rapid testing that can be performed in resource-limited settings, where humidity and temperature stability are not favorable.

• #28 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969877-workup

  Diagnosis is made through serologic testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whereas treatment focuses on symptomatic relief. For dengue hemorrhagic fever, careful management of intravascular volume replacement is crucial. […] Laboratory criteria for the diagnosis of dengue include one or more of the following, which are used to detect the virus, viral nucleic acid, antibodies or antigens, or a combination thereof: Demonstration of a fourfold or greater change in reciprocal immunoglobulin G (IgG) or IgM antibody titers to 1 or more dengue virus antigens in paired serum samples. […] Detection of viral genomic sequences in autopsy tissue, serum, or cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) samples via reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay: RT-PCR provides earlier and more specific diagnosis.

• #29 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969877-workup

  During the early phase of the disease (first 4-5 days), virus can be detected in serum, plasma, circulating blood cells, and tissues. Virus isolation, nucleic acid detection, and antigen detection are more useful to diagnose infection. At the end of the acute phase of illness, serology becomes the method of choice. […] Guaiac testing for occult blood in the stool should be performed on all patients in whom dengue virus infection is suspected. Urinalysis identifies hematuria. […] Because the signs and symptoms of dengue fever are nonspecific, attempting laboratory confirmation of dengue infection by serodiagnosis, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), or culture is important.

• #30 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969877-workup

  During the early phase of the disease (first 4-5 days), virus can be detected in serum, plasma, circulating blood cells, and tissues. Virus isolation, nucleic acid detection, and antigen detection are more useful to diagnose infection. At the end of the acute phase of illness, serology becomes the method of choice. […] Guaiac testing for occult blood in the stool should be performed on all patients in whom dengue virus infection is suspected. Urinalysis identifies hematuria. […] Because the signs and symptoms of dengue fever are nonspecific, attempting laboratory confirmation of dengue infection by serodiagnosis, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), or culture is important.

• #31 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Serological testing for virus-specific IgM and IgG can be helpful but is not as sensitive or specific as molecular-based testing. […] Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation via cell culture are methods that can be used for diagnostic testing. […] Appropriate management of individuals suspected to have viral hemorrhagic fever includes early diagnosis to both increase chances of survival and prevent nosocomial infections. […] Research regarding treatment is ongoing; however, the cornerstone of current treatment is supportive care. […] There are currently no effective vaccines for Lassa fever. […] Treatment largely remains supportive. […] There are currently no vaccines available against the Marburg virus. […] There are currently no effective antiviral regimens available for treatment, thus management involves supportive care.

• #32 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969877-workup

  Diagnosis is made through serologic testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whereas treatment focuses on symptomatic relief. For dengue hemorrhagic fever, careful management of intravascular volume replacement is crucial. […] Laboratory criteria for the diagnosis of dengue include one or more of the following, which are used to detect the virus, viral nucleic acid, antibodies or antigens, or a combination thereof: Demonstration of a fourfold or greater change in reciprocal immunoglobulin G (IgG) or IgM antibody titers to 1 or more dengue virus antigens in paired serum samples. […] Detection of viral genomic sequences in autopsy tissue, serum, or cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) samples via reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay: RT-PCR provides earlier and more specific diagnosis.

• #33 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Serological testing for virus-specific IgM and IgG can be helpful but is not as sensitive or specific as molecular-based testing. […] Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation via cell culture are methods that can be used for diagnostic testing. […] Appropriate management of individuals suspected to have viral hemorrhagic fever includes early diagnosis to both increase chances of survival and prevent nosocomial infections. […] Research regarding treatment is ongoing; however, the cornerstone of current treatment is supportive care. […] There are currently no effective vaccines for Lassa fever. […] Treatment largely remains supportive. […] There are currently no vaccines available against the Marburg virus. […] There are currently no effective antiviral regimens available for treatment, thus management involves supportive care.

