Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) represent a group of severe systemic febrile illnesses caused by four families of viruses – Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae. […] This activity outlines the evaluation and management of viral hemorrhagic fevers and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the care of patients with this condition. […] Describe the management of viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] Summarize interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to improve outcomes in patients with viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] Appropriate management of individuals suspected to have viral hemorrhagic fever includes early diagnosis to both increase chances of survival and prevent nosocomial infections. […] Patients with symptoms or travel history suggestive of these diseases should be isolated, and all staff caring for persons under investigation should wear appropriate personal protective equipment (referred to as viral hemorrhagic fever isolation precautions).

• #2 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/ViralHemorrhagicFevers.aspx

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are caused by several distinct families of viruses that cause illness in people. VHFs affect multiple organ systems in the body. Symptoms depend on the type of virus causing the infection but usually include: […] Infected animals and insects are the natural source of viruses that cause VHFs, which are found in tropical areas of the world (including parts of Africa, Asia, and South America). Infected animals and insects can transmit the viruses to humans and sometimes other animals. Some VHFs can spread directly from person to person. There are vaccines and specific treatments available for certain VHFs, while for others, the main treatment is supportive care. Many VHFs can cause serious illness or death. […] Two examples of serious VHFs are Ebola Virus Disease and Marburg Virus Disease, which are both caused by viruses in the filovirus family.

• #3 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) describe a wide range of viral infections common in parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia, transmitted through direct contact with body secretions from infected animals or persons, handling or consumption of infected animals, contact with contaminated surfaces, inhalation of infected aerosolized droplets, or through the bite of infected ticks. […] Symptoms are variable and include fever, headache, extreme weakness, abdominal pain, sore throat, and difficulty breathing. […] Consequences of infection may include bleeding, deafness, nervous system disorders, and death. […] Prevention includes avoiding areas with rodent infestation, caves or mines where bats congregate, contact with livestock (including pigs) or slaughterhouses within affected areas, observing personal protective measures against tick bites, observing hand hygiene, and washing fruit prior to consumption.

• #4 Viral hemorrhagic fevers: advancing the level of treatment | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-10-31

  There is currently a need to develop standardized clinical protocols for VHF clinical case management that integrate infection control measures with comprehensive care for patients. […] In fact, although VHFs are most common in developing countries there are relevant strategic reasons for investing in them worldwide, given the increasing risk of exposure to VHF pathogens and the possibility of importation of VHF cases into non-endemic areas. […] Support from national health authorities, major international public health partners and non-governmental organization would greatly facilitate the sustainability of the 'excellence centers’ and the eventual production of protocols to be implemented in developing countries.

• #5 Viral haemorrhagic fever | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/viral-haemorrhagic-fever

  Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) is an extremely infectious and life threatening disease caused by a group of viruses including the Ebola virus. […] There is no cure or vaccination, and the death rate for VHF can be as high as 90 per cent. […] Treatment options for VHF may include: hospitalisation in an intensive care unit, strict isolation to prevent spread of infection, maintenance of fluid levels and electrolytes, antiviral medication, if appropriate, supportive care, including treatment for the symptoms. […] In Australia, the VHF viruses are considered 'quarantinable’ diseases. Anyone entering Australia who is suspected of having, or is diagnosed with, VHF will be placed under quarantine in a specialised medical facility.

• #6 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) represent a group of severe systemic febrile illnesses caused by four families of viruses – Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae. […] This activity outlines the evaluation and management of viral hemorrhagic fevers and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the care of patients with this condition. […] Describe the management of viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] Summarize interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to improve outcomes in patients with viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] Appropriate management of individuals suspected to have viral hemorrhagic fever includes early diagnosis to both increase chances of survival and prevent nosocomial infections. […] Patients with symptoms or travel history suggestive of these diseases should be isolated, and all staff caring for persons under investigation should wear appropriate personal protective equipment (referred to as viral hemorrhagic fever isolation precautions).

• #7 Ebola, Marburg, and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

  https://cdphe.colorado.gov/ebola-marburg-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Special pathogens, including viral hemorrhagic fevers, present unique public health concerns as they are highly infectious, contagious, and can be fatal. […] Hospitals should use the identify, isolate, inform” strategy during VHF outbreaks. […] Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) (CDC) […] Preparing Health Care Workers for Special Pathogen Events (NETEC)

• #8 Ebola, Marburg, and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

  https://cdphe.colorado.gov/ebola-marburg-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Special pathogens, including viral hemorrhagic fevers, present unique public health concerns as they are highly infectious, contagious, and can be fatal. […] Hospitals should use the identify, isolate, inform” strategy during VHF outbreaks. […] Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) (CDC) […] Preparing Health Care Workers for Special Pathogen Events (NETEC)

• #9 An overview of the viral haemorrhagic fevers for the primary care doctor

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8377794/

  The viral haemorrhagic fevers are infectious diseases that often cause life-threatening illnesses. These diseases are common in the tropical areas of the world, and travel history to an endemic area together with recognising signs and symptoms is essential to aid diagnosis. Treatment is often supportive, and infection control measures need to be instituted early at the point of entry. In this article, we will provide an approach to a patient with viral haemorrhagic fevers in a primary healthcare setting. […] The VHFs have a propensity for person-to-person spread and high mortality rates, necessitating special infection control measures when managing suspected or confirmed cases. […] Viral haemorrhagic fevers should be considered in the differential diagnosis of every patient with unexplained fever, signs of haemorrhage and a history of travel within 21 days to an endemic area or history of contact.

• #10 Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  As soon as a VHF is suspected, VHF isolation precautions should begin. This will help reduce the number of people exposed to the VHF. […] Isolating the VHF patient will restrict patient access to health facility staff trained to use VHF isolation precautions. Establish a barrier between the VHF patient and uninfected patients, other health facility staff, and visitors. […] When a VHF case is suspected in the health facility, the following protective clothing should be worn in the isolation area: A scrub suit or inner layer of clothing, a pair of thin gloves, rubber boots or overshoes, a gown or outer layer of clothing, a plastic apron, a second pair of thin or thick gloves, a HEPA-filter or other biosafety mask, cotton head covering, and clear eyeglasses or non-fogging goggles. […] Disinfection kills almost all bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. It reduces the number of microorganisms to make equipment and surfaces safer for use.

• #11 Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  Healthcare personnel in any healthcare setting. The guidance is most relevant for hospital staff caring for a patient who is suspected or confirmed to have viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF). […] Guidance to help healthcare personnel follow recommended infection prevention and control practices when caring for a patient suspected or confirmed to have VHF. […] This guidance outlines the key areas for infection prevention and control for VHFs in U.S. hospitals and healthcare settings. […] CDC recommends a combination of measures to prevent transmission of VHFs in healthcare settings including personal protective equipment (PPE). These should be used in addition to routine Infection Prevention Control practices that are implemented daily to prevent transmission (or spread) of infectious diseases from patient to patient and patient to healthcare personnel.

• #12 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351266

  There’s no treatment for most viral hemorrhagic fevers other than supportive care. […] Supportive care may help you feel better while your body fights the infection. For instance, to keep from losing too much fluid, called dehydration, you might need to get fluids through a vein in an arm, called IV. This can help keep the balance of minerals needed for nerves and muscles to work, called electrolytes. […] Kidney dialysis might help some people. Kidney dialysis removes wastes from the blood when the kidneys fail.

• #13 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | ACDC | LACDPH

  http://www.publichealth.lacounty.gov/acd/viralhemorrhagicfevers/index.htm

  Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) are a group of diseases that are caused by several distinct families of viruses. […] Symptoms can vary but may include bleeding or hemorrhaging. […] Healthcare providers should notify their health department and CDC to determine a patient’s course of treatment. […] Supportive care is vital for patients with suspected or confirmed VHFs. […] Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (CDC) […] Interim Guidance on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in the Hospital Setting During Management of Suspected or Confirmed Ebola Patients (CDPH)

• #14

  https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549608

  This pocket guide provides strong support for the practical application of key lifesaving interventions that are feasible in an ETU as well as interventions that relieve pain and other symptoms. […] Providing good supportive care while in personal protective equipment (PPE), which limits the time for patient care and can impair vision and dexterity, is a challenge. […] Practical approaches to improving the volume of fluids administered are discussed using ORS, IV and intraosseous (IO) fluids.

• #15 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351266

  There’s no treatment for most viral hemorrhagic fevers other than supportive care. […] Supportive care may help you feel better while your body fights the infection. For instance, to keep from losing too much fluid, called dehydration, you might need to get fluids through a vein in an arm, called IV. This can help keep the balance of minerals needed for nerves and muscles to work, called electrolytes. […] Kidney dialysis might help some people. Kidney dialysis removes wastes from the blood when the kidneys fail.

