Gorączka limfatyczna
Etiologia i przyczyny

Gorączka gruczołowa, wywoływana głównie przez wirusa Epsteina-Barr (EBV), jest chorobą zakaźną o długim okresie inkubacji wynoszącym 4-7 tygodni, z objawami utrzymującymi się przez 2-3 tygodnie. EBV infekuje komórki nabłonkowe gardła i gruczoły ślinowe, a następnie limfocyty B, gdzie replikuje się i pozostaje w stanie latencji przez całe życie. Choroba przenosi się głównie przez kontakt ze śliną, a także drogą kropelkową i przez wspólne używanie naczyń. Około 90% dorosłych na świecie jest nosicielami EBV, jednak objawowa gorączka gruczołowa występuje u 30-50% nastolatków i młodych dorosłych. Diagnostyka opiera się na wykrywaniu przeciwciał heterofilu (test Monospot) oraz specyficznych przeciwciał VCA-IgM i VCA-IgG. W badaniach laboratoryjnych często obserwuje się limfocytozę z obecnością atypowych limfocytów. W leczeniu stosuje się głównie niesteroidowe leki przeciwzapalne, gdyż antybiotyki i przeciwwirusowe acyklowir nie wykazały skuteczności.

Etiologia gorączki gruczołowej

Gorączka gruczołowa, znana również jako mononukleoza zakaźna, jest chorobą zakaźną wywoływaną głównie przez wirus Epsteina-Barr (EBV), który należy do rodziny wirusów herpeswirusów (human herpesvirus 4). Wirus ten jest odpowiedzialny za około 90% przypadków gorączki gruczołowej12. EBV jest powszechnie występującym wirusem – badania epidemiologiczne pokazują, że ponad 90-95% dorosłych na całym świecie zostało zarażonych tym wirusem w pewnym momencie życia34.

Infekcja wirusem Epsteina-Barr

Wirus Epsteina-Barr infekuje komórki wyściełające gardło i gruczoły ślinowe. Następnie zakażenie przenosi się do pobliskich białych krwinek zwanych limfocytami B1. EBV replikuje się głównie w limfocytach B, ale może również namnażać się w komórkach nabłonkowych gardła i przewodu przyusznego2. Wirus rozprzestrzenia się poprzez kontakt z osobą zakażoną, głównie przez ślinę, co dało mu przydomek „choroby pocałunków”34.

Po zakażeniu EBV, wirus pozostaje w organizmie człowieka przez całe życie w stanie uśpienia (latencji)12. Oznacza to, że może się reaktywować i obudzić, jeśli organizm zostanie poddany stresowi lub będzie miał osłabiony układ odpornościowy3. Osoba zakażona może wydzielać wirus w ślinie przez kilka miesięcy po ustąpieniu objawów, a nawet sporadycznie przez wiele lat45.

Drogi zakażenia

Gorączka gruczołowa szerzy się przede wszystkim poprzez:12

  • Bezpośredni kontakt z zakażoną śliną (pocałunki)
  • Narażenie na kaszel i kichanie osoby zakażonej
  • Wspólne używanie sztućców, naczyń, kubków i szklanek
  • Rzadziej: transfuzje krwi lub przeszczepy narządów34

Okres wylęgania choroby (czas między zakażeniem a pojawieniem się objawów) jest stosunkowo długi i wynosi od 4 do 7 tygodni12. Objawy mogą utrzymywać się przez 2-3 tygodnie3.

Inne patogeny wywołujące gorączkę gruczołową

Mimo że EBV jest głównym czynnikiem etiologicznym gorączki gruczołowej, istnieją również inne drobnoustroje mogące wywoływać tę chorobę lub zespół podobny do mononukleozy:12

  • Cytomegalowirus (CMV) – odpowiedzialny za około 10-15% przypadków, zwłaszcza u osób w starszym wieku niż pacjenci z EBV12
  • Toxoplasma gondii – pasożyt odpowiedzialny za mniej niż 1% przypadków3
  • HIV – wczesna infekcja HIV może manifestować się jako gorączka gruczołowa4
  • Wirus różyczki (Rubella)5
  • Wirusy zapalenia wątroby typu A, B lub C6
  • Adenowirusy7
  • Wirus opryszczki (HSV)8

Termin „gorączka gruczołowa” (infectious mononucleosis) jest zazwyczaj używany, gdy zespół jest spowodowany przez EBV, natomiast „zespół mononukleozy” powinien być stosowany, gdy zespół jest wywołany przez inny czynnik etiologiczny1.

Czynniki ryzyka zakażenia EBV

Istnieje kilka czynników, które mogą zwiększać ryzyko rozwoju gorączki gruczołowej po zakażeniu wirusem Epsteina-Barr:

Wiek pacjenta

Wiek, w którym dochodzi do pierwszego kontaktu z EBV, ma istotny wpływ na manifestację kliniczną zakażenia:12

  • U niemowląt i małych dzieci zakażenie EBV zwykle przebiega bezobjawowo lub powoduje bardzo łagodne objawy
  • Około 30-50% nastolatków i młodych dorosłych, którzy zostali narażeni na EBV, rozwija objawową gorączkę gruczołową12
  • Choroba jest zazwyczaj łagodniejsza u dzieci, ale cięższa u dorosłych3

Gorączka gruczołowa najczęściej występuje u osób w wieku 15-24 lat1. Młodzi dorośli mogą być bardziej narażeni na gorączkę gruczołową, ponieważ mogli nie zostać narażeni na wirusa, gdy byli młodsi, a infekcja zwykle wywołuje cięższe objawy u starszych osób2.

Stan układu odpornościowego

Osoby z osłabionym układem odpornościowym są bardziej narażone na rozwój gorączki gruczołowej oraz jej powikłań:12

  • Pacjenci z wrodzonymi niedoborami odporności są bardziej narażeni na zaburzenia limfoproliferacyjne i nowotwory związane z EBV
  • Osoby z nabytymi niedoborami odporności (np. z powodu HIV/AIDS, po przeszczepach narządów, przyjmujące leki immunosupresyjne lub w trakcie leczenia nowotworów) mogą być predysponowane do chorób takich jak włochata leukoplakia jamy ustnej czy chłoniak nieziarniczy
  • U osób z osłabionym układem odpornościowym EBV może również reaktywować się częściej3

Czynniki środowiskowe

Stres może osłabić odporność organizmu, co czyni osobę bardziej podatną na infekcje, w tym zakażenie EBV1. Często obserwuje się również kombinację infekcji i stresu jako czynników wywołujących np. zespół przewlekłego zmęczenia po przebytej gorączce gruczołowej2.

