Materiały źródłowe

• #1 About Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono) | EBV and Mono | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about/mononucleosis.html

  There is no vaccine to protect against infectious mononucleosis. […] You can help protect yourself by not kissing people who have infectious mononucleosis; or sharing drinks, food, or personal items (like toothbrushes) with them.

• #2 Glandular fever – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/glandular+fever/glandular+fever+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Glandular fever – including symptoms, treatment and prevention […] Prevention of glandular fever […] – Exclusion from childcare, preschool, school and work is not necessary. […] – There is no vaccine available to prevent Epstein Barr virus infection. […] – Follow good hand washing techniques. […] – Minimise contact with saliva. […] – Avoid sharing cups and glasses.

• #3 Infectious mononucleosis, Epstein Barr virus, glandular fever

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/infectious-mononucleosis

  There is currently no vaccine to protect against EBV infection. Prevention involves social hygiene, and avoiding the sharing of drinks, food, or personal items.

• #4 Glandular fever

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/glandular-fever/

  Glandular fever is spread through spit, so you can get it through kissing or by sharing cups or cutlery. […] To prevent glandular fever spreading: wash your hands regularly […] wash anything that may have your spit on it. […] do not kiss others […] do not share cups or cutlery […] do not give blood.

• #5 About Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) | EBV and Mono | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about/index.html

  There is no vaccine to protect against EBV infection. You can help protect yourself by reducing contact with people who have EBV infection. […] Make sure you avoid: […] Kissing […] Sharing drinks and food […] Using the same personal items that an infected person recently used.

• #6 Glandular fever | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/glandular-fever

  Glandular fever spreads through close, personal contact and is transmitted by saliva. […] To prevent the spread of glandular fever: Make sure you use proper hygiene, including handwashing. Avoid sharing drink containers. Disinfect articles soiled with nose and throat discharges, for example, handkerchiefs. […] Excluding children from childcare is generally not advised because: most people are infected by asymptomatic carriers (people who have no symptoms) it would be impractical, as the virus is excreted for many months after the initial illness.

• #7 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) – Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23469-epstein-barr-virus

  You can take steps to reduce your risk by: […] Not sharing food or drinks with someone who has the virus. […] Not kissing someone who has the virus. […] Not sharing a toothbrush with someone who has the virus. […] Using protection when having sex with someone who has the virus. […] Washing your hands after touching something with saliva on it and not putting your hands near your mouth after touching an object that has saliva or drool on it.

• #8 How to Prevent the Transmission of Mononucleosis

  https://www.verywellhealth.com/prevent-mono-5186197

  Since EBV is transmitted through close contact with others, the best way to prevent infection is by doing the following: […] Avoid anyone you know who has mono. […] Don’t kiss if you feel ill. […] If you have penetrative sexual intercourse, use a condom to avoid transmission through semen. […] Don’t share utensils and other items such as cups and glasses, hygiene products, or cosmetics. […] Avoid sharing cigarettes. […] If you care for young children, wash toys that they may have put in their mouths. […] Boosting your immune system by eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise and enough sleep is a good way to prevent not just mono, but any infection. […] Good handwashing practices are also important and can reduce your risk of infection if you are exposed to the virus. Make sure to use antibacterial soap and wash your hands for at least 20 seconds. If you use hand sanitizer, choose one with at least a 60% alcohol content. […] It’s good to stay healthy and practice good hygiene, including not sharing personal items, to minimize your chances of getting infected.

• #9 Mononucleosis Prevention: How to Reduce Your Risk | AdventHealth

  https://www.adventhealth.com/blog/mononucleosis-prevention-how-reduce-your-risk

  Mononucleosis, commonly referred to as „mono,” is a contagious viral infection that can be transmitted through close contact with infected people. Taking proactive measures to prevent getting mono is key, especially in high-risk environments such as schools and sports teams. […] By following these strategies, you can reduce the risk of getting mono: […] Practice Good Hygiene: Wash your hands frequently with soap and water, especially after using the bathroom, before meals, and after coming into contact with surfaces that may be contaminated. Avoid sharing drinks, utensils, lip balm and personal items that may come into contact with saliva. […] Promote Respiratory Hygiene: Encourage others to cover their mouths and noses with tissues or their elbows when coughing or sneezing. Properly dispose of used tissues and wash your hands afterward.

• #10 Glandular fever (Epstein-Barr virus, infectious mononucleosis) fact sheet | NHMRCNHMRCNHMRC TaglineNHMRC Tagline

  https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/publications/staying-healthy-guidelines/fact-sheets/glandular-fever-epstein-barr-virus-infectious-mononucleosis

  Teach your child to cough or sneeze into a tissue, then throw the tissue into a bin and wash their hands. If there are no tissues nearby, teach them to cough or sneeze into their inner elbow instead of their hands. […] See healthdirect for more information on prevention, diagnosis and treatment of glandular fever.

