Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  Viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) encompass a diverse group of severe, often life-threatening illnesses caused by viruses from multiple families, including Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, Peribunyaviridae, and Phenuiviridae. […] The primary transmission of VHFs typically occurs through direct contact with infected animals or via bites from haematophagous arthropods, facilitating zoonotic and, at times, human-to-human transmission. […] This review discusses the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate virology, ecology, and public health to enhance diagnostic capabilities, develop vaccines and antivirals, and improve outbreak interventions. […] The vast diversity of VHF viruses—spanning different viral families, transmission routes, and wildlife reservoirs, with some involving arthropod vectors—plays a pivotal role in shaping public health strategies.

• #2

  https://www.aaem.pl/Research-on-prevention-and-treatment-of-hemorrhagic-fevers,71757,0,2.html

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers are severe zoonotic diseases caused by RNA-viruses classified into 4 families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae. […] The scientists focus not only on combating the diseases, but also on their prevention. For this purpose, recombinant vaccines or various types of immunomodulators may serve as a useful tools. […] Results of the latest studies are promising and encourage further work which may eventually lead to the solution of the urgent problem of hemorrhagic fevers.

• #3 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever – Epidemiology

  https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/viral-hemorrhagic-fever/

  The best way to prevent VHF is to avoid contact with infected rodents, bats, mosquitoes, and ticks in areas where VHFs are common. […] Person-to-person transmission can be reduced by avoiding close physical contact with infected people and their body fluids during their illness and after their death. […] Vaccines are available for yellow fever, Ebola, and some other VHFs. […] Infection control techniques include isolating infected individuals and wearing protective clothing.

• #4 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  These strategies include prevention, control, treatment, and clinical management, while also driving scientific research. […] A ‘One Health’ approach is recommended to tackle these challenges, as it integrates insights from virology, ecology, and public health, enhancing our understanding of the complex interactions among viruses, animal hosts, vectors, and environmental factors. […] By fostering an interdisciplinary strategy, we can improve prevention, detection, and control measures against these diseases. […] Comprehensive knowledge of VHF diversity enables health protection centres and international organisations to better anticipate and mitigate potential threats, strengthening global health security. […] Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive strategy that includes the rigorous surveillance and monitoring of primate populations, public health education on the dangers of bushmeat consumption, and the implementation of safe handling practices.

• #4 Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies

  https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/10/909

  Strengthening health infrastructure, especially in endemic regions, and developing policies that support robust surveillance and rapid response capabilities are essential to improving diagnostic capabilities, healthcare access, and emergency response systems. […] There is an urgent need to advance the research and development of vaccines for VHFs, particularly in areas where no effective vaccines currently exist. […] The licensing of VHF vaccines faces numerous challenges, including the sporadic and geographically limited nature of outbreaks, which complicates the conduct of comprehensive clinical trials. […] Ensuring continuous and predictable funding for VHF research and outbreak response is important because strengthening surveillance systems, and thus enabling rapid responses to outbreaks, ultimately helps to mitigate the public health impact of VHFs and prevent future epidemics.

• #5 Vaccines for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Progress and Shortcomings

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3743920/

  With a few exceptions, vaccines for viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever remain unavailable or lack well-documented efficacy. […] Currently there are no licensed vaccines for the prevention of LASV. A single-dose vaccine would be ideal for use in endemic areas as the infrastructure in these regions is limited. […] Currently, there are no approved vaccines against RVFV for general use in humans, although the live-attenuated MP-12 vaccine has been used. […] Therefore, vaccination of livestock appears to be an ideal intervention point for preventing human disease and reducing the economic impact of RVFV. […] Currently a formalin-inactivated chick embryo fibroblast-derived vaccine against KFDV is used on a two-dose schedule with boosts at 6-9 months and then every 5 years. […] For YFV, the effectiveness of the current vaccine is not in question but the development of vaccine with a better safety profile is currently the goal. […] Given the combined global impact of all VHFs, the lack of urgency to develop vaccines to these viruses is somewhat surprising. […] A mechanism to address vaccines that have less of an immediate economic impact needs to be developed.

