Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) represent a group of severe systemic febrile illnesses caused by four families of viruses – Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae. […] Most of the viruses implicated in these diseases require vectors for transmission to humans, with the majority being arthropod-borne or rodent-borne infections. […] Given their zoonotic nature, these diseases are generally confined to the endemic areas where their hosts live. However, given increased human migration and further globalization, these diseases are no longer limited to their geographic origins. […] Viruses belonging to the family Arenaviridae are associated with rodent-borne diseases. […] Lassa virus, an arenavirus, has caused outbreaks in West Africa with case fatality rates as high as 50%.

• #2 Hemorrhagic fever viruses

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/hemorrh.htm

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses that are caused by four families of viruses. […] VHFs viruses cause a constellation of symptoms due to vascular instability and increased vascular permeability. […] Characteristically, the vascular system is damaged and organ function is impaired. […] Infections with these viruses oftentimes are accompanied by hemorrhage. […] Some hemorrhagic fever viruses can cause relatively mild illnesses. Others can cause severe, life-threatening disease (e.g., Ebola, Marburg). […] Outbreaks of hemorrhagic fevers occur sporadically. […] With a few exceptions, there is no cure or established drug treatment for VHFs. […] Humans frequently acquire this viral infection following contact with infected nonhuman primates and bats. […] Humans frequently acquire this viral infection following contact with infected fruit bats.

• #3 WHO EMRO | Haemorrhagic fevers, Viral | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/haemorrhagic-fevers-viral/index.html

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers include a spectrum of relatively mild to severe life-threatening diseases characterized by sudden onset of muscle and joint pain, fever, bleeding and shock from loss of blood. In the Eastern Mediterranean Region, the main viral haemorrhagic fevers are yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, dengue fever, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and Ebola virus disease. […] The emergence and re-emergence of viral haemorrhagic fevers is a growing concern worldwide. In the past 2 decades, the Eastern Mediterranean Region has witnessed major outbreaks as well as sporadic cases of yellow fever, Rift valley fever, severe dengue and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in over 12 countries. […] Viral haemorrhagic fevers are associated with occurrence of major epidemics with high case-fatality rates owing to the fact that there are no specific medical countermeasures such as vaccines or antivirals, the exception being yellow fever. Lack of timely laboratory diagnosis, late detection, inadequate infection control practices at health care facilities, and weak vector control programmes could also prolong outbreaks of haemorrhagic fevers.

• #4 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/symptoms-causes/syc-20351260

  Viral hemorrhagic (hem-uh-RAJ-ik) fevers are infectious diseases that can be life-threatening. They can damage the walls of tiny blood vessels, making them leak. And they can keep the blood from clotting. […] These diseases most often happen in tropical areas, such as Central Africa. In the United States, most people who get them have traveled to one of those areas. […] There are vaccines and treatments for only a few types of viral hemorrhagic fevers. Until there are vaccines for more of them, do your best to keep from getting viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers are spread by contact with infected animals. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in many animal hosts. Most often, the hosts include mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, nonhuman primates or bats. […] Some viral hemorrhagic fevers also can spread from person to person.

• #5 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: From Global to Local Outbreaks | Today’s Clinical Lab

  https://www.clinicallab.com/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-from-global-to-local-outbreaks-28129

  While the world continues to deal with the usual culprits of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases such as influenza, SARS-CoV-2, foodborne outbreaks, and antimicrobial resistance, the appearance and expansion of viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) continues on a global and local scale. […] Estimates show that roughly one third of the global population lives in VHF at-risk geographical regions and most of the at-risk population is found at and below the equatorial belt. […] Human Marburg virus disease (MVD) has continued to emerge over the past three years characterized by fever, weakness, vomiting, and diarrhea in regions without previously recognized cases. […] On October 3, the CDC issued a Health Alert Network Health Advisory following 36 laboratory-confirmed cases of MVD and 11 fatalities linked to the first known MVD outbreak in the Republic of Rwanda.

• #6 Hemorrhagic fever viruses

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/hemorrh.htm

  The 2014 outbreak started in Guinea spread across land borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia, by air to Nigeria, by land traveler to Senegal, by air to Spain and the US. […] The Dengue fever virus is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. […] Cases of dengue fever have increased 30-fold since the 1960s. […] Endemic spread of this virus occurs in south Texas and the Florida Keys. […] This disease is also present from Southeast Asia to India; Pakistan; islands in the Indian and Pacific oceans; East and West Africa; the horn of Africa; the Arabian peninsula; the Caribbean islands to Argentina. […] Most DHF cases are imported to the US. […] The virus can be transmitted to humans from mammals acquired for food in Africa. […] Ebola viruses can also be transmitted person to person following contact with bodily fluids from an infected patient or cadaver.

• #7

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/viral-haemorrhagic-fevers-origins-reservoirs-transmission-and-guidelines

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers are a group of illnesses caused by several distinct families of viruses: arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses and flaviviruses. […] The viruses depend on their animal hosts for survival. They are usually restricted to the geographical area inhabited by those animals, or a specific arthropod vector. The viruses are endemic in areas of Africa, South America and Asia. […] VHF risk by country is included in the HCID country specific risk listing. […] Human cases or outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fever occur sporadically and irregularly, and are hard to predict. […] Environmental conditions in England and Wales do not support the natural reservoirs of infection. […] Humans are not the natural host for these viruses which normally live in wild animals. […] Rodents are the main reservoirs of many haemorrhagic fever viruses.

• #8 Viral hemorrhagic fever epidemiology and demographics – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever_epidemiology_and_demographics

  Taken together, the viruses that cause VHFs are distributed over much of the globe. However, because each virus is associated with one or more particular host species, the virus and the disease it causes are usually seen only where the host species live(s). […] While people usually become infected only in areas where the host lives, occasionally people become infected by a host that has been exported from its native habitat. […] Because more and more people travel each year, outbreaks of these diseases are becoming an increasing threat in places where they rarely, if ever, have been seen before.

• #9 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Bunyaviruses are transmitted via arthropods and rodents and can cause mild to severe illness. […] Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is an important disease entity to be aware of as it is the most widespread tick-borne illness in humans. […] Filoviruses are the culprits implicated in Ebola virus disease and Marburg hemorrhagic fever and have been detected in bats in Africa. […] There have been several Ebola outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with case fatality rates as high as 80% to 90%. […] Flaviviruses can cause a range of different diseases and can be transmitted via arthropods. […] Dengue fever has a mortality rate of 0.8% to 2.5% with more severe morbidity and mortality associated with dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. […] As viral hemorrhagic fevers encompass a wide variety of diseases, the prognosis varies.

