Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/116027

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) represent a group of severe systemic febrile illnesses caused by four families of viruses – Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae. […] Viruses implicated in viral hemorrhagic fevers and the diseases they cause are grouped by the family of viruses: […] Arenaviridae family: […] Bunyaviridae family: […] Filoviridae family: […] Flaviviridae family:

• #2 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17973-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses caused by viruses that damage your blood vessels and can cause severe bleeding. […] The viruses in this group range in severity. Many of them cause mild illness. But all of them can damage your blood vessels and interfere with your bloods ability to clot, leading to life-threatening complications. […] Experts dont fully understand the ways that hemorrhagic fever viruses cause severe bleeding. Theres evidence that the viruses damage your blood vessels, causing them to leak. They can also interfere with blood clotting, meaning your body cant stop bleeding when it should. […] Several types of viruses can cause viral hemorrhagic fevers, including: Arenaviruses, Filoviruses, Bunyaviruses, Flaviviruses. […] Not all species of these viruses cause hemorrhagic disease. For instance, Zika is caused by a flavivirus, but it doesnt damage your blood vessels the way VHFs do.

• #3 About Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/about/index.html

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of diseases that are caused by several distinct families of viruses. […] The term „viral hemorrhagic fever” refers to a condition where many of the body’s organ systems are affected, the overall cardiovascular system is damaged, and the body’s ability to function on its own is reduced. […] VHFs, Nipah and Hendra disease can cause relatively mild illness or more life-threatening disease. Symptoms can vary but may include bleeding or hemorrhaging. Distribution of these viruses is determined by where the animals that naturally carry them live. […] Most VHFs fall into one of four families of virus: Arenaviruses, Bunyavirales order, Filoviruses, Flaviviruses, and Paramyxoviruses. […] Each arenavirus has one or a few closely related rodents that carry the virus without getting sick themselves. This is known as the reservoir, or source of the virus in nature.

• #4 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/viral-hemorrhagic-fever/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are a group of illnesses caused by viruses. […] There are five distinct families of viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers: […] Arenaviruses (such as Lassa fever virus) […] Filoviruses (such as Ebola virus and Marburg virus) […] Bunyaviruses (such as Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and Rift Valley fever virus) […] Flaviviruses (such as yellow fever virus and dengue virus) […] Paramyxoviruses (such as the Nipah virus and Hendra virus). […] Many VHFs are considered possible bioterrorism agents because they are highly infectious, can be made airborne, and would cause serious illness in the target population.

• #5 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17973-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses caused by viruses that damage your blood vessels and can cause severe bleeding. […] The viruses in this group range in severity. Many of them cause mild illness. But all of them can damage your blood vessels and interfere with your bloods ability to clot, leading to life-threatening complications. […] Experts dont fully understand the ways that hemorrhagic fever viruses cause severe bleeding. Theres evidence that the viruses damage your blood vessels, causing them to leak. They can also interfere with blood clotting, meaning your body cant stop bleeding when it should. […] Several types of viruses can cause viral hemorrhagic fevers, including: Arenaviruses, Filoviruses, Bunyaviruses, Flaviviruses. […] Not all species of these viruses cause hemorrhagic disease. For instance, Zika is caused by a flavivirus, but it doesnt damage your blood vessels the way VHFs do.

• #6 Viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a diverse group of diseases. „Viral” means a health problem caused by infection from a virus, „hemorrhagic” means to bleed, and „fever” means an unusually high body temperature. Bleeding and fever are common signs of VHFs, which is how the group of infections got its common name. […] There are five known families of RNA viruses which cause VHFs: Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Hantaviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. […] Five families of RNA viruses have been recognized as being able to cause hemorrhagic fevers. […] The family Arenaviridae include the viruses responsible for Lassa fever (Lassa virus), Lujo virus, Argentine (Junin virus), Bolivian (Machupo virus), Brazilian (Sabi virus), Chapare hemorrhagic fever (Chapare virus), Venezuelan (Guanarito virus) and Whitewater Arroyo virus hemorrhagic fevers.

• #7 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers, or VHFs, are severe illnesses that cause fevers and are caused by four types of viruses: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae. […] Various viruses are known to cause diseases known as viral hemorrhagic fevers. These viruses belong to different families: […] Arenaviridae family: […] Chapare virus causes Chapare hemorrhagic fever. […] Guanarito virus leads to Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever. […] Junin virus causes Argentine hemorrhagic fever. […] Lassa virus results in Lassa fever. […] Lujo virus leads to Lujo hemorrhagic fever. […] Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus causes a disease called Lymphocytic choriomeningitis. […] Machupo virus results in Bolivian hemorrhagic fever. […] Sabia virus causes Brazilian hemorrhagic fever. […] Bunyaviridae family:

• #8

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/viral-haemorrhagic-fevers-origins-reservoirs-transmission-and-guidelines

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers are a group of illnesses caused by several distinct families of viruses: arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses and flaviviruses. […] Some of these cause relatively mild illnesses, whilst others can cause severe, life-threatening disease; some are high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs). […] The viruses depend on their animal hosts for survival, so they are usually restricted to the geographical area inhabited by those animals. […] The viruses are endemic in areas of Africa, South America and Asia, with some present in parts of Europe. […] Known arenaviruses include: Lassa virus: the cause of Lassa fever, endemic in parts of west Africa. […] Known filoviruses include: Ebola and Marburg viruses which cause the most severe forms of haemorrhagic fever.

• #9 Viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  The family Filoviridae (order Mononegavirales) includes Ebola virus and Marburg virus. […] The family Flaviviridae (order Amarillovirales) includes dengue, yellow fever, and two viruses in the tick-borne encephalitis group that cause VHF: Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus and Kyasanur Forest disease virus. […] The family Rhabdoviridae (order Mononegavirales). In September 2012 scientists writing in the journal PLOS Pathogens reported the isolation of a member of the Rhabdoviridae responsible for two fatal and two non-fatal cases of hemorrhagic fever in the Bas-Congo district of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

• #10 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic virus is responsible for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. […] Dobrava-Belgrade virus leads to Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. […] Hantaan virus also causes Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. […] Puumalavirus is another virus that results in Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. […] Rift Valley fever virus causes Rift Valley fever. […] Saaremaa virus leads to Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. […] Seoul virus causes Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. […] Sin Nombre virus results in Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] Severe fever and thrombocytopenia syndrome virus causes Severe fever and thrombocytopenia syndrome. […] Tula virus also leads to Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. […] Filoviridae family: […] Bundibugyo ebolavirus is responsible for Ebola virus disease.

• #11

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/viral-haemorrhagic-fevers-origins-reservoirs-transmission-and-guidelines

  Known bunyaviruses include: Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHF). […] Known flaviruses include: dengue virus: the cause of dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue fever. […] The viruses depend on their animal hosts for survival. […] Human cases or outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fever occur sporadically and irregularly, and are hard to predict. […] Lassa, Ebola, Marburg and Crimean-Congo viruses can spread from person to person through close contact with symptomatic patients or contaminated body fluids. […] Some viral haemorrhagic fevers, such as Lassa fever, are treatable with anti-viral drugs. […] No licensed vaccines are available against other types of haemorrhagic fever viruses. […] Because many of the hosts that carry haemorrhagic fever viruses are rodents, disease prevention efforts in endemic areas include controlling rodent populations and keeping rodents away from homes and workplaces.

• #12 Viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  The family Filoviridae (order Mononegavirales) includes Ebola virus and Marburg virus. […] The family Flaviviridae (order Amarillovirales) includes dengue, yellow fever, and two viruses in the tick-borne encephalitis group that cause VHF: Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus and Kyasanur Forest disease virus. […] The family Rhabdoviridae (order Mononegavirales). In September 2012 scientists writing in the journal PLOS Pathogens reported the isolation of a member of the Rhabdoviridae responsible for two fatal and two non-fatal cases of hemorrhagic fever in the Bas-Congo district of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

• #13 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Marburg virus leads to Marburg hemorrhagic fever. […] Sudan ebolavirus also causes Ebola virus disease. […] Ta Forest ebolavirus causes Ebola virus disease, too. […] Zaire ebolavirus, just like the three above, also results in Ebola virus disease. […] Flaviviridae family: […] Dengue virus is responsible for Dengue fever. […] Kyasanur forest disease virus causes Kyasanur forest disease. […] Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus leads to Omsk hemorrhagic fever. […] Yellow fever virus results in Yellow fever. […] The Lassa virus, a type of arenavirus, has resulted in massive outbreaks in West Africa, with up to half of those affected dying from the disease. […] The Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is especially important to know about because its the most common tick-induced illness in humans.

• #14 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/viral-hemorrhagic-fever/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are a group of illnesses caused by viruses. […] There are five distinct families of viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers: […] Arenaviruses (such as Lassa fever virus) […] Filoviruses (such as Ebola virus and Marburg virus) […] Bunyaviruses (such as Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and Rift Valley fever virus) […] Flaviviruses (such as yellow fever virus and dengue virus) […] Paramyxoviruses (such as the Nipah virus and Hendra virus). […] Many VHFs are considered possible bioterrorism agents because they are highly infectious, can be made airborne, and would cause serious illness in the target population.

• #15 About Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/about/index.html

  Viruses in the Bunyavirales order are spread by rodents or insects, such as mosquitos, ticks, or sand flies. […] Filoviruses can cause severe illness in people and nonhuman primates (such as monkeys and gorillas). […] Flaviviruses, are found throughout the world. These viruses, which are primarily spread by mosquitoes and ticks, can cause mild to severe disease or even death. […] Paramyxoviruses can cause sudden onset of respiratory disease. While there are many viruses included within the Paramyxoviridae family, Hendra and Nipah viruses are considered more serious because they require a specialized lab (biosafety level 4 lab) and can cause serious disease, spread between animals and people, and have no vaccine or treatment currently available.

• #16 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17973-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses caused by viruses that damage your blood vessels and can cause severe bleeding. […] The viruses in this group range in severity. Many of them cause mild illness. But all of them can damage your blood vessels and interfere with your bloods ability to clot, leading to life-threatening complications. […] Experts dont fully understand the ways that hemorrhagic fever viruses cause severe bleeding. Theres evidence that the viruses damage your blood vessels, causing them to leak. They can also interfere with blood clotting, meaning your body cant stop bleeding when it should. […] Several types of viruses can cause viral hemorrhagic fevers, including: Arenaviruses, Filoviruses, Bunyaviruses, Flaviviruses. […] Not all species of these viruses cause hemorrhagic disease. For instance, Zika is caused by a flavivirus, but it doesnt damage your blood vessels the way VHFs do.

• #17 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  Hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) pose a threat to global public health owing to the emergence and re-emergence of highly fatal diseases. Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) caused by these viruses are mostly characterized by an acute febrile syndrome with coagulation abnormalities and generalized hemorrhage that may lead to life-threatening organ dysfunction. Currently, the events underlying the viral pathogenicity associated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome still underexplored. […] Hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) are highly infectious RNA viruses that can lead to viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in humans. VHFs are mostly characterized by mild to acute febrile syndrome with coagulation abnormalities and generalized hemorrhage that can lead to multiorgan failure, and death. The frequency of hemorrhagic manifestations driven by HFVs can vary; however, they represent the acute form of the disease and one of the most common signs of the infection.

• #18 Viral hemorrhagic fevers: neurologic complications | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-neurologic-complications

  The viral hemorrhagic fevers are febrile illnesses accompanied by abnormal vascular regulation and vascular damage caused by members of the Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Flaviviridae families of viruses. […] All viral hemorrhagic fever viruses are lipid-enveloped RNA viruses that persist in nature in an animal or insect host. […] Except for some viruses in the Flaviviridae family, humans are not normally the natural reservoirs but become infected after contact with infected vectors or natural hosts, usually arthropods or rodents. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers can cause neurologic disease. Neurologic complications independent of (ie, not directly linked to) metabolic or hemorrhagic complications have been recognized and reported for members of every viral hemorrhagic fever family.

