Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Glandular fever | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/glandular-fever/

  Glandular fever will normally get better on its own. But there are things you can do help ease the symptoms while you wait for your body to control the infection. […] Occasionally, antibiotics or corticosteroids may be prescribed if you develop complications of glandular fever. […] Some people with particularly severe symptoms may need to be looked after in hospital for a few days.

• #2 Glandular fever – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/glandular-fever

  Glandular fever is a viral infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. […] There is no specific treatment for glandular fever. The symptoms will normally go away on their own after a few weeks. […] Glandular fever is a viral illness, so antibiotics will not work (they work only against bacterial infections). […] Things you can do to help you feel better: drink fluids to stay hydrated (but avoid alcohol), get plenty of rest, eat a balanced diet. […] Medicines such as paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may help to relieve pain and fever.

• #3 Glandular fever

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/glandular-fever/

  Glandular fever should get better by itself, and you should start to feel better within 2 to 4 weeks. […] There are some things you can do to help ease the symptoms. […] take painkillers like paracetamol or ibuprofen (do not give aspirin to children under 16 years old). […] A GP may order a blood test to confirm if you have glandular fever and to rule out other illnesses, like tonsillitis. The GP will not give you antibiotics. Glandular fever is caused by a virus so antibiotics will not work.

• #4 Mononucleosis – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mononucleosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350333

  There’s no specific therapy available to treat infectious mononucleosis. Antibiotics don’t work against viral infections such as mono. Treatment mainly involves taking care of yourself, such as getting enough rest, eating a healthy diet and drinking plenty of fluids. You may take over-the-counter pain relievers to treat a fever or sore throat. […] A streptococcal (strep) infection sometimes goes along with the sore throat of mononucleosis. You may also develop a sinus infection or an infection of your tonsils (tonsillitis). If so, you may need treatment with antibiotics for these accompanying bacterial infections. […] Severe narrowing of your airway may be treated with corticosteroids. […] Amoxicillin and other antibiotics, including those made from penicillin, aren’t recommended for people with mononucleosis. In fact, some people with mononucleosis who take one of these drugs may develop a rash. The rash doesn’t necessarily mean that they’re allergic to the antibiotic, however. If needed, other antibiotics that are less likely to cause a rash are available to treat infections that may go along with mononucleosis.

• #5 Glandular fever: Symptoms, treatment, causes, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167390

  There is no cure for glandular fever; some people experience symptoms for 6 months or longer. […] However, even without treatment, most people find that their symptoms go away within 24 weeks, though fatigue can last longer. […] A person can take the following steps to help the body heal: […] A person with glandular fever often feels too tired and unwell to continue with their typical routine, but complete rest is key, especially in the first month after symptoms have appeared. As the person recovers, light exercise may help them regain muscle strength. […] This will help prevent dehydration, especially if there is a fever. A sore throat can make it hard to swallow, but it is important to consume enough fluids. […] Pain relief medication, such as ibuprofen (Advil) and acetaminophen (Tylenol), are available over-the-counter and online. They may help reduce fever symptoms. […] Gargling with salt water or a solution from a pharmacy may help relieve a sore throat. […] If the infection causes inflammation of the tonsils, a doctor may prescribe a short course of corticosteroids.

• #6 Mononucleosis (Mono or the Kissing Disease)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13974-mononucleosis

  There isnt a cure for mono. Antibiotics and antiviral medications that kill other viruses dont work against mono. Instead, mononucleosis treatments focus on helping you feel better by relieving symptoms. Your self-care might include: […] Mononucleosis symptoms can be severe. They may temporarily affect your ability to lead an active life. Fortunately, these symptoms gradually improve with at-home supportive therapy. […] Most cases of infectious mononucleosis (mono) dont cause serious problems. But symptoms like extreme fatigue, sore throat and body aches can disrupt school, work and life. Your healthcare provider can provide suggestions for finding relief. Rest and over-the-counter medications are often the best ways to ease symptoms. Its also important to avoid strenuous physical activity that may rupture an enlarged spleen.

• #7 Glandular fever | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/glandular-fever

  There is no specific treatment for glandular fever affected individuals recover spontaneously (on their own, without treatment). […] There is no specific treatment for glandular fever. You will not have to be isolated from other people. Once you have had glandular fever, you will develop a high resistance to further infection. However, if your immune system is weak, the virus may be reactivated. You cannot be immunised against glandular fever. […] While glandular fever itself cannot be treated, you can treat the symptoms to try and remove some of the discomfort. Suggestions include: rest, as required; stay well hydrated; use over the counter medications such as paracetamol or ibuprofen, as directed on the packet, for management of fever or pain; gargle with a glass of warm water to ease your sore throat; sucking on sugar-free lollies or lozenges may also help.

• #8 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Treatment-of-glandular-fever.aspx

  Glandular fever is caused by Epstein Barr virus most commonly. At present there is no cure for glandular fever. […] However, the course of illness may be made better by home care and symptomatic treatment. […] Treatment of glandular fever includes bed rest, adequate hydration and so forth. […] Glandular fever patients need plenty of rest for the first two to three weeks after onset of symptoms. […] At present complete bed rest for the whole duration is not advised. However, patients are advised to take things easy for the initial period and keep their activity level low. Patients may return to school, college or work as soon as they feel better. […] Patients with glandular fever need to take in adequate fluids that includes water or unsweetened fruit juice. This helps relieve symptoms of sore throat and fever to some extent.