• #10 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) represent a group of severe systemic febrile illnesses caused by four families of viruses – Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae. […] Most of the viruses implicated in these diseases require vectors for transmission to humans, with the majority being arthropod-borne or rodent-borne infections. […] Given their zoonotic nature, these diseases are generally confined to the endemic areas where their hosts live. However, given increased human migration and further globalization, these diseases are no longer limited to their geographic origins. […] Viruses belonging to the family Arenaviridae are associated with rodent-borne diseases. […] Lassa virus, an arenavirus, has caused outbreaks in West Africa with case fatality rates as high as 50%.

• #11 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Bunyaviruses are transmitted via arthropods and rodents and can cause mild to severe illness. […] Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is an important disease entity to be aware of as it is the most widespread tick-borne illness in humans. […] Filoviruses are the culprits implicated in Ebola virus disease and Marburg hemorrhagic fever and have been detected in bats in Africa. […] There have been several Ebola outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with case fatality rates as high as 80% to 90%. […] Flaviviruses can cause a range of different diseases and can be transmitted via arthropods. […] Dengue fever has a mortality rate of 0.8% to 2.5% with more severe morbidity and mortality associated with dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. […] As viral hemorrhagic fevers encompass a wide variety of diseases, the prognosis varies.

• #12 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/crimean-congo-hemorrhagic-fever

  Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an emerging infectious disease given the expanding distribution of its main vector, ticks of the genus Hyalomma. Each year, more than 1000 human cases are reported from southeastern Europe and western Asia. The primary means of transmission to humans is via tick bites. […] CCHF is endemic in parts of Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and southeastern Europe, and has been observed in over 30 countries. In 2022, Iraq reported a surge of over 200 infections during the first half of the year. There have been between 5 and 20 cases per year in the country of Georgia from 2009 (when CCHF first appeared) through the first half of 2022. Outside of known endemic areas, a case acquired from a tick bite in Spain has been reported and was associated with a secondary case in a health care worker. A fatal case was reported in Portugal in a patient without history of international travel.

• #13 Hemorrhagic fever viruses

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/hemorrh.htm

  The 2014 outbreak started in Guinea spread across land borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia, by air to Nigeria, by land traveler to Senegal, by air to Spain and the US. […] The Dengue fever virus is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. […] Cases of dengue fever have increased 30-fold since the 1960s. […] Endemic spread of this virus occurs in south Texas and the Florida Keys. […] This disease is also present from Southeast Asia to India; Pakistan; islands in the Indian and Pacific oceans; East and West Africa; the horn of Africa; the Arabian peninsula; the Caribbean islands to Argentina. […] Most DHF cases are imported to the US. […] The virus can be transmitted to humans from mammals acquired for food in Africa. […] Ebola viruses can also be transmitted person to person following contact with bodily fluids from an infected patient or cadaver.

• #14 Viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  Cocoliztli in Mexico 1545 and 1576 (suspected) […] The Great Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 in Philadelphia, PA, US. Nearly 10% of the population of 50,000 died from the disease. […] Mkambo in Gabon is the site of several outbreaks of Ebola virus disease. […] Orientale Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo villages of Durba and Watsa were the epicenter of the 1998-2000 outbreak of Marburg virus disease. […] Uge Province in Angola was the site of another outbreak of Marburg virus disease in 2005, the largest one to date of this disease. […] A VHF outbreak in the village of Mweka, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) that started in August 2007, and that has killed 103 people (100 adults and three children), has been shown to be caused (at least partially) by Ebola virus. […] A viral hemorrhagic fever is a possible cause of the Plague of Athens during the Peloponnesian War.

• #15 Viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  A viral hemorrhagic fever is an alternate theory of the cause of the Black Death and the Plague of Justinian. […] The initial, and currently only, outbreak of Lujo virus in September-October 2008 left four of five patients dead. […] The 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak, which was the biggest outbreak in history.

• #16 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: From Global to Local Outbreaks | Today’s Clinical Lab

  https://www.clinicallab.com/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-from-global-to-local-outbreaks-28129

  While the world continues to deal with the usual culprits of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases such as influenza, SARS-CoV-2, foodborne outbreaks, and antimicrobial resistance, the appearance and expansion of viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) continues on a global and local scale. […] Estimates show that roughly one third of the global population lives in VHF at-risk geographical regions and most of the at-risk population is found at and below the equatorial belt. […] Human Marburg virus disease (MVD) has continued to emerge over the past three years characterized by fever, weakness, vomiting, and diarrhea in regions without previously recognized cases. […] On October 3, the CDC issued a Health Alert Network Health Advisory following 36 laboratory-confirmed cases of MVD and 11 fatalities linked to the first known MVD outbreak in the Republic of Rwanda.

• #17 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/crimean-congo-hemorrhagic-fever

  In the Northern Hemisphere, transmission of CCHF virus (CCHFV) is common between May and September, with a peak incidence in June and July. In Pakistan, CCHF has biannual peaks between March and May and between August and October. In Turkey, there is peak transmission in early summer months and a strong association with living at altitude greater than 836.5 m. Seasonal transmission at moderate altitudes, typically around 1000 m, has been reported in other studies, presumably reflecting optimum conditions for tick populations.

• #18 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  Comprehensive surveillance systems that monitor the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data on both rodent populations and human health cases are important for early detection and response to outbreaks, helping to prevent widespread transmission. […] Robust surveillance networks that oversee the organised gathering, evaluation, and interpretation of information on both arthropod vector populations and human health incidents are essential for early detection and response to outbreaks, helping to prevent widespread transmission. […] The geographical distribution of VHF viruses is principally influenced by the ecological, climatic, and human factors that affect the presence and spread of their vectors and reservoirs. […] The frequent contact between humans and infected animal hosts or arthropod vectors in Africa significantly increases the risks and spread of VHFs, marking the continent as a significant hotspot for these diseases.

• #19 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) represent a group of severe systemic febrile illnesses caused by four families of viruses – Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae. […] Most of the viruses implicated in these diseases require vectors for transmission to humans, with the majority being arthropod-borne or rodent-borne infections. […] Given their zoonotic nature, these diseases are generally confined to the endemic areas where their hosts live. However, given increased human migration and further globalization, these diseases are no longer limited to their geographic origins. […] Viruses belonging to the family Arenaviridae are associated with rodent-borne diseases. […] Lassa virus, an arenavirus, has caused outbreaks in West Africa with case fatality rates as high as 50%.

