Gorączka limfatyczna – Epidemiologia

Gorączka limfatyczna
Epidemiologia

Mononukleoza zakaźna, wywoływana głównie przez wirusa Epsteina-Barr (EBV), jest szeroko rozpowszechnioną infekcją, z seroprewalencją sięgającą 90-95% w populacji dorosłych. Epidemiologia EBV wykazuje znaczne zróżnicowanie geograficzne i demograficzne: w krajach rozwijających się pierwotne zakażenie następuje we wczesnym dzieciństwie i jest często bezobjawowe, natomiast w krajach rozwiniętych zakażenia pojawiają się głównie w okresie dojrzewania i wczesnej dorosłości, co zwiększa ryzyko klinicznej manifestacji mononukleozy. Roczna zapadalność na mononukleozę wynosi około 5/1000 osób, wzrastając do 6-8/1000 w grupie wiekowej 10-19 lat, a w populacjach zamkniętych, takich jak studenci czy personel wojskowy, może sięgać nawet 48/1000. Diagnostyka opiera się na wykrywaniu przeciwciał heterofilnych, antygenów EBV (EBNA1, VCA, EA) oraz DNA wirusa, z proponowaną wartością odcięcia DNA EBV na poziomie 10 000 IU/ml dla przewlekłej aktywnej choroby EBV. Zakażenie EBV wiąże się z ryzykiem powikłań neurologicznych, powiększenia śledziony, a także rozwojem nowotworów, takich jak chłoniak Burkitta, chłoniak Hodgkina czy rak nosogardła.

Epidemiologia glandular fever

Glandular fever (mononukleoza zakaźna) to choroba wywoływana głównie przez wirusa Epsteina-Barr (EBV), który należy do rodziny herpeswirusów. Szacuje się, że około 90-95% światowej populacji dorosłych jest zakażona tym wirusem, co czyni go jednym z najbardziej rozpowszechnionych czynników infekcyjnych na świecie¹²³. Choroba ta jest szczególnie istotna w kontekście zdrowia publicznego ze względu na jej szerokie rozpowszechnienie oraz potencjalne długotrwałe następstwa.

Epidemiologia globalna

Częstość występowania przeciwciał przeciwko EBV wykazuje znaczne różnice geograficzne. W krajach wysoko rozwiniętych obserwuje się niższy odsetek seropozytywności niż w krajach rozwijających się⁴. W krajach o niskim statusie socjoekonomicznym pierwotne zakażenie EBV występuje głównie we wczesnym dzieciństwie i jest często bezobjawowe⁵. W Argentynie na przykład, zakażenie EBV jest głównie subkliniczne, a 90% pacjentów jest seropozytywnych już w wieku 3 lat⁶. W Północnych Chinach seroprewalencja przeciwciał anty-EBV u dzieci może osiągać ponad 80%⁷.

W krajach rozwiniętych wzorzec zakażenia jest odmienny – pierwotna infekcja EBV następuje często w okresie dorastania i wczesnej dorosłości, co prowadzi do większej częstości występowania objawowej postaci choroby określanej jako mononukleoza zakaźna⁸⁹. W tych regionach zakażenie EBV ma charakter dwufazowy – pierwszy szczyt występuje przed 5 rokiem życia, a drugi w okresie dojrzewania, co zbiega się ze zwiększoną częstością bliskich kontaktów doustnych¹⁰.

Rozkład zachorowań według wieku

Mononukleoza zakaźna występuje najczęściej u nastolatków i młodych dorosłych w wieku 15-24 lat¹¹¹². Jest to związane z faktem, że zakażenie EBV w tej grupie wiekowej częściej prowadzi do objawów klinicznych niż u dzieci. Szczyt zachorowań przypada na wiek 15-19 lat, przy czym u dziewcząt najczęściej występuje między 14-16 rokiem życia, a u chłopców między 16-18 rokiem życia¹³. Z danych epidemiologicznych wynika, że około 25% młodych dorosłych z zakażeniem EBV rozwija objawy mononukleozy zakaźnej¹⁴¹⁵.

Badania przeprowadzone w Stanach Zjednoczonych wykazały, że seroprewalencja EBV u dzieci i młodzieży w wieku 6-19 lat wynosi około 66,5%¹⁶¹⁷. Zauważono jednak trend wskazujący na późniejsze występowanie pierwotnego zakażenia EBV u dzieci mieszkających w krajach rozwiniętych. W jednym z badań przeprowadzonych na dużym uniwersytecie publicznym w USA stwierdzono, że seroprewalencja przeciwciał EBV wśród przyjętych studentów pierwszego roku spadła z 64% w 2006 roku do 52% w 2022 roku¹⁸.