Potencjalne powikłania zakażenia EBV

Infekcja wirusem Epsteina-Barr, choć zwykle samoograniczająca się, może prowadzić do różnych powikłań i jest powiązana z rozwojem chorób przewlekłych i nowotworów:12

Związek z nowotworami

EBV był pierwszym zidentyfikowanym wirusem onkogennym, czyli takim, który może powodować raka1. Szacuje się, że około 200 000 przypadków nowotworów rocznie na całym świecie może być przypisanych zakażeniu EBV2.

Wirus Epsteina-Barr jest statystycznie powiązany i prawdopodobnie odgrywa rolę przyczynową w następujących nowotworach:123

  • Chłoniak Burkitta – EBV jest związany z prawie wszystkimi przypadkami endemicznego chłoniaka Burkitta, ale rzadziej z postaciami sporadycznymi
  • Chłoniak Hodgkina – ekspresja genów EBV w klasycznym chłoniaku Hodgkina przyczynia się do nieprawidłowej sygnalizacji, unikania odpowiedzi immunologicznej i hamowania apoptozy w komórkach nowotworowych
  • Rak nosogardzieli – EBV jest uniwersalnie związany z niezróżnicowanym podtypem raka nosogardzieli, powszechnym w południowych Chinach i innych obszarach o wysokiej częstości występowania
  • Chłoniak rozlany z dużych komórek B (DLBCL) – EBV-pozytywny DLBCL jest uznawany za podtyp w klasyfikacji WHO
  • Nowotwory mięśni gładkich – związane z EBV guzy mięśni gładkich dotyczą głównie pacjentów z obniżoną odpornością
  • Niektóre rodzaje raka żołądka

Związek z chorobami autoimmunologicznymi

EBV jest coraz częściej wiązany z rozwojem chorób autoimmunologicznych:123

  • Stwardnienie rozsiane (SM) – w 2022 r. duże badanie (populacja 10 milionów przez 20 lat) sugerowało EBV jako główną przyczynę stwardnienia rozsianego, z niedawną infekcją EBV powodującą 32-krotny wzrost ryzyka rozwoju SM
  • Toczeń – związek między wirusem Epsteina-Barr a toczniem został wykazany przez wiele grup badawczych
  • Inne zaburzenia autoimmunologiczne związane z EBV: reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów, nieswoiste zapalenie jelit, cukrzyca typu 1, młodzieńcze idiopatyczne zapalenie stawów i celiakia

Naukowcy odkryli, że białko EBNA2 wytwarzane przez wirusa Epsteina-Barr wiąże się z lokalizacjami na ludzkich genach, które są znane jako związane z powyższymi chorobami1.

Inne powikłania

Zakażenie EBV może prowadzić do różnych innych powikłań:123

  • Przewlekłe aktywne zakażenie EBV (CAEBV) – rzadki zespół, który może obejmować gorączkę, śródmiąższowe zapalenie płuc, pancytopenię, zapalenie wątroby lub zapalenie błony naczyniowej oka
  • Zespół limfoproliferacyjny po przeszczepieniu (PTLD) – poważne powikłanie, które występuje po przeszczepieniu narządów i komórek macierzystych krwiotwórczych
  • Zapalenie wątroby – EBV może powodować łagodne zapalenie wątroby, które może prowadzić do żółtaczki
  • Powiększenie śledziony – zwiększa to ryzyko pęknięcia, jeśli zostanie uderzona, dlatego należy unikać sportów kontaktowych przez co najmniej sześć tygodni
  • Zespół Guillaina-Barrego – w literaturze opisano związek między zespołem Guillaina-Barrego a wirusem Epsteina-Barr

EBV był również sugerowany jako jeden z możliwych czynników przyczyniających się do rozwoju zespołu przewlekłego zmęczenia, chociaż wirus nie jest bezpośrednią przyczyną tego zespołu12.

Mechanizm patogenetyczny

Odpowiedź immunologiczna na zakażenie EBV często prowadzi do gorączki (z powodu uwalniania cytokin), limfocytozy (spowodowanej proliferacją komórek B zakażonych EBV w układzie siateczkowo-śródbłonkowym) i zapalenia gardła (z powodu proliferacji tkanki limfatycznej w jamie ustnej i gardle)1.

Po zakażeniu EBV zaczyna atakować komórki błon śluzowych nosa i gardła, gdzie mnoży się w dużych ilościach. Następnie rozprzestrzenia się do białych krwinek, które są ważnymi komórkami układu odpornościowego1.

Po infekcji EBV infekuje krążące komórki B i wywołuje odpowiedź organizmu na obecność wirusa1. Po ustąpieniu ostrego zespołu wirusowego, EBV utrzymuje się w komórkach pamięci B, utrzymując zakażenie latentne. W pewnych przypadkach to zakażenie latentne może prowadzić do niekontrolowanej proliferacji limfocytów B, skutkując nowotworami2.

Zdolność EBV do unikania nadzoru immunologicznego, transformacji komórek gospodarza i potencjalnego integrowania się z genomem stanowi podstawę jego związku z różnymi nowotworami, chorobami autoimmunologicznymi i przewlekłymi schorzeniami, takimi jak zespół przewlekłego zmęczenia1.

Podczas infekcji EBV, organizm powiększa węzły chłonne i śledzionę, aby zwiększyć produkcję komórek odpornościowych, co zwalcza infekcję, ale także powoduje obrzęk i zmęczenie. Ta wewnętrzna walka, choć konieczna, jest główną przyczyną przedłużających się objawów gorączki gruczołowej1.

Diagnoza gorączki gruczołowej

Lekarz może zlecić badanie krwi, aby potwierdzić, że jest to gorączka gruczołowa i wykluczyć inne choroby, takie jak zapalenie migdałków. Badanie wykryje wirusa Epsteina-Barr, który zwykle wywołuje gorączkę gruczołową12.

W ostrej infekcji wytwarzane są przeciwciała heterofilu, które aglutynują erytrocyty owiec. Proces ten stanowi podstawę szybkiego testu aglutynacji lateksowej Monospot. Przeciwciała przeciwko antygenowi kapsydu wirusowego (VCA-IgG i VCA-IgM) są wytwarzane nieco wcześniej niż przeciwciała heterofilu i są bardziej specyficzne dla zakażenia EBV. Przeciwciała VCA-IgG utrzymują się po stadium ostrej infekcji i sygnalizują rozwój odporności1.

Gorączka gruczołowa jest mało prawdopodobna u pacjenta z normalną lub zmniejszoną całkowitą liczbą białych krwinek i limfocytów, ale pacjenci, którzy są badani w ciągu jednego tygodnia od wystąpienia objawów, mają mniejsze prawdopodobieństwo zwiększonej atypowej limfocytozy1.