• #34

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/crimean-congo-haemorrhagic-fever

  CCHF virus infection can be diagnosed by several different laboratory tests: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); antigen detection; serum neutralization; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay; and virus isolation by cell culture. […] Patients with fatal disease, as well as in patients in the first few days of illness, do not usually develop a measurable antibody response and so diagnosis in these individuals is achieved by virus or RNA detection in blood or tissue samples. […] Tests on patient samples present an extreme biohazard risk and should only be conducted under maximum biological containment conditions.

• #35 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: From Global to Local Outbreaks | Today’s Clinical Lab

  https://www.clinicallab.com/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-from-global-to-local-outbreaks-28129

  The typical types of laboratory tests used to test for VHFs include: […] Molecular testing: Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is one of the most sensitive and specific for RNA viruses found with VHFs. […] Serological testing: These are tests for specific antibodies (IgM/IgG), which are helpful for later stages of illness. […] Immunoassays: These tests can detect viral antigens from blood and tissues. […] Isolation for virus and electron microscopy: These tests can take longer while attempting to culture and amplify a virus in cells. Electron microscopy is required to view any virus due to their extremely small size and is costly. […] With the danger of severe disease or higher mortality from VHFs, it is essential that the public understands how important prevention is to avoid an infection. VHFs and other emerging and reemerging diseases often depend on understanding the host reservoir and virus transmission.

• #36 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: Laboratory Diagnosis | 18 | Handbook of Vira

  https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780429276736-18/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-laboratory-diagnosis-shepherd

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) can rarely be distinguished from each other or from other syndromes on clinical grounds alone; therefore laboratory diagnosis is essential for confirmation of the etiology. […] Specific diagnosis is made on the basis of virus isolation or demonstration of seroconversion, fourfold rise in antibody titer, or presence of specific Immunoglobulin M antibody. […] The most valuable specimens for diagnosis of VHF in acutely ill patients are whole blood or serum, collected as soon as possible after onset of symptoms. […] Specific identification of Rift Valley Fever antigen has been achieved in post-mortem human liver by immunodiffusion and in animal tissues by immunofluorescence. […] Marburg virus can be readily isolated from the blood, less often from urine and throat washings of acutely ill patients, and from post-mortem specimens including liver, spleen, heart, kidney, and brain. […] The indirect fluorescent antibody test is the preferred method for serological diagnosis of Argentinian hemorrhagic fever.

• #37 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: Laboratory Diagnosis | 18 | Handbook of Vira

  https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780429276736-18/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-laboratory-diagnosis-shepherd

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) can rarely be distinguished from each other or from other syndromes on clinical grounds alone; therefore laboratory diagnosis is essential for confirmation of the etiology. […] Specific diagnosis is made on the basis of virus isolation or demonstration of seroconversion, fourfold rise in antibody titer, or presence of specific Immunoglobulin M antibody. […] The most valuable specimens for diagnosis of VHF in acutely ill patients are whole blood or serum, collected as soon as possible after onset of symptoms. […] Specific identification of Rift Valley Fever antigen has been achieved in post-mortem human liver by immunodiffusion and in animal tissues by immunofluorescence. […] Marburg virus can be readily isolated from the blood, less often from urine and throat washings of acutely ill patients, and from post-mortem specimens including liver, spleen, heart, kidney, and brain. […] The indirect fluorescent antibody test is the preferred method for serological diagnosis of Argentinian hemorrhagic fever.

• #38 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: Laboratory Diagnosis | 18 | Handbook of Vira

  https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/9780429276736-18/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-laboratory-diagnosis-shepherd

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) can rarely be distinguished from each other or from other syndromes on clinical grounds alone; therefore laboratory diagnosis is essential for confirmation of the etiology. […] Specific diagnosis is made on the basis of virus isolation or demonstration of seroconversion, fourfold rise in antibody titer, or presence of specific Immunoglobulin M antibody. […] The most valuable specimens for diagnosis of VHF in acutely ill patients are whole blood or serum, collected as soon as possible after onset of symptoms. […] Specific identification of Rift Valley Fever antigen has been achieved in post-mortem human liver by immunodiffusion and in animal tissues by immunofluorescence. […] Marburg virus can be readily isolated from the blood, less often from urine and throat washings of acutely ill patients, and from post-mortem specimens including liver, spleen, heart, kidney, and brain. […] The indirect fluorescent antibody test is the preferred method for serological diagnosis of Argentinian hemorrhagic fever.