Wskaźniki zapadalności

Roczna zapadalność na mononukleozę zakaźną wynosi około 5 przypadków na 1000 osób¹⁹²⁰. W grupie wiekowej 10-19 lat wskaźnik ten wzrasta do 6-8 przypadków na 1000 osób rocznie, podczas gdy po 30 roku życia spada do 1 przypadku na 1000 osób rocznie²¹. Warto zaznaczyć, że dane te prawdopodobnie niedoszacowują rzeczywistą częstość występowania choroby, ponieważ wiele przypadków przebiega w sposób subkliniczny lub nie jest zgłaszanych lekarzom²².

W populacjach o dużej liczbie młodych dorosłych, takich jak studenci uniwersytetów czy personel wojskowy, roczna zapadalność na mononukleozę zakaźną jest znacznie wyższa i wynosi od 11 do 48 przypadków na 1000 osób²³²⁴. W badaniu przeprowadzonym wśród aktywnych członków sił zbrojnych USA w latach 2002-2018 stwierdzono ogólny wskaźnik zapadalności na poziomie 104,2 przypadków na 100 000 osobolat²⁵.

W Szwajcarii co roku na mononukleozę zakaźną zapada około 44 000-70 000 osób²⁶. W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Wielkiej Brytanii zaobserwowano wzrost liczby przypadków mononukleozy zakaźnej wymagających hospitalizacji²⁷²⁸.

Czynniki demograficzne

Różnice związane z płcią

W większości badań nie stwierdzono istotnych różnic w częstości występowania mononukleozy zakaźnej między płciami²⁹³⁰. Jednakże w niektórych populacjach zauważono, że kobiety mogą wykazywać wyższy wskaźnik seropozytywności EBV niż mężczyźni³¹. Badanie przeprowadzone w Wielkiej Brytanii wykazało, że płeć męska wiąże się z nieco niższym ryzykiem seropozytywności EBV w okresie dojrzewania (10-15 lat), co odpowiada dysproporcji płci wśród przypadków mononukleozy zakaźnej kodowanych w szpitalach³².

Różnice etniczne

Obserwuje się znaczące różnice w występowaniu mononukleozy zakaźnej między grupami etnicznymi. W Stanach Zjednoczonych klinicznie jawne zakażenie jest 30 razy częstsze u osób rasy białej niż u osób rasy czarnej, mimo że dowody na zakażenie EBV są takie same w obu grupach³³. Uważa się, że osoby rasy czarnej są bardziej narażone na zakażenie EBV w młodszym wieku, kiedy zakażenie bezobjawowe jest częstsze³⁴.

Wskaźnik zapadalności na mononukleozę zakaźną jest znacznie wyższy wśród osób rasy białej nie-Latynosów (123,4 na 100 000 osobolat) w porównaniu z innymi grupami rasowymi/etnicznymi³⁵. Z drugiej strony, dzieci i młodzież identyfikujące się jako Meksykanie-Amerykanie miały wyższą częstość występowania zakażeń wirusem Epsteina-Barr niż nie-Latynoscy Czarni i Biali³⁶.

Czynniki socjoekonomiczne

Status socjoekonomiczny ma istotny wpływ na epidemiologię zakażeń EBV. W Stanach Zjednoczonych istnieją znaczące różnice w seroprewalencji w zależności od dochodów rodziny – dzieci z najniższego kwartyla dochodowego mają 81,0% seroprewalencji w porównaniu z 53,9% w najwyższym kwartylu dochodowym³⁷. Wyższa częstość występowania zakażeń wirusem Epsteina-Barr występuje u dzieci i młodzieży z większych gospodarstw domowych, niższymi dochodami, niższym wykształceniem rodziców oraz urodzonych poza USA³⁸.

W Wielkiej Brytanii wykazano, że ekspozycje związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem mononukleozy obejmują białą rasę, normalną/niską masę ciała, niższy poziom deprywacji oraz nigdy niepalenie tytoniu³⁹⁴⁰. Jest to zgodne z międzynarodowymi danymi sugerującymi, że późniejsze zakażenie EBV zwiększa ryzyko mononukleozy zakaźnej⁴¹.