Leczenie i profilaktyka

Gorączka gruczołowa jest wywoływana przez wirusa, więc antybiotyki nie będą skuteczne12. Leki przeciwwirusowe, takie jak acyklowir, nie wykazały skuteczności w leczeniu gorączki gruczołowej3.

Podstawą leczenia są niesteroidowe leki przeciwzapalne, zwłaszcza ibuprofen1. Nie ma specyficznego leczenia, lekarstwa ani szczepionki na gorączkę gruczołową2.

Jeśli szczepionka przeciwko wirusowi Epsteina-Barr stanie się w przyszłości dostępna, mogłaby zmniejszyć liczbę zakażeń EBV. Mniej osób mogłoby wtedy zachorować na stwardnienie rozsiane, niektóre nowotwory lub gorączkę gruczołową1.

Po przebyciu gorączki gruczołowej, wysoce mało prawdopodobne jest, że zachoruje się ponownie. Dzieje się tak dlatego, że prawie wszyscy rozwijają dożywotnią odporność na gorączkę gruczołową po początkowej infekcji12. Jednak rzadko zdarza się, że kobiety w ciąży mogą zostać ponownie zakażone gorączką gruczołową3.

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1
    https://bpac.org.nz/bt/2012/october/glandular.aspx
    Glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis) is a common, potentially debilitating illness that is most frequently seen in adolescents and young adults. […] Acute Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection causes heterophile antibody positive infectious mononucleosis and accounts for approximately 90% of infectious mononucleosis cases. […] Other important causes of infectious mononucleosis include cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis and acute HIV infection. […] EBV is spread primarily through saliva, which has led to glandular fever being called the kissing disease, although droplet spread and the sharing of food and drink bottles contributes to transmission. […] Epidemiological surveys indicate that more than 90% of adults worldwide are seropositive for EBV. […] Approximately 30 50% of adolescents or young adults exposed to EBV develop symptomatic glandular fever, following an incubation period of 30 50 days.
  • #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-glandular-fever.aspx
    Glandular fever is most commonly caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] EBV infects the cells on the lining inside of the throat and salivary glands. From there the infection passed to near-by white blood cells called B lymphocytes. […] Glandular fever may also be caused by other viral infections. An early HIV infection can manifest as glandular fever. […] Other viruses that may cause glandular fever include Cytomegalovirus and Rubella virus.
  • #1 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) – Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23469-epstein-barr-virus
    Epstein-Barr virus is a common and highly contagious infection. It spreads through bodily fluids, especially saliva (spit). […] Close person-to-person contact causes the highly contagious Epstein-Barr virus. The virus spreads easily through saliva (spit) and other body fluids like blood and semen. The virus can also spread through blood transfusions or organ transplants. […] Once infected with the virus, it lives in your body in a dormant (sleeping) state, which means it can reactivate and wake up if your body triggers it via stress or a weakened immune system. You can experience symptoms again if your body reactivates the virus.
  • #1 Glandular fever | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/glandular-fever/
    Glandular fever is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This virus is found in the saliva of infected people and can be spread through: […] EBV may be found in the saliva of someone who has had glandular fever several months after their symptoms pass. Some people may continue to have the virus in their saliva on and off for years.
  • #1 Infectious mononucleosis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis
    Infectious mononucleosis (IM), also known as glandular fever, is an infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] While usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, also known as human herpesvirus 4, which is a member of the herpesvirus family, a few other viruses and the protozoon Toxoplasma gondii may also cause the disease. […] About 90% of cases of infectious mononucleosis are caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, a member of the Herpesviridae family of DNA viruses. […] About 57% of cases of infectious mononucleosis is caused by human cytomegalovirus (CMV), another type of herpes virus. […] Toxoplasma gondii, a parasitic protozoon, is responsible for less than 1% of the infectious mononucleosis cases. […] Epstein-Barr virus infection is spread via saliva, and has an incubation period of four to seven weeks.
  • #1 Mononucleosis – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470387/
    The cause of mononucleosis is the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV is a type of herpesvirus spread by contact, typically with salivary secretions. The duration of oral shedding is not entirely clear, but high levels of shedding can continue for a median of 6 months after illness onset. Transmission is generally person-to-person, but EBV is not considered a highly contagious disease. […] Besides EBV other causes include: CMV, Adenovirus, Hepatitis A, HIV, Toxoplasma, Rubella.
  • #1 Glandular Fever: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment
    https://patient.info/ears-nose-throat-mouth/sore-throat-2/glandular-fever-infectious-mononucleosis
    Glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis) is a viral infection that most often affects teenagers and young adults. […] Glandular fever is most often caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). In about 1 in 10 people with glandular fever, it is caused by a different virus, such as cytomegalovirus, adenovirus or human herpesvirus 6. […] The virus infects the cells on the lining of the throat. The infection is then passed into the white blood cells before spreading through the lymphatic system.
  • #1 Infectious mononucleosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/123
    Infectious mononucleosis (IM), also known as glandular fever, is a clinical syndrome most commonly caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in 80% to 90% of cases. […] Other causes are much less common. The diagnosis „infectious mononucleosis” is primarily used when the syndrome is caused by EBV; „mononucleosis syndrome” should be used when the syndrome is caused by a non-EBV etiology. […] IM typically manifests in adolescents and young adults as a febrile illness with sore throat and enlarged lymph nodes. Atypical lymphocytosis is usually observed. The disease is generally mild in children, but more severe in adults. […] Glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis)
  • #1 Glandular fever: Symptoms, treatment, causes, and diagnosis
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167390
    Glandular fever usually stems from an infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a highly contagious herpes virus. […] Experts believe that more than 90% of people worldwide have EBV infections. However, it does not always cause symptoms or lead to glandular fever. Cytomegalovirus infection and rubella, known as German measles, can also cause glandular fever, while toxoplasmosis, a parasitic infection, can cause similar symptoms. […] Most EBV infections occur during early childhood. When it happens, the immune system produces antibodies to fight the virus. […] Sometimes, however, the virus becomes active again. This can occasionally cause symptoms, especially in a person with a weakened immune system. However, an EBV infection does not always lead to glandular fever or symptoms. […] A person who contracts the infection as a teenager or young adult is more likely to develop glandular fever. It mainly appears in those ages 15-24 years.
  • #1 Mononucleosis; Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | Banner Health
    https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/infectious-disease/treatment/mono
    Mononucleosis, commonly known as mono or glandular fever, is a viral infection that usually affects teenagers and young adults, especially college students. But anyone can get it. […] The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a common virus in the herpes family, usually causes mono (but other viruses or infections may sometimes cause it). EBV multiplies in the throat and nose and mainly spreads through saliva and close contact. […] Almost everyone gets infected with EBV in childhood or early adulthood. […] But in some cases, especially if your body first comes into contact with EBV as a teenager or young adult or you have a weakened immune system, you may get mono. […] After you’re infected with EBV it stays dormant in your body for the rest of your life. […] You are at higher risk of developing complications if you have a weakened immune system due to HIV/AIDS, organ transplant, immunosuppressive medications, cancer treatment or other causes.