• #16 An overview of the viral haemorrhagic fevers for the primary care doctor

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8377794/

  Currently, there is no approved vaccine for arenaviruses in Africa. Treatment is limited to supportive therapy and antivirals like Ribavirin. Maintenance of appropriate fluid and electrolyte balance is crucial. […] Supportive therapy and prevention are key. Ribavirin has been used successfully as the drug of choice in some cases. […] Initial management is supportive, for example, blood/fluid therapy and verify the diagnosis. […] Management at a primary health care facility is hence supportive, whilst maintaining haemodynamic stability prior to referral to higher levels of care. […] A haemorrhagic state may be caused by many different infective conditions and not all are fatal. It is usually as a result of intense circulation of microorganisms that also cause liver damage. Systematic consideration of all possible causes, including a detailed travel history, and appropriate laboratory investigations, usually provides the diagnosis. Suspected infections must be treated with strict infection control measures, and contacts must be identified, traced and isolated. Primary health care workers must have a high index of awareness and suspicion, and follow guidelines whenever they are confronted with suspected cases. All primary health care facilities must be equipped with ready-to-use PPEs.

• #17 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  https://www.massgeneral.org/condition/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are illnesses caused by several types of viruses. Some of these viruses cause mild illness. Many others lead to life-threatening diseases with no known cures. […] People in these areas who are most at risk are those who do animal research, healthcare workers and people caring for patients where outbreaks are occurring. […] Generally, there is no known cure or treatment for these diseases. People with these illnesses may get supportive treatment. This may include getting fluids or assistance with breathing and pain relievers. An antiviral medicine may help some people with Ebola and Lassa fever. […] Prevention includes getting vaccinated if you may be exposed to yellow fever, Ebola, or Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Also wear protective clothing, prevent insect bites, and stay away from infected rodents.

• #18 Addressing the Complications of Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Infections: Using Insights from Bacterial and Fungal Sepsis | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005088

  Research on Ebola virus (EBOV) has focused on preventing and controlling the infection using vaccines and antiviral therapies. Given the long-term challenge of the current epidemic and the likelihood of future outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by the filoviruses, including EBOV and Marburg virus, efforts should also focus on developing therapies to reduce the deadly complications of infection with these viruses. […] The Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines provide detailed instructions for the care of patients with sepsis based on state-of-the-art knowledge and therapeutics. Mainstays of management include antibiotics, procedures to remove infectious foci, and the administration of basic supportive therapies (including fluids and vasopressors) to maintain tissue perfusion. More aggressive therapies are used to support patients through sepsis-induced organ failure. For example, ventilator support and renal replacement therapy are used to manage respiratory or renal failure, respectively.

• #19 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351266

  There’s no treatment for most viral hemorrhagic fevers other than supportive care. […] Supportive care may help you feel better while your body fights the infection. For instance, to keep from losing too much fluid, called dehydration, you might need to get fluids through a vein in an arm, called IV. This can help keep the balance of minerals needed for nerves and muscles to work, called electrolytes. […] Kidney dialysis might help some people. Kidney dialysis removes wastes from the blood when the kidneys fail.

• #20 Addressing the Complications of Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Infections: Using Insights from Bacterial and Fungal Sepsis | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005088

  Research on Ebola virus (EBOV) has focused on preventing and controlling the infection using vaccines and antiviral therapies. Given the long-term challenge of the current epidemic and the likelihood of future outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by the filoviruses, including EBOV and Marburg virus, efforts should also focus on developing therapies to reduce the deadly complications of infection with these viruses. […] The Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines provide detailed instructions for the care of patients with sepsis based on state-of-the-art knowledge and therapeutics. Mainstays of management include antibiotics, procedures to remove infectious foci, and the administration of basic supportive therapies (including fluids and vasopressors) to maintain tissue perfusion. More aggressive therapies are used to support patients through sepsis-induced organ failure. For example, ventilator support and renal replacement therapy are used to manage respiratory or renal failure, respectively.

• #21

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=462760&Journal_ID=420955&Issue_ID=420957

  All cases of VHF should be reported to state and local health departments as well as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. […] General supportive therapy involves adequate hydration, management of neurologic conditions, blood transfusions, and other supportive measures. […] An effective live attenuated Junin virus vaccine is available in South America to prevent Argentine HF in high-risk populations. […] Emergency Department personnel should be aware of the clinical presentation, management, and infection control procedures for VHF. […] When a VHF is highly suspected, it is important to institute strict infection control procedures (ie personal protective measures, contact, and respiratory isolation) for arenaviruses, such as that causing Lassa fever, bunyaviruses, such as that causing Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and filoviruses, such as Marburg and Ebola, due to their potential for person-to-person transmission. […] Local and state health department and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should be notified immediately when a case of VHF is suspected.

• #22 Addressing the Complications of Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Infections: Using Insights from Bacterial and Fungal Sepsis | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005088

  Recent reports suggest that early administration of fluids, electrolytes, and nutrition reduces shock and organ failure in EBOV. Thus, strong efforts should continue to be made towards making these basic therapies widely available. Although intensive care therapies such as mechanical ventilation and renal replacement therapy may not be available in all areas, they should be utilized in patients being cared for in countries with adequate resources, since recent data strongly suggest that these therapies improve the outcome of severe EBOV. […] Sepsis and EBOV disease cause immune suppression. Current sepsis studies are focused on restoring immune function using cytokines (e.g., IL-7, IL-15, GM-CSF, and type I IFN) or blocking co-inhibitory molecules (e.g., PD-1 and CTLA-4). Early treatment with immune-enhancing agents may promote earlier adaptive immunity and facilitate more rapid resolution of infection. This approach might be beneficial in EBOV, in which higher viral loads correlate with increased mortality.

• #23 Viral hemorrhagic fevers: advancing the level of treatment | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-10-31

  The management of viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) has mainly focused on strict infection control measures, while standard clinical interventions that are provided to patients with other life-threatening conditions are rarely offered to patients with VHFs. […] Given that patient outcomes improve when treatment is started as soon as possible, development and implementation of protocols to promptly identify and treat patients in the earliest phases of diseases are urgently needed. […] Despite the practical difficulties of caring for VHF patients, a proper clinical case management of VHFs is neither futile nor does it lack of scientific rationale, as aggressive supportive care and specific antiviral therapy (whenever it is indicated) has been proved to improve patient outcomes. […] Proper intensive care should be provided to all patients with VHF as for patients with other life-threatening conditions unrelated to VHF (for example, bacterial sepsis).

• #24 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/emergencies/be-prepared-be-safe/diseases/other-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  The most effective way to prevent VHFs from being transmitted from person-to-person is medical isolation of infected patients and use caution to prevent exposure of healthcare workers and others to the virus. […] There is no specific drug for treatment of VHF patients receive supportive care. […] Patients infected with Lassa fever virus may respond to the antiviral drug ribavirin, if treated early in the course of infection.

• #25 Emergencies Biological Viral Hemorrhagic Fever

  https://www.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/emergency-preparedness/emergencies-biological-viral-hemorrhagic-fever.page

  Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) refers to a group of illnesses caused by several families of viruses. In general, the term describes a severe condition in which multiple organ systems in the body are affected. Typically, the vascular (blood vessel) system is damaged, and the body loses its ability to control bleeding. Some types of hemorrhagic fever viruses cause relatively mild illnesses; others cause severe, life-threatening disease. […] Anyone with the symptoms of viral hemorrhagic fever should contact their medical provider immediately. If there is severe bleeding, chest pain, breathing difficulty, severe headache, confusion or other serious illness, call 911. […] Patients receive supportive medical therapy, but generally speaking, there is no other treatment or cure for VHF. Ribavirin, an anti-viral drug, has been effective in treating some people with Lassa fever or hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.

• #26 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  https://www.massgeneral.org/condition/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are illnesses caused by several types of viruses. Some of these viruses cause mild illness. Many others lead to life-threatening diseases with no known cures. […] People in these areas who are most at risk are those who do animal research, healthcare workers and people caring for patients where outbreaks are occurring. […] Generally, there is no known cure or treatment for these diseases. People with these illnesses may get supportive treatment. This may include getting fluids or assistance with breathing and pain relievers. An antiviral medicine may help some people with Ebola and Lassa fever. […] Prevention includes getting vaccinated if you may be exposed to yellow fever, Ebola, or Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Also wear protective clothing, prevent insect bites, and stay away from infected rodents.