• #19 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ID/Emerging/VrlHmrhgcFvr.htm

  Natural host species (e.g. animal carcasses, infected bats) are specific to certain geographic regions. […] Four families of lipid-enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses. […] Arena Virus (Arenaviridae, Rodent Reservoir). […] Bunyavirus (Bunyaviridae). […] Flavivirus (Flaviviridae). […] Filovirus (Filoviridae, Bat Reservoir). […] All Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers result in vascular endothelial damage. […] Results in Flushing, edema, Petechiae, Ecchymosis, Hemorrhage and shock.

• #20 Viral hemorrhagic fevers: neurologic complications | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-neurologic-complications

  Importantly, the viral hemorrhagic fevers are prime examples of viral emergence in recent history. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers represent a taxonomically and geographically diverse group of conditions caused by four families of viruses: Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Flaviviridae. […] The possibility of viral hemorrhagic fever should be kept in mind when confronted with symptomatically sick patients coming from endemic areas. […] Most of these viruses are handled in Biosafety Level 4 (BSL4) containment facilities. Awareness and diagnosis of the viral hemorrhagic fevers is increasingly relevant for all countries. […] Excepting agents requiring mosquito intermediates, all others have a degree of aerosol infectivity and a potential for human-to-human transmission. Body fluids should be considered infectious.

• #21 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of viral infections caused by viruses from five different families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Paramyxoviridae. […] Pathogens are enveloped RNA viruses from the following families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Paramyxoviridae. […] Transmission occurs via contact with their animal or insect reservoirs or vectors (e.g., rodents, mosquitoes, ticks). […] Human-to-human transmission is also possible, e.g., via bodily fluids. […] Case fatality rates vary greatly between VHFs but can be up to 90%. […] Transmission includes reservoir hosts or vectors such as rodents, mosquitoes, and ticks, with direct contact, inhalation of infected particles, and contact with infectious material. […] Human-to-human transmission can occur through airborne droplets and contact with blood or other bodily fluids.

• #22 Viral hemorrhagic fevers: neurologic complications | MedLink Neurology

  https://www.medlink.com/articles/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-neurologic-complications

  Importantly, the viral hemorrhagic fevers are prime examples of viral emergence in recent history. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers represent a taxonomically and geographically diverse group of conditions caused by four families of viruses: Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Flaviviridae. […] The possibility of viral hemorrhagic fever should be kept in mind when confronted with symptomatically sick patients coming from endemic areas. […] Most of these viruses are handled in Biosafety Level 4 (BSL4) containment facilities. Awareness and diagnosis of the viral hemorrhagic fevers is increasingly relevant for all countries. […] Excepting agents requiring mosquito intermediates, all others have a degree of aerosol infectivity and a potential for human-to-human transmission. Body fluids should be considered infectious.

• #23 About Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/about/index.html

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of diseases that are caused by several distinct families of viruses. […] The term „viral hemorrhagic fever” refers to a condition where many of the body’s organ systems are affected, the overall cardiovascular system is damaged, and the body’s ability to function on its own is reduced. […] VHFs, Nipah and Hendra disease can cause relatively mild illness or more life-threatening disease. Symptoms can vary but may include bleeding or hemorrhaging. Distribution of these viruses is determined by where the animals that naturally carry them live. […] Most VHFs fall into one of four families of virus: Arenaviruses, Bunyavirales order, Filoviruses, Flaviviruses, and Paramyxoviruses. […] Each arenavirus has one or a few closely related rodents that carry the virus without getting sick themselves. This is known as the reservoir, or source of the virus in nature.

• #24 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ID/Emerging/VrlHmrhgcFvr.htm

  Natural host species (e.g. animal carcasses, infected bats) are specific to certain geographic regions. […] Four families of lipid-enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses. […] Arena Virus (Arenaviridae, Rodent Reservoir). […] Bunyavirus (Bunyaviridae). […] Flavivirus (Flaviviridae). […] Filovirus (Filoviridae, Bat Reservoir). […] All Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers result in vascular endothelial damage. […] Results in Flushing, edema, Petechiae, Ecchymosis, Hemorrhage and shock.

• #25 Viral hemorrhagic fevers | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers are spread by contact with infected animals. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in many animal hosts. Most often, the hosts include mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, nonhuman primates or bats. […] Mosquito or tick bites spread some viral hemorrhagic fevers. Infected body fluids, such as blood, saliva or semen, spread other viral hemorrhagic fevers. You can get a few types by inhaling infected rat feces or urine. […] Some viral hemorrhagic fevers also can spread from person to person.

• #26 Viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a diverse group of diseases. „Viral” means a health problem caused by infection from a virus, „hemorrhagic” means to bleed, and „fever” means an unusually high body temperature. Bleeding and fever are common signs of VHFs, which is how the group of infections got its common name. […] There are five known families of RNA viruses which cause VHFs: Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Hantaviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. […] Five families of RNA viruses have been recognized as being able to cause hemorrhagic fevers. […] The family Arenaviridae include the viruses responsible for Lassa fever (Lassa virus), Lujo virus, Argentine (Junin virus), Bolivian (Machupo virus), Brazilian (Sabi virus), Chapare hemorrhagic fever (Chapare virus), Venezuelan (Guanarito virus) and Whitewater Arroyo virus hemorrhagic fevers.

• #27 About Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/about/index.html

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of diseases that are caused by several distinct families of viruses. […] The term „viral hemorrhagic fever” refers to a condition where many of the body’s organ systems are affected, the overall cardiovascular system is damaged, and the body’s ability to function on its own is reduced. […] VHFs, Nipah and Hendra disease can cause relatively mild illness or more life-threatening disease. Symptoms can vary but may include bleeding or hemorrhaging. Distribution of these viruses is determined by where the animals that naturally carry them live. […] Most VHFs fall into one of four families of virus: Arenaviruses, Bunyavirales order, Filoviruses, Flaviviruses, and Paramyxoviruses. […] Each arenavirus has one or a few closely related rodents that carry the virus without getting sick themselves. This is known as the reservoir, or source of the virus in nature.

• #28 Hemorrhagic Fevers: MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hemorrhagicfevers.html

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses caused by four families of viruses. These include the Ebola and Marburg, Lassa fever, and yellow fever viruses. VHFs have common features: they affect many organs, they damage the blood vessels, and they affect the body’s ability to regulate itself. […] Some VHFs cause mild disease, but some, like Ebola or Marburg, cause severe disease and death. […] For example, Lassa fever is limited to rural areas of West Africa where rats and mice carry the virus. […] Because there are no effective treatments for some of these viral infections, there is concern about their use in bioterrorism.

• #29 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) describe a wide range of viral infections common in parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia, transmitted through direct contact with body secretions from infected animals or persons, handling or consumption of infected animals, contact with contaminated surfaces, inhalation of infected aerosolized droplets, or through the bite of infected ticks. […] Lassa virus, is transmitted by rats; Marburg virus and NiV are transmitted by bats; and CCHF virus is transmitted by ticks. Humans may also be infected with these hemorrhagic fevers through direct contact, inhalation, ingestion, or via contaminated medical equipment. […] Lassa virus is mainly transmitted to humans though direct contact with urine, feces, or saliva deposited by infected rats on surfaces, by inhalation of infected aerosolized dust, via ingestion of contaminated food or water, or via consumption of rodent meat as part of the normal diet.

• #30 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Filoviruses cause diseases such as Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever, and have been found in bats in Africa. […] There have been many Ebola outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo, with a very high death rate of 80 to 90%. […] Marburg hemorrhagic fever also has a very high death rate of up to 82% in low-income countries. […] The death rate among diagnosed cases can reach up to 80%-90% in developing countries.

• #31 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Marburg virus is transmitted to humans via direct contact with infected bat feces or bodily fluids, inhalation of aerosolized secretions, or handling of bats and other infected animals. […] Humans become infected via the bite of infected ticks or handling of infected livestock, including animal tissues or blood. […] NiV is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals (such as bats or pigs) or their bodily fluids (such as blood, urine, or saliva) or through consumption of food products (such as raw dates or palm sap juice) contaminated by bodily fluids of infected animals or fruit contaminated by an infected bat. […] Risk is rare among travelers and expatriates who reside in endemic areas; however, risk is proportional to the degree of contact with rodents (including their excreta, which may contaminate stored grain and other food).

• #32 About Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/about/index.html

  Viruses in the Bunyavirales order are spread by rodents or insects, such as mosquitos, ticks, or sand flies. […] Filoviruses can cause severe illness in people and nonhuman primates (such as monkeys and gorillas). […] Flaviviruses, are found throughout the world. These viruses, which are primarily spread by mosquitoes and ticks, can cause mild to severe disease or even death. […] Paramyxoviruses can cause sudden onset of respiratory disease. While there are many viruses included within the Paramyxoviridae family, Hendra and Nipah viruses are considered more serious because they require a specialized lab (biosafety level 4 lab) and can cause serious disease, spread between animals and people, and have no vaccine or treatment currently available.

• #33 Viral hemorrhagic fevers | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers are spread by contact with infected animals. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in many animal hosts. Most often, the hosts include mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, nonhuman primates or bats. […] Mosquito or tick bites spread some viral hemorrhagic fevers. Infected body fluids, such as blood, saliva or semen, spread other viral hemorrhagic fevers. You can get a few types by inhaling infected rat feces or urine. […] Some viral hemorrhagic fevers also can spread from person to person.

• #34 Viral hemorrhagic fevers | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers are spread by contact with infected animals. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in many animal hosts. Most often, the hosts include mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, nonhuman primates or bats. […] Mosquito or tick bites spread some viral hemorrhagic fevers. Infected body fluids, such as blood, saliva or semen, spread other viral hemorrhagic fevers. You can get a few types by inhaling infected rat feces or urine. […] Some viral hemorrhagic fevers also can spread from person to person.

• #35 About Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/about/index.html

  Viruses in the Bunyavirales order are spread by rodents or insects, such as mosquitos, ticks, or sand flies. […] Filoviruses can cause severe illness in people and nonhuman primates (such as monkeys and gorillas). […] Flaviviruses, are found throughout the world. These viruses, which are primarily spread by mosquitoes and ticks, can cause mild to severe disease or even death. […] Paramyxoviruses can cause sudden onset of respiratory disease. While there are many viruses included within the Paramyxoviridae family, Hendra and Nipah viruses are considered more serious because they require a specialized lab (biosafety level 4 lab) and can cause serious disease, spread between animals and people, and have no vaccine or treatment currently available.

• #36 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Marburg virus is transmitted to humans via direct contact with infected bat feces or bodily fluids, inhalation of aerosolized secretions, or handling of bats and other infected animals. […] Humans become infected via the bite of infected ticks or handling of infected livestock, including animal tissues or blood. […] NiV is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals (such as bats or pigs) or their bodily fluids (such as blood, urine, or saliva) or through consumption of food products (such as raw dates or palm sap juice) contaminated by bodily fluids of infected animals or fruit contaminated by an infected bat. […] Risk is rare among travelers and expatriates who reside in endemic areas; however, risk is proportional to the degree of contact with rodents (including their excreta, which may contaminate stored grain and other food).

• #37 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic virus is responsible for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. […] Dobrava-Belgrade virus leads to Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. […] Hantaan virus also causes Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. […] Puumalavirus is another virus that results in Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. […] Rift Valley fever virus causes Rift Valley fever. […] Saaremaa virus leads to Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. […] Seoul virus causes Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. […] Sin Nombre virus results in Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] Severe fever and thrombocytopenia syndrome virus causes Severe fever and thrombocytopenia syndrome. […] Tula virus also leads to Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. […] Filoviridae family: […] Bundibugyo ebolavirus is responsible for Ebola virus disease.