  • #1 What is Glandular Fever?
    https://hola.health/health-info/fevers/what-is-glandular-fever/
    Glandular fever known scientifically as infectious mononucleosis, is primarily triggered by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] The Epstein-Barr virus spreads chiefly through saliva, earning glandular fever its moniker linked to kissing. Yet, it can also traverse via shared utensils, beverages, and personal items like toothbrushesessentially, any conduit for saliva transfer. […] Upon infection with EBV, the virus infiltrates white blood cells, multiplying within them and hindering your immune response. In defence, your body enlarges lymph nodes and the spleen to ramp up the production of immune cells, which fights off the infection but also causes swelling and fatigue. This internal battle, while necessary, is the primary reason behind the prolonged symptoms of glandular fever. […] While stress alone doesn’t cause glandular fever, it can weaken your immune defences, making you more susceptible to infections, including EBV.
  • #1 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-overview
    Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also known as human herpes virus 4, is a widely disseminated double stranded DNA herpesvirus. It is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis („mono” or „glandular fever”). […] The term glandular fever was first used in 1889 by German physicians and was termed Drsenfieber. Infectious mononucleosis was first described by Sprunt and Evans in the Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1920. […] The immune response to EBV infection often results in fever (due to cytokine release), lymphocytosis (caused by EBV-infected B-cell proliferation in the reticuloendothelial system), and pharyngitis (from lymphatic tissue proliferation in the oropharynx). […] EBV’s ability to evade immune surveillance, transform host cells, and potentially integrate into the genome underpins its association with various malignancies, autoimmune conditions, and chronic diseases like chronic fatigue syndrome.
  • #1 Epstein–Barr virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus
    The EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) is one of the nine known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans. […] EBV is the first identified oncogenic virus, or a virus that can cause cancer. […] EBV establishes permanent infection in humans. It causes infectious mononucleosis and is also tightly linked to many malignant diseases (cancers). […] About 200,000 cancer cases globally per year are thought to be attributable to EBV. […] In 2022, a large study (population of 10 million over 20 years) suggested EBV as the leading cause of multiple sclerosis, with a recent EBV infection causing a 32-fold increase in the risk of developing multiple sclerosis. […] Infection with EBV occurs by the oral transfer of saliva and genital secretions. […] When infection occurs during adolescence or young adulthood, it causes infectious mononucleosis 35 to 50% of the time.
  • #1 Infectious Mononucleosis – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/herpesviruses/infectious-mononucleosis
    Infectious mononucleosis is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, human herpesvirus type 4) and is characterized by fatigue, fever, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy. […] EBV is statistically associated with and likely has a causal role in Burkitt lymphoma, certain B-cell tumors in patients who are immunocompromised, certain forms of Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, certain gastric cancers, and multiple sclerosis. […] EBV does not cause chronic fatigue syndrome. However, it rarely causes a syndrome that may include fever, interstitial pneumonitis, pancytopenia, hepatitis, or uveitis (ie, chronic active EBV).
  • #1 Epstein-Barr Virus: What to Know, From Mono to Cancer
    https://www.healthline.com/health/epstein-barr-virus
    EBV infection can increase the risk of developing certain rare cancers. This is because mutations in cells infected with EBV can lead to cancerous changes. […] EBV may also play a role in the development of other health conditions, including autoimmune disorders and schizophrenia. […] EBV has long been thought to be linked to autoimmune disorders, such as lupus. Experts believe that EBV may cause changes in the way some genes are expressed. This altered gene expression could increase your risk of developing an autoimmune disorder. […] Experts arent sure why some people develop CAEBV. But they believe genetic factors or mutations in EBV-infected cells may play a role.
  • #1 Epstein-Barr virus could be cause of multiple autoimmune disorders
    https://www.research.va.gov/currents/0418-Epstein-Barr-virus-could-be-cause-of-multiple-autoimmune-disorders.cfm
    Epstein-Barr virus could be cause of multiple autoimmune disorders. […] Researchers with the Cincinnati VA Medical Center and the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center have found a link between a common virus and multiple autoimmune disorders. […] The researchers were able to show that a protein created by the Epstein-Barr virus binds to locations on human genes that are known to be associated with lupus. […] The team analyzed genomic data with a new computer algorithm they created called RELIshort for Regulatory Element Locus Intersection. […] They found that the protein, EBNA2, has associations with lupus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and celiac disease. […] The study authors have dubbed these seven conditions the „EBNA2 disorders.”
  • #1 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono) Clinical Presentation: History, Causes, Physical Examination
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-clinical
    The primary risk factor for EBV infectious mononucleosis is close contact with an infected individual, as the virus can persist in oropharyngeal secretions for months following clinical resolution. […] Individuals with congenital immunodeficiencies are at increased risk for EBV-induced lymphoproliferative disorders and malignancies. […] Similarly, those with acquired immunodeficiencies, whether due to immunosuppressive therapies (eg, post-transplant patients) or infections like HIV, may be predisposed to conditions such as oral hairy leukoplakia or non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] After the resolution of the acute viral syndrome, EBV persists in memory B cells, maintaining a latent infection. In certain cases, this latent infection can lead to uncontrolled B-lymphocyte proliferation, resulting in malignancies.
  • #1 Glandular fever (mononucleosis) | gesund.bund.de
    https://gesund.bund.de/en/glandular-fever
    Glandular fever is triggered by an infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This virus belongs to the family of herpes viruses. […] Glandular fever is triggered by an infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The virus begins by attacking the cells of the mucous membranes in the nose and throat, and multiplies there in great numbers. Later, it spreads to the white blood cells, which are important cells of the immune system. […] Over 90 percent of people worldwide are carriers of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). However, not everyone who is infected with EBV will develop glandular fever.
  • #1 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infection: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Complications
    https://www.medicinenet.com/epstein-barr_virus_ebv/article.htm
    The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a member of the herpes virus family (human herpesvirus 4). EBV is found worldwide and is a common cause of viral pharyngitis, especially in young adults. EBV is transmitted from person to person and then infects human B cells, which in turn spread the infection throughout the entire reticuloendothelial system (RES, or the liver, spleen, and peripheral lymph nodes). About 50% of the population has antibodies to the virus by age 5; about 12% of susceptible adults (college-age) develop antibodies to the virus, and one-half of those adults develop the disease termed mononucleosis (also termed infectious mononucleosis, mono, glandular fever, and kissing disease), which produces symptoms of lymph node, spleen, and liver swelling, fever, inflamed throat, malaise, and rash.