• #27

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=462760&Journal_ID=420955&Issue_ID=420957

  All cases of VHF should be reported to state and local health departments as well as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. […] General supportive therapy involves adequate hydration, management of neurologic conditions, blood transfusions, and other supportive measures. […] An effective live attenuated Junin virus vaccine is available in South America to prevent Argentine HF in high-risk populations. […] Emergency Department personnel should be aware of the clinical presentation, management, and infection control procedures for VHF. […] When a VHF is highly suspected, it is important to institute strict infection control procedures (ie personal protective measures, contact, and respiratory isolation) for arenaviruses, such as that causing Lassa fever, bunyaviruses, such as that causing Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and filoviruses, such as Marburg and Ebola, due to their potential for person-to-person transmission. […] Local and state health department and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should be notified immediately when a case of VHF is suspected.

• #28 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  https://www.massgeneral.org/condition/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are illnesses caused by several types of viruses. Some of these viruses cause mild illness. Many others lead to life-threatening diseases with no known cures. […] People in these areas who are most at risk are those who do animal research, healthcare workers and people caring for patients where outbreaks are occurring. […] Generally, there is no known cure or treatment for these diseases. People with these illnesses may get supportive treatment. This may include getting fluids or assistance with breathing and pain relievers. An antiviral medicine may help some people with Ebola and Lassa fever. […] Prevention includes getting vaccinated if you may be exposed to yellow fever, Ebola, or Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Also wear protective clothing, prevent insect bites, and stay away from infected rodents.

• #29 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  https://www.massgeneral.org/condition/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are illnesses caused by several types of viruses. Some of these viruses cause mild illness. Many others lead to life-threatening diseases with no known cures. […] People in these areas who are most at risk are those who do animal research, healthcare workers and people caring for patients where outbreaks are occurring. […] Generally, there is no known cure or treatment for these diseases. People with these illnesses may get supportive treatment. This may include getting fluids or assistance with breathing and pain relievers. An antiviral medicine may help some people with Ebola and Lassa fever. […] Prevention includes getting vaccinated if you may be exposed to yellow fever, Ebola, or Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Also wear protective clothing, prevent insect bites, and stay away from infected rodents.

• #30 Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/dengue-hemorrhagic-fever/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever in this nursing study guide. […] Nursing management of patients with DHF is essential in achieving complete recovery. […] Assessment of a patient with DHF should include: Evaluation of the patients heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure. […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnoses for a patient with DHF are: Risk for bleeding related to possible impaired liver function. […] The goals in a patient with DHF are: Be free of signs of bleeding. […] Nursing interventions appropriate for a patient with DHF include: Blood pressure monitoring. […] A successful nursing care plan has achieved the following: Absence of signs of bleeding. […] A patient with DHF discharged from the health care facility should be instructed to: Avoid diuretics. […] The focus of documentation in a patient with DHF include: Factors that potentiate blood loss.

• #31 Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/dengue-hemorrhagic-fever/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever in this nursing study guide. […] Nursing management of patients with DHF is essential in achieving complete recovery. […] Assessment of a patient with DHF should include: Evaluation of the patients heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure. […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnoses for a patient with DHF are: Risk for bleeding related to possible impaired liver function. […] The goals in a patient with DHF are: Be free of signs of bleeding. […] Nursing interventions appropriate for a patient with DHF include: Blood pressure monitoring. […] A successful nursing care plan has achieved the following: Absence of signs of bleeding. […] A patient with DHF discharged from the health care facility should be instructed to: Avoid diuretics. […] The focus of documentation in a patient with DHF include: Factors that potentiate blood loss.

• #32

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=462760&Journal_ID=420955&Issue_ID=420957

  All cases of VHF should be reported to state and local health departments as well as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. […] General supportive therapy involves adequate hydration, management of neurologic conditions, blood transfusions, and other supportive measures. […] An effective live attenuated Junin virus vaccine is available in South America to prevent Argentine HF in high-risk populations. […] Emergency Department personnel should be aware of the clinical presentation, management, and infection control procedures for VHF. […] When a VHF is highly suspected, it is important to institute strict infection control procedures (ie personal protective measures, contact, and respiratory isolation) for arenaviruses, such as that causing Lassa fever, bunyaviruses, such as that causing Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and filoviruses, such as Marburg and Ebola, due to their potential for person-to-person transmission. […] Local and state health department and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should be notified immediately when a case of VHF is suspected.

• #33 Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/dengue-hemorrhagic-fever/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever in this nursing study guide. […] Nursing management of patients with DHF is essential in achieving complete recovery. […] Assessment of a patient with DHF should include: Evaluation of the patients heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure. […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnoses for a patient with DHF are: Risk for bleeding related to possible impaired liver function. […] The goals in a patient with DHF are: Be free of signs of bleeding. […] Nursing interventions appropriate for a patient with DHF include: Blood pressure monitoring. […] A successful nursing care plan has achieved the following: Absence of signs of bleeding. […] A patient with DHF discharged from the health care facility should be instructed to: Avoid diuretics. […] The focus of documentation in a patient with DHF include: Factors that potentiate blood loss.

• #34 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20241030/New-toolkit-aims-to-help-US-hospitals-spot-deadly-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-faster-and-safer.aspx

  With viral hemorrhagic fevers like Ebola and Marburg posing severe threats, a new laboratory toolkit promises to enhance early detection and containment, empowering frontline healthcare workers to save lives and limit the spread of these lethal diseases. […] In a recent study published in Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology, researchers develop a laboratory toolkit to assist frontline healthcare facilities in providing basic laboratory testing required for the care of patients with suspected viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs). […] The Toolkit provides detailed information on the minimum laboratory testing necessary for safe and supportive care of suspected VHF patients before ruling out VHF diagnosis or transferring the patients to a higher level of care. […] Overall, the toolkit is expected to improve laboratory preparedness and readiness in the initial care of suspect VHF patients who may present to acute care hospitals.

• #35 Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/dengue-hemorrhagic-fever/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever in this nursing study guide. […] Nursing management of patients with DHF is essential in achieving complete recovery. […] Assessment of a patient with DHF should include: Evaluation of the patients heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure. […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnoses for a patient with DHF are: Risk for bleeding related to possible impaired liver function. […] The goals in a patient with DHF are: Be free of signs of bleeding. […] Nursing interventions appropriate for a patient with DHF include: Blood pressure monitoring. […] A successful nursing care plan has achieved the following: Absence of signs of bleeding. […] A patient with DHF discharged from the health care facility should be instructed to: Avoid diuretics. […] The focus of documentation in a patient with DHF include: Factors that potentiate blood loss.

• #36 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351266

  There’s no treatment for most viral hemorrhagic fevers other than supportive care. […] Supportive care may help you feel better while your body fights the infection. For instance, to keep from losing too much fluid, called dehydration, you might need to get fluids through a vein in an arm, called IV. This can help keep the balance of minerals needed for nerves and muscles to work, called electrolytes. […] Kidney dialysis might help some people. Kidney dialysis removes wastes from the blood when the kidneys fail.

• #37 Addressing the Complications of Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Infections: Using Insights from Bacterial and Fungal Sepsis | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005088

  Research on Ebola virus (EBOV) has focused on preventing and controlling the infection using vaccines and antiviral therapies. Given the long-term challenge of the current epidemic and the likelihood of future outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by the filoviruses, including EBOV and Marburg virus, efforts should also focus on developing therapies to reduce the deadly complications of infection with these viruses. […] The Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines provide detailed instructions for the care of patients with sepsis based on state-of-the-art knowledge and therapeutics. Mainstays of management include antibiotics, procedures to remove infectious foci, and the administration of basic supportive therapies (including fluids and vasopressors) to maintain tissue perfusion. More aggressive therapies are used to support patients through sepsis-induced organ failure. For example, ventilator support and renal replacement therapy are used to manage respiratory or renal failure, respectively.

• #38 Addressing the Complications of Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Infections: Using Insights from Bacterial and Fungal Sepsis | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005088

  Recent reports suggest that early administration of fluids, electrolytes, and nutrition reduces shock and organ failure in EBOV. Thus, strong efforts should continue to be made towards making these basic therapies widely available. Although intensive care therapies such as mechanical ventilation and renal replacement therapy may not be available in all areas, they should be utilized in patients being cared for in countries with adequate resources, since recent data strongly suggest that these therapies improve the outcome of severe EBOV. […] Sepsis and EBOV disease cause immune suppression. Current sepsis studies are focused on restoring immune function using cytokines (e.g., IL-7, IL-15, GM-CSF, and type I IFN) or blocking co-inhibitory molecules (e.g., PD-1 and CTLA-4). Early treatment with immune-enhancing agents may promote earlier adaptive immunity and facilitate more rapid resolution of infection. This approach might be beneficial in EBOV, in which higher viral loads correlate with increased mortality.