• #6 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P01464

  No vaccines are available to prevent most of these diseases. But there are vaccines for yellow fever, Ebola, and Argentine hemorrhagic fever. It’s important to get vaccinated for these when possible or if you will be at high risk for the infections. […] Prevention includes getting vaccinated if you may be exposed to yellow fever, Ebola, or Argentine hemorrhagic fever. Also wear protective clothing, prevent insect bites, and stay away from infected rodents. […] Control the number of rodents. […] Prevent them from entering or living in homes or workplaces. […] Learn how to safely clean up nests and droppings. […] For viruses spread by ticks or mosquitoes, prevention focuses on: […] Controlling mosquitoes and ticks in your environment […] Using insect repellent, correct clothing, bed nets, window screens, and other insect barriers to prevent being bitten

• #6 Content – Health Encyclopedia – University of Rochester Medical Center

  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=85&ContentID=P01464

  If you are traveling to an area where there is risk for viral hemorrhagic fevers: […] Wear long sleeves and long pants treated with permethrin. […] Use insect repellent. […] Use bed nets in areas where outbreaks are occurring. […] Prevent contact with livestock or rodents in areas where outbreaks are occurring.

• #7 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | Washington State Department of Health

  https://doh.wa.gov/emergencies/be-prepared-be-safe/diseases/other-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  The most effective way to prevent VHFs from being transmitted from person-to-person is medical isolation of infected patients and use caution to prevent exposure of healthcare workers and others to the virus. […] Special care must also be taken to properly dispose of medical wastes and tissues from infected patients. […] The only licensed, approved vaccine for VHFs is for yellow fever; however, the vaccine must be taken prior to yellow fever exposure. […] Experimental vaccines for several other VHFs are being studied but are not yet licensed or approved for general use.

• #8 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/symptoms-causes/syc-20351260

  It can be hard to prevent viral hemorrhagic fevers. If you live in, work in or travel to areas where these diseases are common, use protective barriers when working with blood or body fluids. For instance, wear gloves, gowns, eye masks and face shields. Also take care working with lab specimens and waste. […] The yellow fever vaccine is mainly safe and works well. But rarely, serious side effects can happen. The yellow fever vaccine isn’t for children younger than 9 months of age, pregnant people or people whose immune systems don’t work well. […] There’s also an Ebola vaccination that protects against one type of Ebola. It’s for healthcare professionals who work in areas of outbreak. Check with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention about the countries you plan to visit. For some, you must prove that you’ve been vaccinated.

• #8 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/symptoms-causes/syc-20351260

  Do your best to stay away from mosquitoes and ticks when traveling in areas that have outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers. Wear light-colored long pants and long-sleeved shirts. Or, even better, wear clothes coated with permethrin. Don’t put permethrin on the skin. […] If you live where there are outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fevers, take steps to keep rodents out of your home: Keep pet food covered and stored in rodent-proof containers. Store trash in rodent-proof containers. Clean the containers often. Get rid of garbage often. Make sure doors and windows have screens that fit well. Keep woodpiles, stacks of bricks and other materials at least 100 feet from your house. Mow your grass closely. Trim brush to within 100 feet of your house.

• #9 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17973-viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  You can take steps to reduce your risk of VHFs by: […] Getting vaccinated. Vaccines are available for yellow fever, dengue and Ebola. Each are only available in certain countries and under specific circumstances. Ask a healthcare provider or your local public health authority about getting vaccinated before traveling to areas where you could be at risk for VHFs. […] Avoiding bug bites. You can reduce your risk of mosquito and tick bites by covering yourself with protective clothing, using mosquito nets and wearing bug spray proven effective against mosquitos and ticks. […] Avoiding contact with rodents, bats and other animals who can carry VHFs. […] Avoiding direct contact with human blood and body fluids. Wear proper personal protective equipment (gloves, goggles, aprons and masks) if you’re caring for someone who could be infected with a hemorrhagic fever virus.