• #11 Epstein-Barr-Virus: symptoms | transferability | prevention |

  https://prevent-and-protect.com/pathogen/epstein-barr-virus/

  In the event of an EBV infection and the outbreak of glandular fever, standard hygiene measures must be applied in the hospital and in the outpatient area. This includes, among other things, consistent hand hygiene and disinfection of the patient environment, as well as surfaces that have frequent hand and skin contact. Contact between body fluids of the infected person and other patients should be avoided. […] The required spectrum of activity against EBV is: limited virucidal.

• #12 Mononucleosis Prevention: How to Reduce Your Risk | AdventHealth

  https://www.adventhealth.com/blog/mononucleosis-prevention-how-reduce-your-risk

  Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle: Strengthen your immune system by adopting a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep and stress management. A strong immune system can help protect against viral infections, including mono. […] Avoid Risky Behaviors: Educate teens and young adults about the risks associated with activities such as kissing or sharing drinks, which can increase the likelihood of getting mono.

• #13 Glandular fever | Signs Dos & Donts Prevention

  https://optimists.in/health-hub/glandular-fever/

  Preventing glandular fever primarily involves avoiding the spread of the virus: […] Avoid Sharing Personal Items: Do not share utensils, glasses, or other personal items with someone who is infected. […] Practice Good Hygiene: Wash your hands frequently, mostly after touching your face or mouth. […] Avoid Kissing: Refrain from kissing someone who has glandular fever. […] Boost Your Immune System: Maintain a healthy lifestyle to support your immune defences, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and sufficient sleep.

• #14 Glandular fever: children & teenagers | Raising Children Network

  https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/a-z-health-reference/glandular-fever

  If your child has glandular fever, encourage them not to share drinking containers or toothbrushes with other people. They should also avoid kissing people. […] Its important to have good personal hygiene, particularly hand-washing. […] Your child can go to school and other places and activities if they feel well enough. You dont need to keep your child at home to control the spread of glandular fever.

• #15 Mononucleosis – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mononucleosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350328

  Mononucleosis is spread through saliva. If you’re infected, you can help prevent spreading the virus to others by not kissing them and by not sharing food, dishes, glasses and utensils until several days after your fever has improved and even longer, if possible. And remember to wash your hands regularly to prevent spread of the virus. […] The Epstein-Barr virus may persist in your saliva for months after the infection. No vaccine exists to prevent mononucleosis.

• #16 Glandular fever | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/glandular-fever/

  Glandular fever is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This virus is found in the saliva of infected people and can be spread through: […] To help stop you spreading glandular fever when you’re infected: […] wash your hands regularly […] wash anything that may have your saliva on it […] do not kiss others […] do not share anything that you put in or near your mouth […] do not give blood while you have glandular fever.

• #17 Glandular fever: Symptoms, treatment, causes, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167390

  Glandular fever spreads through bodily fluids. To stop EBV from spreading, a person should: […] People can reduce the risk of spreading the virus by avoiding kissing others and regularly disinfecting their hands and surfaces they come into contact with.

• #18 Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious Mononucleosis) | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult

  https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617206/all/Epstein_Barr_Virus__Infectious_Mononucleosis_

  No vaccine is clinically available. […] Standard precautions should be used in the hospitalized patient. […] Restriction of intimate contact with immunosuppressed individuals may be advisable. […] Patients with recent EBV infection, either proven or suspected, should not donate blood or solid organs.

• #19 Pediatric Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/963894-treatment

  Patients with primary infectious mononucleosis do not require any isolation. Epstein-Barr virus has low transmissibility and cannot be acquired from environmental surfaces or fomites. […] Avoid contact with saliva. Epstein-Barr virus is present in throat washings of individuals with acute infectious mononucleosis. Virus can be cultured from the oropharynx for up to 18 months. It can be recovered from the oropharynx of 10-20% of healthy adults. Epstein-Barr virus infection is usually acquired through contact between a susceptible individual and the saliva of an asymptomatic individual who is shedding Epstein-Barr virus. In young children, saliva is spread by drooling and hand-to-mouth behaviors. In adolescents, infected saliva may be transferred by kissing, hence the label „kissing disease.”

• #20 Mononucleosis (Mono or the Kissing Disease)

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13974-mononucleosis

  The best way to prevent getting the viruses that cause mono is by practicing good hygiene. Dont share foods, drinks or bodily fluids with someone who has mono or any signs of viral illness, like fever, cough, sore throat or fatigue. […] Its also important to avoid strenuous physical activity that may rupture an enlarged spleen.