Drogi zakażenia i czynniki ryzyka

Wirus Epsteina-Barr przenosi się głównie przez kontakt z wydzielinami jamy ustnej i gardła, zwłaszcza śliną, stąd mononukleoza zakaźna jest czasami nazywana „chorobą pocałunków”⁴²⁴³. Małe dzieci mogą zostać zakażone śliną na rękach opiekunów lub na zabawkach⁴⁴. Centrum Kontroli Chorób i Prewencji (CDC) zauważa, że wirus może również rozprzestrzeniać się przez kontakt z nasieniem lub krwią oraz poprzez przeszczep narządów, jednak rygorystyczne testowanie krwi i narządów do przeszczepu powoduje, że ryzyko zachorowania na mononukleozę zakaźną tymi drogami jest bardzo niskie⁴⁵.

Okres zakaźności jest wydłużony. Wydzielanie wirusa z gardła może utrzymywać się przez rok lub dłużej po zakażeniu. Około 20% lub więcej osób dorosłych z dodatnimi przeciwciałami EBV to długoterminowi nosiciele gardłowi⁴⁶. Osoba zakaźna może być zakaźna do 7 tygodni przed wystąpieniem objawów i może pozostać zakaźna przez kilka miesięcy po chorobie⁴⁷.

Czynniki ryzyka zakażenia EBV obejmują:

Młody wiek, szczególnie nastolatki i młodzi dorośli⁴⁸
Przebywanie w zatłoczonych, zamkniętych przestrzeniach, takich jak akademiki czy koszary wojskowe⁴⁹
Bliski kontakt z osobami zakażonymi, szczególnie poprzez pocałunki⁵⁰
Niski status socjoekonomiczny i złe warunki sanitarne⁵¹
Zwiększona liczba partnerów seksualnych (dane sugerują, że EBV może być przenoszony podczas stosunku płciowego)⁵²

Interesujące jest to, że ryzyko rozwoju mononukleozy zakaźnej u dziecka jest znacznie zwiększone, gdy rodzeństwo doświadczyło tej choroby w przeszłości, choć przyczyna tego zjawiska nie jest jasna⁵³.

Nadzór epidemiologiczny i diagnostyka

Nadzór nad zakażeniami EBV jest istotny z kilku powodów. Po pierwsze, mononukleoza zakaźna może prowadzić do poważnych powikłań, takich jak przewlekły zespół zmęczenia, zapalenie opon mózgowo-rdzeniowych i mózgu, pęknięcie śledziony czy skrajne powiększenie migdałków⁵⁴. Po drugie, zakażenie EBV jest powiązane z różnymi chorobami nowotworowymi, takimi jak chłoniak Burkitta, chłoniak Hodgkina, rak nosogardła czy rak żołądka⁵⁵.

Diagnostyka zakażeń EBV i mononukleozy zakaźnej opiera się na badaniach laboratoryjnych⁵⁶. Badania te obejmują:

Bezpośrednie wykrywanie antygenu wirusowego poprzez barwienie w kierunku antygenu jądrowego 1 wirusa Epsteina-Barr (EBNA1) przy użyciu immunofluorescencji anty-dopełniaczowej⁵⁷
Identyfikacja RNA lub DNA wirusa za pomocą hybrydyzacji in situ, hybrydyzacji dot-blot, testów amplifikacji kwasu nukleinowego (NAAT) i southern blotting⁵⁸
Testy na przeciwciała heterofilne w mononukleozie, przeciwciała przeciwko antygenowi kapsydu wirusa (VCA) lub przeciwciała anty-EBNA1⁵⁹

Zaproponowano wartość odcięcia dla DNA EBV wynoszącą 10 000 IU/ml w pełnej krwi jako diagnostyczną wartość odcięcia dla przewlekłej aktywnej choroby EBV⁶⁰.

W niektórych populacjach, takich jak biorcy przeszczepów, stosuje się nadzór nad EBV DNA-emią, ze zmniejszeniem immunosupresji przy określonych progach obciążenia wirusowego (VL), jako powszechną praktykę łagodzenia progresji od EBV DNA-emii do potransplantacyjnego zaburzenia limfoproliferacyjnego (PTLD)⁶¹. Jednak użyteczność nadzoru EBV u dorosłych biorców przeszczepów płuc seropozytywnych dla EBV jest nieznana, a badania sugerują, że nadzór EBV nie identyfikował dokładnie biorców przeszczepów płuc seropozytywnych dla EBV zagrożonych progresją do PTLD⁶².

Globalne obciążenie i powikłania

Zakażenie EBV stanowi znaczące obciążenie dla zdrowia publicznego na całym świecie. Łączna globalna zapadalność na przypisywane EBV chłoniaka Burkitta (BL), chłoniaka Hodgkina (HL), raka nosogardła (NPC) i raka żołądka (GC) w 2017 roku była szacowana na 265 000 przypadków, w tym 164 000 zgonów, co stanowi 36% wzrost zapadalności i 19% wzrost śmiertelności od 1990 roku⁶³.