• #20 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) represent a group of severe systemic febrile illnesses caused by four families of viruses – Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae. […] Most of the viruses implicated in these diseases require vectors for transmission to humans, with the majority being arthropod-borne or rodent-borne infections. […] Given their zoonotic nature, these diseases are generally confined to the endemic areas where their hosts live. However, given increased human migration and further globalization, these diseases are no longer limited to their geographic origins. […] Viruses belonging to the family Arenaviridae are associated with rodent-borne diseases. […] Lassa virus, an arenavirus, has caused outbreaks in West Africa with case fatality rates as high as 50%.

• #21 VHF | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/vhf

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) include numerous zoonotic diseases, all of which cause a hemorrhagic syndrome in humans. […] VHFs are known to be caused by filoviruses, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses, and flaviviruses. […] VHFs have been recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as being among the top agents of concern for potential bioterrorist weapons. […] Viruses of VHFs are primarily infectious agents in wild animals, birds, mosquitoes and ticks. […] Individual VHFs occur in different geographic regions. […] Outbreaks, when they occur, tend to be sporadic. […] The western Africa countries of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia experienced a large outbreak of Ebola beginning in 2014. […] Congo has also had sporadic outbreaks. […] Two imported Ebola cases, including one death, and two locally acquired cases in healthcare workers were reported in the United States in 2014.

• #22 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/symptoms-causes/syc-20351260

  Viral hemorrhagic (hem-uh-RAJ-ik) fevers are infectious diseases that can be life-threatening. They can damage the walls of tiny blood vessels, making them leak. And they can keep the blood from clotting. […] These diseases most often happen in tropical areas, such as Central Africa. In the United States, most people who get them have traveled to one of those areas. […] There are vaccines and treatments for only a few types of viral hemorrhagic fevers. Until there are vaccines for more of them, do your best to keep from getting viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers are spread by contact with infected animals. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in many animal hosts. Most often, the hosts include mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, nonhuman primates or bats. […] Some viral hemorrhagic fevers also can spread from person to person.

• #23 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  Comprehensive surveillance systems that monitor the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data on both rodent populations and human health cases are important for early detection and response to outbreaks, helping to prevent widespread transmission. […] Robust surveillance networks that oversee the organised gathering, evaluation, and interpretation of information on both arthropod vector populations and human health incidents are essential for early detection and response to outbreaks, helping to prevent widespread transmission. […] The geographical distribution of VHF viruses is principally influenced by the ecological, climatic, and human factors that affect the presence and spread of their vectors and reservoirs. […] The frequent contact between humans and infected animal hosts or arthropod vectors in Africa significantly increases the risks and spread of VHFs, marking the continent as a significant hotspot for these diseases.

• #24 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) Fact Sheet – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/vhf/vhf.html

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of diseases caused by several different viruses. These diseases affect several of the bodys organ systems at the same time. They damage the blood vessels, and interfere with the bodys ability to regulate itself. […] Some types of VHF viruses including Ebola, Marburg and Lassa can be spread from person to person. They are spread through close contact with infected people or their body fluids. People can also be infected through contact with contaminated objects like needles or syringes. […] Some VHF viruses including Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, yellow fever and some New World arenaviruses can be prepared in liquid form. Then they can be released into the air and used to infect people. Other VHFs including Rift Valley fever have caused infection when released into the air in the laboratory. […] Vaccines are available for some VHFs, including yellow fever. Vaccine research is being done on other VHF viruses. In areas where these diseases are found in nature, efforts to control mosquitoes and ticks can help prevent some kinds of VHFs.

• #25

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/viral-haemorrhagic-fevers-origins-reservoirs-transmission-and-guidelines

  Lassa, Ebola, Marburg and Crimean-Congo viruses can spread from person to person through close contact with symptomatic patients or contaminated body fluids. […] The UK has specialist guidance on the management (including infection control) of patients with viral haemorrhagic fever. […] Environmental conditions in England and Wales do not support the natural reservoirs of infection, thus cases do not occur here except as an imported disease.

• #26 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in South America: Key Takeaways from a NETEC Webinar | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2025/02/27/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-in-south-america-key-takeaways-from-a-netec-webinar/

  Hemorrhagic fevers viral diseases characterized by their ability to cause severe bleeding are a serious public health concern in some parts of South America. […] The emergence of the Chapare virus, with its high fatality rate, documented person-to-person transmission, and potential for long-term viral persistence, raises significant public health concerns. […] Rodent control remains a cornerstone of prevention for both BHF and AHF. Strategies to reduce rodent populations and minimize human exposure are essential. […] Ongoing research is needed to better understand the pathogenesis of these viruses, develop more effective treatments, and explore the long-term consequences of infection. […] As BHF and AHF demonstrate, emerging infectious diseases require strong surveillance, rapid diagnostics, and coordinated responses. NETECs training, collaboration, research, and resource development empower healthcare professionals to manage these threats. Its international partnerships further strengthen national and global preparedness. This webinar exemplifies NETECs commitment to protecting public health.

• #27 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  Comprehensive surveillance systems that monitor the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data on both rodent populations and human health cases are important for early detection and response to outbreaks, helping to prevent widespread transmission. […] Robust surveillance networks that oversee the organised gathering, evaluation, and interpretation of information on both arthropod vector populations and human health incidents are essential for early detection and response to outbreaks, helping to prevent widespread transmission. […] The geographical distribution of VHF viruses is principally influenced by the ecological, climatic, and human factors that affect the presence and spread of their vectors and reservoirs. […] The frequent contact between humans and infected animal hosts or arthropod vectors in Africa significantly increases the risks and spread of VHFs, marking the continent as a significant hotspot for these diseases.

• #28 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) 2025 Case Definition | CDC

  https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/case-definitions/viral-hemorrhagic-fever-vhf/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses caused by several families of viruses, including filoviruses (orthoebolaviruses and orthomarburgviruses), Old World arenaviruses (Lassa and Lujo viruses), New World arenaviruses (i.e., Guanarito, Machupo, Junin, Sabia, and Chapare viruses), Rift Valley fever virus, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. […] A surveillance case definition is a set of uniform criteria used to define a disease for public health surveillance. Surveillance case definitions enable public health officials to classify and count cases consistently across reporting jurisdictions. […] The categorical labels used here to stratify laboratory evidence are intended to support the standardization of case classifications for public health surveillance. The categorical labels should not be used to interpret the utility or validity of any laboratory test methodology. […] Epidemiologic linkage criteria may require public health/CDC consultation to address any uncertainties and determine VHF risk.