• #39 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17973-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  How are viral hemorrhagic fevers diagnosed? Providers might suspect you have a VHF based on your symptoms and certain risk factors (like your travel history). Theyll also test samples of your body fluids for signs of viruses. To get samples and perform tests, they might do: Blood tests. Throat swab. Urinalysis. Lumbar puncture (spinal tap). […] How are viral hemorrhagic fevers treated? Theres no specific cure for viral hemorrhagic fever. But there are antiviral treatments for a few VHFs. Most of the time, healthcare providers treat you by managing your symptoms and keeping your condition stable. Treatments might include: Ribavirin. Inmazeb and Ebanga (monoclonal antibody treatments approved for Ebola). Supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Intravenous (IV) fluids. Medications to manage symptoms, like pain or nausea.

• #40 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | Infectious Diseases

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  We offer comprehensive preventive services, testing and treatment for all viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] The infectious disease specialists at UC Davis Health have experience testing, diagnosing and treating all types of viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] Early diagnosis is very important and increases the chances of survival in the deadliest viruses, such as Ebola and Marburg virus. […] Tests for viral hemorrhagic fevers usually include blood and urine tests. Your provider may order imaging exams if they suspect organ damage.

• #41 Lassa Fever: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/25095-lassa-fever

  A provider diagnoses Lassa fever by testing samples of your body fluids for signs of the virus. To get samples and perform tests, they might do: […] Lassa fever can look like other illnesses including malaria, dengue and Ebola so it can be difficult to diagnose. Tell your provider if you’ve traveled to areas where Lassa fever is common or if you could’ve been exposed to the virus.

• #42 Lassa Fever: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/25095-lassa-fever

  A provider diagnoses Lassa fever by testing samples of your body fluids for signs of the virus. To get samples and perform tests, they might do: […] Lassa fever can look like other illnesses including malaria, dengue and Ebola so it can be difficult to diagnose. Tell your provider if you’ve traveled to areas where Lassa fever is common or if you could’ve been exposed to the virus.

• #43 Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1606

  Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever is a notifiable condition. […] Presents as a sudden-onset, severe illness with initial influenza-like symptoms, red eyes, and petechiae leading to signs of haemorrhage around day 4. […] Appropriate personal protective equipment should be used and the patient isolated. […] Diagnostic investigations include reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and malaria investigations. […] Investigations to consider include serology, FBC, coagulation studies, LFTs, serum creatinine and urea, urinalysis, serum electrolytes, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase.

• #44 Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1606

  Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever is a notifiable condition. […] Presents as a sudden-onset, severe illness with initial influenza-like symptoms, red eyes, and petechiae leading to signs of haemorrhage around day 4. […] Appropriate personal protective equipment should be used and the patient isolated. […] Diagnostic investigations include reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and malaria investigations. […] Investigations to consider include serology, FBC, coagulation studies, LFTs, serum creatinine and urea, urinalysis, serum electrolytes, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase.

• #45 Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1606

  Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever is a notifiable condition. […] Presents as a sudden-onset, severe illness with initial influenza-like symptoms, red eyes, and petechiae leading to signs of haemorrhage around day 4. […] Appropriate personal protective equipment should be used and the patient isolated. […] Diagnostic investigations include reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and malaria investigations. […] Investigations to consider include serology, FBC, coagulation studies, LFTs, serum creatinine and urea, urinalysis, serum electrolytes, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase.