• #39 Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/dengue-hemorrhagic-fever/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever in this nursing study guide. […] Nursing management of patients with DHF is essential in achieving complete recovery. […] Assessment of a patient with DHF should include: Evaluation of the patients heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure. […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnoses for a patient with DHF are: Risk for bleeding related to possible impaired liver function. […] The goals in a patient with DHF are: Be free of signs of bleeding. […] Nursing interventions appropriate for a patient with DHF include: Blood pressure monitoring. […] A successful nursing care plan has achieved the following: Absence of signs of bleeding. […] A patient with DHF discharged from the health care facility should be instructed to: Avoid diuretics. […] The focus of documentation in a patient with DHF include: Factors that potentiate blood loss.

• #40

  https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549608

  This pocket guide provides strong support for the practical application of key lifesaving interventions that are feasible in an ETU as well as interventions that relieve pain and other symptoms. […] Providing good supportive care while in personal protective equipment (PPE), which limits the time for patient care and can impair vision and dexterity, is a challenge. […] Practical approaches to improving the volume of fluids administered are discussed using ORS, IV and intraosseous (IO) fluids.

• #41 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351266

  There’s no treatment for most viral hemorrhagic fevers other than supportive care. […] Supportive care may help you feel better while your body fights the infection. For instance, to keep from losing too much fluid, called dehydration, you might need to get fluids through a vein in an arm, called IV. This can help keep the balance of minerals needed for nerves and muscles to work, called electrolytes. […] Kidney dialysis might help some people. Kidney dialysis removes wastes from the blood when the kidneys fail.

• #42 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers, or VHFs, are severe illnesses that cause fevers and are caused by four types of viruses: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae. These viruses, which are known for triggering a wide variety of symptoms including blood clotting disorders, unstable blood pressure, changes in mental state, and potentially, death. The severity of illnesses caused by these viruses can vary greatly, with some causing mild sickness while others can be fatal. […] When someone is suspected to have viral hemorrhagic fever, proper management is vital to increase survival chances and prevent possible infections from spreading to others. Viral hemorrhagic fever family of diseases have severe symptoms and can be contracted via travel. People showing symptoms should be separated from others, and the staff looking after them should wear protective gear for their safety. Current treatment options focus primarily on supportive care, meaning the goal of treatment is to help the body recover on its own.

• #43 Addressing the Complications of Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Infections: Using Insights from Bacterial and Fungal Sepsis | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005088

  Research on Ebola virus (EBOV) has focused on preventing and controlling the infection using vaccines and antiviral therapies. Given the long-term challenge of the current epidemic and the likelihood of future outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by the filoviruses, including EBOV and Marburg virus, efforts should also focus on developing therapies to reduce the deadly complications of infection with these viruses. […] The Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines provide detailed instructions for the care of patients with sepsis based on state-of-the-art knowledge and therapeutics. Mainstays of management include antibiotics, procedures to remove infectious foci, and the administration of basic supportive therapies (including fluids and vasopressors) to maintain tissue perfusion. More aggressive therapies are used to support patients through sepsis-induced organ failure. For example, ventilator support and renal replacement therapy are used to manage respiratory or renal failure, respectively.

• #44 Addressing the Complications of Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Infections: Using Insights from Bacterial and Fungal Sepsis | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005088

  Research on Ebola virus (EBOV) has focused on preventing and controlling the infection using vaccines and antiviral therapies. Given the long-term challenge of the current epidemic and the likelihood of future outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by the filoviruses, including EBOV and Marburg virus, efforts should also focus on developing therapies to reduce the deadly complications of infection with these viruses. […] The Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines provide detailed instructions for the care of patients with sepsis based on state-of-the-art knowledge and therapeutics. Mainstays of management include antibiotics, procedures to remove infectious foci, and the administration of basic supportive therapies (including fluids and vasopressors) to maintain tissue perfusion. More aggressive therapies are used to support patients through sepsis-induced organ failure. For example, ventilator support and renal replacement therapy are used to manage respiratory or renal failure, respectively.

• #45 Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/dengue-hemorrhagic-fever/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever in this nursing study guide. […] Nursing management of patients with DHF is essential in achieving complete recovery. […] Assessment of a patient with DHF should include: Evaluation of the patients heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure. […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnoses for a patient with DHF are: Risk for bleeding related to possible impaired liver function. […] The goals in a patient with DHF are: Be free of signs of bleeding. […] Nursing interventions appropriate for a patient with DHF include: Blood pressure monitoring. […] A successful nursing care plan has achieved the following: Absence of signs of bleeding. […] A patient with DHF discharged from the health care facility should be instructed to: Avoid diuretics. […] The focus of documentation in a patient with DHF include: Factors that potentiate blood loss.

• #46 Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Nursing Care Management and Study Guide

  https://nurseslabs.com/dengue-hemorrhagic-fever/

  Learn about the nursing care management of patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever in this nursing study guide. […] Nursing management of patients with DHF is essential in achieving complete recovery. […] Assessment of a patient with DHF should include: Evaluation of the patients heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure. […] Based on the assessment data, the major nursing diagnoses for a patient with DHF are: Risk for bleeding related to possible impaired liver function. […] The goals in a patient with DHF are: Be free of signs of bleeding. […] Nursing interventions appropriate for a patient with DHF include: Blood pressure monitoring. […] A successful nursing care plan has achieved the following: Absence of signs of bleeding. […] A patient with DHF discharged from the health care facility should be instructed to: Avoid diuretics. […] The focus of documentation in a patient with DHF include: Factors that potentiate blood loss.

• #47 Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  HCP with high-risk exposures, including HCP, should be quarantined, monitored daily, and restricted from traveling by commercial transport until 21 days after their last high-risk exposure. […] HCP who develop symptoms of VHF (e.g., sudden onset of fever, fatigue, intense weakness or muscle pains, vomiting, diarrhea, or any signs of hemorrhage) should not report to work, or should immediately stop working. […] Visitors who have been in contact with the patient before and during hospitalization are a possible source of VHF for other patients, visitors, and staff.

• #48 An overview of the viral haemorrhagic fevers for the primary care doctor

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8377794/

  The viral haemorrhagic fevers are infectious diseases that often cause life-threatening illnesses. These diseases are common in the tropical areas of the world, and travel history to an endemic area together with recognising signs and symptoms is essential to aid diagnosis. Treatment is often supportive, and infection control measures need to be instituted early at the point of entry. In this article, we will provide an approach to a patient with viral haemorrhagic fevers in a primary healthcare setting. […] The VHFs have a propensity for person-to-person spread and high mortality rates, necessitating special infection control measures when managing suspected or confirmed cases. […] Viral haemorrhagic fevers should be considered in the differential diagnosis of every patient with unexplained fever, signs of haemorrhage and a history of travel within 21 days to an endemic area or history of contact.

• #49 Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  Healthcare personnel in any healthcare setting. The guidance is most relevant for hospital staff caring for a patient who is suspected or confirmed to have viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF). […] Guidance to help healthcare personnel follow recommended infection prevention and control practices when caring for a patient suspected or confirmed to have VHF. […] This guidance outlines the key areas for infection prevention and control for VHFs in U.S. hospitals and healthcare settings. […] CDC recommends a combination of measures to prevent transmission of VHFs in healthcare settings including personal protective equipment (PPE). These should be used in addition to routine Infection Prevention Control practices that are implemented daily to prevent transmission (or spread) of infectious diseases from patient to patient and patient to healthcare personnel.

• #50 Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  Healthcare personnel can be exposed to these viruses by coming into contact with a patient’s body fluids, contaminated medical supplies and equipment, or contaminated environmental surfaces. […] The table below outlines precautions recommended for management of a hospitalized patient suspected or confirmed to have VHF. […] Though these recommendations focus on the hospital setting, the recommendations for personal PPE and environmental infection control measures are applicable to any healthcare setting. […] This guidance is not intended to apply to people outside of healthcare settings. […] Facilities should develop policies for monitoring and management of HCP with potential VHF exposure. […] Facilities should develop sick leave policies for HCP that are non-punitive, flexible and consistent with public health guidance.

• #51 Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  As soon as a VHF is suspected, VHF isolation precautions should begin. This will help reduce the number of people exposed to the VHF. […] Isolating the VHF patient will restrict patient access to health facility staff trained to use VHF isolation precautions. Establish a barrier between the VHF patient and uninfected patients, other health facility staff, and visitors. […] When a VHF case is suspected in the health facility, the following protective clothing should be worn in the isolation area: A scrub suit or inner layer of clothing, a pair of thin gloves, rubber boots or overshoes, a gown or outer layer of clothing, a plastic apron, a second pair of thin or thick gloves, a HEPA-filter or other biosafety mask, cotton head covering, and clear eyeglasses or non-fogging goggles. […] Disinfection kills almost all bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. It reduces the number of microorganisms to make equipment and surfaces safer for use.

