Materiały źródłowe

• #1 WHO EMRO | Haemorrhagic fevers, Viral | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/haemorrhagic-fevers-viral/index.html

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers include a spectrum of relatively mild to severe life-threatening diseases characterized by sudden onset of muscle and joint pain, fever, bleeding and shock from loss of blood. In severe cases, one of the most prominent symptoms is bleeding, or haemorrhaging, from orifices and internal organs. […] Viral haemorrhagic fevers are associated with occurrence of major epidemics with high case-fatality rates owing to the fact that there are no specific medical countermeasures such as vaccines or antivirals, the exception being yellow fever. Lack of timely laboratory diagnosis, late detection, inadequate infection control practices at health care facilities, and weak vector control programmes could also prolong outbreaks of haemorrhagic fevers.

• #1 Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7119092/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are a group of febrile illnesses caused by RNA viruses from several viral families. These highly infectious viruses lead to a potentially lethal disease syndrome characterized by fever, malaise, vomiting, mucosal and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, edema, and hypotension. The most notorious member of this group is the Ebola virus, which has been associated with case fatality rates of up to 90%. […] Suspicion for VHF infection in areas where these viruses are endemic should be high for patients who present even with nonspecific symptoms of viral infection, such as high fever, headache, fatigue, myalgias, abdominal pain, and non-bloody diarrhea. This constellation of symptoms has been well described during the initial prodromal period of VHF infection. […] The incubation period for VHF agents ranges from 2 to 21 days. The nonspecific prodromal symptoms of VHF infection noted above are often variable and differ between VHF agents as well. Filoviruses, such as Ebola and Marburg, tend to have a more rapid onset of symptoms; arenavirus infection may have a slower progression.

• #1 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/symptoms-causes/syc-20351260

  Symptoms of viral hemorrhagic fevers vary by disease. Mainly, early symptoms can include: Fever. Tiredness, weakness or feeling unwell. Muscle, bone or joint aches. Nausea and vomiting. Diarrhea. […] Worse symptoms include: Bleeding under the skin, inside the body or from the mouth, eyes or ears. Nervous system issues. Coma. Confused thinking and not being aware of surroundings, called delirium. Kidney failure. Trouble breathing, called respiratory failure. Liver failure.

• #1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers and PPE | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2022/09/21/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-and-ppe/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of infectious diseases caused by four viral families, including Filoviridae (e.g., Ebola, Marburg), Arenaviridae (e.g., Lassa), Bunyavirales (e.g., Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever) and Flaviviridae (e.g., Yellow Fever). […] Their presenting symptoms are likely to be nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, muscle, joint pain, and headachethe kind of symptoms emergency departments and clinics see all the time. Bleeding or hemorrhaging isnt always an early sign. […] Symptoms include a fever 38C/100.4F and one or more of the following clinical criteria: severe headache, muscle pain, erythematous maculopapular rash on the trunk with fine desquamation 34 days after rash onset, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bleeding not related to injury, thrombocytopenia, pharyngitis (Arenaviruses only), proteinuria (Arenaviruses only), retrosternal chest pain (Arenaviruses only).

• #1 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969877-clinical

  Dengue fever typically presents with a sudden onset of high fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, and generalized lymphadenopathy. A rash may develop alongside recurrent fever following an afebrile period, and respiratory symptoms such as cough, sore throat, and rhinorrhea also can occur. […] In more severe cases, dengue can lead to dengue hemorrhagic fever, characterized by a bleeding tendency and shock, which can be fatal. […] On average, dengue becomes symptomatic after a 4- to 10-day incubation period (range, 3-14 days). Dengue symptoms usually last 2-7 days. […] Many patients with dengue experience a prodrome of chills; rash, including erythematous mottling of the skin; and facial flushing, which may last 2-3 days. […] Accompanying symptoms in patients with dengue may include any of the following: Fever, Headache, Retro-orbital pain, Severe myalgias: Especially of the lower back, arms, and legs, Arthralgias: Usually of the knees and shoulders, Nausea and vomiting (diarrhea is rare), Rash: A maculopapular or macular confluent rash over the face, thorax, and flexor surfaces, with islands of skin sparing, Weakness, malaise, and lethargy, Altered taste sensation, Anorexia, Sore throat, Mild hemorrhagic manifestations (eg, petechiae, bleeding gums, epistaxis, menorrhagia, hematuria), Lymphadenopathy.

• #1 Clinical Screening and Diagnosis for VHFs | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html

  Signs and symptoms compatible with a VHF […] VHF symptoms can appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to the virus. Illness typically progresses from „dry” symptoms (fever, aches, fatigue) to „wet” symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting, and in some cases, bleeding). A person with a VHF is not contagious until the appearance of symptoms. Primary signs and symptoms of VHFs often include some or several of the following: Fever (100.4F/38.0C) […] Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and/or joint pain […] Weakness and fatigue […] Sore throat […] Loss of appetite […] Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting […] Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising […] Red eyes, skin rash, and hiccups.