Endemiczny BL występuje często u małych dzieci w równikowych regionach Afryki i Papui Nowej Gwinei i ma zapadalność 50-100 przypadków na 1 000 000 osób. W przeciwieństwie do tego, sporadyczny chłoniak związany z EBV występuje u dzieci i młodych dorosłych i nie ma specyficznego rozmieszczenia geograficznego, z zapadalnością 2-3 przypadków na 1 000 000 osób⁶⁴.

NPC jest najczęstszy w południowych Chinach i stanowi około 20% wszystkich nowotworów u dorosłych. NPC jest niezwykle rzadki w Europie i Ameryce Północnej, z zapadalność 1 na 100 000 osób⁶⁵.

Ponadto zakażenie EBV zostało powiązane z chorobami autoimmunologicznymi, takimi jak stwardnienie rozsiane⁶⁶. Badania sugerują również, że hospitalizacja z powodu mononukleozy zakaźnej zwiększa ryzyko rozwoju choroby zapalnej jelit (IBD) później w życiu o 35% (22-49%), a szczególnie podtypu IBD, choroby Crohna, dla której istnieje 56% (34-83%) zwiększone ryzyko po mononukleozie zakaźnej⁶⁷.

Badania wskazują również, że od 7% do 13% zdrowych osób, które zarażają się mononukleozą zakaźną, rozwinie przewlekły zespół zmęczenia (CFS)⁶⁸. W 2019 roku Katz i wsp. stwierdzili, że ciężkość mononukleozy przewidywała ryzyko CFS sześć miesięcy po zakażeniu⁶⁹.

W wojsku USA mononukleoza zakaźna może potencjalnie zmniejszyć gotowość operacyjną wojska, przyczyniając się do utraty lub ograniczenia czasu służby. Jeśli każdy pacjent z rozpoznaniem mononukleozy zakaźnej nie jest w stanie wykonywać swoich obowiązków przez 2 tygodnie po zakażeniu, w przeciętnym roku przypadki mononukleozy zakaźnej mogą prowadzić do szacowanej utraty 2 797 tygodni czasu służby rocznie⁷⁰.

Profilaktyka i kontrola

Obecnie nie ma dostępnej szczepionki chroniącej przed zakażeniem EBV⁷¹⁷². Profilaktyka opiera się na podstawowej higienie i unikaniu dzielenia się przedmiotami, które mogą być pokryte śliną⁷³.

Zaleca się następujące środki zapobiegawcze:

Uczenie dzieci, aby nie dzieliły się łyżkami, widelcami, kubkami, puszkami z napojami czy butelkami z wodą sportową⁷⁴
Unikanie przez dorosłych dzielenia się przedmiotami osobistymi, takimi jak szklanki, papierosy, szminka czy inne przedmioty, które mogą być pokryte śliną⁷⁵
Unikanie bliskiego kontaktu z osobami zakażonymi, szczególnie wymiany śliny⁷⁶

Izolacja osób zakażonych nie jest konieczna, ale powinny one być poinformowane o tym, jak zapobiegać rozprzestrzenianiu się wirusa⁷⁷⁷⁸. W okresie po zakażeniu zaleca się unikanie sportów kontaktowych ze względu na ryzyko urazu śledziony spowodowane stanem zapalnym i obrzękiem⁷⁹.

Zrozumienie czasowych trendów i determinantów statusu EBV jest niezbędne dla racjonalnego projektowania szczepionek i ich wdrażania w przyszłości⁸⁰⁸¹.

Systemy nadzoru nad glandular fever

Skuteczny nadzór epidemiologiczny nad zakażeniami wirusem Epsteina-Barr (EBV) i przypadkami mononukleozy zakaźnej jest kluczowy dla zrozumienia dynamiki choroby, identyfikacji grup wysokiego ryzyka oraz planowania interwencji zdrowia publicznego⁸². Systemy nadzoru różnią się w zależności od kraju i regionu, co wpływa na dokładność i porównywalność danych epidemiologicznych.

Systemy zgłaszania przypadków

W większości krajów mononukleoza zakaźna nie jest chorobą podlegającą obowiązkowemu zgłaszaniu. Na przykład, w Nowej Południowej Walii (Australia) mononukleoza zakaźna nie jest zgłaszana, a przypadki nie są wykluczane z przedszkoli, szkół czy miejsc pracy⁸³. Brak obowiązkowego zgłaszania może prowadzić do niedoszacowania rzeczywistej częstości występowania choroby.