• #52 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | Infectious Diseases

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  We offer comprehensive preventive services, testing and treatment for all viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] The infectious disease specialists at UC Davis Health have experience testing, diagnosing and treating all types of viral hemorrhagic fevers. Our Travelers Clinic also offers education, vaccinations and other resources for people traveling abroad. […] Early diagnosis is very important and increases the chances of survival in the deadliest viruses, such as Ebola and Marburg virus. […] There is no known cure for viral hemorrhagic fevers. Treatment is focused on reducing the risk of life-threatening complications such as organ failure and uncontrolled bleeding. […] Healthcare workers and veterinary workers should wear personal protective equipment (PPE). PPE includes a mask, gown, gloves, goggles, head cover and rubber boots. […] UC Davis Medical Center has received Magnet recognition, the nations highest honor for nursing excellence.

• #53 Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  As soon as a VHF is suspected, VHF isolation precautions should begin. This will help reduce the number of people exposed to the VHF. […] Isolating the VHF patient will restrict patient access to health facility staff trained to use VHF isolation precautions. Establish a barrier between the VHF patient and uninfected patients, other health facility staff, and visitors. […] When a VHF case is suspected in the health facility, the following protective clothing should be worn in the isolation area: A scrub suit or inner layer of clothing, a pair of thin gloves, rubber boots or overshoes, a gown or outer layer of clothing, a plastic apron, a second pair of thin or thick gloves, a HEPA-filter or other biosafety mask, cotton head covering, and clear eyeglasses or non-fogging goggles. […] Disinfection kills almost all bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. It reduces the number of microorganisms to make equipment and surfaces safer for use.

• #54 Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  As soon as a VHF is suspected, VHF isolation precautions should begin. This will help reduce the number of people exposed to the VHF. […] Isolating the VHF patient will restrict patient access to health facility staff trained to use VHF isolation precautions. Establish a barrier between the VHF patient and uninfected patients, other health facility staff, and visitors. […] When a VHF case is suspected in the health facility, the following protective clothing should be worn in the isolation area: A scrub suit or inner layer of clothing, a pair of thin gloves, rubber boots or overshoes, a gown or outer layer of clothing, a plastic apron, a second pair of thin or thick gloves, a HEPA-filter or other biosafety mask, cotton head covering, and clear eyeglasses or non-fogging goggles. […] Disinfection kills almost all bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. It reduces the number of microorganisms to make equipment and surfaces safer for use.

• #55 Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  As soon as a VHF is suspected, VHF isolation precautions should begin. This will help reduce the number of people exposed to the VHF. […] Isolating the VHF patient will restrict patient access to health facility staff trained to use VHF isolation precautions. Establish a barrier between the VHF patient and uninfected patients, other health facility staff, and visitors. […] When a VHF case is suspected in the health facility, the following protective clothing should be worn in the isolation area: A scrub suit or inner layer of clothing, a pair of thin gloves, rubber boots or overshoes, a gown or outer layer of clothing, a plastic apron, a second pair of thin or thick gloves, a HEPA-filter or other biosafety mask, cotton head covering, and clear eyeglasses or non-fogging goggles. […] Disinfection kills almost all bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. It reduces the number of microorganisms to make equipment and surfaces safer for use.

• #56 Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  As soon as a VHF is suspected, VHF isolation precautions should begin. This will help reduce the number of people exposed to the VHF. […] Isolating the VHF patient will restrict patient access to health facility staff trained to use VHF isolation precautions. Establish a barrier between the VHF patient and uninfected patients, other health facility staff, and visitors. […] When a VHF case is suspected in the health facility, the following protective clothing should be worn in the isolation area: A scrub suit or inner layer of clothing, a pair of thin gloves, rubber boots or overshoes, a gown or outer layer of clothing, a plastic apron, a second pair of thin or thick gloves, a HEPA-filter or other biosafety mask, cotton head covering, and clear eyeglasses or non-fogging goggles. […] Disinfection kills almost all bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. It reduces the number of microorganisms to make equipment and surfaces safer for use.

• #57 Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  As soon as a VHF is suspected, VHF isolation precautions should begin. This will help reduce the number of people exposed to the VHF. […] Isolating the VHF patient will restrict patient access to health facility staff trained to use VHF isolation precautions. Establish a barrier between the VHF patient and uninfected patients, other health facility staff, and visitors. […] When a VHF case is suspected in the health facility, the following protective clothing should be worn in the isolation area: A scrub suit or inner layer of clothing, a pair of thin gloves, rubber boots or overshoes, a gown or outer layer of clothing, a plastic apron, a second pair of thin or thick gloves, a HEPA-filter or other biosafety mask, cotton head covering, and clear eyeglasses or non-fogging goggles. […] Disinfection kills almost all bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. It reduces the number of microorganisms to make equipment and surfaces safer for use.

• #58 Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  As soon as a VHF is suspected, VHF isolation precautions should begin. This will help reduce the number of people exposed to the VHF. […] Isolating the VHF patient will restrict patient access to health facility staff trained to use VHF isolation precautions. Establish a barrier between the VHF patient and uninfected patients, other health facility staff, and visitors. […] When a VHF case is suspected in the health facility, the following protective clothing should be worn in the isolation area: A scrub suit or inner layer of clothing, a pair of thin gloves, rubber boots or overshoes, a gown or outer layer of clothing, a plastic apron, a second pair of thin or thick gloves, a HEPA-filter or other biosafety mask, cotton head covering, and clear eyeglasses or non-fogging goggles. […] Disinfection kills almost all bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. It reduces the number of microorganisms to make equipment and surfaces safer for use.

• #59 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever | Preparedness | Marshall County Health Department | Marshall County Health Department | Proudly Serving and Protecting the Residents of Marshall County, West Virginia

  https://www.marshallcountyhealthdepartment.com/preparedness/viral-hemorrhagic-fever-/82

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers are rare diseases in the United States but more prevalent in Africa. […] Infected humans can spread the disease to close contacts by touching bodily fluids, which may result in community outbreaks and nosocomial infections. […] Strict barrier precautions for infection control should be taken to prevent direct contact with infected patients. […] Employees who will have direct patient contact should be supplied with an N-95 mask or a powered air-purifying respirator, gloves, gowns, eye protection, etc. […] Lifesaving interventions in order: Recognition / reporting / case-finding + aerosol and contact isolation. […] Physicians: recognition / reporting / isolation / treatment. […] ICPs: reporting, active surveillance procedures, isolation. […] Local health departments, regional epidemiologists: Investigation / isolation. […] IDEP / DSDC / BPH: investigation / communication / prioritization of control measure.

• #60 Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  Healthcare personnel in any healthcare setting. The guidance is most relevant for hospital staff caring for a patient who is suspected or confirmed to have viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF). […] Guidance to help healthcare personnel follow recommended infection prevention and control practices when caring for a patient suspected or confirmed to have VHF. […] This guidance outlines the key areas for infection prevention and control for VHFs in U.S. hospitals and healthcare settings. […] CDC recommends a combination of measures to prevent transmission of VHFs in healthcare settings including personal protective equipment (PPE). These should be used in addition to routine Infection Prevention Control practices that are implemented daily to prevent transmission (or spread) of infectious diseases from patient to patient and patient to healthcare personnel.

• #61 Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  As soon as a VHF is suspected, VHF isolation precautions should begin. This will help reduce the number of people exposed to the VHF. […] Isolating the VHF patient will restrict patient access to health facility staff trained to use VHF isolation precautions. Establish a barrier between the VHF patient and uninfected patients, other health facility staff, and visitors. […] When a VHF case is suspected in the health facility, the following protective clothing should be worn in the isolation area: A scrub suit or inner layer of clothing, a pair of thin gloves, rubber boots or overshoes, a gown or outer layer of clothing, a plastic apron, a second pair of thin or thick gloves, a HEPA-filter or other biosafety mask, cotton head covering, and clear eyeglasses or non-fogging goggles. […] Disinfection kills almost all bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. It reduces the number of microorganisms to make equipment and surfaces safer for use.

• #62 Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  As soon as a VHF is suspected, VHF isolation precautions should begin. This will help reduce the number of people exposed to the VHF. […] Isolating the VHF patient will restrict patient access to health facility staff trained to use VHF isolation precautions. Establish a barrier between the VHF patient and uninfected patients, other health facility staff, and visitors. […] When a VHF case is suspected in the health facility, the following protective clothing should be worn in the isolation area: A scrub suit or inner layer of clothing, a pair of thin gloves, rubber boots or overshoes, a gown or outer layer of clothing, a plastic apron, a second pair of thin or thick gloves, a HEPA-filter or other biosafety mask, cotton head covering, and clear eyeglasses or non-fogging goggles. […] Disinfection kills almost all bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. It reduces the number of microorganisms to make equipment and surfaces safer for use.