• #10 Viral Hemorrhagic Fever – Types | Causes | Risk Factors | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prevention

  https://www.icliniq.com/articles/infectious-diseases/viral-hemorrhagic-fever

  An essential method of preventing viral hemorrhagic fevers is to get the available vaccination. Vaccinations are not available for all hemorrhagic fevers. […] The Ebola virus vaccine is available and has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). […] Vaccines for yellow fever are also available for everyone. However, infants under nine months, immunocompromised individuals, and pregnant women in their first trimester should not get the vaccine. […] A vaccine is available for dengue fever in Southeast Asia and Latin America; however, this vaccine is recommended in individuals with previous dengue infection by the World Health Organization (WHO). […] While traveling to areas with viral hemorrhagic fever or living in such places, do the following to avoid mosquitoes and ticks: Wear long pants and long-sleeved shirts.

• #11 Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  CDC recommends a combination of measures to prevent transmission of VHFs in healthcare settings including personal protective equipment (PPE). These should be used in addition to routine Infection Prevention Control practices that are implemented daily to prevent transmission (or spread) of infectious diseases from patient to patient and patient to healthcare personnel. […] Healthcare personnel can be exposed to these viruses by coming into contact with a patient’s body fluids, contaminated medical supplies and equipment, or contaminated environmental surfaces. Splashes to unprotected mucous membranes (for example: the eyes, nose, or mouth) are particularly hazardous. Procedures that can increase environmental contamination with infectious material or create aerosols (tiny particles in the air) should be minimized.

• #11 Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients in U.S. Hospitals who are Suspected or Confirmed to have Selected Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF) | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/hcp/infection-control/index.html

  Though these recommendations focus on the hospital setting, the recommendations for personal PPE and environmental infection control measures are applicable to any healthcare setting. […] HCP should perform hand hygiene frequently, including before and after all patient contact, contact with potentially infectious material, and before putting on and upon removal of PPE, including gloves. […] Facilities should follow safe injection practices as specified under Standard Precautions. […] Duration of precautions should be determined on a case-by-case basis, in conjunction with local, state, and federal health authorities. […] Facilities should develop policies for monitoring and management of HCP with potential VHF exposure. […] HCP who develop symptoms of VHF (e.g., sudden onset of fever, fatigue, intense weakness or muscle pains, vomiting, diarrhea, or any signs of hemorrhage) should not report to work, or should immediately stop working.

• #12 Post-Travel Evaluation to Rule Out Viral Special Pathogen Infection | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Infection prevention and control considerations (Isolate) […] While evaluating a patient for a viral special pathogen, it is critical to maintain a posture of strict infection prevention and control in the healthcare facility while providing effective care. […] Principles of infection prevention and control include engineering and administrative controls such as: patient placement; transport pathways; healthcare team selection, management, and training; and adapting clinical practices to a high-containment environment. […] Patients with suspected viral special pathogen infections should immediately be placed in a private room with a door and private bathroom or covered bedside commode. […] To minimize transmission risk, limit the number of healthcare personnel entering the patient’s room.

• #12 Post-Travel Evaluation to Rule Out Viral Special Pathogen Infection | Yellow Book | CDC

  https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Where appropriate, consider using methods of communicating with the patient that do not require entry into the patient’s room. […] The use of dedicated medical equipment (preferably disposable) is strongly recommended for the provision of patient care. […] All non-dedicated, non-disposable medical equipment used for patient care should be cleaned and disinfected according to the manufacturer’s instructions and hospital policies. […] Learn more about infection prevention and control recommendations for selected viral hemorrhagic fevers or MERS.

• #13 Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevention_of_viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a diverse group of diseases. Prevention methods are very similar for the different viruses. […] The use of standard precautions is recommended with all patients in a healthcare environment. This includes a minimum level of standard precautions for use with all people regardless of their infection status, routine handwashing practices, safe handling and disposal of used needles and syringes, and intensifying standard precautions. It also includes VHF isolation precautions when needed. […] Washing hands with soap and water eliminates microorganisms from the skin and hands. This provides some protection against transmission of VHF and other diseases. […] If reusable needles and syringes are used, clean, disinfect and sterilize them before reuse. Needles and syringes used with VHF patients require special care. Cleaning staff should wear two pairs of gloves when handling needles and syringes used with any patient with a known or suspected VHF.