• #1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17973-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Symptoms of VHFs vary depending on the disease. Early in the illness, they often include: Fever. Body aches. Dizziness. Fatigue (extreme tiredness). Headache. Rash. […] In severe cases, VHFs can also cause: Bleeding from your nose, eyes, gums or vagina. Severe vomiting or diarrhea. Vomiting blood. Bloody diarrhea. Chest, neck or stomach pain. Difficulty breathing. Extremely low blood pressure. Seizures. Coma. […] Experts dont fully understand the ways that hemorrhagic fever viruses cause severe bleeding. Theres evidence that the viruses damage your blood vessels, causing them to leak. They can also interfere with blood clotting, meaning your body cant stop bleeding when it should. […] VHFs can cause life-threatening complications, including: Miscarriage, low birth weight or premature birth. Edema. Shock. Internal bleeding.

• #1 Emergencies Biological Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/emergency-preparedness/emergencies-biological-viral-hemorrhagic-fever.page

  Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) refers to a group of illnesses caused by several families of viruses. In general, the term describes a severe condition in which multiple organ systems in the body are affected. Typically, the vascular (blood vessel) system is damaged, and the body loses its ability to control bleeding. Some types of hemorrhagic fever viruses cause relatively mild illnesses; others cause severe, life-threatening disease. […] Specific signs and symptoms vary by the type of VHF, but they often begin with high fever, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, loss of strength and exhaustion. People with severe cases of VHF show signs of bleeding under the skin, in internal organs or from the mouth, eyes or ears. Although they may bleed from many sites around the body, people rarely die from of blood loss. Severely-ill people may also experience shock, coma, delirium, or seizures. Some types of VHF are associated with kidney failure.

• #1 Hemorrhagic fever viruses

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/hemorrh.htm

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses that are caused by four families of viruses. VHFs viruses cause a constellation of symptoms due to vascular instability and increased vascular permeability. Most of these viruses cause a multisystem syndrome. Characteristically, the vascular system is damaged and organ function is impaired. Infections with these viruses oftentimes are accompanied by hemorrhage. Rarely does this hemorrhage result in death. Some hemorrhagic fever viruses can cause relatively mild illnesses. Others can cause severe, life-threatening disease (e.g., Ebola, Marburg). […] Early clinical manifestations of EHF include fever, headache, myalgia, diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain. In the terminal state of the disease patient are obtunded and develop tachypnea, anuria, and shock. The body temperature will fall to normal or below normal levels. The incubation period is from 5-21 days with death occurring in 10.2 days after onset of symptoms. Hemorrhage is only seen in 41% of patients and may include petechial rash, conjunctival bleeding, epistaxis, melena, and hematemesis. Symptom onset is abrupt with terminal patients experiencing shock, fluid redistribution, DIC, and an absence of anti-Ebola virus antibody production.

• #1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  https://healthlibrary.harrishealth.org/library/diseasesconditions/Adult/Cardiovascular/85,P01464

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers are illnesses caused by several types of viruses. The symptoms vary by the specific disease. Each person may also have slightly different symptoms. Various organs in the body can be affected. Symptoms often include: Fever, Fatigue, Dizziness, Muscle aches, Loss of strength, Exhaustion. People with severe cases often show signs of bleeding. This may be under the skin, in internal organs, or from body openings, such as the mouth, eyes, or ears. But blood loss is rarely the cause of death. These people may also have: Shock, Seizures, Nervous system failure, Coma, Delirium, Kidney failure. The symptoms may look like other health problems. Always see your healthcare provider for a diagnosis. […] No cure or treatment is available for most of these illnesses. People should not travel to areas where there are active outbreaks.

• #1 Viral hemorrhagic fever | Description, Types, Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment | Britannica

  https://www.britannica.com/science/viral-hemorrhagic-fever

  viral hemorrhagic fever, any of a variety of highly fatal viral diseases that are characterized by massive external or internal bleeding or bleeding into the skin. Other symptoms vary by the type of viral hemorrhagic fever but often include fever, malaise, muscle aches, vomiting, and shock. […] Most cases of dengue, seen in tropical areas, are mild and influenza-like, but all four dengue viruses may produce dengue hemorrhagic fever or its severe form, dengue shock syndrome. […] However, if dengue shock syndrome occurs, patients may die when fluids and electrolytes in their vascular compartments shift into tissues, collapsing the blood volume and precipitating low blood pressure and shock. […] The filoviruses, seen in Central and East Africa, include Ebola virus and Marburg virus. These are among the most highly fatal of the hemorrhagic fevers; some strains of Ebola cause death in up to 90 percent of victims.

• #1 Viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  The severity of symptoms varies with the type of virus. The „VHF syndrome” causes bleeding diathesis, capillary leak, and circulatory shock. It happens to most people who have Filoviridae infections (such as Ebola virus or Marburg virus), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), or the South American hemorrhagic fevers (which are caused by Arenaviridae). VHF syndrome only happens to a small minority of people who have dengue fever or Rift Valley fever.

• #1 Viral Haemorrhagic Fever | WHO | Regional Office for Africa

  https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/viral-haemorrhagic-fever

  In the African Region there are many types of VH fevers which have and continue to pose serious health risks: Marburg and Ebola haemorrhagic fevers, Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Rift Valley fever (RVF), lassa fever, yellow fever and the newly emergent arenavirus. All cases of acute viral haemorrhagic fever syndrome whether single or in clusters, should be immediately notified without waiting for the causal agent to be identified.