• #9 Patient education: Infectious mononucleosis (mono) in adults and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/infectious-mononucleosis-mono-in-adults-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  MONO TREATMENT […] The goal of mono treatment is to ease the symptoms while the immune system contains the virus. Antibiotics are not helpful because a virus causes mono, and antibiotics only treat bacterial infections. No antiviral medications are known to treat or cure Epstein-Barr virus effectively. […] Pain and fever — Sore throat, muscle aches, and fever can be treated with nonprescription medications, such as acetaminophen (sample brand name: Tylenol) or ibuprofen (sample brand names: Motrin, Advil). […] Rest — Mono can cause severe fatigue, although most people recover within two to four weeks. For some, significant tiredness lasts for weeks to months. Early in the infection, it is important to get adequate rest, although complete bed rest is unnecessary. […] Diet — Feeling ill often causes a loss of appetite. This is normal and usually improves as the infection resolves. It is essential, even if you have no appetite, to drink an adequate amount of fluids.

• #9 Patient education: Infectious mononucleosis (mono) in adults and adolescents (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/infectious-mononucleosis-mono-in-adults-and-adolescents-beyond-the-basics/print

  People with mono who develop an enlarged spleen are at risk of splenic rupture until the spleen returns to normal size. This can take a few weeks or longer. […] Experts recommend that athletes avoid contact or vigorous sport activities for at least the first three to four weeks of the illness. Your healthcare provider should determine when it is safe for you to participate in strenuous activities or contact sports. […] Most people who suffer from infectious mono recover entirely without long-term complications. Symptoms usually begin to improve within one to two weeks.

• #10 Management Options for Infectious Mononucleosis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/management-options-for-infectious-mononucleosis

  Pharmacologic therapy generally consists of supportive care with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or acetaminophen. […] Recommended therapy for management of IM has not changed much over the years. Pharmacologic options remain limited and mostly include symptomatic treatment or supportive care. Fever, myalgias, and throat discomfort can be treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or acetaminophen. […] Acyclovir is an antiviral medication that inhibits DNA polymerase of EBV. Acyclovir’s effects on IM have been studied in double-blind, placebo-controlled trials and have demonstrated a suppression in the shedding of EBV in the saliva of infected patients, but EBV replication resumed after treatment was discontinued. […] The use of acyclovir, however, provided no significant reductions on individual clinical symptoms of duration of fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, weight loss, or tonsillar swelling.

• #10 Management Options for Infectious Mononucleosis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/management-options-for-infectious-mononucleosis

  Currently, corticosteroids are only recommended for life-threatening complications of IM such as acute upper airway obstruction, severe thrombocytopenia, and severe hemolytic anemia. […] Nonpharmacologic treatment is an essential part of managing IM. The mainstay of therapy includes restriction of activity. Adequate rest is important, but bed rest is not required. […] It is also important to stay hydrated and maintain adequate nutrition because IM may lead to a decrease in appetite.

• #10 Management Options for Infectious Mononucleosis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/management-options-for-infectious-mononucleosis

  Valacyclovir has also been studied in patients with IM. […] Reports have demonstrated that antivirals may decrease EBV shedding in saliva of treated patients, but since most people are EBV-seropositive from previous exposure, special precautions against transmission from symptomatic patients are not necessary. […] Corticosteroids have also traditionally been used for IM to prevent airway obstruction and lessen pharyngeal inflammation. […] The role of corticosteroids in the symptomatic treatment of IM was assessed by treating with prednisone 60 mg daily tapered over 10 days. […] The combination of acyclovir 800 mg orally 5 times per day and prednisolone 0.7 mg/kg for 4 days with subsequent dose tapering of 0.1 mg/kg/day over 6 days has also been studied. […] A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the efficacy of corticosteroids in IM and included four trials utilizing only corticosteroids and three trials using corticosteroids plus acyclovir.

• #11 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Treatment-of-glandular-fever.aspx

  Acetaminophen may be taken for relief of fever. Other pain relievers are Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These include Ibuprofen and Diclofenac. They help relieve fever and pain. […] Antibiotics are not effective in treating glandular fever because they do not work against viruses. […] Antibiotics may still be prescribed to prevent bacterial infections that may occur secondarily in patients with glandular fever. […] Steroids may be given in sever swollen tonsils, severe anemia, liver inflammation or nerve or brain related complications. […] Avoidance of contact sports for the initial six to eight weeks. This is important since glandular fever leads to an enlarged spleen. This makes the spleen more delicate than usual and may lead to spleen rupture.

• #12 Glandular Fever Treatment | The London Clinic

  https://www.thelondonclinic.co.uk/services/treatments/glandular-fever-treatment

  Glandular fever treatment is available for those affected by the illness. […] Most people require no specific treatment and antibiotics are of no benefit because it is a viral infection. […] Patients require rest, plenty of fluids, paracetamol and/or ibuprofen for the throat pain and avoidance of alcohol (because of possible impaired liver function). […] Patients are advised not to engage in contact sports for at least three months as an enlarged spleen can be damaged in contact sports. […] Complications are rare but can be very serious and some require immediate medical attention. […] Examples include tonsil enlargement to the extent of impairing the breathing where the role of steroids in shrinking their size. […] Glandular fever can also cause inflammation of the lungs, liver, the heart muscle, the membranes that surround the heart and brain. […] The virus can also damage red blood cells leading to a lack of haemoglobin, damage the platelets which makes people more prone to bruising and bleeding and damage to the white blood cells which increase the risk of infection.