• #21 Mononucleosis: Medical Conditions: Health Answers: Student Health Center: Indiana University Bloomington

  https://healthcenter.indiana.edu/health-answers/medical-conditions/mononucleosis.html

  Mononucleosis Prevention: Since mono is spread in saliva, avoid eating or drinking from the same glasses, dishes, or utensils of friends or strangers. Do not share personal items or smoking/vaping products (we advise everyone not to smoke/vape). Wash hands regularly, especially before eating. Avoid sick people. There is no medication or vaccine to prevent mono. […] Avoid Strenuous Activity: People with mono should avoid sports, lifting, exercising, falls, and any potential injury to the abdomen for about 4 weeks. That is because mono affects the spleen to some extent in about 50% to 60% of people with mono. An enlarged spleen is more vulnerable to rupture either spontaneously or from trauma to the abdomen. A ruptured spleen is a medical emergency. Anyone with mono should get medical clearance before resuming physical activities, especially contact sports. […] Abstain From Alcohol: Mononucleosis often inflames the liver and alcohol can make this inflammation worse. Mono patients should not use alcohol while they are ill or until a provider tells them it is safe.

• #22 Infectious Mononucleosis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0100/infectious-mononucleosis.html

  Current guidelines recommend that patients with infectious mononucleosis not participate in athletic activity for three weeks from onset of symptoms. […] Individuals with infectious mononucleosis should not participate in athletic activity for three weeks following symptom onset to reduce the risk of splenic rupture, beginning with light, noncontact exercise. […] Current guidelines advise restricting all athletic activity for three weeks following symptom onset to reduce the risk of splenic rupture. Athletes should feel clinically well and be afebrile before returning to sports. Resumption of athletic activity should be gradual, starting with light, noncontact activity.

• #23 Glandular Fever: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/ears-nose-throat-mouth/sore-throat-2/glandular-fever-infectious-mononucleosis

  Glandular fever is not particularly contagious. It is mainly spread through contact with saliva, eg, kissing, sharing cups, food and drinks, toothbrushes or cutlery. […] To prevent spread, it is important to avoid kissing and close body contact with other people to stop glandular fever spreading. It is also best not to share cups, towels, etc, whilst ill. […] It is therefore advised to avoid alcohol completely during glandular fever.

• #24 Prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases: emerging strategies for clinical development – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30987475/

  Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects more than 95% of the world’s population and is associated with infectious mononucleosis as well as a number of cancers in various geographical locations. […] Despite its significant health burden, no licenced prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines are available. […] In this review, we evaluate the prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine approaches against EBV and various immunotherapeutic strategies against a number of EBV-associated malignancies. […] It is anticipated that these emerging strategies will provide answers for the major challenges in EBV vaccine development and help improve the efficacy of novel therapeutic strategies.

• #25 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Treatment-of-glandular-fever.aspx

  Glandular fever is caused by Epstein Barr virus most commonly. At present there is no cure for glandular fever. […] Simple precautions like avoiding kissing, sharing utensils and drinking containers and good hygiene can prevent spread of the infection at school or college. […] Prevention of spread of infection includes simple precautions like (1-6): Isolation during the initial fever phase – this period is the most infective period, Good hand washing practices, Covering mouth and nose while sneezing or coughing, Adequate disposal of tissue that have been exposed to infected mucus and secretions, Avoidance of kissing infected persons, Avoidance of sharing unwashed utensils, spoons, forks, drinking containers with infected persons, A vaccine against the Epstein-Barr virus is under development.

• #26 Pediatric Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/963894-treatment

  The first EBV vaccine trial in humans used live recombinant vaccinia virus expressing gp350. A monomeric EBV gp350 vaccine in a phase 2 trial was shown to reduce the incidence of infectious mononucleosis, but not the rate of EBV infection; hence, newer formulations of gp350 including multimeric forms, virus-like particles, and nanoparticles may be more effective.

• #27 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/epstein-barr-virus

  No vaccine can protect you against the Epstein-Barr virus, but that might change in the future. The National Institutes of Health has launched a study of a possible vaccine to protect against EBV infection. They should have results by 2026. […] Right now, the best way to avoid the virus is to stay away from anyone who you know is infected, and especially someone who has mono. Try these EBV prevention tips: […] Avoid kissing an infected person. […] Dont share food or drinks with someone who has the virus. […] Don’t share personal items like glasses, silverware, and toothbrushes with someone who’s infected. […] Use protection if you have sex with someone who has the virus. […] Wash your hands after you touch anything that has contacted the saliva of an infected person.

• #28 Australian researchers develop a highly effective new EBV vaccine – MS Australia

  https://www.msaustralia.org.au/news/australian-researchers-develop-a-highly-effective-new-ebv-vaccine/

  There is no medical intervention currently licensed for the prevention or treatment of EBV infection. […] A previous EBV vaccine based on gp350 successfully prevented the development of glandular fever in Phase 2 clinical trials, although it was not able to prevent infection. […] Given that EBV is a major risk factor for developing MS, an effective vaccine that prevents EBV infection in humans may also have an important role in preventing the onset of MS.