• #14 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers | Infectious Diseases

  https://health.ucdavis.edu/conditions/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Healthcare workers and veterinary workers should wear personal protective equipment (PPE). PPE includes a mask, gown, gloves, goggles, head cover and rubber boots. […] Wash your hands frequently with soap and water. Use alcohol-based hand sanitizer or a chlorine solution if soap and water are not available.

• #15 Viral hemorrhagic fever – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever

  With the exception of yellow fever vaccine and Ebola vaccines, vaccines for VHFs are generally not available. For someone exposed to CCHF, ribavirin is available as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). […] Any person who is taking care of a patient with any VHF (except dengue fever) should take multiple precautions against exposure and infection. The precautions include hand hygiene, double gloves, gowns, shoe and leg coverings, and face shields or goggles. Lassa, CCHF, Ebola, and Marburg viruses may be particularly prone to nosocomial (hospital-based) spread. Airborne precautions should be utilized including, at a minimum, a fit-tested, HEPA filter-equipped respirator (such as an N95 mask), a battery-powered, air-purifying respirator, or a positive pressure supplied air respirator to be worn by personnel coming within 1.8 meters (six feet) of a VHF patient. Groups of patients should be cohorted (sequestered) to a separate building or a ward with an isolated air-handling system. Environmental decontamination is typically accomplished with hypochlorite (e.g. bleach) or phenolic disinfectants.

• #16 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

  https://johnshopkinshealthcare.staywellsolutionsonline.com/library/diseasesconditions/pediatric/85,P01464

  For viruses spread by ticks or mosquitoes, prevention focuses on: […] Controlling mosquitoes and ticks in your environment. […] Using insect repellent, correct clothing, bed nets, window screens, and other insect barriers to prevent being bitten. […] If you are traveling to an area where there is risk for viral hemorrhagic fevers: […] Wear long sleeves and long pants treated with permethrin. […] Use insect repellent. […] Use bed nets in areas where outbreaks are occurring. […] Prevent contact with livestock or rodents in areas where outbreaks are occurring.

• #17

  https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/crimean-congo-haemorrhagic-fever

  Reducing the risk of tick-to-human transmission: wear protective clothing (long sleeves, long trousers); wear light coloured clothing to allow easy detection of ticks on the clothes; use approved acaricides (chemicals intended to kill ticks) on clothing; use approved repellent on the skin and clothing; regularly examine clothing and skin for ticks; if found, remove them safely; seek to eliminate or control tick infestations on animals or in stables and barns; and avoid areas where ticks are abundant and seasons when they are most active. […] Reducing the risk of animal-to-human transmission: wear gloves and other protective clothing while handling animals or their tissues in endemic areas, notably during slaughtering, butchering and culling procedures in slaughterhouses or at home; quarantine animals before they enter slaughterhouses or routinely treat animals with pesticides two weeks prior to slaughter.

• #18 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) describe a wide range of viral infections common in parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia, transmitted through direct contact with body secretions from infected animals or persons, handling or consumption of infected animals, contact with contaminated surfaces, inhalation of infected aerosolized droplets, or through the bite of infected ticks. […] Prevention includes avoiding areas with rodent infestation, caves or mines where bats congregate, contact with livestock (including pigs) or slaughterhouses within affected areas, observing personal protective measures against tick bites, observing hand hygiene, and washing fruit prior to consumption. […] No vaccine is currently available. Ribavarin (antiviral) may be effective against some viral hemorrhagic fevers.

• #18 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers – Traveler Summary – TripPrep.com

  https://tripprep.com/library/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers

  No vaccine or drugs are available to prevent these diseases; travelers should avoid situations that put them at risk. […] Avoid contact with rodents (including their excreta, which may contaminate stored grain and other food) and staying or eating in accommodations with known or suspected rodent infestations when traveling or living in a risk area. Store food in rodent-proof containers and keep the home clean to discourage rodents from entering the home. […] Avoid entering caves, contact with bats and nonhuman primates, and direct contact with corpses and blood and bodily fluids of acutely ill persons. […] Wear long, light-colored trousers tucked into boots when hiking and observe personal protective measures against tick bites. See Insect Precautions. Avoid physical contact with infected livestock and animal tissues or blood. […] Avoid contact with bats and pigs and avoid consuming potentially infected products, such as raw dates and palm sap juice. Wash all fruits prior to consumption.