• #13 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/784513-treatment

  There is no cure for mono; the virus resolves on its own. To manage symptoms, the following are recommended: […] Avoid physical activities or contact sports for at least 3-4 weeks or until cleared by your doctor. This helps prevent a rare but serious complication: a ruptured spleen. […] Symptoms typically resolve in 2-4 weeks, but fatigue may persist for months in some teens.

• #14 Diagnosing and Treating Mononucleosis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/diagnosing-and-treating-mononucleosis

  Supportive care is the primary requirement for EBV infection and individuals with IM. Acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are recommended for the treatment of fever, throat discomfort, and malaise. Consumption of adequate fluids and nutrition is also important, as is adequate rest, although complete bed rest is unnecessary. […] The use of corticosteroids in the treatment of EBV-induced IM has been controversial. Many do not recommend corticosteroid therapy for routine cases of IM since it is generally a self-limited illness, and there are theoretical concerns about immunosuppression during clinical illness with a virus that has been causally linked to a variety of malignancies. However, corticosteroids may be considered in the management of patients with some EBV-associated complications.

• #14 Diagnosing and Treating Mononucleosis

  https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/diagnosing-and-treating-mononucleosis

  Corticosteroids, as well as consultation with an airway specialist, are warranted in individuals with difficulty breathing or dyspnea in the recumbent position. Data on dosing and duration of corticosteroid therapy in patients with IM is very limited. Once clinical improvement has been achieved, tapering the corticosteroid dose slowly (e.g., over 7 to 14 days) is recommended. […] Acyclovir is an antiviral drug that inhibits permissive EBV infection through inhibition of EBV DNA polymerase, but has no effect on latent infection or power to cure the infection. Specific therapy of acute EBV infections with intravenous and oral formulations of acyclovir has been studied, but a significant clinical benefit has not been shown. […] However, there are recent reports that valcyclovir reduces the frequency of EBV-infected B-cells when given over a long period.

• #15 Antiviral medication for the treatment of infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) | Cochrane

  https://www.cochrane.org/CD011487/ARI_antiviral-medication-treatment-infectious-mononucleosis-glandular-fever

  We investigated the benefits and side effects of antiviral treatment for people with glandular fever compared with fake treatment or standard care. […] Antiviral medications are expensive, may cause side effects and can lead to antiviral resistance. Good justification is needed to ensure best outcomes when antivirals are used. […] We found improvements in participants who received antiviral for two outcomes. […] There was an improvement of five days in time taken to recover among people who received antiviral treatment, but this result was not very precise, and the way it was measured was not clearly defined. […] Most studies that examined adverse effects did not find any differences between people who received antivirals and those who did not. […] Time taken to resolve lymph node swelling improved to nine days when antivirals were used.

• #16 Infectious Mononucleosis | Mono | Mono Symptoms | MedlinePlus

  https://medlineplus.gov/infectiousmononucleosis.html

  What are the treatments for infectious mononucleosis (mono)? […] Drinking plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. […] Getting lots of rest. […] Taking over-the-counter medications for pain and fever. But don’t give aspirin to children or teens because it may cause Reye syndrome. This syndrome is a rare, serious illness that can affect the brain and liver. […] If you have severe symptoms, your provider may suggest additional treatment based on which organs in your body are affected by the mono. […] Antibiotics don’t treat viral infections, so they do not help with mono. Some people do get bacterial infections such as strep throat along with mono. In that case, you probably need antibiotics to treat the bacterial infection. But you should not take penicillin antibiotics like ampicillin or amoxicillin. Those antibiotics can cause a rash in people who have mono. […] Mono can cause an enlarged spleen, which could rupture and cause a medical emergency. To try to protect the spleen, providers recommend avoiding intense exercise and contact sports until you fully recover (about a month).

• #17 Glandular fever: children & teenagers | Raising Children Network

  https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/a-z-health-reference/glandular-fever

  Theres no specific treatment, cure or vaccine for glandular fever. […] But you can treat the symptoms of glandular fever. This includes: managing pain and discomfort with paracetamol or ibuprofen in recommended doses, making sure your child gets plenty of rest and drinks plenty of fluids. […] Your child should avoid contact sports for at least one month after getting glandular fever. Contact sports increase the risk of rupturing or tearing the spleen, which might be enlarged from glandular fever. […] Dont give aspirin to children under 12 years unless its prescribed by a doctor. Aspirin can increase the risk of Reyes syndrome, a rare but potentially deadly condition. If youre giving your child any over-the-counter medicines, check with your pharmacist or doctor to make sure these have no aspirin.