• #29 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances – Epstein-Barr virus – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/epstein-barr-virus.html

  No vaccine is currently available to prevent EBV-associated infection and/or disease; however, a glycoprotein gp350-based vaccine is in clinical trials. […] There is currently no known pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis. Nonetheless, the development of a prophylactic vaccine targeting a combination of EBV envelope proteins (gL, gB, and gp350) shows promise for future development.

• #30 Epstein-Barr virus: First details on possible vaccine presented

  https://deutschezentren.de/en/news/epstein-barr-virus-first-details-on-possible-vaccine-presented/

  A whole range of diseases can be caused by the Epstein-Barr virus – EBV for short: various types of cancer are among them, immune diseases, multiple sclerosis or infectious mononucleosis, also known as glandular fever, which is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis. […] The vaccine could be used to prevent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced diseases in the future. […] Based on our very favorable preclinical proof-of-concept data regarding the immunogenicity of the vaccine, we are confident that EBV-001 can effectively prevent the development of infectious mononucleosis and the often associated chronic fatigue syndrome, says Axel Polack, M.D., designated CEO of EBViously. […] As a primary indication, we are targeting the prevention of infectious mononucleosis, also known as kissing disease or glandular fever, and post-infectious fatigue/chronic fatigue (ME/CFS), a common, long-COVID-like protracted disease following infectious mononucleosis, says Prof. Wolfgang Hammerschmidt, designated CSO of EBViously.

• #31 Pediatric Mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Surgical Care

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/963894-treatment

  Use good hand washing techniques with adequate soap and water. […] Do not kiss children on the mouth. […] Maintain clean conditions, especially when young children are present (eg, in daycare), and avoid children sharing the toys. […] Epstein-Barr virus can be transmitted by blood transfusion and by bone marrow transplantation. However, because the organism is so common, no procedures are in place to prevent this. […] An effective vaccine against EBV is currently unavailable. Vaccine development is proceeding, although the role of a vaccine is unclear. […] The high prevalence of EBV infection and the fact that EBV acts as cofactor for development of several epithelial and lymphoid cell malignancies, makes an effective vaccine very desirable even though the feasibility seems difficult now.

• #32 Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious Mononucleosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1001/p1279.html

  Patients with infectious mononucleosis should be withdrawn from contact or collision sports for at least four weeks after the onset of symptoms. […] Athletes should not compete in contact or collision sports for a minimum of three to four weeks after the onset of symptoms. […] The risk of splenic rupture is estimated at 0.1 percent, based on a retrospective series of 8,116 patients. […] Patients should be kept out of athletics for at least three to four weeks and until they are asymptomatic. […] It seems prudent to obtain a rapid strep test in patients with infectious mononucleosis and to treat them with antibiotics only if the strep test result is positive. […] Amoxicillin and ampicillin should not be used because they may cause a morbilliform rash in patients with infectious mononucleosis.

• #33 Mono: Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis

  https://www.healthline.com/health/mononucleosis

  Mono prevention is almost impossible. This is because healthy people who have been infected with EBV in the past can carry and spread the infection periodically for the rest of their lives. […] Almost all adults have been infected with EBV and have built up antibodies to fight the infection. People normally get mono only once in their lives.

• #34 Mono (Infectious Mononucleosis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

  https://www.medicinenet.com/infectious_mononucleosis/article.htm

  Is it possible to prevent mono? […] Since mono is spread from person to person, avoiding close personal contact with infected individuals and practicing excellent hygienic practices can help prevent transmission of the virus. This includes avoiding sharing contaminated utensils like toothbrushes and drinking glasses. […] However, since periodic reactivation of the virus infection seems to occur in healthy individuals and because many infected people who may transmit the virus to others will not have symptoms of the condition, prevention is extremely difficult. […] The fact that up to 95% of adults have antibodies to EBV suggests that prevention of the infection is difficult if not impossible. […] It is not known why some people develop the symptoms of mono while others appear to acquire the EBV infection without having symptoms.

• #35 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infection: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Complications

  https://www.medicinenet.com/epstein-barr_virus_ebv/article.htm

  Is it possible to prevent Epstein-Barr virus? […] There is no vaccine available to prevent EBV infections. Individuals can reduce their risk of infection by not using utensils, toys, or other objects used by infected individuals and by practicing good hand-washing techniques. Avoiding contact with any body fluids, especially saliva, may reduce the chance of infection. Prevention is difficult because EBV is widespread in populations and can be transmitted even when an infected person has no symptoms.

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