• #38 About Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/about/index.html

  Viruses in the Bunyavirales order are spread by rodents or insects, such as mosquitos, ticks, or sand flies. […] Filoviruses can cause severe illness in people and nonhuman primates (such as monkeys and gorillas). […] Flaviviruses, are found throughout the world. These viruses, which are primarily spread by mosquitoes and ticks, can cause mild to severe disease or even death. […] Paramyxoviruses can cause sudden onset of respiratory disease. While there are many viruses included within the Paramyxoviridae family, Hendra and Nipah viruses are considered more serious because they require a specialized lab (biosafety level 4 lab) and can cause serious disease, spread between animals and people, and have no vaccine or treatment currently available.

• #39 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969877-overview

  Dengue infection is caused by dengue virus (DENV), which is a single-stranded RNA virus (approximately 11 kilobases long) with an icosahedral nucleocapsid and covered by a lipid envelope. The dengue virus has 4 related but antigenically distinct serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. Genetic studies of sylvatic strains suggest that the 4 serotypes evolved from a common ancestor in primate populations approximately 1000 years ago and that all 4 separately emerged into a human urban transmission cycle 500 years ago in either Asia or Africa. […] Living in endemic areas of the tropics (or warm, moist climates such as the southern United States) where the vector mosquito thrives is an important risk factor for infection. […] Poorly planned urbanization combined with explosive global population growth brings the mosquito and the human host into close proximity. Increased air travel easily transports infectious diseases between populations.

• #40 About Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/about/index.html

  Viruses in the Bunyavirales order are spread by rodents or insects, such as mosquitos, ticks, or sand flies. […] Filoviruses can cause severe illness in people and nonhuman primates (such as monkeys and gorillas). […] Flaviviruses, are found throughout the world. These viruses, which are primarily spread by mosquitoes and ticks, can cause mild to severe disease or even death. […] Paramyxoviruses can cause sudden onset of respiratory disease. While there are many viruses included within the Paramyxoviridae family, Hendra and Nipah viruses are considered more serious because they require a specialized lab (biosafety level 4 lab) and can cause serious disease, spread between animals and people, and have no vaccine or treatment currently available.

• #41 About Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/about/index.html

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of diseases that are caused by several distinct families of viruses. […] The term „viral hemorrhagic fever” refers to a condition where many of the body’s organ systems are affected, the overall cardiovascular system is damaged, and the body’s ability to function on its own is reduced. […] VHFs, Nipah and Hendra disease can cause relatively mild illness or more life-threatening disease. Symptoms can vary but may include bleeding or hemorrhaging. Distribution of these viruses is determined by where the animals that naturally carry them live. […] Most VHFs fall into one of four families of virus: Arenaviruses, Bunyavirales order, Filoviruses, Flaviviruses, and Paramyxoviruses. […] Each arenavirus has one or a few closely related rodents that carry the virus without getting sick themselves. This is known as the reservoir, or source of the virus in nature.

• #42

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/viral-haemorrhagic-fevers-origins-reservoirs-transmission-and-guidelines

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers are a group of illnesses caused by several distinct families of viruses: arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses and flaviviruses. […] Some of these cause relatively mild illnesses, whilst others can cause severe, life-threatening disease; some are high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs). […] The viruses depend on their animal hosts for survival, so they are usually restricted to the geographical area inhabited by those animals. […] The viruses are endemic in areas of Africa, South America and Asia, with some present in parts of Europe. […] Known arenaviruses include: Lassa virus: the cause of Lassa fever, endemic in parts of west Africa. […] Known filoviruses include: Ebola and Marburg viruses which cause the most severe forms of haemorrhagic fever.

• #43

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/viral-haemorrhagic-fevers-origins-reservoirs-transmission-and-guidelines

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers are a group of illnesses caused by several distinct families of viruses: arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses and flaviviruses. […] Some of these cause relatively mild illnesses, whilst others can cause severe, life-threatening disease; some are high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs). […] The viruses depend on their animal hosts for survival, so they are usually restricted to the geographical area inhabited by those animals. […] The viruses are endemic in areas of Africa, South America and Asia, with some present in parts of Europe. […] Known arenaviruses include: Lassa virus: the cause of Lassa fever, endemic in parts of west Africa. […] Known filoviruses include: Ebola and Marburg viruses which cause the most severe forms of haemorrhagic fever.

• #44

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/crimean-congo-haemorrhagic-fever

  The Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus causes severe viral haemorrhagic fever outbreaks. […] CCHF outbreaks have a case fatality rate of up to 40%. […] CCHF is endemic in Africa, the Balkans, the Middle East and Asia, in countries south of the 50th parallel north. […] CCHF virus infection can be diagnosed by several different laboratory tests. […] There is currently no specific treatment approved for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. […] There are no vaccines available for use in animals. […] Although an inactivated, mouse brain-derived vaccine against CCHF has been developed and used on a small scale in eastern Europe, there is currently no safe and effective vaccine widely available for human use.

• #45

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/viral-haemorrhagic-fevers-origins-reservoirs-transmission-and-guidelines

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers are a group of illnesses caused by several distinct families of viruses: arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses and flaviviruses. […] Some of these cause relatively mild illnesses, whilst others can cause severe, life-threatening disease; some are high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs). […] The viruses depend on their animal hosts for survival, so they are usually restricted to the geographical area inhabited by those animals. […] The viruses are endemic in areas of Africa, South America and Asia, with some present in parts of Europe. […] Known arenaviruses include: Lassa virus: the cause of Lassa fever, endemic in parts of west Africa. […] Known filoviruses include: Ebola and Marburg viruses which cause the most severe forms of haemorrhagic fever.

• #46

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/viral-haemorrhagic-fevers-origins-reservoirs-transmission-and-guidelines

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers are a group of illnesses caused by several distinct families of viruses: arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses and flaviviruses. […] Some of these cause relatively mild illnesses, whilst others can cause severe, life-threatening disease; some are high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs). […] The viruses depend on their animal hosts for survival, so they are usually restricted to the geographical area inhabited by those animals. […] The viruses are endemic in areas of Africa, South America and Asia, with some present in parts of Europe. […] Known arenaviruses include: Lassa virus: the cause of Lassa fever, endemic in parts of west Africa. […] Known filoviruses include: Ebola and Marburg viruses which cause the most severe forms of haemorrhagic fever.

• #47 Viral hemorrhagic fever | Description, Types, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/viral-hemorrhagic-fever

  viral hemorrhagic fever, any of a variety of highly fatal viral diseases that are characterized by massive external or internal bleeding or bleeding into the skin. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers are caused by viruses of four families: Flaviviridae, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Filoviridae. […] The arenaviruses cause the diseases Lassa fever (occurring in Africa), Argentine hemorrhagic fever, Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, Brazilian hemorrhagic fever, and Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever. […] Hantaviruses, Rift Valley fever virus (genus phlebovirus), and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (genus nairovirus) belong to the family Bunyaviridae. […] The filoviruses, seen in Central and East Africa, include Ebola virus and Marburg virus. These are among the most highly fatal of the hemorrhagic fevers; some strains of Ebola cause death in up to 90 percent of victims.

• #48

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/crimean-congo-haemorrhagic-fever

  The Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus causes severe viral haemorrhagic fever outbreaks. […] CCHF outbreaks have a case fatality rate of up to 40%. […] CCHF is endemic in Africa, the Balkans, the Middle East and Asia, in countries south of the 50th parallel north. […] CCHF virus infection can be diagnosed by several different laboratory tests. […] There is currently no specific treatment approved for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. […] There are no vaccines available for use in animals. […] Although an inactivated, mouse brain-derived vaccine against CCHF has been developed and used on a small scale in eastern Europe, there is currently no safe and effective vaccine widely available for human use.

• #49 Quick Facts:Hemorrhagic Fevers Overview – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-infections/arboviruses-arenaviruses-and-filoviruses/hemorrhagic-fevers-overview

  Hemorrhagic fevers are caused by viruses. Hemorrhagic fevers are a group of viral infections including: […] Ebola, in parts of Africa […] Lassa fever, in West Africa […] Dengue fever, in Asia and South America […] Hantavirus, in the United States, Central and South America, Europe, and Korea […] Yellow fever, in tropical areas of Africa, South America, and southern Panama.

• #50 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  HFVs are transmitted through contact with or inhalation of contaminated materials from animal reservoirs or arthropod vectors; however, human-to-human spread through contact with infected blood and other body fluids is possible for most HFVs. The incubation period varies from 2 to 35 days and begins with a prodromal period that typically last less than 1 week. This phase is followed by an increase in viral replication, which leads to an excessive release of cytokines, causing endothelial activation, increased vascular permeability, vasodilatation with subsequent hypotension, multiorgan failure, and death. […] Several authors have reported that HFVs counteract the innate and adaptive immune responses in several ways. For example, Ebola virus inhibits DC maturation by the polyfunctional viral protein of 35kDa (VP35), abrogating the adequate induction of adaptive responses. Other important players in the immune response, such as natural killer (NK) cells and gamma delta (γδ) T cells, decrease in number early during infection with pathogenic and non-pathogenic arenaviruses; however, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown.

• #51 Hemorrhagic fever viral infections | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/hemorrhagic-fever-viral-infections

  The best prevention is to avoid contact with the rodent and insect vectors. […] For those hemorrhagic fever viruses that can be transmitted from one person to another, avoiding close physical contact with infected people and their body fluids is the most important way of controlling the spread of disease.

• #52 Viral hemorrhagic fevers | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers are spread by contact with infected animals. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in many animal hosts. Most often, the hosts include mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, nonhuman primates or bats. […] Mosquito or tick bites spread some viral hemorrhagic fevers. Infected body fluids, such as blood, saliva or semen, spread other viral hemorrhagic fevers. You can get a few types by inhaling infected rat feces or urine. […] Some viral hemorrhagic fevers also can spread from person to person.

• #53 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) describe a wide range of viral infections common in parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia, transmitted through direct contact with body secretions from infected animals or persons, handling or consumption of infected animals, contact with contaminated surfaces, inhalation of infected aerosolized droplets, or through the bite of infected ticks. […] Lassa virus, is transmitted by rats; Marburg virus and NiV are transmitted by bats; and CCHF virus is transmitted by ticks. Humans may also be infected with these hemorrhagic fevers through direct contact, inhalation, ingestion, or via contaminated medical equipment. […] Lassa virus is mainly transmitted to humans though direct contact with urine, feces, or saliva deposited by infected rats on surfaces, by inhalation of infected aerosolized dust, via ingestion of contaminated food or water, or via consumption of rodent meat as part of the normal diet.

• #54 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Marburg virus is transmitted to humans via direct contact with infected bat feces or bodily fluids, inhalation of aerosolized secretions, or handling of bats and other infected animals. […] Humans become infected via the bite of infected ticks or handling of infected livestock, including animal tissues or blood. […] NiV is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals (such as bats or pigs) or their bodily fluids (such as blood, urine, or saliva) or through consumption of food products (such as raw dates or palm sap juice) contaminated by bodily fluids of infected animals or fruit contaminated by an infected bat. […] Risk is rare among travelers and expatriates who reside in endemic areas; however, risk is proportional to the degree of contact with rodents (including their excreta, which may contaminate stored grain and other food).

• #55 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) describe a wide range of viral infections common in parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia, transmitted through direct contact with body secretions from infected animals or persons, handling or consumption of infected animals, contact with contaminated surfaces, inhalation of infected aerosolized droplets, or through the bite of infected ticks. […] Lassa virus, is transmitted by rats; Marburg virus and NiV are transmitted by bats; and CCHF virus is transmitted by ticks. Humans may also be infected with these hemorrhagic fevers through direct contact, inhalation, ingestion, or via contaminated medical equipment. […] Lassa virus is mainly transmitted to humans though direct contact with urine, feces, or saliva deposited by infected rats on surfaces, by inhalation of infected aerosolized dust, via ingestion of contaminated food or water, or via consumption of rodent meat as part of the normal diet.