  • #1 Glandular fever
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/glandular-fever/
    Glandular fever is a viral infection that mostly affects teenagers and young adults. […] Glandular fever is caused by a virus so antibiotics will not work. […] The blood test will test for the Epstein-Barr virus, which usually causes glandular fever.
  • #1 Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious Mononucleosis | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1001/p1279.html
    EBV is a herpes virus that replicates primarily in -lymphocytes but also may replicate in the epithelial cells of the pharynx and parotid duct. The infection is spread primarily by saliva, and the incubation period is four to eight weeks. […] Infectious mononucleosis is a clinical syndrome caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that is particularly common in adolescents and children. Typical features of infectious mononucleosis include fever, pharyngitis, adenopathy, malaise, and an atypical lymphocytosis. […] In an acute infection, heterophile antibodies that agglutinate sheep erythrocytes are produced. This process forms the basis for the Monospot rapid latex agglutination test. Antibodies to viral capsid antigen (i.e., VCA-IgG and VCA-IgM) are produced slightly earlier than the heterophile antibody and are more specific for EBV infection. The VCA-IgG antibody persists past the stage of acute infection and signals the development of immunity.
  • #1
    https://bpac.org.nz/bt/2012/october/glandular.aspx
    Glandular fever is unlikely in a patient with a normal or reduced total white blood cells and lymphocytes, but patients who are tested within one week of symptom onset are less likely to have increased atypical lymphocytosis. […] Acute EBV infection accounts for approximately 90% of infectious mononucleosis. […] Other causes should be considered when a patient, with suspected glandular fever, has an atypical presentation or risk factors for other causes are present.
  • #1 Infectious mononucleosis or glandular fever revisited
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3882845/
    Infectious mononucleosis is also known as kissing disease or Pfeiffers disease. It is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, a type of Herpes virus. […] More than 95% of adults worldwide have been exposed to this virus and may be at risk of reactivation in case of immune depression, advanced HIV infection, treatment of inflammatory diseases with anti-TNF (tumor necrosis factor) or immunosuppressive agents. […] The Epstein-Barr virus is spread via saliva, with an incubation period of 4 to 6 weeks and symptoms lasting for 2 to 3 weeks. […] The mainstay of treatment includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, especially ibuprofen. Antibiotics should not be used, as the etiological agent is a virus, or unless there is a concomitant streptococcal sore throat (in this case a penicillin derivative can be used).
  • #1 Epstein Barr virus (EBV) | MS Trust
    https://mstrust.org.uk/a-z/epstein-barr-virus
    The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common virus that causes glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis), usually in teenagers and young adults. […] If an Epstein-Barr vaccine eventually becomes available, this could reduce EBV infections. Less people may then go on to develop MS, certain cancers or glandular fever.
  • #1 Glandular fever: children & teenagers | Raising Children Network
    https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/a-z-health-reference/glandular-fever
    Glandular fever or infectious mononucleosis is caused by Epstein-Barr virus. […] Epstein-Barr virus spreads from person to person through saliva. […] Epstein-Barr virus is a very common virus. Most adults have been infected. Once youve had glandular fever, its unlikely that youll get it again. […] Theres no specific treatment, cure or vaccine for glandular fever.
  • #2 Infectious mononucleosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/123
    Infectious mononucleosis (IM), also known as glandular fever, is a clinical syndrome most commonly caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in 80% to 90% of cases. […] Other causes are much less common. The diagnosis „infectious mononucleosis” is primarily used when the syndrome is caused by EBV; „mononucleosis syndrome” should be used when the syndrome is caused by a non-EBV etiology. […] IM typically manifests in adolescents and young adults as a febrile illness with sore throat and enlarged lymph nodes. Atypical lymphocytosis is usually observed. The disease is generally mild in children, but more severe in adults. […] Glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis)
  • #2 Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious Mononucleosis | AAFP
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1001/p1279.html
    EBV is a herpes virus that replicates primarily in -lymphocytes but also may replicate in the epithelial cells of the pharynx and parotid duct. The infection is spread primarily by saliva, and the incubation period is four to eight weeks. […] Infectious mononucleosis is a clinical syndrome caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that is particularly common in adolescents and children. Typical features of infectious mononucleosis include fever, pharyngitis, adenopathy, malaise, and an atypical lymphocytosis. […] In an acute infection, heterophile antibodies that agglutinate sheep erythrocytes are produced. This process forms the basis for the Monospot rapid latex agglutination test. Antibodies to viral capsid antigen (i.e., VCA-IgG and VCA-IgM) are produced slightly earlier than the heterophile antibody and are more specific for EBV infection. The VCA-IgG antibody persists past the stage of acute infection and signals the development of immunity.
  • #2 Glandular fever – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect
    https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/glandular-fever
    Glandular fever is a viral infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. […] Glandular fever is usually caused by infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] Most people have been infected with EBV at some time in their lives, even if they have not had symptoms. Once you catch EBV, it is believed that the virus remains in your body for life. […] The virus can be passed from person to person through the saliva by kissing, coughing and sneezing, which spreads the virus in airborne droplets, sharing utensils and drinking containers.
  • #2 Glandular fever | nidirect
    https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/conditions/glandular-fever
    Glandular fever is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] Glandular fever is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] This virus is found in the saliva of infected people and can be spread through: kissing glandular fever is often called the „kissing disease”, exposure to coughs and sneezes, sharing eating and drinking utensils, such as cups, glasses and unwashed cutlery.
  • #2 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infection: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, Complications
    https://www.medicinenet.com/epstein-barr_virus_ebv/article.htm
    The cause of an Epstein-Barr virus infection or mono is the infection of circulating B cells by EBV and the body’s response to the presence of the virus. Risk factors include intimate contact with body secretions (primarily mouth secretions but including other body fluids like those found in the cervix and semen); young age (children, adolescents, and young adults are most often infected); sharing items such as eating utensils, toys, or toothbrushes; rarely, blood transfusions or organ transplants. […] Yes, the Epstein-Barr virus is contagious and easily passed from person to person mainly by mouth secretions. EBV can be spread by sharing contaminated objects like cups, toothbrushes, or eating utensils. […] The incubation period (time period between initial infection and development of symptoms) for EBV is unusually long. It takes about four to seven weeks for symptoms to develop.
  • #2 About Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono) | EBV and Mono | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about/mononucleosis.html
    Infectious mononucleosis is a contagious disease most commonly caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Other viruses can also cause this disease. […] EBV is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis, but other viruses can cause this disease. […] Other infections that can cause infectious mononucleosis include Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Toxoplasmosis, HIV, Rubella, Hepatitis A, B, or C, and Adenovirus.