• #1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | VisualDx

  https://www.visualdx.com/resources/public-health/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers refer to clinical illnesses associated with fever and a bleeding diathesis caused by a virus belonging to the Filoviridae, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, or Flaviviridae families. […] Symptoms typically include fever, headache, malaise, arthralgia, myalgia, nausea, abdominal pain, and nonbloody diarrhea. Early signs of infection include fever, hypotension, relative bradycardia, tachypnea, conjunctivitis, and pharyngitis. Some patients may have an accompanying rash. Petechiae, mucous membrane and conjunctival hemorrhage, hematuria, melena, and hematemesis may be indicators of a progressing hemorrhagic diathesis. Advanced stages may demonstrate central nervous system findings such as delirium, convulsions, or coma. […] Ebola Fever, malaise, weakness, myalgia, headache, anorexia, and sore throat, followed by nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pain. Patients may develop joint pain, chest pain, and cough. Red eyes are common, and patients may develop a petechial skin rash. Hiccups or difficulty breathing may occur. Internal and external bleeding may also be seen.

• #1 Post-Travel Evaluation to Rule Out Viral Special Pathogen Infection | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Non-specific flu-like initially: fever, fatigue, headache, chills, myalgias, anorexia. Symptoms may include sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea (which may be severe), conjunctivitis, rash, hiccups, cough. Severe disease: persistent bleeding, bruising, hemorrhage, prostration, altered mental status, multi-organ system failure. […] Mild asymptomatic or flu-like symptoms occur in 80% of infections; severe infections are similar to Ebola disease. Symptoms may include facial swelling, pharyngitis, respiratory distress, renal failure, (especially in Nigeria). […] The patient’s clinical features and epidemiologic risk factors should be used to guide empiric treatment. Broad spectrum antimicrobial therapy is reasonable for an ill patient, ideally with prior collection of biospecimens for culture even if laboratory capacity has not yet been determined.

• #1 An overview of the viral haemorrhagic fevers for the primary care doctor

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8377794/

  The viral haemorrhagic fevers are infectious diseases that often cause life-threatening illnesses. These diseases are common in the tropical areas of the world, and travel history to an endemic area together with recognising signs and symptoms is essential to aid diagnosis. […] Fever and haemorrhage can be caused by many conditions. It is therefore important to recognise VHFs at an early stage to initiate appropriate and correct treatment. In addition, fatigue, dizziness, muscle and joint pain as well as generalised weakness occur early. […] Lassa fever is generally a mild disease with fever and a death rate of 1% 2%; however, in hospitalised patients, the death rates may approach 20% 40%. The incubation period is 710 days. There is insidious onset of fever, chills, malaise, headache, generalised myalgia and prostration. Within 23 days, patients develop sore throat, vomiting, abdominal or retrosternal pains, cough, hypotension and bradycardia.

• #1 Hemorrhagic fever viruses

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/hemorrh.htm

  The febrile phase lasts from 2 to 7 days and is characterized by abrupt onset of fever (over 40oC), significant muscle and joint pain (this disease is sometimes called breakbone fever because of these pains), and a rash (50-80% of patients). The patient may also have nausea and vomiting, and conjunctival congestion. The rash starts as a macular rash followed by a maculopapular rash and generalized lymphadenopathy. The patient may also have some petechial lesions at this stage of the disease. In most patients these signs and symptoms resolve (these are DF patients) and they do not go into the critical phase however, convalescence may be prolonged. […] Some patients will experience the critical phase or DHF. The critical phase lasts one to two days. DHF patients experience the symptoms listed above but they also have mild to severe hemorrhages. Plasma leakage and increased hemorrhage occurs between 24 h before and 24 h after defervesecence. Hemorrhage may include petechial rash, conjunctival bleeding, epistaxis, melena, and hematemesis. Fluids may accumulate in the lungs and abdomen. Plasma loss results in hypovolemia and hemoconcentration. Usually the plasma leakage resolves over a 2 day period.

• #1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | VisualDx

  https://www.visualdx.com/resources/public-health/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Marburg Fever, chills, cough, sore throat, headache, weakness, myalgias, chest pain, prostration, conjunctivitis, petechiae, purpura, and hemorrhage. May progress to nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, jaundice, pancreatitis, anorexia, photophobia, delirium, shock, liver failure, hemorrhaging, and multi-system dysfunction. […] Rift Valley fever Fever, headache, backache, generalized weakness, nausea, and vomiting, which may or may not be associated with partial or complete loss of vision and/or hemorrhage. In patients with disease that has developed into hemorrhagic fever, look for jaundice, purpura, gingival bleeding, bloody vomit, and rectal bleeding. […] Yellow fever Facial flushing, conjunctival redness, and prominent low back pain in conjunction with the sudden onset of a flu-like illness. Within days, jaundice and other signs of liver involvement as well as hemorrhaging may be seen in about 15% of patients.