• #18 Pediatric Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/963894-treatment

  Patients with uncomplicated infectious mononucleosis rarely require inpatient therapy. […] Hospitalization is warranted in the presence of splenic rupture, airway compromise, dehydration, significant thrombocytopenia or hemolytic anemia, and neurologic or other major complications. […] Transfer to a tertiary care center may be necessary for the treatment of significant complications. […] Infectious mononucleosis is a self-limited illness that does not usually require specific therapy in patients with mild or moderate illness. However, if the tonsils are markedly enlarged (kissing tonsils) or if the patient has prolonged illness, most experts recommend a short course of steroids (1-2 mg/kg of prednisone daily for 3-7 days). […] Most affected individuals can be evaluated and treated as outpatients. Inpatient therapy of medical and surgical complications may be required.

• #18 Pediatric Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/963894-treatment

  No dietary modifications are required. […] Acceptable activity level during the acute illness depends on severity of the patient’s symptoms. […] Extreme fatigue may require bed rest for 1-2 weeks or even more. […] Patients should not participate in contact sports or heavy lifting for at least 2-3 weeks, although some authors recommend avoiding activities that may cause splenic trauma for 2 months. […] Patients with primary infectious mononucleosis do not require any isolation. […] An effective vaccine against EBV is currently unavailable. Vaccine development is proceeding, although the role of a vaccine is unclear. […] The high prevalence of EBV infection and the fact that EBV acts as cofactor for development of several epithelial and lymphoid cell malignancies, makes an effective vaccine very desirable even though the feasibility seems difficult now.

• #18 Pediatric Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/963894-treatment

  Patients with chronic postEpstein-Barr virus fatigue (chronic fatigue syndrome [CFS]) may benefit from psychological and behavioral approaches. […] Splenic rupture is an acute abdominal emergency that usually requires surgical intervention. […] Rupture may occur with trauma as minor as palpation, and is occasionally the presenting symptom. […] Splenectomy is usually required. Occasionally, observation and supportive measures are adequate treatment for a hemodynamically stable patient. […] Although partial splenectomy or suturing the capsular tear has been advocated to preserve splenic function, the acute changes that led to rupture militate against the success of this approach. […] Surgical consultation should be sought when the patient has abdominal pain or evidence of shock. […] Consultation with the appropriate subspecialist is indicated for management of significant complications (eg, infectious diseases, hematology/oncology, immunology).

• #18 Pediatric Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/963894-treatment

  Up to 10% of seronegative children receiving a solid organ transplant may develop EBV post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. […] Patients with primary or acquired immunodeficiency are at increased risk for potentially fatal EBV-related lymphoproliferative disorders, such as post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, and B-cell lymphoma. […] Patients with HIV are at increased risk for EBV-associated malignancies including Burkitt lymphoma, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, immunoblastic lymphoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, and smooth muscle tumors.

• #19 Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15508538/

  Infectious mononucleosis should be suspected in patients 10 to 30 years of age who present with sore throat and significant fatigue, palatal petechiae, posterior cervical or auricular adenopathy, marked adenopathy, or inguinal adenopathy. […] Symptomatic treatment, the mainstay of care, includes adequate hydration, analgesics, antipyretics, and adequate rest. Bed rest should not be enforced, and the patient’s energy level should guide activity. […] Corticosteroids, acyclovir, and antihistamines are not recommended for routine treatment of infectious mononucleosis, although corticosteroids may benefit patients with respiratory compromise or severe pharyngeal edema. […] Patients with infectious mononucleosis should be withdrawn from contact or collision sports for at least four weeks after the onset of symptoms. Fatigue, myalgias, and need for sleep may persist for several months after the acute infection has resolved.

• #20 Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious Mononucleosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1001/p1279.html

  The mainstay of treatment for infectious mononucleosis is good supportive care, including adequate hydration; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or acetaminophen for fever and myalgias; and throat lozenges or sprays, or gargling with a 2 percent lidocaine (Xylocaine) solution to relieve pharyngeal discomfort. […] A meta-analysis of five randomized controlled trials involving 339 patients found that patients who took acyclovir (Zovirax) had less oropharyngeal shedding at the end of therapy, but this treatment provided no significant or consistent clinical benefit and is therefore not recommended. […] Corticosteroids have been advocated for the treatment of patients with infectious mononucleosis, and some early studies seemed to show a benefit from these agents with regard to normalization of temperature and laboratory values. […] Based on clinical experience and case reports, corticosteroids are recommended in patients with significant pharyngeal edema that causes or threatens respiratory compromise.

• #21 Antiviral agents for infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27933614/

  Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is a clinical syndrome, usually caused by the Epstein Barr virus (EPV), characterised by lymphadenopathy, fever and sore throat. Most cases of symptomatic IM occur in older teenagers or young adults. Usually IM is a benign self-limiting illness and requires only symptomatic treatment. However, occasionally the disease course can be complicated or prolonged and lead to decreased productivity in terms of school or work. Antiviral medications have been used to treat IM, but the use of antivirals for IM is controversial. They may be effective by preventing viral replication which helps to keep the virus inactive. However, there are no guidelines for antivirals in IM. […] The effectiveness of antiviral agents (acyclovir, valomaciclovir and valacyclovir) in acute IM is uncertain. The quality of the evidence is very low. The majority of included studies were at unclear or high risk of bias and so questions remain about the effectiveness of this intervention. Although two of the 12 outcomes have results that favour treatment over control, the quality of the evidence of these results is very low and may not be clinically meaningful. Alongside the lack of evidence of effectiveness, decision makers need to consider the potential adverse events and possible associated costs, and antiviral resistance. Further research in this area is warranted.