W niektórych krajach prowadzone są specjalne badania epidemiologiczne w celu monitorowania trendów w zakażeniach EBV. Na przykład w Stanach Zjednoczonych przeprowadzono kompleksowe badania wśród czynnych członków służby wojskowej w latach 2002-2018, które dostarczyły cennych informacji na temat częstości występowania, trendów i korelacji demograficznych mononukleozy zakaźnej⁸⁴.

Kryteria diagnostyczne w nadzorze

Dla celów nadzoru epidemiologicznego stosowane są różne metody diagnostyczne. Badania serologiczne są najczęściej używane do określenia seroprewalencji EBV w populacji. Obejmują one testy na obecność przeciwciał przeciwko różnym antygenom EBV, takim jak antygenowi kapsydu wirusa (VCA), antygenowi wczesnemu (EA) i antygenowi jądrowemu Epsteina-Barr (EBNA)⁸⁵.

W badaniu przeprowadzonym w Chongqing w Chinach wśród 13 584 pacjentów hospitalizowanych, ogólne wskaźniki seropozytywności dla EBNA-1-IgG, EBV-VCA-IgM, EBV-EA-IgG, EBV-EA-IgA, EBV-VCA-IgA i EBV-DNA wynosiły odpowiednio 91,89%, 7,22%, 18,00%, 16,19%, 30,78% i 18,00%⁸⁶. Wskaźnik seropozytywności dla VCA-IgM, wskaźnika ostrego zakażenia EBV, był najwyższy u pacjentów w wieku 11-20 lat i wynosił 26,41%, a następnie spadał do 2%-6% u starszych pacjentów⁸⁷.

W przypadku nadzoru nad EBV DNA-emią u biorców przeszczepów stosuje się testy PCR do wykrywania DNA wirusa we krwi. Zaproponowano wartość odcięcia dla DNA EBV wynoszącą 10 000 IU/ml w pełnej krwi jako diagnostyczną wartość odcięcia dla przewlekłej aktywnej choroby EBV⁸⁸.

Międzynarodowe bazy danych i nadzór

Na poziomie międzynarodowym prowadzone są różne inicjatywy mające na celu monitorowanie epidemiologii zakażeń EBV i związanych z nimi chorób. ResearchAndMarkets.com oferuje raport „Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) – Epidemiology Forecast 2030”, który dostarcza szczegółowych informacji na temat historycznej i prognozowanej epidemiologii EBV w Stanach Zjednoczonych, UE5 (Niemcy, Hiszpania, Włochy, Francja i Wielka Brytania) oraz Japonii⁸⁹.

Raport ten obejmuje historyczne i prognozowane dane epidemiologiczne dotyczące EBV, podzielone na całkowitą liczbę zdiagnozowanych przypadków mononukleozy zakaźnej EBV, całkowitą liczbę przypadków nowotworów związanych z EBV oraz całkowitą liczbę przypadków potransplantacyjnych zaburzeń limfoproliferacyjnych (PTLD) związanych z EBV⁹⁰.

Podobne inicjatywy prowadzone są w różnych krajach, aby lepiej zrozumieć obciążenie EBV i opracować skuteczne strategie profilaktyki i leczenia. Na przykład, w Wielkiej Brytanii przeprowadzono kompleksowe badania dotyczące epidemiologii zakażeń EBV i mononukleozy zakaźnej, które dostarczyły cennych informacji na temat seroprewalencji, czynników ryzyka i trendów czasowych⁹¹⁹².

Wyzwania w nadzorze epidemiologicznym

Nadzór nad zakażeniami EBV i mononukleozą zakaźną napotyka szereg wyzwań, które mogą wpływać na dokładność danych epidemiologicznych:

Bezobjawowe zakażenia: Większość pierwotnych zakażeń EBV na całym świecie przebiega bezobjawowo, co utrudnia ich wykrywanie i zgłaszanie⁹³
Zróżnicowane manifestacje kliniczne: EBV może powodować różne manifestacje kliniczne, od mononukleozy zakaźnej po zaburzenia limfoproliferacyjne i nowotwory, co wymaga różnych metod diagnostycznych i systemów zgłaszania⁹⁴
Brak standardowych definicji przypadków: Różnice w definicjach przypadków i metodach diagnostycznych między krajami mogą wpływać na porównywalność danych⁹⁵
Niewystarczające zgłaszanie: Pacjenci z łagodnymi objawami mogą nie konsultować się z lekarzem, co prowadzi do niewystarczającego zgłaszania przypadków⁹⁶
Trudności w prowadzeniu badań populacyjnych: Trudno jest prowadzić badania populacyjne w celu wykrycia wirusów krążących wśród dzikich wielkich małp, co ogranicza naszą wiedzę na temat epidemiologii zakażeń podobnych do EBV u naszych najbliższych krewnych ewolucyjnych⁹⁷