• #19 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: Facts and Details | Sedgwick County, Kansas

  https://www.sedgwickcounty.org/health/facts-info-and-statistics/health-information-and-statistics/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-facts-and-details/

  VHF viruses are transmitted when humans have contact with body excretions from infected rodents. […] Some viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever can spread from one person to another. This type of secondary transmission of the virus can occur directly, through close contact with infected people or their body fluids. It can also occur indirectly, through contact with infected objects. […] With the exception of yellow fever and Argentine hemorrhagic fever, no vaccine exists that can protect against these diseases. Therefore, prevention efforts must concentrate on avoiding contact with host species. If prevention methods fail and a case of VHF does occur, efforts should focus on preventing further transmission from person to person. Many of the hosts that carry hemorrhagic fever viruses are rodents.

• #20 Viral hemorrhagic fevers – Knowledge @ AMBOSS

  https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers/

  Avoid contact with blood, body fluids, or tissue from infected reservoirs or humans […] Avoid travel to endemic areas […] In suspected cases […] Immediate notification of local health authorities and the CDC of any suspected cases of VHF […] Strict isolation of infected patients and their contacts with disinfection and sterilization measures […] Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (e.g., impermeable gown, gloves, respiratory protection, rubber boots). […] Probable, suspected, or confirmed cases of VHFs are notifiable conditions to local and state health authorities, as well as the CDC National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System.

• #21 Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers – Including Ebola Disease | Public Health Ontario

  https://www.publichealthontario.ca/en/Laboratory-Services/Test-Information-Index/VHF-Diagnostic-Serology

  A clinical risk assessment is required prior to requesting VHF testing. This should include a review of the clinical status, travel and exposure history and consideration of alternative differential diagnoses for all individuals suspected of a VHF infection. […] If an individual presents with a suspected VHF infection, immediately inform the following teams or individuals in accordance with your institutions VHF protocol: Local/hospital infection prevention and control (IPAC) team, Occupational health and safety team, An infectious diseases specialist, Site/hospital laboratory management, Microbiologist at your usual/routine microbiology testing laboratory, Local public health unit AND Public Health Ontario. […] Testing of high-risk pathogens requires the involvement of a PHO Microbiologist and approval to proceed with testing. If the VHF risk assessment supports the submission of a VHF test request, specimens for microbiological examination should not be collected until the appropriate consultations have occurred and a coordination call has been convened.

• #22 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in South America: Key Takeaways from a NETEC Webinar | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2025/02/27/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-in-south-america-key-takeaways-from-a-netec-webinar/

  Hemorrhagic fevers viral diseases characterized by their ability to cause severe bleeding are a serious public health concern in some parts of South America. […] Recognizing the similarities and differences between these viruses is crucial for effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. […] The emergence of the Chapare virus, with its high fatality rate, documented person-to-person transmission, and potential for long-term viral persistence, raises significant public health concerns. […] Deforestation and agricultural expansion are increasing human-rodent contact, contributing to the spread of BHF. […] Argentinas AHF control program has achieved remarkable success through the development and widespread implementation of a highly effective vaccine. […] Educating the public about the risks of these diseases, how they are transmitted, and how to prevent them is important for effective disease control.

• #22 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers in South America: Key Takeaways from a NETEC Webinar | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2025/02/27/viral-hemorrhagic-fevers-in-south-america-key-takeaways-from-a-netec-webinar/

  Training healthcare professionals to recognize and manage these diseases, including providing supportive care and utilizing available treatments like immune plasma, can improve patient outcomes. […] NETECs contributions to training, education, collaboration, and research continue to play a role in bolstering national health security against high-consequence infectious disease threats.

• #23

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40506-014-0022-4

  Viral hemorrhagic fever is a severe potentially fatal infectious disease. The human to human transmission risk poses a serious public health threat. […] As therapeutic options remain extremely limited and the threat of this disease remains significant, prevention of disease via vaccination, vector control, public health education, and prevention of onward transmission remain a key part of public health control.

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