  • #2 Infectious mononucleosis, Epstein Barr virus, glandular fever
    https://dermnetnz.org/topics/infectious-mononucleosis
    Infectious mononucleosis is a contagious viral infection usually caused by EBV (human herpesvirus-4, HHV4), a gamma-herpesviridae DNA virus. […] Infectious mononucleosis can also be caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) particularly in an older age group than the EBV-related patients.
  • #2 Mono Signs, Causes, & Duration (for Teens) | Nemours KidsHealth
    https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/mononucleosis.html
    Mononucleosis (pronounced: mah-no-noo-klee-OH-sus), or infectious mononucleosis, is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] Most of us are exposed to EBV at some point while we’re growing up. […] Infants and young kids infected with EBV usually have very mild symptoms or none at all.
  • #2 Infectious Mononucleosis | Boston Children’s Hospital
    https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/infectious-mononucleosis
    The most common cause of infectious mononucleosis is the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), but other viruses, such as the cytomegalovirus, can also cause it. […] It’s often spread through contact with infected saliva (such as kissing, sneezing, or sharing a glass). […] Adolescents and young adults who are exposed to the Epstein-Barr virus have a 50 percent chance of developing symptoms.
  • #2 Glandular fever – Causes of glandular fever | Clear Chemist
    https://www.clearchemist.co.uk/az-health/glandular-fever/causes-of-glandular-fever
    Glandular fever is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). EBV is most often spread through the saliva of someone who carries the infection. […] Young adults may be most at risk of glandular fever because they might not have been exposed to the virus when they were younger, and the infection tends to produce more severe symptoms when you’re older. […] Some people can have the virus in their saliva for a few months after recovering from glandular fever, and may continue to have the virus in their saliva on and off for years. […] This is because the virus remains inactive in the body for the rest of your life after you have been exposed to it. For most people, the inactive virus won’t cause any symptoms. […] However, there is a chance of the virus periodically becoming reactivated, which may mean it re-enters the saliva.
  • #2 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono) Clinical Presentation: History, Causes, Physical Examination
    https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/222040-clinical
    The primary risk factor for EBV infectious mononucleosis is close contact with an infected individual, as the virus can persist in oropharyngeal secretions for months following clinical resolution. […] Individuals with congenital immunodeficiencies are at increased risk for EBV-induced lymphoproliferative disorders and malignancies. […] Similarly, those with acquired immunodeficiencies, whether due to immunosuppressive therapies (eg, post-transplant patients) or infections like HIV, may be predisposed to conditions such as oral hairy leukoplakia or non-Hodgkin lymphoma. […] After the resolution of the acute viral syndrome, EBV persists in memory B cells, maintaining a latent infection. In certain cases, this latent infection can lead to uncontrolled B-lymphocyte proliferation, resulting in malignancies.
  • #2 M.E./CFS Causes | North Bristol NHS Trust
    https://www.nbt.nhs.uk/our-services/a-z-services/bristol-me-service/mecfs-causes
    We often see people who have developed M.E./CFS following an infection, such as glandular fever. […] A combination of infection and stress is also common. […] Occasionally, it starts without an obvious trigger.
  • #2 Infectious Mononucleosis – Infectious Diseases – MSD Manual Professional Edition
    https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/herpesviruses/infectious-mononucleosis
    Infectious mononucleosis is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, human herpesvirus type 4) and is characterized by fatigue, fever, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy. […] EBV is statistically associated with and likely has a causal role in Burkitt lymphoma, certain B-cell tumors in patients who are immunocompromised, certain forms of Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, certain gastric cancers, and multiple sclerosis. […] EBV does not cause chronic fatigue syndrome. However, it rarely causes a syndrome that may include fever, interstitial pneumonitis, pancytopenia, hepatitis, or uveitis (ie, chronic active EBV).
  • #2 Epstein–Barr virus – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus
    The EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) is one of the nine known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans. […] EBV is the first identified oncogenic virus, or a virus that can cause cancer. […] EBV establishes permanent infection in humans. It causes infectious mononucleosis and is also tightly linked to many malignant diseases (cancers). […] About 200,000 cancer cases globally per year are thought to be attributable to EBV. […] In 2022, a large study (population of 10 million over 20 years) suggested EBV as the leading cause of multiple sclerosis, with a recent EBV infection causing a 32-fold increase in the risk of developing multiple sclerosis. […] Infection with EBV occurs by the oral transfer of saliva and genital secretions. […] When infection occurs during adolescence or young adulthood, it causes infectious mononucleosis 35 to 50% of the time.
  • #2 Glandular Fever: Causes, Symptoms & Treatments
    https://www.healthwords.ai/explore/condition/immune-and-allergies/immune-health/glandular-fever-846
    Glandular fever is a throat infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, and is also known as infectious mononucleosis. […] Glandular fever is very contagious. Its known as the kissing disease, as its passed on by saliva, so take care around sharing cups and cutlery, and, well, avoid kissing. […] It can cause mild inflammation of your liver (hepatitis), and this may cause a slight yellowing of the skin this will improve within a few weeks. It can cause your spleen to enlarge this puts it at risk of rupturing if its jarred, so avoid contact sports such as rugby or football for at least six weeks.
  • #2 ME/CFS and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) – some facts
    https://www.meresearch.org.uk/me-cfs-and-epstein-barr-virus-ebv-some-facts/
    Many individuals with ME/CFS state that an episode of infectious mononucleosis, i.e. glandular fever, preceded the development of their ME/CFS. […] Infection with EBV is incredibly common with most people (over 90% globally) being infected at some point in their life. […] an even smaller subset will develop chronic illness, including ME/CFS, following EBV infection. […] Whilst EBV is not the only virus that has been linked with ME/CFS, there are several theories as to how EBV could be involved in the disease mechanisms of ME/CFS. […] An EBV infection could lead to chronic immune activation or autoimmune responses contributing to the symptoms associated with ME/CFS. […] In individuals with ME/CFS, EBV may periodically reactivate leading to ongoing symptoms. […] Some individuals may have certain genetic variations related to immune pathways which increase the likelihood of developing ME/CFS following an EBV infection.
  • #2
    https://111.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/g/article/glandularfever
    Glandular fever is a viral infection that mostly affects teenagers and young adults. It gets better without treatment, but it can last for weeks and make you feel very ill. […] Glandular fever is caused by a virus so antibiotics will not work. […] Your GP may order a blood test to confirm it’s glandular fever and to rule out other illnesses, like tonsillitis. This would test for the Epstein-Barr virus which causes glandular fever.
  • #2 Glandular fever
    https://www2.hse.ie/conditions/glandular-fever/
    Glandular fever is an infection caused by a virus known as the Epstein-Barr virus. […] Antibiotics do not work for glandular fever. This is because glandular fever is caused by a virus. Antibiotics do not work on viruses.
  • #2 Glandular fever: children & teenagers | Raising Children Network
    https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/a-z-health-reference/glandular-fever