• #1 Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7119092/

  In early infection, patients present with conjunctival injection, mild hypotension, flushing, and petechial rash; in later stages of the disease, frank mucous membrane hemorrhage with shock and generalized bleeding may occur. Involvement of neurologic, pulmonary, and hematopoietic systems may also occur. […] Morbidity and mortality associated with VHF infection can be highly variable. During the 1995 Ebola (strain: Ebola-Zaire) outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of Congo, the case fatality rate was 81%. […] The presence of significant volume depletion, coupled with hemodynamic instability is a poor prognostic sign in patients with VHF infection. […] The primary pathologic defect in patients with VHF is that of increased vascular permeability. Hemorrhagic fever viruses have an affinity for the vascular system, leading initially to signs such as flushing, conjunctival injection, and petechial hemorrhages, usually associated with fever and myalgias. Later, frank mucous membrane hemorrhage may occur, with accompanying hypotension, shock, and circulatory collapse. The relative severity of the clinical presentation may vary depending on the virus in question, amount, and route of exposure.

• #1 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of viral infections caused by viruses from five different families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, and Paramyxoviridae. […] Clinical features of VHFs vary but often include an initial nonspecific flu-like illness that progresses to multisystem hemorrhage. […] Onset may be acute (e.g., Ebola virus disease) or insidious (e.g., Lassa fever) and often includes the following: Initial flu-like illness: Headache, dizziness, conjunctivitis, high fever, lymphadenopathy, sore throat, myalgia, arthralgia, rash, weakness, fatigue, prostration, gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, diarrhea; nausea, vomiting). […] Severe VHF with bleeding diathesis: develops in a variable number of cases, depending on the causative pathogen, diffuse hemorrhage including: Bloody diarrhea, hematuria, hematemesis, melena, mucosal bleeding, petechiae, ecchymoses, hypovolemic shock and multiorgan failure, sepsis, DIC, meningoencephalitis.

• #1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17973-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  If youre severely ill, your provider will treat you in the hospital to manage your symptoms and any complications. You might be isolated from others to prevent spreading the virus. […] Yes, you can recover from milder forms of hemorrhagic fevers. Lassa, dengue and yellow fever often cause mild symptoms, but severe forms can be deadly. Others, like Marburg and Ebola, are often fatal. […] The mortality (death) rate varies for hemorrhagic fevers, depending on the virus causing it. For instance, Marburg and Ebola are the deadliest hemorrhagic fevers, with average mortality rates higher than 40%. But only about 1% of people with Lassa or dengue fevers die from them.

• #1 Hemorrhagic fever viruses

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/hemorrh.htm

  Fatal EHF patients don’t mount an effective immune response. Survivors produce IgG against the viral nucleoprotein early in the course of the illness. After anti-viral IgG has been made cytotoxic T cells are activated. In contrast, terminal patients never produce IgG anti-viral antibodies. Only 33% of fatal cases mount a weak IgM response.

• #1 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351266

  Diagnosing viral hemorrhagic fevers in the first few days of illness can be hard. Early symptoms, such as high fever, muscle aches, headaches and extreme tiredness, are common to many other conditions. […] Write down any symptoms including when they started. […] When did you begin experiencing symptoms? […] Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional? […] How severe are your symptoms?

• #1 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Diagnosis of VHF during the early stages is difficult because the symptoms are nonspecific. […] If clinical and laboratory features are consistent with the condition, further studies should be conducted to confirm the diagnosis. […] Supportive treatment includes management of fluids and electrolyte balance, maintenance of blood pressure and oxygenation, analgesics for pain and fever, and blood products in patients with severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, hemorrhage. […] Ribavirin may be used in some cases (e.g., Lassa fever).

• #1 Viral haemorrhagic fever | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/viral-haemorrhagic-fever

  Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) is an extremely infectious and life threatening disease caused by a group of viruses including the Ebola virus. […] The onset of symptoms is sudden and dramatic, and the death rate for VHF can be as high as 90 per cent. One major symptom is bleeding (haemorrhage). […] The evolution of viral haemorrhagic fever usually includes: fever, headache, muscular aches and pains, general malaise, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea, haemorrhaging (bleeding), shock, death.

• #1 An overview of the viral haemorrhagic fevers for the primary care doctor

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8377794/

  Non-specific early signs include fever, headache, pharyngitis, myalgia, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Viral haemorrhagic fevers are easier to diagnose. Once petechial rash or ecchymoses develops, other haemorrhagic signs, such as epistaxis, haematemesis and melaena, become apparent. There is a rapid progression to jaundice, shock, altered mental state and multi-organ failure. […] The progression of the illness and the timing of bleeding in relation to the onset of symptoms are important in guiding the diagnosis of VHF versus alternative diagnosis.