• #22 Treatment options for Epstein-Barr virus-related disorders | IDR

  https://www.dovepress.com/treatment-options-for-epstein-barr-virus-related-disorders-of-the-cent-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IDR

  Although IM is usually a self-limiting disease, therapeutic and preventive trials are warranted due to its immediate and late complications: persistent fatigue occurs in 922% of post-IM patients after 6 months; the risk of CNS disorders complicating IM as described in the previous section of this review was reported to be 118%; and beyond the 2- to 3-fold increased risk of MS there is increased risk of other autoimmune disorders. […] Antiviral agents tested against IM were mainly acyclovir and its prodrug valacyclovir. Acyclovir is an acyclic guanosine derivative. The viral kinase for phosphorylation is necessary for activation of Acyclovir, so it accumulates virtually only in infected cells undergoing lytic productive infection. […] A Cochrane review of seven randomized controlled studies of acyclovir and its derivatives confirmed that viral shedding was reduced while on antiviral treatment, although this effect was not sustained when the treatment was stopped.

• #23

  https://bpac.org.nz/bt/2012/october/glandular.aspx

  Measures or advice to limit the spread of infection are unlikely to be effective. Advice not to kiss or share food or drink bottles and to practice hand hygiene while symptomatic is sensible, but most people with glandular fever will remain contagious for at least one year following the onset of symptoms and will then become periodically re-infective throughout their lives. […] Amoxicillin should not be used in people with glandular fever, even where concurrent bacterial infection is suspected. Approximately 80-90% of people with acute EBV infection treated with amoxicillin develop a red, diffuse maculopapular rash, similar to the morbiliform rash seen in measles infection. […] There is no specific guidance on how long amoxicillin should be avoided for, but most reactions occur during the acute illness phase. Patients with glandular fever treated with amoxicillin, who develop a rash, should not be recorded as having a beta-lactam allergy as this can adversely affect future antibiotic choices.

• #23

  https://bpac.org.nz/bt/2012/october/glandular.aspx

  The treatment of glandular fever includes supportive treatment, identifying patients at immediate risk of complications, and education on the illness and expected symptom duration. […] Paracetamol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be used to manage pain and fever. Consider prescribing liquid forms of these medicines to patients who are having difficulty swallowing. Corticosteroid and antiviral treatment for EBV is not recommended due to a lack of evidence of clinical efficacy. […] Adequate fluid and nutritional intake should be encouraged as anorexia and difficulty eating is present in many people with glandular fever. Alcohol consumption should be restricted. […] Patients should be counselled on the likely time scale of the illness. Most symptoms will resolve within one month, but fatigue may be present for two to three months. Adequate sleep and rest is important for recovery, but complete bed rest should be discouraged.

• #24 About Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono) | EBV and Mono | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about/mononucleosis.html

  Most people get better in 2 to 4 weeks. You can help relieve symptoms of infectious mononucleosis by: […] Taking over-the-counter medications for pain and fever. […] If you have infectious mononucleosis, you should not take penicillin antibiotics like ampicillin or amoxicillin. Based on the severity of the symptoms, a healthcare provider may recommend treatment of specific organ systems affected by infectious mononucleosis. […] Because your spleen may become enlarged as a result of infectious mononucleosis, you should avoid contact sports until you fully recover. Participating in contact sports can be strenuous and may cause the spleen to rupture.

• #25 Mononucleosis (Infectious): Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Nationwide Children’s Hospital

  https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/conditions/mononucleosis

  Nationwide Children’s Hospital offers a team of experts focused on the treatment of children with mononucleosis. […] Because a virus causes mono, antibiotics (such as penicillin) will not help unless the child has another infection caused by bacteria. Mono symptoms usually go away on their own after a few weeks. […] The best treatment is getting plenty of rest, drinking lots of liquids and eating healthy. […] You may give acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Motrin) for sore throat, muscle aches or fever. Do not give aspirin. Giving aspirin can lead to Reye syndrome, a very serious illness. […] If tonsils or lymph nodes in the neck are very enlarged and cause trouble breathing, the doctor may prescribe a steroid medicine. […] People who have mono should not do contact sports or vigorous exercise until the doctor says it is okay. Even playful wrestling at home could harm the enlarged spleen. […] Avoid heavy lifting, rough or active play for one month after recovery.

• #26 Glandular Fever: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/ears-nose-throat-mouth/sore-throat-2/glandular-fever-infectious-mononucleosis

  Glandular fever treatment […] There is no cure for glandular fever and no specific treatment is needed, as the immune system deals with the infection by itself. However: […] It is important to drink plenty of fluids. It is often tempting not to drink very much if it is painful to swallow. This can lead to mild lack of fluid in the body (dehydration), particularly if you also have a high temperature (fever). […] Some studies have looked at the use of steroid medicines for people with glandular fever. The theory was that steroids help to reduce inflammation in various conditions and so may do so for glandular fever. However, the current advice is that steroids are more likely to suppress the immune system so should not be used. […] To prevent spread, it is important to avoid kissing and close body contact with other people to stop glandular fever spreading. It is also best not to share cups, towels, etc, whilst ill.