• #29 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) 2025 Case Definition | CDC

  https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/case-definitions/viral-hemorrhagic-fever-vhf/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses caused by several families of viruses, including filoviruses (orthoebolaviruses and orthomarburgviruses), Old World arenaviruses (Lassa and Lujo viruses), New World arenaviruses (i.e., Guanarito, Machupo, Junin, Sabia, and Chapare viruses), Rift Valley fever virus, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. […] A surveillance case definition is a set of uniform criteria used to define a disease for public health surveillance. Surveillance case definitions enable public health officials to classify and count cases consistently across reporting jurisdictions. […] The categorical labels used here to stratify laboratory evidence are intended to support the standardization of case classifications for public health surveillance. The categorical labels should not be used to interpret the utility or validity of any laboratory test methodology. […] Epidemiologic linkage criteria may require public health/CDC consultation to address any uncertainties and determine VHF risk.

• #30 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/vhf.shtml

  Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers are Immediately reportable to the Local Health Department. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of diseases caused by several different viruses. […] The viruses that cause these illnesses have a wide range of geographic distribution, including countries in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and South America. […] Different VHFs are associated with specific animal or arthropod (e.g., mosquito, tick) reservoirs, but once transmission from animals to people occurs, many of these viruses may then be transmitted from person-to-person through contact with infected body fluids. […] International travelers should review CDC travel notices for their destination countries to learn about current public health risks and recommendations. […] If the risk of international spread of a VHF is elevated, CDC may institute enhanced entry screening of incoming flights to US airports. NJDOH/CDS will work with CDC to identify and monitor travelers from an area with active VHF transmission.

• #31 Viral haemorrhagic fever | Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

  https://www.health.gov.au/diseases/viral-haemorrhagic-fever

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers are a group of rare but potentially life-threatening illnesses that are caused by different viruses. Dengue fever is the only viral haemorrhagic fever known to occur in Australia. […] Viral haemorrhagic fever is a nationally notifiable disease. […] We monitor cases through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). […] For more on viral haemorrhagic fever in Australia, you can search Communicable Diseases Intelligence.

• #32 National case definition: Viral hemorrhagic fever – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/viral-hemorrhagic-fever/health-professionals/national-case-definition.html

  This section includes the case definition for viral hemorrhagic fevers, which includes Lassa (Arenaviridae), Crimean Congo, Rift Valley fever (Bunyaviridae), Ebola and Marburg (Filoviridae). […] Routine case-by-case notification to the federal level. […] Under Article 6 of the International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005), each State Party shall notify the World Health Organization (WHO) by way of the IHR National Focal Point, and within 24 hours of assessment of public health information, of all events which may constitute a public health emergency of international concern within its territory in accordance with the decision instrument (Annex 2 of the IHR), as well as any health measure implemented in response to those events. […] An event involving viral haemorrhagic fevers (Ebola, Lassa, Marburg) as well as other diseases that are of a special national or regional concern, e.g. Rift Valley fever, shall always lead to the utilization of the algorithm in Annex 2 of the IHR, because it has demonstrated the ability to cause serious public health impact and to spread rapidly internationally.

• #33 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/viral-hemorrhagic-fever/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are a group of illnesses caused by viruses. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other public health laboratories conduct special tests to diagnose VHF. […] The best way to prevent VHF is to avoid contact with infected rodents, bats, mosquitoes, and ticks in areas where VHFs are common. […] Yes. Many VHFs are considered possible bioterrorism agents because they are highly infectious, can be made airborne, and would cause serious illness in the target population.

• #34 Viral hemorrhagic fevers: advancing the level of treatment | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-10-31

  Here we discuss current knowledge about experimental prophylaxis and treatment of VHFs to propose a way to step up the clinical approach to VHFs beyond the mere application of infection control measures. […] Therefore, a case definition that can identify VHF patients in the early phases of diseases is urgently needed. […] However, as shown by Pittalis et al. this case definition is too insensitive both for case finding during outbreaks and for early detection of suspected imported cases. […] This definition may be promptly modified to include the specific characteristics of the particular circumstances to be faced, such as to confirm an imported cases in a developed country or the rapid response to prevent the transmission during a large ongoing outbreak in a low-resource setting. […] The high concordance of test results from the mobile laboratory and those from the reference laboratory emphasizes that advanced field laboratory capacity should be made an essential part of future outbreak responses, as it is a relevant support tool for patient management and epidemiological surveillance.

• #35 Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers – Including Ebola Disease | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/VHF-Diagnostic-Serology

  This page provides information on testing available at Public Health Ontario (PHO) for viruses that are associated with severe systemic hemorrhagic syndromes referred to as viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF). […] A clinical risk assessment is required prior to requesting VHF testing. This should include a review of the clinical status, travel and exposure history and consideration of alternative differential diagnoses for all individuals suspected of a VHF infection. […] VHF infection should be initially suspected if, within 21 days (3 weeks) prior to illness onset, the individual has developed fever and has a: […] Testing of high-risk pathogens requires the involvement of a PHO Microbiologist and approval to proceed with testing. […] VHF testing requires the concurrence of a PHO Microbiologist. Do not collect specimens for microbiological examination before consulting with a PHO Microbiologist.

• #36 Development of a non-infectious control for viral hemorrhagic fever PCR assays | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0011390

  However, there are difficulties in training personnel, particularly for VHFs and pathogens that are both rare and highly pathogenic. […] Our results demonstrate the applicability of synthetically designed nucleic acids for use as molecular diagnostic assay controls in both RT-PCR and RT-qPCR methods. […] There is an urgent need to develop in-country tools for surveillance and diagnosis for both people and wildlife hosts for the VHFs.

• #37 WHO EMRO | Haemorrhagic fevers, Viral | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/haemorrhagic-fevers-viral/index.html

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers include a spectrum of relatively mild to severe life-threatening diseases characterized by sudden onset of muscle and joint pain, fever, bleeding and shock from loss of blood. In the Eastern Mediterranean Region, the main viral haemorrhagic fevers are yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, dengue fever, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and Ebola virus disease. […] The emergence and re-emergence of viral haemorrhagic fevers is a growing concern worldwide. In the past 2 decades, the Eastern Mediterranean Region has witnessed major outbreaks as well as sporadic cases of yellow fever, Rift valley fever, severe dengue and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in over 12 countries. […] Viral haemorrhagic fevers are associated with occurrence of major epidemics with high case-fatality rates owing to the fact that there are no specific medical countermeasures such as vaccines or antivirals, the exception being yellow fever. Lack of timely laboratory diagnosis, late detection, inadequate infection control practices at health care facilities, and weak vector control programmes could also prolong outbreaks of haemorrhagic fevers.