• #2 Viral Haemorrhagic Fever | WHO | Regional Office for Africa

  https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/viral-haemorrhagic-fever

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) refer to a group of epidemic prone diseases that are caused by several distinct families of viruses. […] In general, the term „viral haemorrhagic fever” is used to describe a severe multi-system syndrome (multi-system in that multiple organ systems in the body are affected). Characteristically, the overall vascular system is damaged, and the body’s ability to regulate itself is weakened. Symptoms are often accompanied by bleeding, though the bleeding is rarely life-threatening. While some types of haemorrhagic fever viruses can cause relatively mild illnesses, many of these viruses cause severe life-threatening diseases. […] Specific signs and symptoms vary by the type of VHF, but initial signs and symptoms often include marked fever, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, loss of strength, and exhaustion. Patients with severe cases of VHF often show signs of bleeding under the skin, in internal organs, or from body orifices like the mouth, eyes or ears. Some viruses that cause haemorrhagic fever can spread from one person to another.

• #2 Clinical Screening and Diagnosis for VHFs | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html

  Signs and symptoms compatible with a VHF […] VHF symptoms can appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to the virus. Illness typically progresses from „dry” symptoms (fever, aches, fatigue) to „wet” symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting, and in some cases, bleeding). A person with a VHF is not contagious until the appearance of symptoms. Primary signs and symptoms of VHFs often include some or several of the following: Fever (100.4F/38.0C) […] Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and/or joint pain […] Weakness and fatigue […] Sore throat […] Loss of appetite […] Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting […] Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising […] Red eyes, skin rash, and hiccups.

• #2 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17973-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Symptoms of VHFs vary depending on the disease. Early in the illness, they often include: Fever. Body aches. Dizziness. Fatigue (extreme tiredness). Headache. Rash. […] In severe cases, VHFs can also cause: Bleeding from your nose, eyes, gums or vagina. Severe vomiting or diarrhea. Vomiting blood. Bloody diarrhea. Chest, neck or stomach pain. Difficulty breathing. Extremely low blood pressure. Seizures. Coma. […] Experts dont fully understand the ways that hemorrhagic fever viruses cause severe bleeding. Theres evidence that the viruses damage your blood vessels, causing them to leak. They can also interfere with blood clotting, meaning your body cant stop bleeding when it should. […] VHFs can cause life-threatening complications, including: Miscarriage, low birth weight or premature birth. Edema. Shock. Internal bleeding.

• #2 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | Infectious Diseases

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fever symptoms may be mild or severe. […] Early symptoms of a VHF may include: Fatigue and weakness, Fever, Headache, Joint and muscle pain, Skin rash, Unexplained nosebleeds or bleeding gums, Vomiting, diarrhea or stomach pain. […] Get immediate medical attention if you have: Bleeding from your ears, eyes, mouth or rectum, Disorientation or confusion, Difficulty breathing, Pale, clammy or cold skin (signs of shock), Rapid or irregular heart rate, Reduced urine output, Yellow skin or whites of eyes (jaundice).

• #2 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | ACDC | LACDPH

  http://www.publichealth.lacounty.gov/acd/viralhemorrhagicfevers/index.htm

  VHF symptoms can appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to the virus. Illness typically progresses from „dry” symptoms (fever, aches, fatigue) to „wet” symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting, and in some cases, bleeding). A person with a VHF is not contagious until the appearance of symptoms. Primary signs and symptoms of VHFs often include some or several of the following: […] Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising.

• #2 An overview of the viral haemorrhagic fevers for the primary care doctor

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8377794/

  The incubation period commonly ranges from 1 to 3 days; however, it can be up to 12 days. Infection usually results from squashing ticks between the fingers. Onset is sudden, with severe headache, dizziness, neck pain and stiffness, photophobia, fever, chills, followed rapidly by myalgia with intense backache or leg pain, nausea, sore throat, non-localised abdominal pain, diarrhoea and vomiting. […] The incubation period is from 2 to 21 days. Patients present with a sudden onset of fever, severe headache, sore throat, chest and/or abdominal pain, myalgia, fatigue, nausea and anorexia. Signs include oral/throat lesions, persistent diarrhoea and vomiting, dehydration, dry cough, conjunctivitis and non-itching maculopapular rash of trunk and limbs, with onset about day 5 of illness and desquamation 410 days later. The more severe and fatal cases progress to a haemorrhagic state by days 58.

• #2 Viral haemorrhagic fever | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/viral-haemorrhagic-fever

  Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) is an extremely infectious and life threatening disease caused by a group of viruses including the Ebola virus. […] The onset of symptoms is sudden and dramatic, and the death rate for VHF can be as high as 90 per cent. One major symptom is bleeding (haemorrhage). […] The evolution of viral haemorrhagic fever usually includes: fever, headache, muscular aches and pains, general malaise, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhoea, haemorrhaging (bleeding), shock, death.

• #2 Viral haemorrhagic fevers – symptoms, treatment and prevention | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/viral-haemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers are a group of illnesses caused by viruses that can cause bleeding and fever, and can sometimes cause death. […] The first symptoms to develop may include: fever, headache, muscle aches and feeling unwell, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, sore throat or cough, chest or abdominal pain, rash. […] Some people get better after this stage. In other cases, the disease progresses to cause bleeding from various parts of the body. Severe blood loss can cause other complications including organ failure and death. […] If you develop bleeding problems, you might: bleed from your nose or gums, vomit up blood (haematemesis), cough up blood (haemoptysis), develop bruises, have blood in your urine (haematuria) or bowel (stool) motions.