• #46 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969877-workup

  Diagnosis is made through serologic testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whereas treatment focuses on symptomatic relief. For dengue hemorrhagic fever, careful management of intravascular volume replacement is crucial. […] Laboratory criteria for the diagnosis of dengue include one or more of the following, which are used to detect the virus, viral nucleic acid, antibodies or antigens, or a combination thereof: Demonstration of a fourfold or greater change in reciprocal immunoglobulin G (IgG) or IgM antibody titers to 1 or more dengue virus antigens in paired serum samples. […] Detection of viral genomic sequences in autopsy tissue, serum, or cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) samples via reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay: RT-PCR provides earlier and more specific diagnosis.

• #47 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969877-workup

  Diagnosis is made through serologic testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whereas treatment focuses on symptomatic relief. For dengue hemorrhagic fever, careful management of intravascular volume replacement is crucial. […] Laboratory criteria for the diagnosis of dengue include one or more of the following, which are used to detect the virus, viral nucleic acid, antibodies or antigens, or a combination thereof: Demonstration of a fourfold or greater change in reciprocal immunoglobulin G (IgG) or IgM antibody titers to 1 or more dengue virus antigens in paired serum samples. […] Detection of viral genomic sequences in autopsy tissue, serum, or cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) samples via reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay: RT-PCR provides earlier and more specific diagnosis.

• #48 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969877-workup

  During the early phase of the disease (first 4-5 days), virus can be detected in serum, plasma, circulating blood cells, and tissues. Virus isolation, nucleic acid detection, and antigen detection are more useful to diagnose infection. At the end of the acute phase of illness, serology becomes the method of choice. […] Guaiac testing for occult blood in the stool should be performed on all patients in whom dengue virus infection is suspected. Urinalysis identifies hematuria. […] Because the signs and symptoms of dengue fever are nonspecific, attempting laboratory confirmation of dengue infection by serodiagnosis, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), or culture is important.

• #49

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/crimean-congo-haemorrhagic-fever

  CCHF virus infection can be diagnosed by several different laboratory tests: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); antigen detection; serum neutralization; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay; and virus isolation by cell culture. […] Patients with fatal disease, as well as in patients in the first few days of illness, do not usually develop a measurable antibody response and so diagnosis in these individuals is achieved by virus or RNA detection in blood or tissue samples. […] Tests on patient samples present an extreme biohazard risk and should only be conducted under maximum biological containment conditions.

• #50 Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1606

  Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever is a notifiable condition. […] Presents as a sudden-onset, severe illness with initial influenza-like symptoms, red eyes, and petechiae leading to signs of haemorrhage around day 4. […] Appropriate personal protective equipment should be used and the patient isolated. […] Diagnostic investigations include reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and malaria investigations. […] Investigations to consider include serology, FBC, coagulation studies, LFTs, serum creatinine and urea, urinalysis, serum electrolytes, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase.

• #51 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | VisualDx

  https://www.visualdx.com/resources/public-health/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers refer to clinical illnesses associated with fever and a bleeding diathesis caused by a virus belonging to the Filoviridae, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, or Flaviviridae families. […] Except for members of the Flaviviridae family, which lack human-to-human transmission, viral hemorrhagic fevers are highly contagious and spread easily from person to person via inhalation of aerosolized particles, mucosal exposure, or physical contact with a patient or corpse. […] All suspected cases should be immediately reported to state and local health departments. Practice strict infection control measures including airborne and contact precautions. It is recommended that clinicians use either an N-95 mask or a powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) when caring for viral hemorrhagic fever patients.

• #52 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  As viral hemorrhagic fevers encompass a wide variety of diseases, the prognosis varies. […] Management is largely supportive. […] Viral hemorrhagic fever isolation precautions should be instituted immediately if this entity is suspected. […] Health care outcomes can be improved with an interprofessional team approach whenever viral hemorrhagic fevers are suspected.