• #56 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) describe a wide range of viral infections common in parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia, transmitted through direct contact with body secretions from infected animals or persons, handling or consumption of infected animals, contact with contaminated surfaces, inhalation of infected aerosolized droplets, or through the bite of infected ticks. […] Lassa virus, is transmitted by rats; Marburg virus and NiV are transmitted by bats; and CCHF virus is transmitted by ticks. Humans may also be infected with these hemorrhagic fevers through direct contact, inhalation, ingestion, or via contaminated medical equipment. […] Lassa virus is mainly transmitted to humans though direct contact with urine, feces, or saliva deposited by infected rats on surfaces, by inhalation of infected aerosolized dust, via ingestion of contaminated food or water, or via consumption of rodent meat as part of the normal diet.

• #57 Lassa Fever: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/25095-lassa-fever

  Lassa fever is a type of viral hemorrhagic illness you can get from humans or rats infected with Lassa virus. Its common in West Africa. Lassa fever is an illness you get from a virus thats common in countries of West Africa. Lassa is a type of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), a group of viruses that can cause uncontrolled bleeding. Lassa virus (LASV) causes Lassa fever. Its carried by Mastomys (or multimammate) rats, which live in countries in West Africa. Lassa virus can damage your blood vessels and lower your bloods ability to clot, causing uncontrolled bleeding. […] You get Lassa fever from contact with infected rat poop (feces) or pee (urine), which can contaminate food or surfaces. You can also get it from contact with body fluids of people infected with LASV. This includes sexual contact or exposure to their poop, pee or blood. Once a person or animal is infected with LASV, it can stay in their pee for a long time.

• #58 Viral hemorrhagic fevers | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers are spread by contact with infected animals. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in many animal hosts. Most often, the hosts include mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, nonhuman primates or bats. […] Mosquito or tick bites spread some viral hemorrhagic fevers. Infected body fluids, such as blood, saliva or semen, spread other viral hemorrhagic fevers. You can get a few types by inhaling infected rat feces or urine. […] Some viral hemorrhagic fevers also can spread from person to person.

• #59 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Marburg virus is transmitted to humans via direct contact with infected bat feces or bodily fluids, inhalation of aerosolized secretions, or handling of bats and other infected animals. […] Humans become infected via the bite of infected ticks or handling of infected livestock, including animal tissues or blood. […] NiV is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals (such as bats or pigs) or their bodily fluids (such as blood, urine, or saliva) or through consumption of food products (such as raw dates or palm sap juice) contaminated by bodily fluids of infected animals or fruit contaminated by an infected bat. […] Risk is rare among travelers and expatriates who reside in endemic areas; however, risk is proportional to the degree of contact with rodents (including their excreta, which may contaminate stored grain and other food).

• #60 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Marburg virus is transmitted to humans via direct contact with infected bat feces or bodily fluids, inhalation of aerosolized secretions, or handling of bats and other infected animals. […] Humans become infected via the bite of infected ticks or handling of infected livestock, including animal tissues or blood. […] NiV is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals (such as bats or pigs) or their bodily fluids (such as blood, urine, or saliva) or through consumption of food products (such as raw dates or palm sap juice) contaminated by bodily fluids of infected animals or fruit contaminated by an infected bat. […] Risk is rare among travelers and expatriates who reside in endemic areas; however, risk is proportional to the degree of contact with rodents (including their excreta, which may contaminate stored grain and other food).

• #61 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Marburg virus is transmitted to humans via direct contact with infected bat feces or bodily fluids, inhalation of aerosolized secretions, or handling of bats and other infected animals. […] Humans become infected via the bite of infected ticks or handling of infected livestock, including animal tissues or blood. […] NiV is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals (such as bats or pigs) or their bodily fluids (such as blood, urine, or saliva) or through consumption of food products (such as raw dates or palm sap juice) contaminated by bodily fluids of infected animals or fruit contaminated by an infected bat. […] Risk is rare among travelers and expatriates who reside in endemic areas; however, risk is proportional to the degree of contact with rodents (including their excreta, which may contaminate stored grain and other food).

• #62 Viral hemorrhagic fevers | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers are spread by contact with infected animals. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in many animal hosts. Most often, the hosts include mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, nonhuman primates or bats. […] Mosquito or tick bites spread some viral hemorrhagic fevers. Infected body fluids, such as blood, saliva or semen, spread other viral hemorrhagic fevers. You can get a few types by inhaling infected rat feces or urine. […] Some viral hemorrhagic fevers also can spread from person to person.

• #63

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/viral-haemorrhagic-fevers-origins-reservoirs-transmission-and-guidelines

  Known bunyaviruses include: Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHF). […] Known flaviruses include: dengue virus: the cause of dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue fever. […] The viruses depend on their animal hosts for survival. […] Human cases or outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fever occur sporadically and irregularly, and are hard to predict. […] Lassa, Ebola, Marburg and Crimean-Congo viruses can spread from person to person through close contact with symptomatic patients or contaminated body fluids. […] Some viral haemorrhagic fevers, such as Lassa fever, are treatable with anti-viral drugs. […] No licensed vaccines are available against other types of haemorrhagic fever viruses. […] Because many of the hosts that carry haemorrhagic fever viruses are rodents, disease prevention efforts in endemic areas include controlling rodent populations and keeping rodents away from homes and workplaces.

• #64 Viral hemorrhagic fevers | Altru Health System

  https://www.altru.org/health-library/conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers are spread by contact with infected animals. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in many animal hosts. Most often, the hosts include mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, nonhuman primates or bats. […] Mosquito or tick bites spread some viral hemorrhagic fevers. Infected body fluids, such as blood, saliva or semen, spread other viral hemorrhagic fevers. You can get a few types by inhaling infected rat feces or urine. […] Some viral hemorrhagic fevers also can spread from person to person.

• #65 Lassa Fever: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/25095-lassa-fever

  Lassa fever is a type of viral hemorrhagic illness you can get from humans or rats infected with Lassa virus. Its common in West Africa. Lassa fever is an illness you get from a virus thats common in countries of West Africa. Lassa is a type of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), a group of viruses that can cause uncontrolled bleeding. Lassa virus (LASV) causes Lassa fever. Its carried by Mastomys (or multimammate) rats, which live in countries in West Africa. Lassa virus can damage your blood vessels and lower your bloods ability to clot, causing uncontrolled bleeding. […] You get Lassa fever from contact with infected rat poop (feces) or pee (urine), which can contaminate food or surfaces. You can also get it from contact with body fluids of people infected with LASV. This includes sexual contact or exposure to their poop, pee or blood. Once a person or animal is infected with LASV, it can stay in their pee for a long time.

• #66 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) describe a wide range of viral infections common in parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia, transmitted through direct contact with body secretions from infected animals or persons, handling or consumption of infected animals, contact with contaminated surfaces, inhalation of infected aerosolized droplets, or through the bite of infected ticks. […] Lassa virus, is transmitted by rats; Marburg virus and NiV are transmitted by bats; and CCHF virus is transmitted by ticks. Humans may also be infected with these hemorrhagic fevers through direct contact, inhalation, ingestion, or via contaminated medical equipment. […] Lassa virus is mainly transmitted to humans though direct contact with urine, feces, or saliva deposited by infected rats on surfaces, by inhalation of infected aerosolized dust, via ingestion of contaminated food or water, or via consumption of rodent meat as part of the normal diet.

• #67 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of viral infections caused by viruses from five different families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Paramyxoviridae. […] Pathogens are enveloped RNA viruses from the following families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Paramyxoviridae. […] Transmission occurs via contact with their animal or insect reservoirs or vectors (e.g., rodents, mosquitoes, ticks). […] Human-to-human transmission is also possible, e.g., via bodily fluids. […] Case fatality rates vary greatly between VHFs but can be up to 90%. […] Transmission includes reservoir hosts or vectors such as rodents, mosquitoes, and ticks, with direct contact, inhalation of infected particles, and contact with infectious material. […] Human-to-human transmission can occur through airborne droplets and contact with blood or other bodily fluids.

• #68 Lassa Fever: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/25095-lassa-fever

  Lassa fever is a type of viral hemorrhagic illness you can get from humans or rats infected with Lassa virus. Its common in West Africa. Lassa fever is an illness you get from a virus thats common in countries of West Africa. Lassa is a type of viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), a group of viruses that can cause uncontrolled bleeding. Lassa virus (LASV) causes Lassa fever. Its carried by Mastomys (or multimammate) rats, which live in countries in West Africa. Lassa virus can damage your blood vessels and lower your bloods ability to clot, causing uncontrolled bleeding. […] You get Lassa fever from contact with infected rat poop (feces) or pee (urine), which can contaminate food or surfaces. You can also get it from contact with body fluids of people infected with LASV. This includes sexual contact or exposure to their poop, pee or blood. Once a person or animal is infected with LASV, it can stay in their pee for a long time.

• #69

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/viral-haemorrhagic-fevers-origins-reservoirs-transmission-and-guidelines

  Known bunyaviruses include: Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHF). […] Known flaviruses include: dengue virus: the cause of dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue fever. […] The viruses depend on their animal hosts for survival. […] Human cases or outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fever occur sporadically and irregularly, and are hard to predict. […] Lassa, Ebola, Marburg and Crimean-Congo viruses can spread from person to person through close contact with symptomatic patients or contaminated body fluids. […] Some viral haemorrhagic fevers, such as Lassa fever, are treatable with anti-viral drugs. […] No licensed vaccines are available against other types of haemorrhagic fever viruses. […] Because many of the hosts that carry haemorrhagic fever viruses are rodents, disease prevention efforts in endemic areas include controlling rodent populations and keeping rodents away from homes and workplaces.

• #70 WHO EMRO | Haemorrhagic fevers, Viral | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/haemorrhagic-fevers-viral/index.html

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers include a spectrum of relatively mild to severe life-threatening diseases characterized by sudden onset of muscle and joint pain, fever, bleeding and shock from loss of blood. In severe cases, one of the most prominent symptoms is bleeding, or haemorrhaging, from orifices and internal organs. […] In the Eastern Mediterranean Region, the main viral haemorrhagic fevers are yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, dengue fever, CrimeanCongo haemorrhagic fever and Ebola virus disease. […] The emergence and re-emergence of viral haemorrhagic fevers is a growing concern worldwide. […] Viral haemorrhagic fevers are associated with occurrence of major epidemics with high case-fatality rates owing to the fact that there are no specific medical countermeasures such as vaccines or antivirals, the exception being yellow fever. Lack of timely laboratory diagnosis, late detection, inadequate infection control practices at health care facilities, and weak vector control programmes could also prolong outbreaks of haemorrhagic fevers.

• #71 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: From Global to Local Outbreaks | Today’s Clinical Lab

  https://www.clinicallab.com/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-from-global-to-local-outbreaks-28129

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of diseases that are caused by several distinct families of viruses. The term hemorrhagic details what this group of viruses typically does pathologically to ones body. In a broad definition, the pathology of VHFs usually affects several organ systems, wreaks havoc on the cardiovascular system, and weakens bodily functions. […] VHFs are caused primarily by four families of viruses: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae. These viruses have a wide range of health effects, with some causing mild illness and others causing death. […] Transmission of VHFs to humans may occur via contact with or inhalation of contaminated materials from animals (usually rodents, bats, monkeys, gorillas, or other similar wildlife) or arthropods (insects like ticks, sand flies, and mosquitos). VHFs can also be spread through contact with infected blood and other body fluids, such as open wounds with bleeding or needle punctures. […] With the danger of severe disease or higher mortality from VHFs, it is essential that the public understands how important prevention is to avoid an infection. VHFs and other emerging and reemerging diseases often depend on understanding the host reservoir and virus transmission.