Znaczenie nadzoru dla zdrowia publicznego

Mimo tych wyzwań, nadzór nad zakażeniami EBV ma kluczowe znaczenie dla zdrowia publicznego z kilku powodów:

Planowanie interwencji: Dokładne dane epidemiologiczne są niezbędne do planowania interwencji zdrowia publicznego, w tym potencjalnych strategii szczepień⁹⁸⁹⁹
Identyfikacja grup wysokiego ryzyka: Nadzór pomaga zidentyfikować grupy populacji o wysokim ryzyku zakażenia EBV i rozwoju mononukleozy zakaźnej, umożliwiając ukierunkowane interwencje¹⁰⁰
Monitorowanie trendów czasowych: Nadzór umożliwia monitorowanie trendów czasowych w epidemiologii EBV, w tym zmian w czasie serokonwersji i częstości występowania mononukleozy zakaźnej¹⁰¹
Zrozumienie związków z innymi chorobami: Dane z nadzoru mogą pomóc w zrozumieniu związków między zakażeniem EBV a innymi chorobami, takimi jak choroby nowotworowe i autoimmunologiczne¹⁰²¹⁰³
Informowanie o projektowaniu badań klinicznych: Dane epidemiologiczne są istotne dla projektowania i interpretacji badań klinicznych dotyczących infekcji EBV i powiązanych chorób¹⁰⁴

W obliczu rosnącej częstości występowania mononukleozy zakaźnej wymagającej hospitalizacji, jak zaobserwowano w Wielkiej Brytanii¹⁰⁵¹⁰⁶, skuteczny nadzór staje się jeszcze bardziej krytyczny dla zrozumienia i zarządzania tym istotnym problemem zdrowia publicznego.

Kolejne rozdziały

Zapraszamy do dalszego czytania naszego leksykonu.

Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

Materiały źródłowe

#1 Epstein-Barr Virus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559285/
Nearly 95% of the worlds population of adults have been infected with the Epstein Barr virus. […] In the United States, children and adolescents between the ages of 6 to 19 years had an EBV prevalence of 66.5%. […] Children and adolescents who identified as Mexican-American had a higher prevalence of Epstein Barr virus than non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites. […] There was a higher prevalence of Epstein Barr virus infection in children and adolescents who had larger households, lower household incomes, lower parental education, and who were born outside the U.S. […] Worldwide prevalence rates of Epstein Barr virus vary. […] One study found that the infection rates tend to increase between June and August, most likely due to increased human interaction during the summer months.
#2 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances â Epstein-Barr virus – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/epstein-barr-virus.html
EBV infection is very prevalent, occurring in more than 90% of individuals during the first two decades of life worldwide. […] The combined global incidence of EBV-attributed BL, HL, NPC, and gastric carcinoma (GC) in 2017 was an estimated 265,000 cases, including 164,000 deaths, representing a 36% increase in incidence and 19% increase in mortality from 1990. […] In developing countries, primary infection occurs mainly in young children and is often asymptomatic. […] In developed countries, primary EBV infection mainly manifests as IM and affects adolescents and young adults. […] Endemic BL occurs frequently in young children in the equatorial regions of Africa and Papua New Guinea and has an incidence of 50-100 cases per 1,000,000 individuals. […] In contrast, EBV-associated sporadic lymphoma occurs in children and young adults and has no specific geographic distribution, with an incidence of 2-3 cases per 1,000,000 individuals.
#3 Clinical manifestations and treatment of Epstein-Barr virus infection – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-treatment-of-epstein-barr-virus-infection
Most primary EBV infections throughout the world are subclinical. […] Approximately 90 to 95 percent of adults are EBV antibody seropositive; however, studies suggest that primary EBV infection may be occurring at a later age in children residing in the developed world. As an example, in a large public university in the United States, the seroprevalence of EBV antibodies among entering freshman declined from 64 percent in 2006 to 52 percent in 2022.
#4 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/784513-overview
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is among the most prevalent human viruses in the world. An estimated 90% of the global population is seropositive for EBV, with developed countries bearing a comparatively lower burden of EBV seroprevalence. Residents of developed countries also experience primary EBV infection at a later age. In the United States, the EBV seroprevalence for children and adolescents between ages 6-19 years is about 66.5%, with female, African-American, and Hispanic populations experiencing significantly higher rates of seropositivity. Significant seroprevalence differences exist by family income, with children in the lowest income quartile having 81.0% seroprevalence compared with 53.9% in the highest income quartile. In US institutions characterized by the presence of many young adults, such as universities and the armed forces, the annual incidence for infectious mononucleosis ranges from 11 to 48 cases per 1000 persons.
#5 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances â Epstein-Barr virus – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/epstein-barr-virus.html
EBV infection is very prevalent, occurring in more than 90% of individuals during the first two decades of life worldwide. […] The combined global incidence of EBV-attributed BL, HL, NPC, and gastric carcinoma (GC) in 2017 was an estimated 265,000 cases, including 164,000 deaths, representing a 36% increase in incidence and 19% increase in mortality from 1990. […] In developing countries, primary infection occurs mainly in young children and is often asymptomatic. […] In developed countries, primary EBV infection mainly manifests as IM and affects adolescents and young adults. […] Endemic BL occurs frequently in young children in the equatorial regions of Africa and Papua New Guinea and has an incidence of 50-100 cases per 1,000,000 individuals. […] In contrast, EBV-associated sporadic lymphoma occurs in children and young adults and has no specific geographic distribution, with an incidence of 2-3 cases per 1,000,000 individuals.
#6 Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus-associated pediatric lymphomas from Argentina | BoletÃn MÃ©dico del Hospital Infantil de MÃ©xico (English Edition)
https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-boletin-medico-del-hospital-infantil-201-articulo-epidemiology-epstein-barr-virus-associated-pediatric-lymphomas-S2444340916300188
More than 90% of the population is infected by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which has sophisticatedly evolved to survive silently in B cells for the life of infected individuals. […] In Argentina, EBV infection is mostly subclinical and 90% of patients are seropositive by the age of 3 years; therefore, its epidemiological characteristics resemble those of an underdeveloped or developing population. […] EBV epidemiology in Argentina reflects a typical pattern of a developing country with primary infection in early childhood and the epidemiology of EBV-related lymphomas differs from that observed in developing countries. Therefore, EBV infection in our pediatric patients shows a complex epidemiological pattern, very attractive to investigate. […] In Argentina, our group previously reported an epidemiological pattern II together with an EBV association of 31% for adult HL, which rose up to 54% in pediatric patients.
#7 Epstein-Barr virus infection: the micro and macro worlds | Virology Journal | Full Text
https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-023-02187-9
Epidemiological studies have shown that the infection rate of EBV in the population exceeds 95% […] EBV is mainly spread through saliva. Exposure to bodily fluids, breast milk, and EBV-positive organ transplantation contributes to the spread of the virus […] In North China, the seroprevalence of anti-EBV antibodies in children can reach more than 80% […] Most primary EBV infections occur in infants and children. Infections in childhood are usually asymptomatic or present as an upper respiratory infection, but later, these infections often lead to infectious mononucleosis (IM) […] EBV-associated diseases seriously threaten human health, and research on how EBV persists in the host and how to effectively clear EBV is currently intensive.
#8 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances â Epstein-Barr virus – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/epstein-barr-virus.html