    Glandular fever or infectious mononucleosis is caused by Epstein-Barr virus. […] Epstein-Barr virus spreads from person to person through saliva. […] Epstein-Barr virus is a very common virus. Most adults have been infected. Once youve had glandular fever, its unlikely that youll get it again. […] Theres no specific treatment, cure or vaccine for glandular fever.
  • #2 Mono Spot – D2 Medical
    https://d2medical.ie/services/mono-spot/
    Most cases of glandular fever are caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one of the most common viruses to affect humans. […] However, if a person develops an EBV infection during early adulthood, they can develop the symptoms of glandular fever. […] Glandular fever is spread through saliva. […] Someone with glandular fever is contagious for at least two months after initially being infected with EBV. […] Once you have had glandular fever, it is highly unlikely that you will develop a second bout of the infection. This is because almost everyone develops a life-long immunity to glandular fever after the initial infection.
  • #3
    https://bpac.org.nz/bt/2012/october/glandular.aspx
    Glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis) is a common, potentially debilitating illness that is most frequently seen in adolescents and young adults. […] Acute Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection causes heterophile antibody positive infectious mononucleosis and accounts for approximately 90% of infectious mononucleosis cases. […] Other important causes of infectious mononucleosis include cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis and acute HIV infection. […] EBV is spread primarily through saliva, which has led to glandular fever being called the kissing disease, although droplet spread and the sharing of food and drink bottles contributes to transmission. […] Epidemiological surveys indicate that more than 90% of adults worldwide are seropositive for EBV. […] Approximately 30 50% of adolescents or young adults exposed to EBV develop symptomatic glandular fever, following an incubation period of 30 50 days.
  • #3 Glandular fever
    https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/glandular-fever/
    Glandular fever is a viral infection that mostly affects teenagers and young adults. […] Glandular fever is caused by a virus so antibiotics will not work. […] The blood test will test for the Epstein-Barr virus, which usually causes glandular fever.
  • #3 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) – Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23469-epstein-barr-virus
    Epstein-Barr virus is a common and highly contagious infection. It spreads through bodily fluids, especially saliva (spit). […] Close person-to-person contact causes the highly contagious Epstein-Barr virus. The virus spreads easily through saliva (spit) and other body fluids like blood and semen. The virus can also spread through blood transfusions or organ transplants. […] Once infected with the virus, it lives in your body in a dormant (sleeping) state, which means it can reactivate and wake up if your body triggers it via stress or a weakened immune system. You can experience symptoms again if your body reactivates the virus.
  • #3 Infectious mononucleosis or glandular fever revisited
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3882845/
    Infectious mononucleosis is also known as kissing disease or Pfeiffers disease. It is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, a type of Herpes virus. […] More than 95% of adults worldwide have been exposed to this virus and may be at risk of reactivation in case of immune depression, advanced HIV infection, treatment of inflammatory diseases with anti-TNF (tumor necrosis factor) or immunosuppressive agents. […] The Epstein-Barr virus is spread via saliva, with an incubation period of 4 to 6 weeks and symptoms lasting for 2 to 3 weeks. […] The mainstay of treatment includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, especially ibuprofen. Antibiotics should not be used, as the etiological agent is a virus, or unless there is a concomitant streptococcal sore throat (in this case a penicillin derivative can be used).
  • #3 Infectious mononucleosis – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosis
    Infectious mononucleosis (IM), also known as glandular fever, is an infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] While usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, also known as human herpesvirus 4, which is a member of the herpesvirus family, a few other viruses and the protozoon Toxoplasma gondii may also cause the disease. […] About 90% of cases of infectious mononucleosis are caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, a member of the Herpesviridae family of DNA viruses. […] About 57% of cases of infectious mononucleosis is caused by human cytomegalovirus (CMV), another type of herpes virus. […] Toxoplasma gondii, a parasitic protozoon, is responsible for less than 1% of the infectious mononucleosis cases. […] Epstein-Barr virus infection is spread via saliva, and has an incubation period of four to seven weeks.
  • #3 Infectious mononucleosis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/123
    Infectious mononucleosis (IM), also known as glandular fever, is a clinical syndrome most commonly caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in 80% to 90% of cases. […] Other causes are much less common. The diagnosis „infectious mononucleosis” is primarily used when the syndrome is caused by EBV; „mononucleosis syndrome” should be used when the syndrome is caused by a non-EBV etiology. […] IM typically manifests in adolescents and young adults as a febrile illness with sore throat and enlarged lymph nodes. Atypical lymphocytosis is usually observed. The disease is generally mild in children, but more severe in adults. […] Glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis)
  • #3 Mononucleosis (Kissing Disease): Symptoms, Causes, & Treatment
    https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-mononucleosis-causes
    Because the virus that causes mono can be spread through all types of body fluids, it can be a sexually transmitted disease (STD). But it’s most often spread by saliva. […] Once you have EBV, the virus stays in your body for life. It can sometimes reactivate and you can spread the virus to others. But you most likely won’t have mono symptoms again. But if you get mono that’s caused by a different virus or if you have a weakened immune system, symptoms may come back.
  • #3 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Symptoms and Treatments | Ada
    https://ada.com/conditions/epstein-barr-virus/
    The Epstein-Barr virus is a common virus that infects only humans. It can cause a condition known as infectious mononucleosis, mono or glandular fever. […] The Epstein-Barr virus is extremely contagious, and new infections are especially common in populations of high-school and college-age adults. It is spread by contact with infectious bodily fluids, especially saliva, and is therefore sometimes known as the kissing disease. […] Most cases of EBV infection are asymptomatic and therefore, do not require treatment. Treatment for infectious mononucleosis centers around relieving the symptoms. Medications such as aciclovir have not been shown to be effective against glandular fever. […] Epstein-Barr virus is thought to be related to several types of cancer: Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, some kinds of stomach cancer, and some kinds of nasopharyngeal cancer.
  • #3 Epstein-Barr virus could be cause of multiple autoimmune disorders
    https://www.research.va.gov/currents/0418-Epstein-Barr-virus-could-be-cause-of-multiple-autoimmune-disorders.cfm
    Epstein-Barr virus could be cause of multiple autoimmune disorders. […] Researchers with the Cincinnati VA Medical Center and the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center have found a link between a common virus and multiple autoimmune disorders. […] The researchers were able to show that a protein created by the Epstein-Barr virus binds to locations on human genes that are known to be associated with lupus. […] The team analyzed genomic data with a new computer algorithm they created called RELIshort for Regulatory Element Locus Intersection. […] They found that the protein, EBNA2, has associations with lupus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and celiac disease. […] The study authors have dubbed these seven conditions the „EBNA2 disorders.”
  • #3 Glandular Fever – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMePaediatrics
    https://teachmepaediatrics.com/ent/throat/glandular-fever/