• #63 Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  As soon as a VHF is suspected, VHF isolation precautions should begin. This will help reduce the number of people exposed to the VHF. […] Isolating the VHF patient will restrict patient access to health facility staff trained to use VHF isolation precautions. Establish a barrier between the VHF patient and uninfected patients, other health facility staff, and visitors. […] When a VHF case is suspected in the health facility, the following protective clothing should be worn in the isolation area: A scrub suit or inner layer of clothing, a pair of thin gloves, rubber boots or overshoes, a gown or outer layer of clothing, a plastic apron, a second pair of thin or thick gloves, a HEPA-filter or other biosafety mask, cotton head covering, and clear eyeglasses or non-fogging goggles. […] Disinfection kills almost all bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. It reduces the number of microorganisms to make equipment and surfaces safer for use.

• #64 Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  As soon as a VHF is suspected, VHF isolation precautions should begin. This will help reduce the number of people exposed to the VHF. […] Isolating the VHF patient will restrict patient access to health facility staff trained to use VHF isolation precautions. Establish a barrier between the VHF patient and uninfected patients, other health facility staff, and visitors. […] When a VHF case is suspected in the health facility, the following protective clothing should be worn in the isolation area: A scrub suit or inner layer of clothing, a pair of thin gloves, rubber boots or overshoes, a gown or outer layer of clothing, a plastic apron, a second pair of thin or thick gloves, a HEPA-filter or other biosafety mask, cotton head covering, and clear eyeglasses or non-fogging goggles. […] Disinfection kills almost all bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. It reduces the number of microorganisms to make equipment and surfaces safer for use.

• #65 Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  Direct, unprotected contact during disposal of infectious waste can result in accidental transmission of VHF. For this reason, all contaminated waste produced in the care of the VHF patient must be disposed of safely. […] There is risk of transmission in the health facility when a VHF patient dies because the bodies and body fluids of deceased VHF patients remain contagious for several days after death. […] Community education and involvement is an important part of the prevention of the spread of VHF.

• #66 Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  Direct, unprotected contact during disposal of infectious waste can result in accidental transmission of VHF. For this reason, all contaminated waste produced in the care of the VHF patient must be disposed of safely. […] There is risk of transmission in the health facility when a VHF patient dies because the bodies and body fluids of deceased VHF patients remain contagious for several days after death. […] Community education and involvement is an important part of the prevention of the spread of VHF.

• #67 Viral hemorrhagic fevers | EBSCO Research Starters

  https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/health-and-medicine/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Treatment for VHFs is largely supportive, focusing on alleviating symptoms and maintaining hydration, as there are no definitive cures for most of these diseases. […] Treatment for viral varies from disease to disease. In many cases, the only care that can be given is that of relieving the suffering of the patient by treating the symptoms, giving liquids intravenously to replace fluids lost through or diarrhea, trying to keep balanced, and giving drugs that may reduce the patients fever or body aches. […] Because the exact routes for many hemorrhagic fevers remain unclear, once patients are diagnosed, a strict quarantine must be instituted, with healthcare workers and family members alike wearing protective clothing to prevent becoming contaminated with any infectious material. […] In the case of Ebola, the recommends burial or cremation as quickly as possible following death.

• #68 Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  Healthcare personnel can be exposed to these viruses by coming into contact with a patient’s body fluids, contaminated medical supplies and equipment, or contaminated environmental surfaces. […] The table below outlines precautions recommended for management of a hospitalized patient suspected or confirmed to have VHF. […] Though these recommendations focus on the hospital setting, the recommendations for personal PPE and environmental infection control measures are applicable to any healthcare setting. […] This guidance is not intended to apply to people outside of healthcare settings. […] Facilities should develop policies for monitoring and management of HCP with potential VHF exposure. […] Facilities should develop sick leave policies for HCP that are non-punitive, flexible and consistent with public health guidance.

• #69 Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  HCP with high-risk exposures, including HCP, should be quarantined, monitored daily, and restricted from traveling by commercial transport until 21 days after their last high-risk exposure. […] HCP who develop symptoms of VHF (e.g., sudden onset of fever, fatigue, intense weakness or muscle pains, vomiting, diarrhea, or any signs of hemorrhage) should not report to work, or should immediately stop working. […] Visitors who have been in contact with the patient before and during hospitalization are a possible source of VHF for other patients, visitors, and staff.

• #70 Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  HCP with high-risk exposures, including HCP, should be quarantined, monitored daily, and restricted from traveling by commercial transport until 21 days after their last high-risk exposure. […] HCP who develop symptoms of VHF (e.g., sudden onset of fever, fatigue, intense weakness or muscle pains, vomiting, diarrhea, or any signs of hemorrhage) should not report to work, or should immediately stop working. […] Visitors who have been in contact with the patient before and during hospitalization are a possible source of VHF for other patients, visitors, and staff.

• #71 Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  Healthcare personnel can be exposed to these viruses by coming into contact with a patient’s body fluids, contaminated medical supplies and equipment, or contaminated environmental surfaces. […] The table below outlines precautions recommended for management of a hospitalized patient suspected or confirmed to have VHF. […] Though these recommendations focus on the hospital setting, the recommendations for personal PPE and environmental infection control measures are applicable to any healthcare setting. […] This guidance is not intended to apply to people outside of healthcare settings. […] Facilities should develop policies for monitoring and management of HCP with potential VHF exposure. […] Facilities should develop sick leave policies for HCP that are non-punitive, flexible and consistent with public health guidance.

• #72 Health Care Facility Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) Preparedness Checklist | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2023/04/21/ebola-checklist-for-health-care-facilities/

  The Health Care Facility Viral Hemorrhagic (VHF) Preparedness Checklist is a planning tool for health care facilities to assess their readiness to identify, isolate, inform, and provide initial treatment for patients suspected or confirmed to be infected with a viral hemorrhagic fever. […] All health care facilities need to be prepared to care for patients with Ebola or another viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF), and to prevent transmission to staff, other patients, and within our communities.

• #73 Health Care Facility Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) Preparedness Checklist · NETEC Resource Library

  https://repository.netecweb.org/items/show/1724

  Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) are a group of diseases caused by several families of viruses. The term VHF refers to an illness that can affect multiple organ systems and can be accompanied by fever, headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and hemorrhage. VHFs addressed in this document include Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), Lassa Fever, and Marburg Virus Disease (MVD). […] All health care facilities are part of the frontline defense against the spread of disease, as patients will seek care in emergency departments, urgent care centers and clinics. Health care facility preparedness to care for patients with a VHF is essential to prevent transmission to staff, other patients, and our communities. NETEC developed the Health Care Facility Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Preparedness Checklist to help health care facilities assess their readiness to identify, isolate, inform, and provide initial treatment for patients suspected or confirmed to have a VHF. This checklist is intended to guide facilities through a review of their immediate care capabilities and provide resources to assist in the resolution of preparedness gaps it reveals.

• #74 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/vhf.shtml

  Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers are Immediately reportable to the Local Health Department. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of diseases caused by several different viruses. […] Symptoms and severity vary by virus, but commonly include fever and bleeding disorders, which can result in severe illness and death. […] Preventive measures depend on the specific reservoir and method of spread for each virus. […] VHF Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations in US healthcare facilities. […] Guide for Clinicians Evaluating an Ill Person for VHF. […] CDC Guidance on Performing Routine Diagnostic Testing for Patients with Suspected VHFs or Other High-Consequence Disease. […] CDCs Guidance on PPE for clinically stable patients suspected to have VHF. […] CDCs Guidance on PPE for clinically unstable patients suspected to have VHF. […] CDC Guidance on Safely Donning and Doffing PPE for VHF Patients. […] CDC Guidance of Safely performing Hemodialysis in Patients with VHF. […] Safe Handling of Human Remains of VHF Patients in U.S. Hospitals and Mortuaries. […] NETEC Health Care facility VHF Preparedness Checklist.

• #75 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20241030/New-toolkit-aims-to-help-US-hospitals-spot-deadly-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-faster-and-safer.aspx

  With viral hemorrhagic fevers like Ebola and Marburg posing severe threats, a new laboratory toolkit promises to enhance early detection and containment, empowering frontline healthcare workers to save lives and limit the spread of these lethal diseases. […] In a recent study published in Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology, researchers develop a laboratory toolkit to assist frontline healthcare facilities in providing basic laboratory testing required for the care of patients with suspected viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs). […] The Toolkit provides detailed information on the minimum laboratory testing necessary for safe and supportive care of suspected VHF patients before ruling out VHF diagnosis or transferring the patients to a higher level of care. […] Overall, the toolkit is expected to improve laboratory preparedness and readiness in the initial care of suspect VHF patients who may present to acute care hospitals.