• #26 Glandular Fever: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/ears-nose-throat-mouth/sore-throat-2/glandular-fever-infectious-mononucleosis

  Glandular fever can cause a temporary inflammation of the liver. This means that drinking alcohol whilst having glandular fever can cause people to feel very unwell. It is therefore advised to avoid alcohol completely during glandular fever. […] Antibiotic medicines are not used, as glandular fever is caused by a virus. Antibiotics do not kill viruses.

• #27 Mono: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment Options | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/34784-mono-symptoms-treatment-diagnosis.html

  Currently, there are no government approved antiviral drugs to treat acute EBV infection. „There is no cure for mono. It is a viral infection,” Davis said. „The virus eventually goes away, but it can take a few weeks. Mono is caused by a virus and therefore antibiotics are of no use.” […] Most treatments for infectious mononucleosis aim to reduce symptoms. Corticosteroids may be helpful in treating complications such as severe swelling of throat and tonsils. Antibiotics may be used if the patient also has strep throat, according to the Mayo Clinic, though ampicillin or amoxicillin could result in rashes. […] Davis told Live Science that supportive care is the best way to treat mono. He gave these tips: Get plenty of rest. Sleep helps your body fight the infection. Avoid sports and exercise, as well as other physical, strenuous activities for a while. This helps protect your spleen. A hit or fall could rupture the spleen, which can be life threatening. Prevent dehydration by drinking lots of fluids. Dehydration can make you feel worse. Salt water gargle and throat lozenges for sore throat. Take acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) for aches, pains and fever. Do not take aspirin.

• #27 Mono: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment Options | Live Science

  https://www.livescience.com/34784-mono-symptoms-treatment-diagnosis.html

  Patients with post-viral chronic fatigue syndrome that have high antibody levels, especially against EBV-associated nuclear antigen like EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) and other antigens like EBV early antigen, have shown to benefit from prolonged therapy with oral antiviral agents such as valganciclovir, according to a study done by the Stanford University Medical Center. „These types of treatments should be approached with caution as potential for drug toxicity and uncertain benefit makes this recommendation far from becoming standard of care,” said Safdar. […] In severely immunosuppressed patients EBV reactivation and organ dysfunction including viral disease of involving the brain, liver, heart, and lungs, and rarely the kidneys; systemic antiviral drugs such as ganciclovir and cidofovir have been used with mixed results. Similar therapy has also been used for patients with EBV-related suppression of bone marrow function; again with inconsistent results, Safdar explained.

• #28 Mononucleosis | University Health Center | Nebraska

  https://health.unl.edu/mononucleosis/

  Like the common cold, mono is a viral infection with no cure. Antibiotics do not work as a treatment for mono. […] To reduce throat pain, gargle with one teaspoon of salt (or baking soda) dissolved in a glass of very warm water. You can purchase non-prescription medications like Chloraseptic gargle or lozenges, or your clinician may write a prescription for gargles that reduce throat pain and make swallowing easier. […] For fever, sore throat, head and body aches, ibuprofen or naproxen (Aleve) are available without prescription. Follow directions on packaging. Avoid acetaminophen (Tylenol) because of possible liver inflammation that can be associated with mono. In addition, you need to take special care of yourself during recovery. […] Because mono can affect the entire lymph system, including the spleen (located under your left lower rib cage), avoid vigorous activities such as football, soccer or running. Do not play contact sports until at least 6-8 weeks after diagnosis or onset of symptoms. You can do mild exercises such as walking or swimming, as long as the activity doesn’t increase fatigue.

• #29 How Mononucleosis Is Treated

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-is-mono-treated-1191950

  Lowering the temperature of your room, taking a lukewarm (not cold) bath, and putting a cold washcloth on your forehead can help keep your fever down. […] A warm salt water gargle can help soothe your tonsils. […] You can use ice packs or heating pads to relieve body aches, taking care to never apply ice directly to your skin. […] It is important to avoid contact sports, heavy lifting, and strenuous activities when you have mono. […] Mono can also cause the liver to become inflamed, a temporary condition known as mono hepatitis. Take it easy on your liver and avoid drinking alcohol while you have mono symptoms or are recovering. […] You can typically manage a sore throat, fever, and body aches by using OTC pain relievers like Tylenol (acetaminophen) and Motrin (ibuprofen). […] Sometimes steroid medications are used to shrink the tonsils if they have become too enlarged.

• #30 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/epstein-barr-virus

  As with other viruses, Epstein-Barr can’t be treated with antibiotics. […] Right now, theres no specific treatment for EBV, but researchers are looking at some medicines that may work against the virus. Dipyridamole is a drug that may help prevent EBV from reactivating in your body. Its already approved to prevent blood clots in people who’ve had heart valve replacements. Researchers are now studying dipyridamole for EBV in clinical trials. […] Symptoms of EBV should clear up on their own in a few weeks with rest, fluids, and over-the-counter medications. […] If you have symptoms and positive blood tests for at least 3 months, you may have a chronic active EBV infection. Your doctor will recommend treatments to manage your symptoms and help you feel better. […] Although no medicine can cure an EBV infection, you can take these steps at home to ease your symptoms: Get plenty of rest. Drink a lot of water and other liquids to stay hydrated. Suck on lozenges or ice pops, or gargle with warm salt water, to make your sore throat feel better. Take over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen if you have a fever or body aches.