• #38 Epidemiological Surveillance of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers With Emphasis on Clinical Virology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/protocol/10.1007/978-1-4939-6981-4_4

  This article will outline surveillance approaches for viral hemorrhagic fevers. Specific methods for surveillance of clinical samples will be emphasized. […] Unfortunately, in many cases, detailed studies have been performed only after outbreaks occur, and then active surveillance is needed to prevent viral dissemination in human populations.

• #39 Epidemiological Surveillance of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers With Emphasis on Clinical Virology | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/protocol/10.1007/978-1-4939-6981-4_4

  This article will outline surveillance approaches for viral hemorrhagic fevers. Specific methods for surveillance of clinical samples will be emphasized. […] Unfortunately, in many cases, detailed studies have been performed only after outbreaks occur, and then active surveillance is needed to prevent viral dissemination in human populations.

• #40 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: From Global to Local Outbreaks | Today’s Clinical Lab

  https://www.clinicallab.com/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-from-global-to-local-outbreaks-28129

  Climate change, natural disasters, fragile healthcare systems, financial and/or political instability, immigration, globalization, and socioeconomic imbalances continue to amplify the emergence and reemergence of viral hemorrhagic fevers and other types of infectious diseases. […] Collaborative local and international disease control and prevention plans will be required to not only limit the spread of diseases like VHFs but also provide funding and support for early detection and supportive therapies for improving patient outcomes.

• #41 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  These strategies include prevention, control, treatment, and clinical management, while also driving scientific research. […] These viruses, with their various transmission dynamics, reservoir hosts, and geographical distributions, require robust surveillance systems to detect and manage outbreaks effectively. […] The clinical symptoms of different VHF viruses can vary widely, from mild to life-threatening, highlighting the need for in-depth knowledge to support timely public health responses, including accurate diagnosis, appropriate medical interventions, and the development of targeted treatments. […] A 'One Health’ approach is recommended to tackle these challenges, as it integrates insights from virology, ecology, and public health, enhancing our understanding of the complex interactions among viruses, animal hosts, vectors, and environmental factors.

• #42 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/viral-hemorrhagic-fever/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are a group of illnesses caused by viruses. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other public health laboratories conduct special tests to diagnose VHF. […] The best way to prevent VHF is to avoid contact with infected rodents, bats, mosquitoes, and ticks in areas where VHFs are common. […] Yes. Many VHFs are considered possible bioterrorism agents because they are highly infectious, can be made airborne, and would cause serious illness in the target population.

• #43 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/symptoms-causes/syc-20351260

  If you travel to an area where a hemorrhagic fever is common, you can be infected there but not get symptoms until after you return home. It might take from 2 to 21 days to get symptoms. It depends on the type of virus. […] Living in or traveling to an area where a certain viral hemorrhagic fever is common raises your risk of getting infected with that virus. […] It can be hard to prevent viral hemorrhagic fevers. If you live in, work in or travel to areas where these diseases are common, use protective barriers when working with blood or body fluids. […] The yellow fever vaccine is mainly safe and works well. […] There’s also an Ebola vaccination that protects against one type of Ebola. It’s for healthcare professionals who work in areas of outbreak. […] Do your best to stay away from mosquitoes and ticks when traveling in areas that have outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] If you live where there are outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers, take steps to keep rodents out of your home.

• #44 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  The relationship between human activities and the natural habitats of these vectors often leads to increased transmission risks. […] Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive strategy that includes the rigorous surveillance and monitoring of primate populations, public health education on the dangers of bushmeat consumption, and the implementation of safe handling practices. […] Strengthening health infrastructure, especially in endemic regions, and developing policies that support robust surveillance and rapid response capabilities are essential to improving diagnostic capabilities, healthcare access, and emergency response systems. […] The path forward requires a sustained commitment to research and development, proactive surveillance, international cooperation, and community-centred interventions.

• #45 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/vhf.shtml

  Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers are Immediately reportable to the Local Health Department. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of diseases caused by several different viruses. […] The viruses that cause these illnesses have a wide range of geographic distribution, including countries in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and South America. […] Different VHFs are associated with specific animal or arthropod (e.g., mosquito, tick) reservoirs, but once transmission from animals to people occurs, many of these viruses may then be transmitted from person-to-person through contact with infected body fluids. […] International travelers should review CDC travel notices for their destination countries to learn about current public health risks and recommendations. […] If the risk of international spread of a VHF is elevated, CDC may institute enhanced entry screening of incoming flights to US airports. NJDOH/CDS will work with CDC to identify and monitor travelers from an area with active VHF transmission.

• #46 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Many of these diseases are capable of causing outbreaks and are associated with high morbidity and mortality, as there are currently no specific therapies available. […] The most severe complications of viral hemorrhagic fevers involve multi-organ system failure and death. […] Given the risk for nosocomial infections and further outbreaks, viral hemorrhagic fever isolation precautions should be instituted immediately if this entity is suspected. […] Health care outcomes can be improved with an interprofessional team approach whenever viral hemorrhagic fevers are suspected.

• #47 Viral haemorrhagic fever | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/viral-haemorrhagic-fever

  Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) is an extremely infectious and life threatening disease caused by a group of viruses including the Ebola virus. […] The viruses are transmitted by body fluids such as saliva, urine, semen and blood. […] Infections are generally limited to Africa, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, India, the Middle East and Northwest China. […] One major symptom is bleeding (haemorrhage). […] There is no cure or vaccination. […] To date, there is no cure or commercially available vaccination for viral haemorrhagic fever. […] In Australia, the VHF viruses are considered 'quarantinable’ diseases. […] The authorities will then trace any known casual or close contacts to ensure that the infection is not spread.

• #48

  https://www.gov.uk/guidance/viral-haemorrhagic-fevers-origins-reservoirs-transmission-and-guidelines

  Lassa, Ebola, Marburg and Crimean-Congo viruses can spread from person to person through close contact with symptomatic patients or contaminated body fluids. […] The UK has specialist guidance on the management (including infection control) of patients with viral haemorrhagic fever. […] Environmental conditions in England and Wales do not support the natural reservoirs of infection, thus cases do not occur here except as an imported disease.