• #76 Ebola, Marburg, and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

  https://cdphe.colorado.gov/ebola-marburg-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Special pathogens, including viral hemorrhagic fevers, present unique public health concerns as they are highly infectious, contagious, and can be fatal. […] Hospitals should use the identify, isolate, inform” strategy during VHF outbreaks. […] Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) (CDC) […] Preparing Health Care Workers for Special Pathogen Events (NETEC)

• #77 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) represent a group of severe systemic febrile illnesses caused by four families of viruses – Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae. […] This activity outlines the evaluation and management of viral hemorrhagic fevers and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in the care of patients with this condition. […] Describe the management of viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] Summarize interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to improve outcomes in patients with viral hemorrhagic fevers. […] Appropriate management of individuals suspected to have viral hemorrhagic fever includes early diagnosis to both increase chances of survival and prevent nosocomial infections. […] Patients with symptoms or travel history suggestive of these diseases should be isolated, and all staff caring for persons under investigation should wear appropriate personal protective equipment (referred to as viral hemorrhagic fever isolation precautions).

• #78 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/vhf.shtml

  Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers are Immediately reportable to the Local Health Department. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of diseases caused by several different viruses. […] Symptoms and severity vary by virus, but commonly include fever and bleeding disorders, which can result in severe illness and death. […] Preventive measures depend on the specific reservoir and method of spread for each virus. […] VHF Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations in US healthcare facilities. […] Guide for Clinicians Evaluating an Ill Person for VHF. […] CDC Guidance on Performing Routine Diagnostic Testing for Patients with Suspected VHFs or Other High-Consequence Disease. […] CDCs Guidance on PPE for clinically stable patients suspected to have VHF. […] CDCs Guidance on PPE for clinically unstable patients suspected to have VHF. […] CDC Guidance on Safely Donning and Doffing PPE for VHF Patients. […] CDC Guidance of Safely performing Hemodialysis in Patients with VHF. […] Safe Handling of Human Remains of VHF Patients in U.S. Hospitals and Mortuaries. […] NETEC Health Care facility VHF Preparedness Checklist.

• #79 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/vhf.shtml

  Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers are Immediately reportable to the Local Health Department. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of diseases caused by several different viruses. […] Symptoms and severity vary by virus, but commonly include fever and bleeding disorders, which can result in severe illness and death. […] Preventive measures depend on the specific reservoir and method of spread for each virus. […] VHF Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations in US healthcare facilities. […] Guide for Clinicians Evaluating an Ill Person for VHF. […] CDC Guidance on Performing Routine Diagnostic Testing for Patients with Suspected VHFs or Other High-Consequence Disease. […] CDCs Guidance on PPE for clinically stable patients suspected to have VHF. […] CDCs Guidance on PPE for clinically unstable patients suspected to have VHF. […] CDC Guidance on Safely Donning and Doffing PPE for VHF Patients. […] CDC Guidance of Safely performing Hemodialysis in Patients with VHF. […] Safe Handling of Human Remains of VHF Patients in U.S. Hospitals and Mortuaries. […] NETEC Health Care facility VHF Preparedness Checklist.

• #80 WHO EMRO | Haemorrhagic fevers, Viral | Health topics

  https://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/haemorrhagic-fevers-viral/index.html

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers include a spectrum of relatively mild to severe life-threatening diseases characterized by sudden onset of muscle and joint pain, fever, bleeding and shock from loss of blood. […] In severe cases, one of the most prominent symptoms is bleeding, or haemorrhaging, from orifices and internal organs. […] Viral haemorrhagic fevers are associated with occurrence of major epidemics with high case-fatality rates owing to the fact that there are no specific medical countermeasures such as vaccines or antivirals, the exception being yellow fever. […] Lack of timely laboratory diagnosis, late detection, inadequate infection control practices at health care facilities, and weak vector control programmes could also prolong outbreaks of haemorrhagic fevers. […] How to safely collect blood samples by phlebotomy from patients suspected to be infected with viral haemorrhagic fever- Interim guidance. […] How to safely ship human blood samples from suspected viral haemorrhagic fever cases within a country by road, rail and sea-Interim guidance.

• #81

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=462760&Journal_ID=420955&Issue_ID=420957

  All cases of VHF should be reported to state and local health departments as well as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. […] General supportive therapy involves adequate hydration, management of neurologic conditions, blood transfusions, and other supportive measures. […] An effective live attenuated Junin virus vaccine is available in South America to prevent Argentine HF in high-risk populations. […] Emergency Department personnel should be aware of the clinical presentation, management, and infection control procedures for VHF. […] When a VHF is highly suspected, it is important to institute strict infection control procedures (ie personal protective measures, contact, and respiratory isolation) for arenaviruses, such as that causing Lassa fever, bunyaviruses, such as that causing Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and filoviruses, such as Marburg and Ebola, due to their potential for person-to-person transmission. […] Local and state health department and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should be notified immediately when a case of VHF is suspected.

• #82 Ebola, Marburg, and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment

  https://cdphe.colorado.gov/ebola-marburg-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Special pathogens, including viral hemorrhagic fevers, present unique public health concerns as they are highly infectious, contagious, and can be fatal. […] Hospitals should use the identify, isolate, inform” strategy during VHF outbreaks. […] Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) (CDC) […] Preparing Health Care Workers for Special Pathogen Events (NETEC)

• #83

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=462760&Journal_ID=420955&Issue_ID=420957

  Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) viruses are diverse and include arenaviruses, bunyaviruses, filoviruses, and flaviviruses. […] They are often difficult to diagnose and treat resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. […] If VHF is suspected, strict infection control procedures must be implemented to prevent the spread of these agents within the emergency department. […] Management of VHF is largely supportive, but ribavirin has been useful for certain viruses. […] The key for physicians in nonendemic areas to identify a VHF is to know the travel history of the patient, incubation period, and common clinical signs and symptoms of hemorrhagic disease. […] It is key that physicians be conscious of the potential risk of tropical viral hemorrhagic fevers for a number of reasons: (1) to ensure proper diagnosis and rapid management of index cases; (2) to provide counseling and possible prophylaxis to close contacts; and (3) to minimize the chances of nosocomial transmission among health care staff caring for such patients.

• #84 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/vhf.shtml

  Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers are Immediately reportable to the Local Health Department. […] Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of diseases caused by several different viruses. […] Symptoms and severity vary by virus, but commonly include fever and bleeding disorders, which can result in severe illness and death. […] Preventive measures depend on the specific reservoir and method of spread for each virus. […] VHF Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations in US healthcare facilities. […] Guide for Clinicians Evaluating an Ill Person for VHF. […] CDC Guidance on Performing Routine Diagnostic Testing for Patients with Suspected VHFs or Other High-Consequence Disease. […] CDCs Guidance on PPE for clinically stable patients suspected to have VHF. […] CDCs Guidance on PPE for clinically unstable patients suspected to have VHF. […] CDC Guidance on Safely Donning and Doffing PPE for VHF Patients. […] CDC Guidance of Safely performing Hemodialysis in Patients with VHF. […] Safe Handling of Human Remains of VHF Patients in U.S. Hospitals and Mortuaries. […] NETEC Health Care facility VHF Preparedness Checklist.

• #85 Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  As soon as a VHF is suspected, VHF isolation precautions should begin. This will help reduce the number of people exposed to the VHF. […] Isolating the VHF patient will restrict patient access to health facility staff trained to use VHF isolation precautions. Establish a barrier between the VHF patient and uninfected patients, other health facility staff, and visitors. […] When a VHF case is suspected in the health facility, the following protective clothing should be worn in the isolation area: A scrub suit or inner layer of clothing, a pair of thin gloves, rubber boots or overshoes, a gown or outer layer of clothing, a plastic apron, a second pair of thin or thick gloves, a HEPA-filter or other biosafety mask, cotton head covering, and clear eyeglasses or non-fogging goggles. […] Disinfection kills almost all bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. It reduces the number of microorganisms to make equipment and surfaces safer for use.

• #86 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20241030/New-toolkit-aims-to-help-US-hospitals-spot-deadly-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-faster-and-safer.aspx

  With viral hemorrhagic fevers like Ebola and Marburg posing severe threats, a new laboratory toolkit promises to enhance early detection and containment, empowering frontline healthcare workers to save lives and limit the spread of these lethal diseases. […] In a recent study published in Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology, researchers develop a laboratory toolkit to assist frontline healthcare facilities in providing basic laboratory testing required for the care of patients with suspected viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs). […] The Toolkit provides detailed information on the minimum laboratory testing necessary for safe and supportive care of suspected VHF patients before ruling out VHF diagnosis or transferring the patients to a higher level of care. […] Overall, the toolkit is expected to improve laboratory preparedness and readiness in the initial care of suspect VHF patients who may present to acute care hospitals.