• #30 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/epstein-barr-virus

  No diet is proven to treat EBV. Its always a good idea to eat nutritious meals full of antioxidant-rich foods like leafy green vegetables and berries to strengthen your immune system. Drink lots of fluids to keep you hydrated. […] Right now, the best way to avoid the virus is to stay away from anyone who you know is infected, and especially someone who has mono.

• #31 How to Recover from Glandular Fever, Naturally

  https://blog.metagenics.com.au/how-to-recover-from-glandular-fever-naturally/

  If the stress of being unwell feels like its getting too much, consider making an appointment with a counsellor or psychologist to talk through your emotions and fears related to your health. […] Start by taking proactive steps with the aid of a Naturopath who can tailor a treatment plan, which may include AHCC and other immune-supporting supplements, to meet your needs.

• #31 How to Recover from Glandular Fever, Naturally

  https://blog.metagenics.com.au/how-to-recover-from-glandular-fever-naturally/

  Struggling with a nasty virus is a battle that no one wants to fight. […] Glandular fever can take a bigger toll on your body than other viruses because it overwhelms your immune system by making itself tricky to eradicate, making recovery so much slower. To combat this, natural medicine can help to shorten your recovery time and lead you back to full health. […] Active hexose correlated compound (AHCC), a compound sourced from shiitake mushrooms, has been shown to improve your ability to eliminate EBV by increasing your immune systems antiviral activity. […] Nothing is more important than allowing yourself time to convalesce, which means fully recovering before you ease back in to your regular routine. […] Nutrition, fresh air, water, and exercise are the fuel that keeps every cell in your body thriving and healing.

• #32 Epstein-Barr Virus Treatment

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/epstein-barr-virus-treatment-5138133

  While symptoms of the Epstein-Barr virus can be treated, the disease’s root causethe viruscannot. Antivirals don’t work, there is no vaccine, and other typical treatment methods for viruses, such as interferon, havent been successful. […] When a patient has CAEBV, the only real treatment is a stem cell transplant to repair the immune system, helping the body fight off the virus. […] The best treatment can do is ease symptoms and the conditions caused by the infection. […] The goal of vaccines would be to prime the immune system to prevent these complications and cancers. […] Chronic EBV is treated with stem cells.

• #33 Epstein-Barr virus – Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

  https://www.newcastle-hospitals.nhs.uk/resources/epstein-barr-virus/

  Can Epstein-Barr virus be treated? […] There is no specific antiviral treatment for EBV other than relief of symptoms with rest, reassurance, encouragement of fluids and administering paracetamol. Products containing ibuprofen or aspirin must not be given to children who have had transplants due to the impact upon their kidney function. […] For children taking immunosuppressant medication, EBV infection increases the risk of developing post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), causing the lymph glands to enlarge and potentially leading to a type of lymphoma or cancer, which may need specific treatment. If treatment was needed it would be discussed in detail at the time.

• #34 Glandular Fever Explained

  https://www.naturesbest.co.uk/our-blog/glandular-fever/

  Siberian ginseng (Elutherococcus senticosus) is thought to be useful as a general support for the immune system. This may be beneficial in cases of glandular fever, since the Epstein-Barr virus that causes it can weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight infection. […] One of the most important herbs in the Indian natural medicine system Ayurveda, ashwagandha is also classed as an adaptogen. Studies suggest it may also help to strengthen the immune system by increasing the activity of natural killer cells. […] Its also thought to help relieve fatigue, which is common in people with glandular fever. […] Taking a good-qualify multivitamin and mineral supplement that includes a range of nutrients may help make sure you get a decent level of nutrition. […] Another way to combat tiredness and fatigue is to take a magnesium supplement.

• #35 Recover from Glandular Fever – Advanced Functional Medicine

  https://advancedfunctionalmedicine.com.au/glandular-fever/

  TREATMENT STRATEGY FOR GLANDULAR FEVER […] Support immune function […] Provide antivirals […] Reduce inflammation […] Manage fever […] Protect liver […] Restore energy levels (after acute phase) […] Support stress response […] […] […] Diet plan guidelines for Glandular Fever […] Support immune system: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory diet high in fresh fruit and vegetables, and low in sugar and processed foods […] Emphasise wholesome soups, smoothies, vegetable juices during acute phase. […] 2-3 L of filtered water daily […] […] […] Supplements that support Glandular Fever […] Support immune function […] Vitamin C […] Zinc […] Probiotics […] Selenium 200 mcg/day […] Vitamin A […] Vitamin E […] Vitamin D3 (if deficient)

• #35 Recover from Glandular Fever – Advanced Functional Medicine

  https://advancedfunctionalmedicine.com.au/glandular-fever/

  Methyl Folate or folinic acid (stimulates immunoglobulins) […] […] […] Restore energy levels / support stress response […] CoQ10 […] Magnesium […] B-complex […] […] […] Herbal medicine treatment that supports Glandular Fever […] Immune stimulants: echinacea, andrographis, reishi/shitake mushrooms, picrorrhiza, baptisia, cats claw […] Antiviral: lemon balm, St Johns wort, cats claw, goldenseal […] Anti-inflammatory: andrographis […] Antipyretic: andrographis, elder flower, yarrow, peppermint […] Hepatoprotective: picrorrhiza, St Marys thistle, schisandra […] Adaptogens / adrenal tonic: withania, rhodiola, rehmannia […] Nervines: oats, lavender, gotu kola […] […] […] FUNCTIONAL MEDICINE TREATMENT OF GLANDULAR FEVER […] The above considerations may help support someone that is suffering from glandular fever or the after effects of glandular fever. […] […] […] If you or a family member require assistance with recovery from glandular fever or other immune system viral attack that causes chronic fatigue symptoms we would love to hear from you.