• #72 Post-Travel Evaluation to Rule Out Viral Special Pathogen Infection | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  This chapter focuses on the approach to a returning traveler who may be infected with a „viral special pathogen,” defined here as a virus which: can spread person-to-person; frequently causes illness resulting in severe morbidity or death; and has no, or limited, medical countermeasures. The most significant of these are filoviruses, arenaviruses, nairoviruses, henipaviruses, and highly pathogenic coronaviruses, and they will be the focus of this chapter. […] The speed of international air travel, combined with increasing interactions among people, domestic and wild animals, and their environments, create opportunities for the emergence and re-emergence and spread of known and unrecognized viral special pathogens in the United States. […] Healthcare facilities and public health agencies should maintain situational awareness about ongoing outbreaks worldwide, as well as countries where these diseases are endemic, to rapidly identify and isolate acutely ill travelers arriving unannounced to a healthcare facility.

• #73 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/viral-hemorrhagic-fever/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are a group of illnesses caused by viruses. […] There are five distinct families of viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers: […] Arenaviruses (such as Lassa fever virus) […] Filoviruses (such as Ebola virus and Marburg virus) […] Bunyaviruses (such as Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and Rift Valley fever virus) […] Flaviviruses (such as yellow fever virus and dengue virus) […] Paramyxoviruses (such as the Nipah virus and Hendra virus). […] Many VHFs are considered possible bioterrorism agents because they are highly infectious, can be made airborne, and would cause serious illness in the target population.

• #74 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) – Overview | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/vhf

  Marburg virus disease (MVD) is a rare hemorrhagic fever that causes severe disease and death. The Marburg virus is spread from bats that live in the African continent and can infect humans and primates when they come into contact with these bats or their saliva, urine, or feces. MVD can also be spread between infected animals and humans. There is no FDA-approved vaccine or cure for MVD and between 20-90 percent of people with the disease will die. […] Along with smallpox, anthrax, plague, botulism, and tularemia, hemorrhagic fever viruses are among the six agents identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as the most likely to be used as biological weapons. Many VHFs can cause severe, life-threatening disease with high fatality rates. […] OSHA standards do not specifically address viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs).

• #75

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/viral-haemorrhagic-fevers-origins-reservoirs-transmission-and-guidelines

  Known bunyaviruses include: Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHF). […] Known flaviruses include: dengue virus: the cause of dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue fever. […] The viruses depend on their animal hosts for survival. […] Human cases or outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fever occur sporadically and irregularly, and are hard to predict. […] Lassa, Ebola, Marburg and Crimean-Congo viruses can spread from person to person through close contact with symptomatic patients or contaminated body fluids. […] Some viral haemorrhagic fevers, such as Lassa fever, are treatable with anti-viral drugs. […] No licensed vaccines are available against other types of haemorrhagic fever viruses. […] Because many of the hosts that carry haemorrhagic fever viruses are rodents, disease prevention efforts in endemic areas include controlling rodent populations and keeping rodents away from homes and workplaces.

• #76 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  Hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) pose a threat to global public health owing to the emergence and re-emergence of highly fatal diseases. Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) caused by these viruses are mostly characterized by an acute febrile syndrome with coagulation abnormalities and generalized hemorrhage that may lead to life-threatening organ dysfunction. Currently, the events underlying the viral pathogenicity associated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome still underexplored. […] Hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) are highly infectious RNA viruses that can lead to viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in humans. VHFs are mostly characterized by mild to acute febrile syndrome with coagulation abnormalities and generalized hemorrhage that can lead to multiorgan failure, and death. The frequency of hemorrhagic manifestations driven by HFVs can vary; however, they represent the acute form of the disease and one of the most common signs of the infection.

• #77 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  These viruses are a major concern to global public health because of their potential as bioweapons and the possibility to cause outbreaks with high fatality rates. In this minireview, we present the current knowledge regarding HFVs, including their common features and recently described pathogenic mechanisms underlying virulence leading to life-threatening infections. […] VHFs are characterized by abnormal vascular regulation and damage. Despite sharing some clinical manifestations, the cell and organ tropism, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis vary according to the causative agent. However, all of them, target the cells responsible for initiating the antiviral response, causing a delay in the immune response. This delay, leads VHF patients to present high viremias and immunosuppression that can lead to a fulminant shock-like syndrome where inflammatory mediators play a major role.

• #78 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17973-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses caused by viruses that damage your blood vessels and can cause severe bleeding. […] The viruses in this group range in severity. Many of them cause mild illness. But all of them can damage your blood vessels and interfere with your bloods ability to clot, leading to life-threatening complications. […] Experts dont fully understand the ways that hemorrhagic fever viruses cause severe bleeding. Theres evidence that the viruses damage your blood vessels, causing them to leak. They can also interfere with blood clotting, meaning your body cant stop bleeding when it should. […] Several types of viruses can cause viral hemorrhagic fevers, including: Arenaviruses, Filoviruses, Bunyaviruses, Flaviviruses. […] Not all species of these viruses cause hemorrhagic disease. For instance, Zika is caused by a flavivirus, but it doesnt damage your blood vessels the way VHFs do.

• #79 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ID/Emerging/VrlHmrhgcFvr.htm

  Natural host species (e.g. animal carcasses, infected bats) are specific to certain geographic regions. […] Four families of lipid-enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses. […] Arena Virus (Arenaviridae, Rodent Reservoir). […] Bunyavirus (Bunyaviridae). […] Flavivirus (Flaviviridae). […] Filovirus (Filoviridae, Bat Reservoir). […] All Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers result in vascular endothelial damage. […] Results in Flushing, edema, Petechiae, Ecchymosis, Hemorrhage and shock.

• #80 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17973-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses caused by viruses that damage your blood vessels and can cause severe bleeding. […] The viruses in this group range in severity. Many of them cause mild illness. But all of them can damage your blood vessels and interfere with your bloods ability to clot, leading to life-threatening complications. […] Experts dont fully understand the ways that hemorrhagic fever viruses cause severe bleeding. Theres evidence that the viruses damage your blood vessels, causing them to leak. They can also interfere with blood clotting, meaning your body cant stop bleeding when it should. […] Several types of viruses can cause viral hemorrhagic fevers, including: Arenaviruses, Filoviruses, Bunyaviruses, Flaviviruses. […] Not all species of these viruses cause hemorrhagic disease. For instance, Zika is caused by a flavivirus, but it doesnt damage your blood vessels the way VHFs do.

• #81 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

  https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ID/Emerging/VrlHmrhgcFvr.htm

  Natural host species (e.g. animal carcasses, infected bats) are specific to certain geographic regions. […] Four families of lipid-enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses. […] Arena Virus (Arenaviridae, Rodent Reservoir). […] Bunyavirus (Bunyaviridae). […] Flavivirus (Flaviviridae). […] Filovirus (Filoviridae, Bat Reservoir). […] All Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers result in vascular endothelial damage. […] Results in Flushing, edema, Petechiae, Ecchymosis, Hemorrhage and shock.

• #82 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17973-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses caused by viruses that damage your blood vessels and can cause severe bleeding. […] The viruses in this group range in severity. Many of them cause mild illness. But all of them can damage your blood vessels and interfere with your bloods ability to clot, leading to life-threatening complications. […] Experts dont fully understand the ways that hemorrhagic fever viruses cause severe bleeding. Theres evidence that the viruses damage your blood vessels, causing them to leak. They can also interfere with blood clotting, meaning your body cant stop bleeding when it should. […] Several types of viruses can cause viral hemorrhagic fevers, including: Arenaviruses, Filoviruses, Bunyaviruses, Flaviviruses. […] Not all species of these viruses cause hemorrhagic disease. For instance, Zika is caused by a flavivirus, but it doesnt damage your blood vessels the way VHFs do.

• #83 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  An increase in soluble proinflammatory mediators is another characteristic of VHFs. This proinflammatory state has been called cytokine storm and is characterized by the presence of high levels of IFNs, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-), and reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (NO) species in serum. […] Hepatic damage with high serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), renal impairment evidenced by oliguria, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia with prolonged coagulation times, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) also occur depending on the severity of VHFs. […] Most HFVs cause high fatality rate due to their elevated pathogenicity, moreover, there are not many preventive vaccines and therapeutic options to treat VHF patients. This, together with the high risk of emergence and re-emergence of these pathogens, highlights the need of implementing several actions to suppress the latent risks that VHFs represent.

• #84 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  HFVs are transmitted through contact with or inhalation of contaminated materials from animal reservoirs or arthropod vectors; however, human-to-human spread through contact with infected blood and other body fluids is possible for most HFVs. The incubation period varies from 2 to 35 days and begins with a prodromal period that typically last less than 1 week. This phase is followed by an increase in viral replication, which leads to an excessive release of cytokines, causing endothelial activation, increased vascular permeability, vasodilatation with subsequent hypotension, multiorgan failure, and death. […] Several authors have reported that HFVs counteract the innate and adaptive immune responses in several ways. For example, Ebola virus inhibits DC maturation by the polyfunctional viral protein of 35kDa (VP35), abrogating the adequate induction of adaptive responses. Other important players in the immune response, such as natural killer (NK) cells and gamma delta (γδ) T cells, decrease in number early during infection with pathogenic and non-pathogenic arenaviruses; however, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown.

• #85 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  These viruses are a major concern to global public health because of their potential as bioweapons and the possibility to cause outbreaks with high fatality rates. In this minireview, we present the current knowledge regarding HFVs, including their common features and recently described pathogenic mechanisms underlying virulence leading to life-threatening infections. […] VHFs are characterized by abnormal vascular regulation and damage. Despite sharing some clinical manifestations, the cell and organ tropism, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis vary according to the causative agent. However, all of them, target the cells responsible for initiating the antiviral response, causing a delay in the immune response. This delay, leads VHF patients to present high viremias and immunosuppression that can lead to a fulminant shock-like syndrome where inflammatory mediators play a major role.

• #86 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  These viruses are a major concern to global public health because of their potential as bioweapons and the possibility to cause outbreaks with high fatality rates. In this minireview, we present the current knowledge regarding HFVs, including their common features and recently described pathogenic mechanisms underlying virulence leading to life-threatening infections. […] VHFs are characterized by abnormal vascular regulation and damage. Despite sharing some clinical manifestations, the cell and organ tropism, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis vary according to the causative agent. However, all of them, target the cells responsible for initiating the antiviral response, causing a delay in the immune response. This delay, leads VHF patients to present high viremias and immunosuppression that can lead to a fulminant shock-like syndrome where inflammatory mediators play a major role.

• #87 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  HFVs are transmitted through contact with or inhalation of contaminated materials from animal reservoirs or arthropod vectors; however, human-to-human spread through contact with infected blood and other body fluids is possible for most HFVs. The incubation period varies from 2 to 35 days and begins with a prodromal period that typically last less than 1 week. This phase is followed by an increase in viral replication, which leads to an excessive release of cytokines, causing endothelial activation, increased vascular permeability, vasodilatation with subsequent hypotension, multiorgan failure, and death. […] Several authors have reported that HFVs counteract the innate and adaptive immune responses in several ways. For example, Ebola virus inhibits DC maturation by the polyfunctional viral protein of 35kDa (VP35), abrogating the adequate induction of adaptive responses. Other important players in the immune response, such as natural killer (NK) cells and gamma delta (γδ) T cells, decrease in number early during infection with pathogenic and non-pathogenic arenaviruses; however, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown.

• #88 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  HFVs are transmitted through contact with or inhalation of contaminated materials from animal reservoirs or arthropod vectors; however, human-to-human spread through contact with infected blood and other body fluids is possible for most HFVs. The incubation period varies from 2 to 35 days and begins with a prodromal period that typically last less than 1 week. This phase is followed by an increase in viral replication, which leads to an excessive release of cytokines, causing endothelial activation, increased vascular permeability, vasodilatation with subsequent hypotension, multiorgan failure, and death. […] Several authors have reported that HFVs counteract the innate and adaptive immune responses in several ways. For example, Ebola virus inhibits DC maturation by the polyfunctional viral protein of 35kDa (VP35), abrogating the adequate induction of adaptive responses. Other important players in the immune response, such as natural killer (NK) cells and gamma delta (γδ) T cells, decrease in number early during infection with pathogenic and non-pathogenic arenaviruses; however, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown.