    Glandular fever is a colloquial term used to describe infectious mononucleosis (IM). IM is caused by Epstein-Barr virus and presents as a sore throat with associated fever and lymphadenopathy. […] IM-like disease can also be caused by other viruses such as Cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] The most common transmission route is exchange of saliva by kissing and the incubation period is around six weeks. The virus is also spread by blood transfusion, and stem cell and solid organ transplant, although this is a rare route of transmission. […] Epstein-Barr virus has shown to be associated with the development of a number of different lymphomas (Burkitts, Hodgkins, T Cell) as well as nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] There is an association between Guillain-Barr syndrome and Epstein-Barr Virus described in the literature. […] Splenic rupture is a risk in infectious mononucleosis. This complication usually occurs within 14 days, but can occur up to 8 weeks after presentation.
  • #3 Glandular fever fact sheet | Emergency Care Institute
    https://aci.health.nsw.gov.au/networks/eci/clinical/ed-factsheets/glandular-fever
    Glandular fever is also known as infectious mononucleosis. It is a viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. […] It can take up to six weeks for symptoms to show, after being infected with the virus. […] It is rare to have more than one episode of glandular fever; however, it is possible for pregnant women to become re-infected with glandular fever.
  • #4 Glandular fever – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health
    https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/glandular+fever/glandular+fever+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention
    Glandular fever is an infection caused by the Epstein Barr virus (EBV). It is also called Infectious Mononucleosis and sometimes the kissing disease. […] By adulthood, 90 to 95% of people have been infected with EBV. […] Glandular fever is spread from person-to-person through contact with saliva. […] The virus is shed in the saliva for up to a year after illness and every so often after that. […] Fact sheet: Glandular fever – caused by the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) – spread from person-to-person by saliva and stays for life usually with no further illness.
  • #4 Glandular fever | NHS inform
    https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/glandular-fever/
    Glandular fever is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This virus is found in the saliva of infected people and can be spread through: […] EBV may be found in the saliva of someone who has had glandular fever several months after their symptoms pass. Some people may continue to have the virus in their saliva on and off for years.
  • #4 Glandular Fever – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMePaediatrics
    https://teachmepaediatrics.com/ent/throat/glandular-fever/
    Glandular fever is a colloquial term used to describe infectious mononucleosis (IM). IM is caused by Epstein-Barr virus and presents as a sore throat with associated fever and lymphadenopathy. […] IM-like disease can also be caused by other viruses such as Cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] The most common transmission route is exchange of saliva by kissing and the incubation period is around six weeks. The virus is also spread by blood transfusion, and stem cell and solid organ transplant, although this is a rare route of transmission. […] Epstein-Barr virus has shown to be associated with the development of a number of different lymphomas (Burkitts, Hodgkins, T Cell) as well as nasopharyngeal carcinoma. […] There is an association between Guillain-Barr syndrome and Epstein-Barr Virus described in the literature. […] Splenic rupture is a risk in infectious mononucleosis. This complication usually occurs within 14 days, but can occur up to 8 weeks after presentation.
  • #4 Azthena logo with the word Azthena
    https://www.news-medical.net/health/Causes-of-glandular-fever.aspx
    Glandular fever is most commonly caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] EBV infects the cells on the lining inside of the throat and salivary glands. From there the infection passed to near-by white blood cells called B lymphocytes. […] Glandular fever may also be caused by other viral infections. An early HIV infection can manifest as glandular fever. […] Other viruses that may cause glandular fever include Cytomegalovirus and Rubella virus.
  • #5 Glandular fever – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health
    https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/glandular+fever/glandular+fever+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention
    Glandular fever is an infection caused by the Epstein Barr virus (EBV). It is also called Infectious Mononucleosis and sometimes the kissing disease. […] By adulthood, 90 to 95% of people have been infected with EBV. […] Glandular fever is spread from person-to-person through contact with saliva. […] The virus is shed in the saliva for up to a year after illness and every so often after that. […] Fact sheet: Glandular fever – caused by the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) – spread from person-to-person by saliva and stays for life usually with no further illness.
  • #5 Glandular fever: Symptoms, treatment, causes, and diagnosis
    https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167390
    Glandular fever usually stems from an infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a highly contagious herpes virus. […] Experts believe that more than 90% of people worldwide have EBV infections. However, it does not always cause symptoms or lead to glandular fever. Cytomegalovirus infection and rubella, known as German measles, can also cause glandular fever, while toxoplasmosis, a parasitic infection, can cause similar symptoms. […] Most EBV infections occur during early childhood. When it happens, the immune system produces antibodies to fight the virus. […] Sometimes, however, the virus becomes active again. This can occasionally cause symptoms, especially in a person with a weakened immune system. However, an EBV infection does not always lead to glandular fever or symptoms. […] A person who contracts the infection as a teenager or young adult is more likely to develop glandular fever. It mainly appears in those ages 15-24 years.
  • #6 Mononucleosis (Mono or the Kissing Disease)
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13974-mononucleosis
    Mononucleosis, or infectious mononucleosis (mono), is a very contagious viral infection that most commonly affects teenagers and young adults, but it can affect children, as well. Viruses most often Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and certain infections cause the illness. […] The Epstein-Barr virus causes over 90% of infectious mononucleosis cases. Other viruses and certain infections may also bring on the illness. […] The symptoms can develop because of: Adenovirus. Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Herpes simplex virus (HSV). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Rubella. Toxoplasmosis.
  • #7 Mononucleosis (Mono or the Kissing Disease)
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13974-mononucleosis
    Mononucleosis, or infectious mononucleosis (mono), is a very contagious viral infection that most commonly affects teenagers and young adults, but it can affect children, as well. Viruses most often Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and certain infections cause the illness. […] The Epstein-Barr virus causes over 90% of infectious mononucleosis cases. Other viruses and certain infections may also bring on the illness. […] The symptoms can develop because of: Adenovirus. Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Herpes simplex virus (HSV). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Rubella. Toxoplasmosis.
  • #8 Mononucleosis (Mono or the Kissing Disease)
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13974-mononucleosis
    Mononucleosis, or infectious mononucleosis (mono), is a very contagious viral infection that most commonly affects teenagers and young adults, but it can affect children, as well. Viruses most often Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and certain infections cause the illness. […] The Epstein-Barr virus causes over 90% of infectious mononucleosis cases. Other viruses and certain infections may also bring on the illness. […] The symptoms can develop because of: Adenovirus. Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Herpes simplex virus (HSV). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Rubella. Toxoplasmosis.