• #2 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers and PPE | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2022/09/21/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-and-ppe/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of infectious diseases caused by four viral families, including Filoviridae (e.g., Ebola, Marburg), Arenaviridae (e.g., Lassa), Bunyavirales (e.g., Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever) and Flaviviridae (e.g., Yellow Fever). […] Their presenting symptoms are likely to be nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, muscle, joint pain, and headachethe kind of symptoms emergency departments and clinics see all the time. Bleeding or hemorrhaging isnt always an early sign. […] Symptoms include a fever 38C/100.4F and one or more of the following clinical criteria: severe headache, muscle pain, erythematous maculopapular rash on the trunk with fine desquamation 34 days after rash onset, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bleeding not related to injury, thrombocytopenia, pharyngitis (Arenaviruses only), proteinuria (Arenaviruses only), retrosternal chest pain (Arenaviruses only).

• #2 Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7119092/

  In early infection, patients present with conjunctival injection, mild hypotension, flushing, and petechial rash; in later stages of the disease, frank mucous membrane hemorrhage with shock and generalized bleeding may occur. Involvement of neurologic, pulmonary, and hematopoietic systems may also occur. […] Morbidity and mortality associated with VHF infection can be highly variable. During the 1995 Ebola (strain: Ebola-Zaire) outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of Congo, the case fatality rate was 81%. […] The presence of significant volume depletion, coupled with hemodynamic instability is a poor prognostic sign in patients with VHF infection. […] The primary pathologic defect in patients with VHF is that of increased vascular permeability. Hemorrhagic fever viruses have an affinity for the vascular system, leading initially to signs such as flushing, conjunctival injection, and petechial hemorrhages, usually associated with fever and myalgias. Later, frank mucous membrane hemorrhage may occur, with accompanying hypotension, shock, and circulatory collapse. The relative severity of the clinical presentation may vary depending on the virus in question, amount, and route of exposure.

• #2 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  https://healthlibrary.tidelandshealth.org/yourfamily/Men/85,P01464

  The symptoms vary by the specific disease. Each person may also have slightly different symptoms. Various organs in the body can be affected. Symptoms often include: […] People with severe cases often show signs of bleeding. This may be under the skin, in internal organs, or from body openings, such as the mouth, eyes, or ears. But blood loss is rarely the cause of death. These people may also have: […] The symptoms may look like other health problems. Always see your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

• #2 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17973-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  If youre severely ill, your provider will treat you in the hospital to manage your symptoms and any complications. You might be isolated from others to prevent spreading the virus. […] Yes, you can recover from milder forms of hemorrhagic fevers. Lassa, dengue and yellow fever often cause mild symptoms, but severe forms can be deadly. Others, like Marburg and Ebola, are often fatal. […] The mortality (death) rate varies for hemorrhagic fevers, depending on the virus causing it. For instance, Marburg and Ebola are the deadliest hemorrhagic fevers, with average mortality rates higher than 40%. But only about 1% of people with Lassa or dengue fevers die from them.

• #2 Hemorrhagic fever viruses

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/hemorrh.htm

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses that are caused by four families of viruses. VHFs viruses cause a constellation of symptoms due to vascular instability and increased vascular permeability. Most of these viruses cause a multisystem syndrome. Characteristically, the vascular system is damaged and organ function is impaired. Infections with these viruses oftentimes are accompanied by hemorrhage. Rarely does this hemorrhage result in death. Some hemorrhagic fever viruses can cause relatively mild illnesses. Others can cause severe, life-threatening disease (e.g., Ebola, Marburg). […] Early clinical manifestations of EHF include fever, headache, myalgia, diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain. In the terminal state of the disease patient are obtunded and develop tachypnea, anuria, and shock. The body temperature will fall to normal or below normal levels. The incubation period is from 5-21 days with death occurring in 10.2 days after onset of symptoms. Hemorrhage is only seen in 41% of patients and may include petechial rash, conjunctival bleeding, epistaxis, melena, and hematemesis. Symptom onset is abrupt with terminal patients experiencing shock, fluid redistribution, DIC, and an absence of anti-Ebola virus antibody production.

• #2 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Symptoms are variable and include fever, headache, extreme weakness, abdominal pain, sore throat, and difficulty breathing. […] Symptoms most commonly develop about 7 to 18 days following exposure and include fever, general discomfort, headache, muscle aches, dry cough, chest and abdominal pain, and sore throat. The tonsils may secrete fluids, which can progress to fluid accumulation in the facial and neck region, resulting in difficulty breathing. […] Symptoms usually appear abruptly about 3 to 10 days following exposure and include high fever, headache, muscle aches, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and general discomfort. Although the throat is sore and swollen, it does not secrete fluids as with Lassa fever. […] Symptoms usually develops about 3 to 7 days after exposure and include sudden onset of high fever, headache, muscle ache, nausea, abdominal pain, and dizziness. […] Symptoms usually develop about 4 to 14 days (can be as long as 45 days) after exposure and include fever, headache, cough, sore throat, difficulty breathing, or vomiting; some cases have no symptoms.