• #36 Natural therapies for glandular fever treatment | Healthylife

  https://www.healthylife.com.au/learn/natural-therapies-for-glandular-fever?srsltid=AfmBOooFvZpzdQX604tgpJAUMNR2Ag-MD87VYp6anVQsd2vMK3yfAcCC

  The active constituent in the herb Andrographis has been shown to inhibit replication of the virus and has been suggested as a potentially useful compound used for an EBV infection. A similar finding was found in an active constituent in green tea. […] Avoid contact with people who are sick, and ensure adequate rest, relaxation, good quality sleep and consume a nourishing diet.

• #37 How to recover from Glandular Fever, naturally. — Natural Health-Naturopath Auckland-Katherine Matthews

  https://www.katherinematthews.co.nz/blog/how-to-recover-from-glandular-fever-naturally

  First, it pays to get a proper diagnosis and then rest is the primary prescription. Having an experienced naturopath and nutritionist is essential for herbal and supplemental support in order to speed your recovery time, as well as prevent any relapse. […] A blend of herbs that are indicated in this condition is a core part of a protocol for glandular fever. Speak to a qualified herbalist to have a herbal formula made for you. […] An individualized naturopathic protocol forms the foundation of a program to recover from Glandular Fever and prevent relapse. Recovering can be a long and arduous journey by yourself. Creating a team around you of experienced healthcare professionals supports an effective and speedier recovery.

• #38 Infectious mononucleosis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis

  Drinking enough fluids, getting sufficient rest, pain medications such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) and ibuprofen. […] Symptoms may be reduced by drinking enough fluids, getting sufficient rest, and taking pain medications such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) and ibuprofen. […] Paracetamol (acetaminophen) and NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, may be used to reduce fever and pain. Prednisone, a corticosteroid, while used to try to reduce throat pain or enlarged tonsils, remains controversial due to the lack of evidence that it is effective and the potential for side effects. […] Antiviral agents act by inhibiting viral DNA replication. There is little evidence to support the use of antivirals such as aciclovir and valacyclovir although they may reduce initial viral shedding. […] Although antibiotics exert no antiviral action they may be indicated to treat bacterial secondary infections of the throat, such as with streptococcus (strep throat). However, ampicillin and amoxicillin are not recommended during acute EpsteinBarr virus infection as a diffuse rash may develop.

• #39 Infectious Mononucleosis: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/infectious-mononucleosis

  It is not recommended that affected children need to be excluded from schools and other childcare settings unless appropriate for their own well-being.115 […] Patients are traditionally advised to avoid contact sports for three weeks because of the risk of splenic rupture. An ultrasound study of 19 patients found that splenomegaly resolved in four weeks in 16 patients, but it took eight weeks to resolve in the other three. The authors recommended that advice should be guided by ultrasound findings and this should perhaps be considered in patients who regularly participate in such sports.16 […] Alcohol should be avoided for the duration of the illness. […] Advise paracetamol for analgesia and control of fever. […] No specific antiviral therapy is available. […] Steroids are not recommended in IM although they may have a role where there is airway obstruction. 2

• #40 Mononucleosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mononucleosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350328

  If you have mononucleosis, it’s important to be careful of certain complications such as an enlarged spleen. Rest and enough fluids are keys to recovery. […] If your symptoms don’t get better on their own in a week or two, see your doctor. […] Although the symptoms of mononucleosis are uncomfortable, the infection resolves on its own without long-term effects. Most adults have been exposed to the Epstein-Barr virus and have built up antibodies. This means they’re immune and won’t get mononucleosis.

• #41 Mono: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mononucleosis

  Many people develop EBV infections as children after age 1. […] Most cases of mono are mild and resolve easily with minimal treatment. The infection is typically not serious and usually goes away on its own in 1 to 2 months. […] Theres no specific treatment for infectious mononucleosis. However, your doctor may prescribe a corticosteroid medication to reduce throat and tonsil swelling. The symptoms usually resolve on their own in 1 to 2 months. […] Treatment at home is aimed at easing your symptoms. This includes using over-the-counter (OTC) medicines to reduce fever and techniques to calm a sore throat, such as gargling salt water. […] Other home remedies that may ease symptoms include: getting a lot of rest, staying hydrated, ideally by drinking water, eating warm chicken soup, boosting your immune system by eating foods that are anti-inflammatory and rich in antioxidants, such as leafy green vegetables, apples, brown rice, and salmon, using OTC pain medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol). […] Contact your doctor if your symptoms get worse or if you have intense abdominal pain. Learn more about treating mono.

• #42 About Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) | EBV and Mono | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about/index.html

  Most people get better in 2 to 4 weeks. There is no specific treatment for EBV. However, some things can be done to help relieve symptoms such as: […] Drinking fluids to stay hydrated […] Getting plenty of rest […] Taking over-the-counter medications for pain and fever.

Zobacz więcej