• #87 Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  Healthcare personnel can be exposed to these viruses by coming into contact with a patient’s body fluids, contaminated medical supplies and equipment, or contaminated environmental surfaces. […] The table below outlines precautions recommended for management of a hospitalized patient suspected or confirmed to have VHF. […] Though these recommendations focus on the hospital setting, the recommendations for personal PPE and environmental infection control measures are applicable to any healthcare setting. […] This guidance is not intended to apply to people outside of healthcare settings. […] Facilities should develop policies for monitoring and management of HCP with potential VHF exposure. […] Facilities should develop sick leave policies for HCP that are non-punitive, flexible and consistent with public health guidance.

• #88 Viral hemorrhagic fevers: advancing the level of treatment | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-10-31

  There is currently a need to develop standardized clinical protocols for VHF clinical case management that integrate infection control measures with comprehensive care for patients. […] In fact, although VHFs are most common in developing countries there are relevant strategic reasons for investing in them worldwide, given the increasing risk of exposure to VHF pathogens and the possibility of importation of VHF cases into non-endemic areas. […] Support from national health authorities, major international public health partners and non-governmental organization would greatly facilitate the sustainability of the 'excellence centers’ and the eventual production of protocols to be implemented in developing countries.

• #89

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40506-014-0022-4

  Viral hemorrhagic fever is a severe potentially fatal infectious disease. The human to human transmission risk poses a serious public health threat. […] There is increasing evidence that aggressive goal directed supportive treatment is essential in preventing morbidity and mortality. Directed specific anti-viral therapy is recommended in certain situations, based mainly on in-vitro, animal, or observational studies. […] As therapeutic options remain extremely limited and the threat of this disease remains significant, prevention of disease via vaccination, vector control, public health education, and prevention of onward transmission remain a key part of public health control.

• #90 Addressing the Complications of Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Infections: Using Insights from Bacterial and Fungal Sepsis | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005088

  Recent reports suggest that early administration of fluids, electrolytes, and nutrition reduces shock and organ failure in EBOV. Thus, strong efforts should continue to be made towards making these basic therapies widely available. Although intensive care therapies such as mechanical ventilation and renal replacement therapy may not be available in all areas, they should be utilized in patients being cared for in countries with adequate resources, since recent data strongly suggest that these therapies improve the outcome of severe EBOV. […] Sepsis and EBOV disease cause immune suppression. Current sepsis studies are focused on restoring immune function using cytokines (e.g., IL-7, IL-15, GM-CSF, and type I IFN) or blocking co-inhibitory molecules (e.g., PD-1 and CTLA-4). Early treatment with immune-enhancing agents may promote earlier adaptive immunity and facilitate more rapid resolution of infection. This approach might be beneficial in EBOV, in which higher viral loads correlate with increased mortality.

• #91 Addressing the Complications of Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Infections: Using Insights from Bacterial and Fungal Sepsis | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005088

  Although we are encouraged by the reduction in the current EBOV epidemic, recently, cases of EBOV have been reported again in Liberia, and it is likely that there will be future outbreaks of EBOV and other viral hemorrhagic fevers. Numerous lives may again be lost while developing a vaccine. Insights from classical sepsis research could be used to develop approaches to address the complications of the sepsis that can be common to the viral hemorrhagic fevers. These approaches could be implemented well before a vaccine is available and could hugely impact the morbidity and mortality of EBOV and other viral hemorrhagic fevers.

• #92

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40506-014-0022-4

  Viral hemorrhagic fever is a severe potentially fatal infectious disease. The human to human transmission risk poses a serious public health threat. […] There is increasing evidence that aggressive goal directed supportive treatment is essential in preventing morbidity and mortality. Directed specific anti-viral therapy is recommended in certain situations, based mainly on in-vitro, animal, or observational studies. […] As therapeutic options remain extremely limited and the threat of this disease remains significant, prevention of disease via vaccination, vector control, public health education, and prevention of onward transmission remain a key part of public health control.

• #93

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40506-014-0022-4

  Viral hemorrhagic fever is a severe potentially fatal infectious disease. The human to human transmission risk poses a serious public health threat. […] There is increasing evidence that aggressive goal directed supportive treatment is essential in preventing morbidity and mortality. Directed specific anti-viral therapy is recommended in certain situations, based mainly on in-vitro, animal, or observational studies. […] As therapeutic options remain extremely limited and the threat of this disease remains significant, prevention of disease via vaccination, vector control, public health education, and prevention of onward transmission remain a key part of public health control.

• #94 Addressing the Complications of Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Infections: Using Insights from Bacterial and Fungal Sepsis | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005088

  Recent reports suggest that early administration of fluids, electrolytes, and nutrition reduces shock and organ failure in EBOV. Thus, strong efforts should continue to be made towards making these basic therapies widely available. Although intensive care therapies such as mechanical ventilation and renal replacement therapy may not be available in all areas, they should be utilized in patients being cared for in countries with adequate resources, since recent data strongly suggest that these therapies improve the outcome of severe EBOV. […] Sepsis and EBOV disease cause immune suppression. Current sepsis studies are focused on restoring immune function using cytokines (e.g., IL-7, IL-15, GM-CSF, and type I IFN) or blocking co-inhibitory molecules (e.g., PD-1 and CTLA-4). Early treatment with immune-enhancing agents may promote earlier adaptive immunity and facilitate more rapid resolution of infection. This approach might be beneficial in EBOV, in which higher viral loads correlate with increased mortality.

• #95 Addressing the Complications of Ebola and Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Infections: Using Insights from Bacterial and Fungal Sepsis | PLOS Pathogens

  https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1005088

  Although we are encouraged by the reduction in the current EBOV epidemic, recently, cases of EBOV have been reported again in Liberia, and it is likely that there will be future outbreaks of EBOV and other viral hemorrhagic fevers. Numerous lives may again be lost while developing a vaccine. Insights from classical sepsis research could be used to develop approaches to address the complications of the sepsis that can be common to the viral hemorrhagic fevers. These approaches could be implemented well before a vaccine is available and could hugely impact the morbidity and mortality of EBOV and other viral hemorrhagic fevers.

• #96 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Management is largely supportive. Given the risk for nosocomial infections and further outbreaks, viral hemorrhagic fever isolation precautions should be instituted immediately if this entity is suspected. […] Health care outcomes can be improved with an interprofessional team approach whenever viral hemorrhagic fevers are suspected. Effective communication between clinicians, nurses, epidemiologists, virologists, and ecologists is necessary to help prevent any further spread of disease.

• #97

  https://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=462760&Journal_ID=420955&Issue_ID=420957

  Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) viruses are diverse and include arenaviruses, bunyaviruses, filoviruses, and flaviviruses. […] They are often difficult to diagnose and treat resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. […] If VHF is suspected, strict infection control procedures must be implemented to prevent the spread of these agents within the emergency department. […] Management of VHF is largely supportive, but ribavirin has been useful for certain viruses. […] The key for physicians in nonendemic areas to identify a VHF is to know the travel history of the patient, incubation period, and common clinical signs and symptoms of hemorrhagic disease. […] It is key that physicians be conscious of the potential risk of tropical viral hemorrhagic fevers for a number of reasons: (1) to ensure proper diagnosis and rapid management of index cases; (2) to provide counseling and possible prophylaxis to close contacts; and (3) to minimize the chances of nosocomial transmission among health care staff caring for such patients.

• #98 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560717/

  Management is largely supportive. Given the risk for nosocomial infections and further outbreaks, viral hemorrhagic fever isolation precautions should be instituted immediately if this entity is suspected. […] Health care outcomes can be improved with an interprofessional team approach whenever viral hemorrhagic fevers are suspected. Effective communication between clinicians, nurses, epidemiologists, virologists, and ecologists is necessary to help prevent any further spread of disease.

• #99 Viral hemorrhagic fevers: advancing the level of treatment | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-10-31

  The management of viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) has mainly focused on strict infection control measures, while standard clinical interventions that are provided to patients with other life-threatening conditions are rarely offered to patients with VHFs. […] Given that patient outcomes improve when treatment is started as soon as possible, development and implementation of protocols to promptly identify and treat patients in the earliest phases of diseases are urgently needed. […] Despite the practical difficulties of caring for VHF patients, a proper clinical case management of VHFs is neither futile nor does it lack of scientific rationale, as aggressive supportive care and specific antiviral therapy (whenever it is indicated) has been proved to improve patient outcomes. […] Proper intensive care should be provided to all patients with VHF as for patients with other life-threatening conditions unrelated to VHF (for example, bacterial sepsis).

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