• #53 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | VisualDx

  https://www.visualdx.com/resources/public-health/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers refer to clinical illnesses associated with fever and a bleeding diathesis caused by a virus belonging to the Filoviridae, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, or Flaviviridae families. […] Except for members of the Flaviviridae family, which lack human-to-human transmission, viral hemorrhagic fevers are highly contagious and spread easily from person to person via inhalation of aerosolized particles, mucosal exposure, or physical contact with a patient or corpse. […] All suspected cases should be immediately reported to state and local health departments. Practice strict infection control measures including airborne and contact precautions. It is recommended that clinicians use either an N-95 mask or a powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) when caring for viral hemorrhagic fever patients.

• #54 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

  https://www.nuh.nhs.uk/viral-hemorrhagic-fever/

  The term Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) refers to a group of serious illnesses caused by particular viruses. […] If one of these VHFs is suspected seek immediate advice from the on-call consultant infectious diseases physician and consultant medical microbiologist. Do Not send ANY blood samples to the laboratory. […] The commonest diagnosis in patients with suspected VHF is malaria. […] Strict Precautions are required for nursing patients with VHF. […] VHF is a Notifiable diseases.

• #55 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

  https://www.nuh.nhs.uk/viral-hemorrhagic-fever/

  The term Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) refers to a group of serious illnesses caused by particular viruses. […] If one of these VHFs is suspected seek immediate advice from the on-call consultant infectious diseases physician and consultant medical microbiologist. Do Not send ANY blood samples to the laboratory. […] The commonest diagnosis in patients with suspected VHF is malaria. […] Strict Precautions are required for nursing patients with VHF. […] VHF is a Notifiable diseases.

• #56 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

  https://www.nuh.nhs.uk/viral-hemorrhagic-fever/

  The term Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) refers to a group of serious illnesses caused by particular viruses. […] If one of these VHFs is suspected seek immediate advice from the on-call consultant infectious diseases physician and consultant medical microbiologist. Do Not send ANY blood samples to the laboratory. […] The commonest diagnosis in patients with suspected VHF is malaria. […] Strict Precautions are required for nursing patients with VHF. […] VHF is a Notifiable diseases.

• #57 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) – Medical Response | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/vhf/response

  It is a US Public Health Service requirement that all suspected viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) cases be reported to state and local health departments and the diagnoses confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] Treatment is available for some, but not all, VHFs. In the event of an outbreak, routine infection control procedures, isolation, and decontamination are usually enough to stop transmission. Patients receive supportive therapy, but generally speaking, there is no other treatment or established cure for VHFs.

• #58 Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers – Including Ebola Disease | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/VHF-Diagnostic-Serology

  Each VHF test that is approved by the PHO Microbiologist (e.g. Lassa virus PCR) should be indicated on the General Test Requisition. […] PHO screens for VHF-causing viruses by PCR using protocols developed at the NML. […] A single EDTA blood specimen can be used to test for multiple VHF-causing viruses, however, the PCR for each virus is performed as a separate, independent test i.e it is not a single multiplex reaction. […] All results should be interpreted in the context of the clinical history and other pathological findings. […] A laboratory-confirmed VHF infection requires: (i) Detection of the genetic targets of a particular virus AND (ii) Confirmatory testing performed by the NML. […] The reporting plan will be communicated to stakeholders at the time of testing. The report issued by PHO for any VHF testing is considered preliminary and requires confirmation by the NML.

• #59 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers encompass a diverse group of severe, often life-threatening illnesses caused by viruses from multiple families, including Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, Peribunyaviridae, and Phenuiviridae. Characterised by fever and haemorrhagic symptoms, these diseases challenge public health systems by overwhelming healthcare facilities, complicating diagnostic processes, and requiring extensive resources for containment and treatment, especially in resource-limited settings. […] This review discusses the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate virology, ecology, and public health to enhance diagnostic capabilities, develop vaccines and antivirals, and improve outbreak interventions. […] The substantial genetic diversity among these viruses complicates their transmission dynamics and clinical manifestations, and poses challenges in the development of diagnostics and vaccines.