• #89 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  An increase in soluble proinflammatory mediators is another characteristic of VHFs. This proinflammatory state has been called cytokine storm and is characterized by the presence of high levels of IFNs, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-), and reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (NO) species in serum. […] Hepatic damage with high serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), renal impairment evidenced by oliguria, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia with prolonged coagulation times, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) also occur depending on the severity of VHFs. […] Most HFVs cause high fatality rate due to their elevated pathogenicity, moreover, there are not many preventive vaccines and therapeutic options to treat VHF patients. This, together with the high risk of emergence and re-emergence of these pathogens, highlights the need of implementing several actions to suppress the latent risks that VHFs represent.

• #90 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  HFVs are transmitted through contact with or inhalation of contaminated materials from animal reservoirs or arthropod vectors; however, human-to-human spread through contact with infected blood and other body fluids is possible for most HFVs. The incubation period varies from 2 to 35 days and begins with a prodromal period that typically last less than 1 week. This phase is followed by an increase in viral replication, which leads to an excessive release of cytokines, causing endothelial activation, increased vascular permeability, vasodilatation with subsequent hypotension, multiorgan failure, and death. […] Several authors have reported that HFVs counteract the innate and adaptive immune responses in several ways. For example, Ebola virus inhibits DC maturation by the polyfunctional viral protein of 35kDa (VP35), abrogating the adequate induction of adaptive responses. Other important players in the immune response, such as natural killer (NK) cells and gamma delta (γδ) T cells, decrease in number early during infection with pathogenic and non-pathogenic arenaviruses; however, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown.

• #91 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  An increase in soluble proinflammatory mediators is another characteristic of VHFs. This proinflammatory state has been called cytokine storm and is characterized by the presence of high levels of IFNs, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-), and reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (NO) species in serum. […] Hepatic damage with high serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), renal impairment evidenced by oliguria, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia with prolonged coagulation times, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) also occur depending on the severity of VHFs. […] Most HFVs cause high fatality rate due to their elevated pathogenicity, moreover, there are not many preventive vaccines and therapeutic options to treat VHF patients. This, together with the high risk of emergence and re-emergence of these pathogens, highlights the need of implementing several actions to suppress the latent risks that VHFs represent.

• #92 Viral hemorrhagic fevers // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers are infectious diseases that can cause severe, life-threatening illness. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers are spread by contact with infected animals or insects. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in a variety of animal and insect hosts. […] Some viral hemorrhagic fevers can also be spread from person to person. […] Some viral hemorrhagic fevers are spread by mosquito or tick bites. Others are spread by contact with infected body fluids, such as blood, saliva or semen. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers can cause: septic shock, multiorgan failure, death.

• #93 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  An increase in soluble proinflammatory mediators is another characteristic of VHFs. This proinflammatory state has been called cytokine storm and is characterized by the presence of high levels of IFNs, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-), and reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (NO) species in serum. […] Hepatic damage with high serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), renal impairment evidenced by oliguria, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia with prolonged coagulation times, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) also occur depending on the severity of VHFs. […] Most HFVs cause high fatality rate due to their elevated pathogenicity, moreover, there are not many preventive vaccines and therapeutic options to treat VHF patients. This, together with the high risk of emergence and re-emergence of these pathogens, highlights the need of implementing several actions to suppress the latent risks that VHFs represent.

• #94 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  An increase in soluble proinflammatory mediators is another characteristic of VHFs. This proinflammatory state has been called cytokine storm and is characterized by the presence of high levels of IFNs, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-), and reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (NO) species in serum. […] Hepatic damage with high serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), renal impairment evidenced by oliguria, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia with prolonged coagulation times, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) also occur depending on the severity of VHFs. […] Most HFVs cause high fatality rate due to their elevated pathogenicity, moreover, there are not many preventive vaccines and therapeutic options to treat VHF patients. This, together with the high risk of emergence and re-emergence of these pathogens, highlights the need of implementing several actions to suppress the latent risks that VHFs represent.

• #95 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/emergency-preparedness-response/public-health-care-system-preparedness/viral-hemorrhagic-fever.html

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses caused by several viruses, mostly found in animals or insects. […] In general, the term „viral hemorrhagic fever” is used to describe a serious illness in which many organ systems in the body are affected. […] Some types of VHF are associated with renal (kidney) failure. […] While some types of VHFs cause relatively mild illnesses, many of these viruses cause serious, life-threatening disease. […] Treatment of illness: There is no treatment or established cure for VHFs. The antiviral drug ribavirin may be of use in treating a subset of VHFs.

• #96 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  An increase in soluble proinflammatory mediators is another characteristic of VHFs. This proinflammatory state has been called cytokine storm and is characterized by the presence of high levels of IFNs, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-), and reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (NO) species in serum. […] Hepatic damage with high serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), renal impairment evidenced by oliguria, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia with prolonged coagulation times, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) also occur depending on the severity of VHFs. […] Most HFVs cause high fatality rate due to their elevated pathogenicity, moreover, there are not many preventive vaccines and therapeutic options to treat VHF patients. This, together with the high risk of emergence and re-emergence of these pathogens, highlights the need of implementing several actions to suppress the latent risks that VHFs represent.

• #97 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  An increase in soluble proinflammatory mediators is another characteristic of VHFs. This proinflammatory state has been called cytokine storm and is characterized by the presence of high levels of IFNs, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-), and reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (NO) species in serum. […] Hepatic damage with high serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), renal impairment evidenced by oliguria, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia with prolonged coagulation times, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) also occur depending on the severity of VHFs. […] Most HFVs cause high fatality rate due to their elevated pathogenicity, moreover, there are not many preventive vaccines and therapeutic options to treat VHF patients. This, together with the high risk of emergence and re-emergence of these pathogens, highlights the need of implementing several actions to suppress the latent risks that VHFs represent.

• #98 Viral hemorrhagic fevers // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers are infectious diseases that can cause severe, life-threatening illness. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers are spread by contact with infected animals or insects. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in a variety of animal and insect hosts. […] Some viral hemorrhagic fevers can also be spread from person to person. […] Some viral hemorrhagic fevers are spread by mosquito or tick bites. Others are spread by contact with infected body fluids, such as blood, saliva or semen. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers can cause: septic shock, multiorgan failure, death.

• #99 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Remedies, and Treatment | Apollo Hospitals

  https://www.apollohospitals.com/diseases-and-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fever-symptoms-causes-remedies-and-treatment

  Viral Hemorrhagic Fever is a multisystem syndrome that affects multiple organs of the human body. It is caused by several viruses. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers are infectious diseases that can damage the walls of blood vessels obstructing bloods ability to clot. […] While one can develop viral hemorrhagic fevers through infected insects or animals, sometimes it can also spread through person-to-person transmission. […] The disease can cause multiple organ failure, septic shock, and can also be fatal. Some viral hemorrhagic fevers are also contagious and can cause life-threatening illnesses. […] Unfortunately, there are no specific remedies to treat viral hemorrhagic fevers. Vaccinations are the best forms of treatment available for these diseases. […] Identifying the symptoms, causes, treatment options, remedies, and prevention mechanisms of viral hemorrhagic fevers is crucial to prevent such diseases.

• #100 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  These viruses are a major concern to global public health because of their potential as bioweapons and the possibility to cause outbreaks with high fatality rates. In this minireview, we present the current knowledge regarding HFVs, including their common features and recently described pathogenic mechanisms underlying virulence leading to life-threatening infections. […] VHFs are characterized by abnormal vascular regulation and damage. Despite sharing some clinical manifestations, the cell and organ tropism, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying their pathogenesis vary according to the causative agent. However, all of them, target the cells responsible for initiating the antiviral response, causing a delay in the immune response. This delay, leads VHF patients to present high viremias and immunosuppression that can lead to a fulminant shock-like syndrome where inflammatory mediators play a major role.

• #101 Post-Travel Evaluation to Rule Out Viral Special Pathogen Infection | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  No single sign or symptom is pathognomonic for diseases caused by viral special pathogens. […] The decision to test is primarily driven by assessing epidemiologic risk factors and ruling out more common causes of illness. […] Because none of the viral special pathogens described in this chapter are endemic to the United States, eliciting travel-associated exposures is critical. […] Patients with suspected viral special pathogen infections should immediately be placed in a private room with a door and private bathroom or covered bedside commode. […] For patients with confirmed infection and patients with suspected infection who are clinically unstable or have bleeding, vomiting, or diarrhea, healthcare workers should, at a minimum, wear: Single-use (disposable) impermeable gown extending to at least mid-calf OR single use (disposable) impermeable coverall.

• #102 Post-Travel Evaluation to Rule Out Viral Special Pathogen Infection | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  No single sign or symptom is pathognomonic for diseases caused by viral special pathogens. […] The decision to test is primarily driven by assessing epidemiologic risk factors and ruling out more common causes of illness. […] Because none of the viral special pathogens described in this chapter are endemic to the United States, eliciting travel-associated exposures is critical. […] Patients with suspected viral special pathogen infections should immediately be placed in a private room with a door and private bathroom or covered bedside commode. […] For patients with confirmed infection and patients with suspected infection who are clinically unstable or have bleeding, vomiting, or diarrhea, healthcare workers should, at a minimum, wear: Single-use (disposable) impermeable gown extending to at least mid-calf OR single use (disposable) impermeable coverall.

• #103 Viral haemorrhagic fever | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/viral-haemorrhagic-fever

  Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) is an extremely infectious and life threatening disease caused by a group of viruses including the Ebola virus. […] Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) is an extremely infectious and life threatening disease caused by four families of viruses. Some of the more well known of these viruses are Ebola, Lassa, Marburg and Crimean-Congo virus. […] The viruses are transmitted by body fluids such as saliva, urine, semen and blood. Infection of humans can be caused by bites from infected insects and animals. […] The death rate for VHF can be as high as 90 per cent. […] There is no cure or vaccination. […] Each VHF virus has a slightly different profile. […] To date, there is no cure or commercially available vaccination for viral haemorrhagic fever.

• #104 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  Hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) pose a threat to global public health owing to the emergence and re-emergence of highly fatal diseases. Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) caused by these viruses are mostly characterized by an acute febrile syndrome with coagulation abnormalities and generalized hemorrhage that may lead to life-threatening organ dysfunction. Currently, the events underlying the viral pathogenicity associated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome still underexplored. […] Hemorrhagic fever viruses (HFVs) are highly infectious RNA viruses that can lead to viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in humans. VHFs are mostly characterized by mild to acute febrile syndrome with coagulation abnormalities and generalized hemorrhage that can lead to multiorgan failure, and death. The frequency of hemorrhagic manifestations driven by HFVs can vary; however, they represent the acute form of the disease and one of the most common signs of the infection.

• #105 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Travelers who develop symptoms of VHF, especially in the setting of a risk exposure noted above, should seek urgent medical attention in a specialized infectious disease unit because accurate diagnosis requires specialized laboratory facilities and supportive care is complex. […] No vaccine or drugs are available to prevent these diseases; travelers should avoid situations that put them at risk.

• #106 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: From Global to Local Outbreaks | Today’s Clinical Lab

  https://www.clinicallab.com/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-from-global-to-local-outbreaks-28129

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of diseases that are caused by several distinct families of viruses. The term hemorrhagic details what this group of viruses typically does pathologically to ones body. In a broad definition, the pathology of VHFs usually affects several organ systems, wreaks havoc on the cardiovascular system, and weakens bodily functions. […] VHFs are caused primarily by four families of viruses: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae. These viruses have a wide range of health effects, with some causing mild illness and others causing death. […] Transmission of VHFs to humans may occur via contact with or inhalation of contaminated materials from animals (usually rodents, bats, monkeys, gorillas, or other similar wildlife) or arthropods (insects like ticks, sand flies, and mosquitos). VHFs can also be spread through contact with infected blood and other body fluids, such as open wounds with bleeding or needle punctures. […] With the danger of severe disease or higher mortality from VHFs, it is essential that the public understands how important prevention is to avoid an infection. VHFs and other emerging and reemerging diseases often depend on understanding the host reservoir and virus transmission.