• #49 The WHO Global Clinical Platform forms to support the case management of viral haemorrhagic fever 

  https://www.who.int/tools/global-clinical-platform/viral-haemorrhagic-fever

  Viral haemorrhagic fever encompasses several related diseases caused by different families of viruses. […] However, despite ongoing research efforts, our understanding of the natural history of viral haemorrhagic fevers, their clinical features, risk factors for severe disease, and outcomes remains incomplete. […] To bridge this knowledge gap and respond effectively to outbreaks, viral haemorrhagic fevers have been included within the WHO global clinical platform. […] The WHO Global Clinical Platform aims to understand the clinical features, prognostic factors and outcomes from viral hemorrhagic fever, focusing on filovirus infection. […] To describe the clinical characteristics of patients admitted to hospital with viral haemorrhagic fevers, including specific subpopulations including children, pregnant people, and individuals with other comorbid disease. […] To record the use of interventions within the MEURI framework, including patient outcomes and sufficient data to contextualize them. […] To explore the determinants of patient outcomes, for example death and complications of kidney failure.

• #50 Viral hemorrhagic fevers: advancing the level of treatment | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-10-31

  There is currently a need to develop standardized clinical protocols for VHF clinical case management that integrate infection control measures with comprehensive care for patients. […] This kind of international cooperation for improving management of VHF patients is the most likely way forward for a better understanding and care of these rare and challenging clinical syndromes.

• #51 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  These strategies include prevention, control, treatment, and clinical management, while also driving scientific research. […] These viruses, with their various transmission dynamics, reservoir hosts, and geographical distributions, require robust surveillance systems to detect and manage outbreaks effectively. […] The clinical symptoms of different VHF viruses can vary widely, from mild to life-threatening, highlighting the need for in-depth knowledge to support timely public health responses, including accurate diagnosis, appropriate medical interventions, and the development of targeted treatments. […] A 'One Health’ approach is recommended to tackle these challenges, as it integrates insights from virology, ecology, and public health, enhancing our understanding of the complex interactions among viruses, animal hosts, vectors, and environmental factors.

• #52 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  The relationship between human activities and the natural habitats of these vectors often leads to increased transmission risks. […] Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive strategy that includes the rigorous surveillance and monitoring of primate populations, public health education on the dangers of bushmeat consumption, and the implementation of safe handling practices. […] Strengthening health infrastructure, especially in endemic regions, and developing policies that support robust surveillance and rapid response capabilities are essential to improving diagnostic capabilities, healthcare access, and emergency response systems. […] The path forward requires a sustained commitment to research and development, proactive surveillance, international cooperation, and community-centred interventions.

• #53 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  The relationship between human activities and the natural habitats of these vectors often leads to increased transmission risks. […] Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive strategy that includes the rigorous surveillance and monitoring of primate populations, public health education on the dangers of bushmeat consumption, and the implementation of safe handling practices. […] Strengthening health infrastructure, especially in endemic regions, and developing policies that support robust surveillance and rapid response capabilities are essential to improving diagnostic capabilities, healthcare access, and emergency response systems. […] The path forward requires a sustained commitment to research and development, proactive surveillance, international cooperation, and community-centred interventions.

• #54 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: From Global to Local Outbreaks | Today’s Clinical Lab

  https://www.clinicallab.com/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-from-global-to-local-outbreaks-28129

  Climate change, natural disasters, fragile healthcare systems, financial and/or political instability, immigration, globalization, and socioeconomic imbalances continue to amplify the emergence and reemergence of viral hemorrhagic fevers and other types of infectious diseases. […] Collaborative local and international disease control and prevention plans will be required to not only limit the spread of diseases like VHFs but also provide funding and support for early detection and supportive therapies for improving patient outcomes.

• #55 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/viral-hemorrhagic-fever/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are a group of illnesses caused by viruses. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other public health laboratories conduct special tests to diagnose VHF. […] The best way to prevent VHF is to avoid contact with infected rodents, bats, mosquitoes, and ticks in areas where VHFs are common. […] Yes. Many VHFs are considered possible bioterrorism agents because they are highly infectious, can be made airborne, and would cause serious illness in the target population.

• #56 VHF | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/vhf

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) include numerous zoonotic diseases, all of which cause a hemorrhagic syndrome in humans. […] VHFs are known to be caused by filoviruses, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses, and flaviviruses. […] VHFs have been recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as being among the top agents of concern for potential bioterrorist weapons. […] Viruses of VHFs are primarily infectious agents in wild animals, birds, mosquitoes and ticks. […] Individual VHFs occur in different geographic regions. […] Outbreaks, when they occur, tend to be sporadic. […] The western Africa countries of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia experienced a large outbreak of Ebola beginning in 2014. […] Congo has also had sporadic outbreaks. […] Two imported Ebola cases, including one death, and two locally acquired cases in healthcare workers were reported in the United States in 2014.

• #57 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) – Hazard Recognition | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  http://www.osha.gov/vhf/hazards

  Risk factors for viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) include travel to geographic areas where these diseases may naturally occur, handling of animal carcasses, contact with animals or people with the disease, and arthropod bites. […] The World Health Organization (WHO) offers comprehensive information on viral hemorrhagic fevers on their Health Topics pages, covering symptoms, transmission, treatment, containment, fact sheets, and the latest updates. […] Factors that contribute to the bioterrorism potential of VHFs include infectious properties, morbidity and mortality, transmissibility by way of aerosol dissemination, and prior research and development as biological weapons. […] The following references provide information that may help evaluate the threat of viral hemorrhagic fevers being used as biological weapons.

• #58 VHF | Health & Human Services

  https://hhs.iowa.gov/center-acute-disease-epidemiology/epi-manual/reportable-diseases/vhf

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) include numerous zoonotic diseases, all of which cause a hemorrhagic syndrome in humans. […] VHFs are known to be caused by filoviruses, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses, and flaviviruses. […] VHFs have been recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as being among the top agents of concern for potential bioterrorist weapons. […] Viruses of VHFs are primarily infectious agents in wild animals, birds, mosquitoes and ticks. […] Individual VHFs occur in different geographic regions. […] Outbreaks, when they occur, tend to be sporadic. […] The western Africa countries of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia experienced a large outbreak of Ebola beginning in 2014. […] Congo has also had sporadic outbreaks. […] Two imported Ebola cases, including one death, and two locally acquired cases in healthcare workers were reported in the United States in 2014.