• #2 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969877-clinical

  Severe dengue is characterized by severe plasma leakage leading to shock, which is defined by symptoms such as tachycardia, a narrowing of the pulse pressure (a difference in systolic and diastolic pressure less than 20 mmHg), delayed capillary filling, and hypotension. […] The initial phase of severe dengue resembles that of dengue fever and other febrile viral illnesses. Signs of plasma leakage typically appear shortly after the fever breaks, which occurs 3-7 days after symptom onset or sometimes within 24 hours before. […] Symptoms indicating impending shock include abdominal pain, vomiting, restlessness, and other signs of circulatory failure such as pallor, tachypnea, dizziness/lightheadedness, and a decreased level of consciousness. […] Severe dengue typically begins with the initial manifestations of dengue fever. The acute febrile illness (temperatures 40C), like that of dengue fever, lasts approximately 2-7 days. However, in persons with severe dengue, the fever reappears, giving a biphasic or saddleback fever curve.

• #2 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969877-clinical

  The critical feature of severe dengue is plasma leakage. Plasma leakage is caused by increased capillary permeability and may manifest as hemoconcentration, as well as pleural effusion and ascites. Bleeding is caused by capillary fragility and thrombocytopenia and may manifest in various forms, ranging from petechial skin hemorrhages to life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding.

• #2 Viral haemorrhagic fevers – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/viral+haemorrhagic+fevers/viral+haemorrhagic+fevers+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of potentially life threatening infections which are associated with fever and bleeding. […] Initial symptoms are flu-like and may include: fever and chills, weakness, joint and muscle pains, headaches, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting, sore throat, loss of appetite, rash. […] Some people recover from this initial stage of illness whereas others go on to develop bleeding problems, multi-organ failure and death. Bleeding problems may include bleeding from the nose or gums, vomiting or coughing blood, bruising, and internal bleeding. […] The death rate of VHF depends on the cause. For Lassa fever it is around 1-15% in hospitalised people, whereas it is 50-90% in outbreaks of Ebola virus disease.

• #2 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

  https://www.nuh.nhs.uk/viral-hemorrhagic-fever/

  Signs and symptoms vary by the type of VHF, but initial signs and symptoms often include fever, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, loss of strength and exhaustion. Patients with severe cases of VHF often show signs of bleeding under the skin, in internal organs or from body orifices like the mouth, eyes or ears. Some severe cases may also show signs of shock, nervous system malfunction, coma delirium and seizures. […] VHF should be considered in a patient who has visited an endemic area within the past 21 days, or who has had close contact with a patient with suspected VHF within 21 days.

• #2 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Diagnosis of VHF during the early stages is difficult because the symptoms are nonspecific. […] If clinical and laboratory features are consistent with the condition, further studies should be conducted to confirm the diagnosis. […] Supportive treatment includes management of fluids and electrolyte balance, maintenance of blood pressure and oxygenation, analgesics for pain and fever, and blood products in patients with severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, hemorrhage. […] Ribavirin may be used in some cases (e.g., Lassa fever).

• #2 Post-Travel Evaluation to Rule Out Viral Special Pathogen Infection | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  The speed of international air travel, combined with increasing interactions among people, domestic and wild animals, and their environments, create opportunities for the emergence and re-emergence and spread of known and unrecognized viral special pathogens in the United States. […] No single sign or symptom is pathognomonic for diseases caused by viral special pathogens. The decision to test is primarily driven by assessing epidemiologic risk factors and ruling out more common causes of illness. […] While evaluating signs and symptoms, consideration of common diseases, both locally acquired and travel-associated, such as malaria, influenza, and sexually transmitted diseases, should not be forgotten. […] Initial non-specific febrile illness with fever, headache, myalgias, gastrointestinal symptoms, progressing to hemorrhagic findings and multi-organ system failure. Symptoms may also include jaundice, or, in severe cases, changes in mood and sensory perception.

• #3 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | ACDC | LACDPH

  http://www.publichealth.lacounty.gov/acd/viralhemorrhagicfevers/index.htm

  VHF symptoms can appear anywhere from 2 to 21 days after exposure to the virus. Illness typically progresses from „dry” symptoms (fever, aches, fatigue) to „wet” symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting, and in some cases, bleeding). A person with a VHF is not contagious until the appearance of symptoms. Primary signs and symptoms of VHFs often include some or several of the following: […] Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising.

• #3 An overview of the viral haemorrhagic fevers for the primary care doctor

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8377794/

  The viral haemorrhagic fevers are infectious diseases that often cause life-threatening illnesses. These diseases are common in the tropical areas of the world, and travel history to an endemic area together with recognising signs and symptoms is essential to aid diagnosis. […] Fever and haemorrhage can be caused by many conditions. It is therefore important to recognise VHFs at an early stage to initiate appropriate and correct treatment. In addition, fatigue, dizziness, muscle and joint pain as well as generalised weakness occur early. […] Lassa fever is generally a mild disease with fever and a death rate of 1% 2%; however, in hospitalised patients, the death rates may approach 20% 40%. The incubation period is 710 days. There is insidious onset of fever, chills, malaise, headache, generalised myalgia and prostration. Within 23 days, patients develop sore throat, vomiting, abdominal or retrosternal pains, cough, hypotension and bradycardia.