• #107 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969877-overview

  Dengue infection is caused by dengue virus (DENV), which is a single-stranded RNA virus (approximately 11 kilobases long) with an icosahedral nucleocapsid and covered by a lipid envelope. The dengue virus has 4 related but antigenically distinct serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. Genetic studies of sylvatic strains suggest that the 4 serotypes evolved from a common ancestor in primate populations approximately 1000 years ago and that all 4 separately emerged into a human urban transmission cycle 500 years ago in either Asia or Africa. […] Living in endemic areas of the tropics (or warm, moist climates such as the southern United States) where the vector mosquito thrives is an important risk factor for infection. […] Poorly planned urbanization combined with explosive global population growth brings the mosquito and the human host into close proximity. Increased air travel easily transports infectious diseases between populations.

• #108 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Marburg virus is transmitted to humans via direct contact with infected bat feces or bodily fluids, inhalation of aerosolized secretions, or handling of bats and other infected animals. […] Humans become infected via the bite of infected ticks or handling of infected livestock, including animal tissues or blood. […] NiV is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals (such as bats or pigs) or their bodily fluids (such as blood, urine, or saliva) or through consumption of food products (such as raw dates or palm sap juice) contaminated by bodily fluids of infected animals or fruit contaminated by an infected bat. […] Risk is rare among travelers and expatriates who reside in endemic areas; however, risk is proportional to the degree of contact with rodents (including their excreta, which may contaminate stored grain and other food).

• #109 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969877-overview

  Dengue infection is caused by dengue virus (DENV), which is a single-stranded RNA virus (approximately 11 kilobases long) with an icosahedral nucleocapsid and covered by a lipid envelope. The dengue virus has 4 related but antigenically distinct serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. Genetic studies of sylvatic strains suggest that the 4 serotypes evolved from a common ancestor in primate populations approximately 1000 years ago and that all 4 separately emerged into a human urban transmission cycle 500 years ago in either Asia or Africa. […] Living in endemic areas of the tropics (or warm, moist climates such as the southern United States) where the vector mosquito thrives is an important risk factor for infection. […] Poorly planned urbanization combined with explosive global population growth brings the mosquito and the human host into close proximity. Increased air travel easily transports infectious diseases between populations.

• #110 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever – Types | Causes | Risk Factors | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prevention

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/infectious-diseases/viral-hemorrhagic-fever

  Viral hemorrhagic fever can be caused by several families of viruses and damages the body’s vascular system. […] Viral hemorrhagic fever is a multisystem syndrome caused by several families of viruses. Few of these viruses can cause mild illnesses, and few can have fatal complications. Viral hemorrhagic fever damages the body’s vascular system and causes hemorrhagic or bleeding complications. When the viruses enter the body, they impair the walls of small blood vessels, thereby interfering with their clotting ability. […] Viral hemorrhagic fever is caused by RNA viruses, namely Filovirus, Arenavirus, Flavivirus, and Bunyavirus. […] The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers are transmitted to humans from infected vectors or reservoir hosts. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers occur worldwide, but their incidence is significantly less in the United States. Africa, Asia, and South America are the most common areas where viral hemorrhagic fevers occur. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers are commonly seen in tropical areas. There is no specific treatment available, and vaccines are available only for a few fevers. Therefore, preventing the disease in the first place is essential. Follow adequate preventive measures to avoid one.

• #111 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969877-overview

  Dengue infection is caused by dengue virus (DENV), which is a single-stranded RNA virus (approximately 11 kilobases long) with an icosahedral nucleocapsid and covered by a lipid envelope. The dengue virus has 4 related but antigenically distinct serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. Genetic studies of sylvatic strains suggest that the 4 serotypes evolved from a common ancestor in primate populations approximately 1000 years ago and that all 4 separately emerged into a human urban transmission cycle 500 years ago in either Asia or Africa. […] Living in endemic areas of the tropics (or warm, moist climates such as the southern United States) where the vector mosquito thrives is an important risk factor for infection. […] Poorly planned urbanization combined with explosive global population growth brings the mosquito and the human host into close proximity. Increased air travel easily transports infectious diseases between populations.

• #112 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969877-overview

  Dengue infection is caused by dengue virus (DENV), which is a single-stranded RNA virus (approximately 11 kilobases long) with an icosahedral nucleocapsid and covered by a lipid envelope. The dengue virus has 4 related but antigenically distinct serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. Genetic studies of sylvatic strains suggest that the 4 serotypes evolved from a common ancestor in primate populations approximately 1000 years ago and that all 4 separately emerged into a human urban transmission cycle 500 years ago in either Asia or Africa. […] Living in endemic areas of the tropics (or warm, moist climates such as the southern United States) where the vector mosquito thrives is an important risk factor for infection. […] Poorly planned urbanization combined with explosive global population growth brings the mosquito and the human host into close proximity. Increased air travel easily transports infectious diseases between populations.

• #113 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Risk is extremely low for travelers, unless the person has direct physical contact with a sick or infected dead person, animal, or their blood or bodily fluids. […] Risk is generally low for travelers going to affected areas who engage in outdoor activities (such as camping) and are bitten by ticks; there have been very few reports of CCHF in travelers. […] Risk is low among travelers. Persons at increased risk are adventure travelers and long-term visitors and expatriates who may come into contact with infected bats or pigs, consume raw dates or palm sap juice, or consume improperly washed fruit that has been contaminated by infected animals. […] Symptoms most commonly develop about 7 to 18 days following exposure and include fever, general discomfort, headache, muscle aches, dry cough, chest and abdominal pain, and sore throat.

• #114 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Marburg virus is transmitted to humans via direct contact with infected bat feces or bodily fluids, inhalation of aerosolized secretions, or handling of bats and other infected animals. […] Humans become infected via the bite of infected ticks or handling of infected livestock, including animal tissues or blood. […] NiV is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals (such as bats or pigs) or their bodily fluids (such as blood, urine, or saliva) or through consumption of food products (such as raw dates or palm sap juice) contaminated by bodily fluids of infected animals or fruit contaminated by an infected bat. […] Risk is rare among travelers and expatriates who reside in endemic areas; however, risk is proportional to the degree of contact with rodents (including their excreta, which may contaminate stored grain and other food).

• #115 Hemorrhagic fever viral infections | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/hemorrhagic-fever-viral-infections

  The mortality rates range from 50 to 90 percent, depending on the particular viral strain. […] Flaviviruses cause dengue fever, Kyasanur forest disease, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, and yellow fever. […] The risk of a rodent-borne infection increases in rodent-infested buildings, by living in the country, or by living near an area where rodents congregate (such as trash storage areas). […] The risk of insect-borne infection increases by being outdoors with exposed areas of skin, particularly at night. […] No established drug treatments or cures exist for most HFVIs. […] Treatment for HFVIs consists mainly of supportive care, such as the replacement of fluid loss, blood and blood product (platelet) transfusions, and the maintenance of blood pressure. […] Vaccines are present for yellow fever and Argentine hemorrhagic fever.

• #116 Hemorrhagic fever viral infections | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/hemorrhagic-fever-viral-infections

  The mortality rates range from 50 to 90 percent, depending on the particular viral strain. […] Flaviviruses cause dengue fever, Kyasanur forest disease, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, and yellow fever. […] The risk of a rodent-borne infection increases in rodent-infested buildings, by living in the country, or by living near an area where rodents congregate (such as trash storage areas). […] The risk of insect-borne infection increases by being outdoors with exposed areas of skin, particularly at night. […] No established drug treatments or cures exist for most HFVIs. […] Treatment for HFVIs consists mainly of supportive care, such as the replacement of fluid loss, blood and blood product (platelet) transfusions, and the maintenance of blood pressure. […] Vaccines are present for yellow fever and Argentine hemorrhagic fever.

• #117 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Marburg virus is transmitted to humans via direct contact with infected bat feces or bodily fluids, inhalation of aerosolized secretions, or handling of bats and other infected animals. […] Humans become infected via the bite of infected ticks or handling of infected livestock, including animal tissues or blood. […] NiV is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals (such as bats or pigs) or their bodily fluids (such as blood, urine, or saliva) or through consumption of food products (such as raw dates or palm sap juice) contaminated by bodily fluids of infected animals or fruit contaminated by an infected bat. […] Risk is rare among travelers and expatriates who reside in endemic areas; however, risk is proportional to the degree of contact with rodents (including their excreta, which may contaminate stored grain and other food).

• #118 Hemorrhagic fever viral infections | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/consumer-health/hemorrhagic-fever-viral-infections

  The mortality rates range from 50 to 90 percent, depending on the particular viral strain. […] Flaviviruses cause dengue fever, Kyasanur forest disease, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, and yellow fever. […] The risk of a rodent-borne infection increases in rodent-infested buildings, by living in the country, or by living near an area where rodents congregate (such as trash storage areas). […] The risk of insect-borne infection increases by being outdoors with exposed areas of skin, particularly at night. […] No established drug treatments or cures exist for most HFVIs. […] Treatment for HFVIs consists mainly of supportive care, such as the replacement of fluid loss, blood and blood product (platelet) transfusions, and the maintenance of blood pressure. […] Vaccines are present for yellow fever and Argentine hemorrhagic fever.

• #119 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Risk is extremely low for travelers, unless the person has direct physical contact with a sick or infected dead person, animal, or their blood or bodily fluids. […] Risk is generally low for travelers going to affected areas who engage in outdoor activities (such as camping) and are bitten by ticks; there have been very few reports of CCHF in travelers. […] Risk is low among travelers. Persons at increased risk are adventure travelers and long-term visitors and expatriates who may come into contact with infected bats or pigs, consume raw dates or palm sap juice, or consume improperly washed fruit that has been contaminated by infected animals. […] Symptoms most commonly develop about 7 to 18 days following exposure and include fever, general discomfort, headache, muscle aches, dry cough, chest and abdominal pain, and sore throat.

• #120 Post-Travel Evaluation to Rule Out Viral Special Pathogen Infection | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  No single sign or symptom is pathognomonic for diseases caused by viral special pathogens. […] The decision to test is primarily driven by assessing epidemiologic risk factors and ruling out more common causes of illness. […] Because none of the viral special pathogens described in this chapter are endemic to the United States, eliciting travel-associated exposures is critical. […] Patients with suspected viral special pathogen infections should immediately be placed in a private room with a door and private bathroom or covered bedside commode. […] For patients with confirmed infection and patients with suspected infection who are clinically unstable or have bleeding, vomiting, or diarrhea, healthcare workers should, at a minimum, wear: Single-use (disposable) impermeable gown extending to at least mid-calf OR single use (disposable) impermeable coverall.

• #121 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Risk is extremely low for travelers, unless the person has direct physical contact with a sick or infected dead person, animal, or their blood or bodily fluids. […] Risk is generally low for travelers going to affected areas who engage in outdoor activities (such as camping) and are bitten by ticks; there have been very few reports of CCHF in travelers. […] Risk is low among travelers. Persons at increased risk are adventure travelers and long-term visitors and expatriates who may come into contact with infected bats or pigs, consume raw dates or palm sap juice, or consume improperly washed fruit that has been contaminated by infected animals. […] Symptoms most commonly develop about 7 to 18 days following exposure and include fever, general discomfort, headache, muscle aches, dry cough, chest and abdominal pain, and sore throat.