• #60 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  The clinical symptoms of different VHF viruses can vary widely, from mild to life-threatening, highlighting the need for in-depth knowledge to support timely public health responses, including accurate diagnosis, appropriate medical interventions, and the development of targeted treatments. […] Effective surveillance systems help track the spread of VHFs, monitor their evolution, and provide critical data that inform public health interventions and strategies. […] The early detection of VHFs is equally important. It relies on the capacity of health systems to diagnose cases swiftly and accurately. Advances in diagnostic technologies have greatly enhanced the ability to detect VHFs early in the course of an outbreak. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and point-of-care technologies now enable health workers in remote areas to diagnose diseases quickly, facilitating immediate containment and treatment measures. […] The importance of global health security measures, including robust disease surveillance systems and international collaboration on outbreak response, to prevent the spread of VHFs beyond their usual regions is clear.

• #61 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Diagnostics

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4723665/

  Ebola virus is one cause of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) and the cause of the current outbreak in West Africa. Diagnostic modalities vary in detecting VHF, and this article reviews current assays available for diagnosing suspected VHF. […] This article reviews traditional and current diagnostic modalities for VHF. […] Laboratory diagnosis of VHF has traditionally taken place in highly specialized reference laboratories. […] Nucleic acid detection has become a common diagnostic tool for identifying viral diseases, including VHF. […] Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) has become the cornerstone for molecular diagnosis, and RT-PCR assays have been developed for the majority of VHF-associated viruses. […] Molecular detection by RT-PCR in blood is the most sensitive assay for diagnosing known VHF in symptomatic patients. […] Future test development needs to include increasing the sensitivity and specificity of rapid testing that can be performed in resource-limited settings, where humidity and temperature stability are not favorable.

• #62 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  The clinical symptoms of different VHF viruses can vary widely, from mild to life-threatening, highlighting the need for in-depth knowledge to support timely public health responses, including accurate diagnosis, appropriate medical interventions, and the development of targeted treatments. […] Effective surveillance systems help track the spread of VHFs, monitor their evolution, and provide critical data that inform public health interventions and strategies. […] The early detection of VHFs is equally important. It relies on the capacity of health systems to diagnose cases swiftly and accurately. Advances in diagnostic technologies have greatly enhanced the ability to detect VHFs early in the course of an outbreak. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and point-of-care technologies now enable health workers in remote areas to diagnose diseases quickly, facilitating immediate containment and treatment measures. […] The importance of global health security measures, including robust disease surveillance systems and international collaboration on outbreak response, to prevent the spread of VHFs beyond their usual regions is clear.

• #63 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20241030/New-toolkit-aims-to-help-US-hospitals-spot-deadly-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-faster-and-safer.aspx

  With viral hemorrhagic fevers like Ebola and Marburg posing severe threats, a new laboratory toolkit promises to enhance early detection and containment, empowering frontline healthcare workers to save lives and limit the spread of these lethal diseases. […] In a recent study published in Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology, researchers develop a laboratory toolkit to assist frontline healthcare facilities in providing basic laboratory testing required for the care of patients with suspected viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs). […] Thus, the rapid detection and isolation of individuals with suspected VHF is imperative to prevent further transmission. […] These factors also contribute to the lack of established laboratory protocols available for routinely testing patients for these diseases and minimizing the risk of workplace exposure in the event of a positive sample.

• #64 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20241030/New-toolkit-aims-to-help-US-hospitals-spot-deadly-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-faster-and-safer.aspx

  This failure to accurately diagnose VHFs increases the risk of exposing the surrounding community to these pathogens, as well as patient morbidity and mortality. […] In the current study, researchers from the Massachusetts General Hospital developed a Laboratory Testing Toolkit for suspected VHF patients to support regional preparedness through evidence-based approaches, innovative tools, and education. […] The Toolkit summarizes best laboratory practices across all stages of the testing process to reduce the burden placed on frontline healthcare facilities to independently develop processes and procedures. […] The Toolkit provides detailed information on the minimum laboratory testing necessary for safe and supportive care of suspected VHF patients before ruling out VHF diagnosis or transferring the patients to a higher level of care. […] Overall, the toolkit is expected to improve laboratory preparedness and readiness in the initial care of suspect VHF patients who may present to acute care hospitals.