• #59 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) Fact Sheet – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/vhf/vhf.html

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of diseases caused by several different viruses. These diseases affect several of the bodys organ systems at the same time. They damage the blood vessels, and interfere with the bodys ability to regulate itself. […] Some types of VHF viruses including Ebola, Marburg and Lassa can be spread from person to person. They are spread through close contact with infected people or their body fluids. People can also be infected through contact with contaminated objects like needles or syringes. […] Some VHF viruses including Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, yellow fever and some New World arenaviruses can be prepared in liquid form. Then they can be released into the air and used to infect people. Other VHFs including Rift Valley fever have caused infection when released into the air in the laboratory. […] Vaccines are available for some VHFs, including yellow fever. Vaccine research is being done on other VHF viruses. In areas where these diseases are found in nature, efforts to control mosquitoes and ticks can help prevent some kinds of VHFs.

• #60 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) – Medical Response | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/vhf/response

  It is a US Public Health Service requirement that all suspected viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) cases be reported to state and local health departments and the diagnoses confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] The following references focus on the preparedness and response of the medical community in the event of a terrorist attack involving VHFs. […] Describes a monitoring system that complements emergency room- and hospital-based surveillance by adding the capacity to rapidly identify clusters of illness, including potential bioterrorism events. […] Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers In the African Health Care Setting. Developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in conjunction with the World Health Organization (WHO). Provides resources for healthcare professionals. […] Focuses on measures designed to control the spread of infection in VHF patients.

• #61 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) – Medical Response | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/vhf/response

  It is a US Public Health Service requirement that all suspected viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) cases be reported to state and local health departments and the diagnoses confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] The following references focus on the preparedness and response of the medical community in the event of a terrorist attack involving VHFs. […] Describes a monitoring system that complements emergency room- and hospital-based surveillance by adding the capacity to rapidly identify clusters of illness, including potential bioterrorism events. […] Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers In the African Health Care Setting. Developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in conjunction with the World Health Organization (WHO). Provides resources for healthcare professionals. […] Focuses on measures designed to control the spread of infection in VHF patients.

• #62 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) – Medical Response | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/vhf/response

  It is a US Public Health Service requirement that all suspected viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) cases be reported to state and local health departments and the diagnoses confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). […] The following references focus on the preparedness and response of the medical community in the event of a terrorist attack involving VHFs. […] Describes a monitoring system that complements emergency room- and hospital-based surveillance by adding the capacity to rapidly identify clusters of illness, including potential bioterrorism events. […] Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers In the African Health Care Setting. Developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in conjunction with the World Health Organization (WHO). Provides resources for healthcare professionals. […] Focuses on measures designed to control the spread of infection in VHF patients.

• #63 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in South America: Key Takeaways from a NETEC Webinar | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2025/02/27/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-in-south-america-key-takeaways-from-a-netec-webinar/

  By prioritizing prevention, surveillance, and research, healthcare professionals and public health officials can work together to mitigate the risks. NETECs contributions to training, education, collaboration, and research continue to play a role in bolstering national health security against high-consequence infectious disease threats.

• #64 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in South America: Key Takeaways from a NETEC Webinar | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2025/02/27/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-in-south-america-key-takeaways-from-a-netec-webinar/

  By prioritizing prevention, surveillance, and research, healthcare professionals and public health officials can work together to mitigate the risks. NETECs contributions to training, education, collaboration, and research continue to play a role in bolstering national health security against high-consequence infectious disease threats.

• #65 The WHO Global Clinical Platform forms to support the case management of viral haemorrhagic fever 

  https://www.who.int/tools/global-clinical-platform/viral-haemorrhagic-fever

  Viral haemorrhagic fever encompasses several related diseases caused by different families of viruses. […] However, despite ongoing research efforts, our understanding of the natural history of viral haemorrhagic fevers, their clinical features, risk factors for severe disease, and outcomes remains incomplete. […] To bridge this knowledge gap and respond effectively to outbreaks, viral haemorrhagic fevers have been included within the WHO global clinical platform. […] The WHO Global Clinical Platform aims to understand the clinical features, prognostic factors and outcomes from viral hemorrhagic fever, focusing on filovirus infection. […] To describe the clinical characteristics of patients admitted to hospital with viral haemorrhagic fevers, including specific subpopulations including children, pregnant people, and individuals with other comorbid disease. […] To record the use of interventions within the MEURI framework, including patient outcomes and sufficient data to contextualize them. […] To explore the determinants of patient outcomes, for example death and complications of kidney failure.

• #66 The WHO Global Clinical Platform forms to support the case management of viral haemorrhagic fever 

  https://www.who.int/tools/global-clinical-platform/viral-haemorrhagic-fever

  Viral haemorrhagic fever encompasses several related diseases caused by different families of viruses. […] However, despite ongoing research efforts, our understanding of the natural history of viral haemorrhagic fevers, their clinical features, risk factors for severe disease, and outcomes remains incomplete. […] To bridge this knowledge gap and respond effectively to outbreaks, viral haemorrhagic fevers have been included within the WHO global clinical platform. […] The WHO Global Clinical Platform aims to understand the clinical features, prognostic factors and outcomes from viral hemorrhagic fever, focusing on filovirus infection. […] To describe the clinical characteristics of patients admitted to hospital with viral haemorrhagic fevers, including specific subpopulations including children, pregnant people, and individuals with other comorbid disease. […] To record the use of interventions within the MEURI framework, including patient outcomes and sufficient data to contextualize them. […] To explore the determinants of patient outcomes, for example death and complications of kidney failure.

• #67 Hospital-Based Surveillance for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers and Hepatitides in Ghana | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002435

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are acute diseases associated with bleeding, organ failure, and shock. VHF may hardly be distinguished clinically from other diseases in the African hospital, including viral hepatitis. This study was conducted to determine if VHF and viral hepatitis contribute to hospital morbidity in the Central and Northern parts of Ghana. […] VHFs do not cause significant hospital morbidity in the study area. However, the incidence of acute hepatitis A and B, and hepatitis B and C with active virus replication is high. These infections may mimic VHF and need to be considered if VHF is suspected. The data may help decision makers to allocate resources and focus surveillance systems on the diseases of relevance in Ghana. […] The main conclusion from our data is that VHF hardly contributes to hospital morbidity in the study area indicating a low incidence of severe VHF. This does not prove that VHF is absent and in fact, YF is endemic in the country and cases may be seen at any time. In addition, mild VHF cases may not attend the hospital. Instead of VHF, a high incidence of viral hepatitis was found.