• #122 Lassa Fever: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/25095-lassa-fever

  Even in mild cases, about 1 in 3 people with Lassa fever has partial or complete hearing loss. This may be temporary or permanent. People with severe Lassa fever can have life-threatening complications. They include: Pregnancy loss/miscarriage. Over 75% of pregnancies end in loss of the fetus when the pregnant woman is infected with Lassa virus. […] The mortality (death) rate of Lassa fever depends on how severely ill you are and other factors: The mortality rate for all cases (mild and severe) is 1% (1 out of 10 people who have Lassa fever will die from it). For people who need to be hospitalized, the mortality rate is around 15%. During outbreaks, this can be much higher. For pregnant women, the mortality rate is about 33% (or 1 in 3 women).

• #123 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of viral infections caused by viruses from five different families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Paramyxoviridae. […] Pathogens are enveloped RNA viruses from the following families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Paramyxoviridae. […] Transmission occurs via contact with their animal or insect reservoirs or vectors (e.g., rodents, mosquitoes, ticks). […] Human-to-human transmission is also possible, e.g., via bodily fluids. […] Case fatality rates vary greatly between VHFs but can be up to 90%. […] Transmission includes reservoir hosts or vectors such as rodents, mosquitoes, and ticks, with direct contact, inhalation of infected particles, and contact with infectious material. […] Human-to-human transmission can occur through airborne droplets and contact with blood or other bodily fluids.

• #124 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of viral infections caused by viruses from five different families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Paramyxoviridae. […] Pathogens are enveloped RNA viruses from the following families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Paramyxoviridae. […] Transmission occurs via contact with their animal or insect reservoirs or vectors (e.g., rodents, mosquitoes, ticks). […] Human-to-human transmission is also possible, e.g., via bodily fluids. […] Case fatality rates vary greatly between VHFs but can be up to 90%. […] Transmission includes reservoir hosts or vectors such as rodents, mosquitoes, and ticks, with direct contact, inhalation of infected particles, and contact with infectious material. […] Human-to-human transmission can occur through airborne droplets and contact with blood or other bodily fluids.

• #125 Lassa Fever: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/25095-lassa-fever

  Even in mild cases, about 1 in 3 people with Lassa fever has partial or complete hearing loss. This may be temporary or permanent. People with severe Lassa fever can have life-threatening complications. They include: Pregnancy loss/miscarriage. Over 75% of pregnancies end in loss of the fetus when the pregnant woman is infected with Lassa virus. […] The mortality (death) rate of Lassa fever depends on how severely ill you are and other factors: The mortality rate for all cases (mild and severe) is 1% (1 out of 10 people who have Lassa fever will die from it). For people who need to be hospitalized, the mortality rate is around 15%. During outbreaks, this can be much higher. For pregnant women, the mortality rate is about 33% (or 1 in 3 women).

• #126 Lassa Fever: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/25095-lassa-fever

  Even in mild cases, about 1 in 3 people with Lassa fever has partial or complete hearing loss. This may be temporary or permanent. People with severe Lassa fever can have life-threatening complications. They include: Pregnancy loss/miscarriage. Over 75% of pregnancies end in loss of the fetus when the pregnant woman is infected with Lassa virus. […] The mortality (death) rate of Lassa fever depends on how severely ill you are and other factors: The mortality rate for all cases (mild and severe) is 1% (1 out of 10 people who have Lassa fever will die from it). For people who need to be hospitalized, the mortality rate is around 15%. During outbreaks, this can be much higher. For pregnant women, the mortality rate is about 33% (or 1 in 3 women).

• #127 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Marburg virus leads to Marburg hemorrhagic fever. […] Sudan ebolavirus also causes Ebola virus disease. […] Ta Forest ebolavirus causes Ebola virus disease, too. […] Zaire ebolavirus, just like the three above, also results in Ebola virus disease. […] Flaviviridae family: […] Dengue virus is responsible for Dengue fever. […] Kyasanur forest disease virus causes Kyasanur forest disease. […] Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus leads to Omsk hemorrhagic fever. […] Yellow fever virus results in Yellow fever. […] The Lassa virus, a type of arenavirus, has resulted in massive outbreaks in West Africa, with up to half of those affected dying from the disease. […] The Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is especially important to know about because its the most common tick-induced illness in humans.

• #128 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Filoviruses cause diseases such as Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever, and have been found in bats in Africa. […] There have been many Ebola outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo, with a very high death rate of 80 to 90%. […] Marburg hemorrhagic fever also has a very high death rate of up to 82% in low-income countries. […] The death rate among diagnosed cases can reach up to 80%-90% in developing countries.

• #129 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Filoviruses cause diseases such as Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever, and have been found in bats in Africa. […] There have been many Ebola outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo, with a very high death rate of 80 to 90%. […] Marburg hemorrhagic fever also has a very high death rate of up to 82% in low-income countries. […] The death rate among diagnosed cases can reach up to 80%-90% in developing countries.

• #130 WHO EMRO | Haemorrhagic fevers, Viral | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/haemorrhagic-fevers-viral/index.html

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers include a spectrum of relatively mild to severe life-threatening diseases characterized by sudden onset of muscle and joint pain, fever, bleeding and shock from loss of blood. In severe cases, one of the most prominent symptoms is bleeding, or haemorrhaging, from orifices and internal organs. […] In the Eastern Mediterranean Region, the main viral haemorrhagic fevers are yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, dengue fever, CrimeanCongo haemorrhagic fever and Ebola virus disease. […] The emergence and re-emergence of viral haemorrhagic fevers is a growing concern worldwide. […] Viral haemorrhagic fevers are associated with occurrence of major epidemics with high case-fatality rates owing to the fact that there are no specific medical countermeasures such as vaccines or antivirals, the exception being yellow fever. Lack of timely laboratory diagnosis, late detection, inadequate infection control practices at health care facilities, and weak vector control programmes could also prolong outbreaks of haemorrhagic fevers.

• #131 WHO EMRO | Haemorrhagic fevers, Viral | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/haemorrhagic-fevers-viral/index.html

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers include a spectrum of relatively mild to severe life-threatening diseases characterized by sudden onset of muscle and joint pain, fever, bleeding and shock from loss of blood. In severe cases, one of the most prominent symptoms is bleeding, or haemorrhaging, from orifices and internal organs. […] In the Eastern Mediterranean Region, the main viral haemorrhagic fevers are yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, dengue fever, CrimeanCongo haemorrhagic fever and Ebola virus disease. […] The emergence and re-emergence of viral haemorrhagic fevers is a growing concern worldwide. […] Viral haemorrhagic fevers are associated with occurrence of major epidemics with high case-fatality rates owing to the fact that there are no specific medical countermeasures such as vaccines or antivirals, the exception being yellow fever. Lack of timely laboratory diagnosis, late detection, inadequate infection control practices at health care facilities, and weak vector control programmes could also prolong outbreaks of haemorrhagic fevers.

• #132 WHO EMRO | Haemorrhagic fevers, Viral | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/haemorrhagic-fevers-viral/index.html

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers include a spectrum of relatively mild to severe life-threatening diseases characterized by sudden onset of muscle and joint pain, fever, bleeding and shock from loss of blood. In severe cases, one of the most prominent symptoms is bleeding, or haemorrhaging, from orifices and internal organs. […] In the Eastern Mediterranean Region, the main viral haemorrhagic fevers are yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, dengue fever, CrimeanCongo haemorrhagic fever and Ebola virus disease. […] The emergence and re-emergence of viral haemorrhagic fevers is a growing concern worldwide. […] Viral haemorrhagic fevers are associated with occurrence of major epidemics with high case-fatality rates owing to the fact that there are no specific medical countermeasures such as vaccines or antivirals, the exception being yellow fever. Lack of timely laboratory diagnosis, late detection, inadequate infection control practices at health care facilities, and weak vector control programmes could also prolong outbreaks of haemorrhagic fevers.

• #133 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/viral-hemorrhagic-fever/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are a group of illnesses caused by viruses. […] There are five distinct families of viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers: […] Arenaviruses (such as Lassa fever virus) […] Filoviruses (such as Ebola virus and Marburg virus) […] Bunyaviruses (such as Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and Rift Valley fever virus) […] Flaviviruses (such as yellow fever virus and dengue virus) […] Paramyxoviruses (such as the Nipah virus and Hendra virus). […] Many VHFs are considered possible bioterrorism agents because they are highly infectious, can be made airborne, and would cause serious illness in the target population.

• #134 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) – Overview | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/vhf

  Marburg virus disease (MVD) is a rare hemorrhagic fever that causes severe disease and death. The Marburg virus is spread from bats that live in the African continent and can infect humans and primates when they come into contact with these bats or their saliva, urine, or feces. MVD can also be spread between infected animals and humans. There is no FDA-approved vaccine or cure for MVD and between 20-90 percent of people with the disease will die. […] Along with smallpox, anthrax, plague, botulism, and tularemia, hemorrhagic fever viruses are among the six agents identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as the most likely to be used as biological weapons. Many VHFs can cause severe, life-threatening disease with high fatality rates. […] OSHA standards do not specifically address viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs).

• #135 Hemorrhagic Fevers: MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hemorrhagicfevers.html

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses caused by four families of viruses. These include the Ebola and Marburg, Lassa fever, and yellow fever viruses. VHFs have common features: they affect many organs, they damage the blood vessels, and they affect the body’s ability to regulate itself. […] Some VHFs cause mild disease, but some, like Ebola or Marburg, cause severe disease and death. […] For example, Lassa fever is limited to rural areas of West Africa where rats and mice carry the virus. […] Because there are no effective treatments for some of these viral infections, there is concern about their use in bioterrorism.

• #136 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) – Overview | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/vhf

  Marburg virus disease (MVD) is a rare hemorrhagic fever that causes severe disease and death. The Marburg virus is spread from bats that live in the African continent and can infect humans and primates when they come into contact with these bats or their saliva, urine, or feces. MVD can also be spread between infected animals and humans. There is no FDA-approved vaccine or cure for MVD and between 20-90 percent of people with the disease will die. […] Along with smallpox, anthrax, plague, botulism, and tularemia, hemorrhagic fever viruses are among the six agents identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as the most likely to be used as biological weapons. Many VHFs can cause severe, life-threatening disease with high fatality rates. […] OSHA standards do not specifically address viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs).

• #137 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) Fact Sheet – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/vhf/vhf.html

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of diseases caused by several different viruses. These diseases affect several of the bodys organ systems at the same time. They damage the blood vessels, and interfere with the bodys ability to regulate itself. […] Some types of VHF viruses including Ebola, Marburg and Lassa can be spread from person to person. They are spread through close contact with infected people or their body fluids. […] Some VHF viruses including Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, yellow fever and some New World arenaviruses can be prepared in liquid form. Then they can be released into the air and used to infect people.

• #138 Hemorrhagic Fevers: MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/hemorrhagicfevers.html

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses caused by four families of viruses. These include the Ebola and Marburg, Lassa fever, and yellow fever viruses. VHFs have common features: they affect many organs, they damage the blood vessels, and they affect the body’s ability to regulate itself. […] Some VHFs cause mild disease, but some, like Ebola or Marburg, cause severe disease and death. […] For example, Lassa fever is limited to rural areas of West Africa where rats and mice carry the virus. […] Because there are no effective treatments for some of these viral infections, there is concern about their use in bioterrorism.

• #139 Hemorrhagic fever viruses: Pathogenesis, therapeutics, and emerging and re-emerging potential

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9640979/

  An increase in soluble proinflammatory mediators is another characteristic of VHFs. This proinflammatory state has been called cytokine storm and is characterized by the presence of high levels of IFNs, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-), and reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (NO) species in serum. […] Hepatic damage with high serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), renal impairment evidenced by oliguria, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia with prolonged coagulation times, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) also occur depending on the severity of VHFs. […] Most HFVs cause high fatality rate due to their elevated pathogenicity, moreover, there are not many preventive vaccines and therapeutic options to treat VHF patients. This, together with the high risk of emergence and re-emergence of these pathogens, highlights the need of implementing several actions to suppress the latent risks that VHFs represent.

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