• #65 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  The clinical symptoms of different VHF viruses can vary widely, from mild to life-threatening, highlighting the need for in-depth knowledge to support timely public health responses, including accurate diagnosis, appropriate medical interventions, and the development of targeted treatments. […] Effective surveillance systems help track the spread of VHFs, monitor their evolution, and provide critical data that inform public health interventions and strategies. […] The early detection of VHFs is equally important. It relies on the capacity of health systems to diagnose cases swiftly and accurately. Advances in diagnostic technologies have greatly enhanced the ability to detect VHFs early in the course of an outbreak. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and point-of-care technologies now enable health workers in remote areas to diagnose diseases quickly, facilitating immediate containment and treatment measures. […] The importance of global health security measures, including robust disease surveillance systems and international collaboration on outbreak response, to prevent the spread of VHFs beyond their usual regions is clear.

• #66 Clinical Screening and Diagnosis for VHFs | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are rare and deadly viral illness that are reportable in all U.S. states and territories. […] If you suspect a VHF after screening, isolate the patient and notify your health department. […] Laboratory-confirmed diagnostic evidence of a VHF (i.e., through molecular and/or serologic testing). […] It is important to systematically assess patients for the possibility of a VHF through a triage and evaluation process. […] Getting a thorough history is important for all patients exhibiting symptoms compatible with a VHF who may have had an exposure to the virus. […] Signs and symptoms of most VHFs are nonspecific and similar to many other common causes of febrile illness in returning travelers. Assess a patient’s signs and symptoms along with their travel history and epidemiologic risk factors before initiating immediate infection control measures.

• #67 Laboratory Testing for Patients with a Suspected VHF or High-Consequence Disease | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/php/laboratories/index.html

  Healthcare providers who suspect a patient is ill with a viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) or other high-consequence disease must conduct an initial screening, isolate the patient, and notify their health department before testing can take place. […] Routine laboratory testing to monitor the patients clinical status and diagnostic testing for other potential causes of the patients illness should be pursued while testing for a VHF or other high-consequence disease is underway. […] Early consideration of a VHF or other high-consequence disease in the differential diagnosis of a patient with applicable clinical and epidemiological factors is essential for providing appropriate care and preventing the spread of infection. […] Clinicians with concerns about a VHF or other high-consequence virus infection during the differential diagnosis of their patient’s illness should contact their jurisdictional health department immediately (via the 24-hour Epi-On-Call contact list) and follow jurisdictional protocols.

• #68 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  As viral hemorrhagic fevers encompass a wide variety of diseases, the prognosis varies. […] Management is largely supportive. […] Viral hemorrhagic fever isolation precautions should be instituted immediately if this entity is suspected. […] Health care outcomes can be improved with an interprofessional team approach whenever viral hemorrhagic fevers are suspected.

• #69 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Serological testing for virus-specific IgM and IgG can be helpful but is not as sensitive or specific as molecular-based testing. […] Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation via cell culture are methods that can be used for diagnostic testing. […] Appropriate management of individuals suspected to have viral hemorrhagic fever includes early diagnosis to both increase chances of survival and prevent nosocomial infections. […] Research regarding treatment is ongoing; however, the cornerstone of current treatment is supportive care. […] There are currently no effective vaccines for Lassa fever. […] Treatment largely remains supportive. […] There are currently no vaccines available against the Marburg virus. […] There are currently no effective antiviral regimens available for treatment, thus management involves supportive care.

• #70 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  As viral hemorrhagic fevers encompass a wide variety of diseases, the prognosis varies. […] Management is largely supportive. […] Viral hemorrhagic fever isolation precautions should be instituted immediately if this entity is suspected. […] Health care outcomes can be improved with an interprofessional team approach whenever viral hemorrhagic fevers are suspected.

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