• #68

  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v1/1511

  The pathophysiology, aetiology, diagnosis, treatment, symptoms, and indicators of virus hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are all covered in this review article. […] The concept of virus hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) originated in the 1930s when Soviet researchers were studying hantaviral hemorrhagic fever (HF) with renal dysfunction. […] Dengue fever/Dengue haemorrhagic fever and Kyasanur forest sickness are the two most common viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) in India, that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. […] The diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CCHF) in India is greatly hampered by the co-occurring symptoms of hemorrhagic fevers such as dengue, Kyasanur forest sickness, Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever, and other illnesses such as leptospirosis, meningococcal infections, and malaria. […] Additional randomized controlled studies are needed to find out more about the best way to treat viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs).

• #69

  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v1/1511

  The pathophysiology, aetiology, diagnosis, treatment, symptoms, and indicators of virus hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are all covered in this review article. […] The concept of virus hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) originated in the 1930s when Soviet researchers were studying hantaviral hemorrhagic fever (HF) with renal dysfunction. […] Dengue fever/Dengue haemorrhagic fever and Kyasanur forest sickness are the two most common viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) in India, that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. […] The diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CCHF) in India is greatly hampered by the co-occurring symptoms of hemorrhagic fevers such as dengue, Kyasanur forest sickness, Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever, and other illnesses such as leptospirosis, meningococcal infections, and malaria. […] Additional randomized controlled studies are needed to find out more about the best way to treat viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs).

• #70 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in South America: Key Takeaways from a NETEC Webinar | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2025/02/27/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-in-south-america-key-takeaways-from-a-netec-webinar/

  Hemorrhagic fevers viral diseases characterized by their ability to cause severe bleeding are a serious public health concern in some parts of South America. […] The emergence of the Chapare virus, with its high fatality rate, documented person-to-person transmission, and potential for long-term viral persistence, raises significant public health concerns. […] Rodent control remains a cornerstone of prevention for both BHF and AHF. Strategies to reduce rodent populations and minimize human exposure are essential. […] Ongoing research is needed to better understand the pathogenesis of these viruses, develop more effective treatments, and explore the long-term consequences of infection. […] As BHF and AHF demonstrate, emerging infectious diseases require strong surveillance, rapid diagnostics, and coordinated responses. NETECs training, collaboration, research, and resource development empower healthcare professionals to manage these threats. Its international partnerships further strengthen national and global preparedness. This webinar exemplifies NETECs commitment to protecting public health.

• #71 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in South America: Key Takeaways from a NETEC Webinar | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2025/02/27/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-in-south-america-key-takeaways-from-a-netec-webinar/

  Hemorrhagic fevers viral diseases characterized by their ability to cause severe bleeding are a serious public health concern in some parts of South America. […] The emergence of the Chapare virus, with its high fatality rate, documented person-to-person transmission, and potential for long-term viral persistence, raises significant public health concerns. […] Rodent control remains a cornerstone of prevention for both BHF and AHF. Strategies to reduce rodent populations and minimize human exposure are essential. […] Ongoing research is needed to better understand the pathogenesis of these viruses, develop more effective treatments, and explore the long-term consequences of infection. […] As BHF and AHF demonstrate, emerging infectious diseases require strong surveillance, rapid diagnostics, and coordinated responses. NETECs training, collaboration, research, and resource development empower healthcare professionals to manage these threats. Its international partnerships further strengthen national and global preparedness. This webinar exemplifies NETECs commitment to protecting public health.

• #72 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers encompass a diverse group of severe, often life-threatening illnesses caused by viruses from multiple families, including Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, Peribunyaviridae, and Phenuiviridae. […] This discussion explores the intricate relationships between VHFs and their transmission vectors—both animal and arthropod—and examines the impact of ecological and geographic factors on disease spread. […] With an emphasis on the role of diverse wildlife, domesticated animals, and vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks in the epidemiology of VHFs, there is a recognised need for robust surveillance and strategic public health responses to manage outbreaks. […] The vast diversity of VHF viruses—spanning different viral families, transmission routes, and wildlife reservoirs, with some involving arthropod vectors—plays a pivotal role in shaping public health strategies.

• #73

  https://shop.elsevier.com/books/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/balakrishna-pillai/978-0-443-13833-1

  Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Management, and Preparedness covers the causative agents, outbreaks, and clinical management of emerging and re-emerging viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] Coverage includes a range of topics from basic virology, epidemiology, and disease pathogenesis of emerging and re-emerging hemorrhagic fever viruses. […] This book is a comprehensive guide that will help users understand the transmission, pathogenesis, and clinical management of emerging and re-emerging viruses causing hemorrhagic diseases. […] Discusses current trends and future directions in public health management during disease epidemics and outbreaks.

• #74 Viral hemorrhagic fevers: advancing the level of treatment | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-10-31

  The management of viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) has mainly focused on strict infection control measures, while standard clinical interventions that are provided to patients with other life-threatening conditions are rarely offered to patients with VHFs. […] Given that patient outcomes improve when treatment is started as soon as possible, development and implementation of protocols to promptly identify and treat patients in the earliest phases of diseases are urgently needed. […] The management VHF cases has been mainly focused on the strict application of infection control measures to prevent transmission. […] Despite the practical difficulties of caring for VHF patients, a proper clinical case management of VHFs is neither futile nor does it lack of scientific rationale, as aggressive supportive care and specific antiviral therapy (whenever it is indicated) has been proved to improve patient outcomes.

• #75 Viral hemorrhagic fevers: advancing the level of treatment | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-10-31

  The management of viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) has mainly focused on strict infection control measures, while standard clinical interventions that are provided to patients with other life-threatening conditions are rarely offered to patients with VHFs. […] Given that patient outcomes improve when treatment is started as soon as possible, development and implementation of protocols to promptly identify and treat patients in the earliest phases of diseases are urgently needed. […] The management VHF cases has been mainly focused on the strict application of infection control measures to prevent transmission. […] Despite the practical difficulties of caring for VHF patients, a proper clinical case management of VHFs is neither futile nor does it lack of scientific rationale, as aggressive supportive care and specific antiviral therapy (whenever it is indicated) has been proved to improve patient outcomes.

• #76 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  The relationship between human activities and the natural habitats of these vectors often leads to increased transmission risks. […] Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive strategy that includes the rigorous surveillance and monitoring of primate populations, public health education on the dangers of bushmeat consumption, and the implementation of safe handling practices. […] Strengthening health infrastructure, especially in endemic regions, and developing policies that support robust surveillance and rapid response capabilities are essential to improving diagnostic capabilities, healthcare access, and emergency response systems. […] The path forward requires a sustained commitment to research and development, proactive surveillance, international cooperation, and community-centred interventions.

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