• #3 Post-Travel Evaluation to Rule Out Viral Special Pathogen Infection | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Non-specific flu-like initially: fever, fatigue, headache, chills, myalgias, anorexia. Symptoms may include sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea (which may be severe), conjunctivitis, rash, hiccups, cough. Severe disease: persistent bleeding, bruising, hemorrhage, prostration, altered mental status, multi-organ system failure. […] Mild asymptomatic or flu-like symptoms occur in 80% of infections; severe infections are similar to Ebola disease. Symptoms may include facial swelling, pharyngitis, respiratory distress, renal failure, (especially in Nigeria). […] The patient’s clinical features and epidemiologic risk factors should be used to guide empiric treatment. Broad spectrum antimicrobial therapy is reasonable for an ill patient, ideally with prior collection of biospecimens for culture even if laboratory capacity has not yet been determined.

• #3 Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7119092/

  In early infection, patients present with conjunctival injection, mild hypotension, flushing, and petechial rash; in later stages of the disease, frank mucous membrane hemorrhage with shock and generalized bleeding may occur. Involvement of neurologic, pulmonary, and hematopoietic systems may also occur. […] Morbidity and mortality associated with VHF infection can be highly variable. During the 1995 Ebola (strain: Ebola-Zaire) outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of Congo, the case fatality rate was 81%. […] The presence of significant volume depletion, coupled with hemodynamic instability is a poor prognostic sign in patients with VHF infection. […] The primary pathologic defect in patients with VHF is that of increased vascular permeability. Hemorrhagic fever viruses have an affinity for the vascular system, leading initially to signs such as flushing, conjunctival injection, and petechial hemorrhages, usually associated with fever and myalgias. Later, frank mucous membrane hemorrhage may occur, with accompanying hypotension, shock, and circulatory collapse. The relative severity of the clinical presentation may vary depending on the virus in question, amount, and route of exposure.

• #3 Quick Facts:Hemorrhagic Fevers Overview – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/quick-facts-infections/arboviruses-arenaviruses-and-filoviruses/hemorrhagic-fevers-overview

  Hemorrhagic fevers are serious viral infections that cause fever and bleeding from your mouth, nose, or organs inside your body. These infections can be deadly. […] These viruses make the blood vessels in your body leak, causing: […] Bleeding under your skin and from your mouth, nose, or organs. In addition to bleeding, other symptoms include: Fever, Muscle and body aches, Fatigue and weakness, When severe, coma, shock, and failure of the lungs, liver and kidneys.

• #3 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969877-clinical

  The critical feature of severe dengue is plasma leakage. Plasma leakage is caused by increased capillary permeability and may manifest as hemoconcentration, as well as pleural effusion and ascites. Bleeding is caused by capillary fragility and thrombocytopenia and may manifest in various forms, ranging from petechial skin hemorrhages to life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding.

• #3 Hemorrhagic fever viruses

  https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/hemorrh.htm

  The febrile phase lasts from 2 to 7 days and is characterized by abrupt onset of fever (over 40oC), significant muscle and joint pain (this disease is sometimes called breakbone fever because of these pains), and a rash (50-80% of patients). The patient may also have nausea and vomiting, and conjunctival congestion. The rash starts as a macular rash followed by a maculopapular rash and generalized lymphadenopathy. The patient may also have some petechial lesions at this stage of the disease. In most patients these signs and symptoms resolve (these are DF patients) and they do not go into the critical phase however, convalescence may be prolonged. […] Some patients will experience the critical phase or DHF. The critical phase lasts one to two days. DHF patients experience the symptoms listed above but they also have mild to severe hemorrhages. Plasma leakage and increased hemorrhage occurs between 24 h before and 24 h after defervesecence. Hemorrhage may include petechial rash, conjunctival bleeding, epistaxis, melena, and hematemesis. Fluids may accumulate in the lungs and abdomen. Plasma loss results in hypovolemia and hemoconcentration. Usually the plasma leakage resolves over a 2 day period.

• #4 Dengue: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/969877-clinical

  Severe dengue is characterized by severe plasma leakage leading to shock, which is defined by symptoms such as tachycardia, a narrowing of the pulse pressure (a difference in systolic and diastolic pressure less than 20 mmHg), delayed capillary filling, and hypotension. […] The initial phase of severe dengue resembles that of dengue fever and other febrile viral illnesses. Signs of plasma leakage typically appear shortly after the fever breaks, which occurs 3-7 days after symptom onset or sometimes within 24 hours before. […] Symptoms indicating impending shock include abdominal pain, vomiting, restlessness, and other signs of circulatory failure such as pallor, tachypnea, dizziness/lightheadedness, and a decreased level of consciousness. […] Severe dengue typically begins with the initial manifestations of dengue fever. The acute febrile illness (temperatures 40C), like that of dengue fever, lasts approximately 2-7 days. However, in persons with severe dengue, the fever reappears, giving a biphasic or saddleback fever curve.

Zobacz więcej