EBV infection is very prevalent, occurring in more than 90% of individuals during the first two decades of life worldwide. […] The combined global incidence of EBV-attributed BL, HL, NPC, and gastric carcinoma (GC) in 2017 was an estimated 265,000 cases, including 164,000 deaths, representing a 36% increase in incidence and 19% increase in mortality from 1990. […] In developing countries, primary infection occurs mainly in young children and is often asymptomatic. […] In developed countries, primary EBV infection mainly manifests as IM and affects adolescents and young adults. […] Endemic BL occurs frequently in young children in the equatorial regions of Africa and Papua New Guinea and has an incidence of 50-100 cases per 1,000,000 individuals. […] In contrast, EBV-associated sporadic lymphoma occurs in children and young adults and has no specific geographic distribution, with an incidence of 2-3 cases per 1,000,000 individuals.
#9 Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/infectious-mononucleosis-glandular-fever
Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) is an acute viral infection that mainly affects young adults. […] Occurrence is worldwide and widespread in early childhood in developing countries. In developed countries, the age of infection is delayed until older childhood or young adulthood. The infection is most commonly seen in high-school and university students. Only 50 per cent of those infected will develop clinical disease. […] EBV is transmitted by person-to-person spread by the oropharyngeal route via saliva, classically by tongue kissing. Young children may be infected by saliva on the hands of attendants or on toys. […] The period of communicability is prolonged. Pharyngeal excretion may persist for a year or more after infection. Twenty per cent or more of EBV antibody-positive healthy adults are long-term oropharyngeal carriers.
#10 Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious Mononucleosis) | 5-Minute Pediatric Consult
https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617206/all/Epstein_Barr_Virus__Infectious_Mononucleosis_
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA virus implicated as a causative agent for infectious mononucleosis by an infected laboratory worker in 1968. […] Epidemiology: Worldwide distribution. Humans are the only known reservoir. Transmission occurs through saliva and, occasionally, via blood transfusions and solid organ transplant (SOT). Incubation period is 4 to 7 weeks. Antibodies to EBV are present in up to 90% of adult populations. Areas with a high population density or low socioeconomic status usually become primarily infected within the first 3 years of life. […] In developed countries, acquisition of EBV is biphasic. Initial peak in incidence occurs before the age of 5 years. Second peak occurs during adolescence, coinciding with an increased frequency of intimate oral contacts. […] 90% of adults have demonstrable EBV titers.
#11 Infectious Mononucleosis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0100/infectious-mononucleosis.html
Most cases of infectious mononucleosis are caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), although approximately 10% of cases are caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV). Infection with EBV is most common in childhood and adolescence, and males and females are affected equally. Studies show that two-thirds of children and adolescents six to 19 years of age in the United States and more than 95% of adults 20 to 25 years of age in the United Kingdom are seropositive. […] In wealthier nations, infectious mononucleosis mostly affects adolescents and young adults 15 to 24 years of age (6 to 8 cases per 1,000 person-years), particularly those living in communal environments, such as dormitories or military barracks (11 to 48 cases per 1,000 person-years).
#12 Infectious Mononucleosis: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/infectious-mononucleosis
The annual incidence is approximately 5 cases per 1,000 persons. Over 95% of adults worldwide have been infected with EBV. […] Peak incidence is in the 15-24 year old age group. […] Clinical infection is most common in populations with many young adults, such as active-duty military personnel and college students. […] Glandular fever is rare during the first year of life because of passive immunity received from maternal antibodies. […] Glandular fever is less commonly seen in developing countries. […] There is no seasonal variation or any male or female predisposition. […] In the United States, clinically evident infection is 30 times more common in white people than Black people. However evidence of EBV infection is the same in both groups. It is thought that Black people are more likely to be exposed to EBV infection at a younger age when asymptomatic infection is more common.
#13 Mononucleosis
https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ID/Virus/Mncls.htm
No seasonal pattern. […] No gender predisposition. […] Adolescents and young adults: Incidence ages 10 to 19 years: 6-8 per 1,000/year. […] Incidence ages 30 years: 1 case per 1,000/year. […] Incidence ages 10 years: 1 case per 1,000/year. […] Likely underestimates Incidence. […] Often these children have subacute presentations. […] Mononucleosis is rare under age 1 year old (due to passive maternal Immunity). […] Mononucleosis in age 1-5 year olds may occur more in developing countries and unsanitary conditions. […] Peak Incidence (highest Incidence ages 15 to 24 years old): Girls: 14-16 years old. […] Boys: 16-18 years old. […] Commonly occurs in congested, confined spaces: College Students. […] Military recruits (0.9% annual Incidence).
#14 Glandular fever: Symptoms, treatment, causes, and diagnosis
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167390
Glandular fever, or infectious mononucleosis, is an infection carried through saliva. […] Glandular fever usually stems from an infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a highly contagious herpes virus. […] Experts believe that more than 90% of people worldwide have EBV infections. […] A person who contracts the infection as a teenager or young adult is more likely to develop glandular fever. It mainly appears in those ages 15-24 years. […] At least 1 in 4 young adults with EBV infections develop glandular fever. […] Glandular fever spreads through bodily fluids. […] The EBV spreads through bodily fluids, commonly saliva. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) note that the virus can also spread through contact with semen or blood and through an organ transplant. […] However, stringent testing of transfused blood and transplanted organs means that the risk of developing glandular fever through these ways is very low.
#15 Infectious mononucleosis | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/infectious-mononucleosis-1?embed_domain=external.radpair.com%2525252527%252525255B0%252525255Dfavicon.icofavicon.ico&lang=us
Exposure to Epstein-Barr virus is extremely widespread: 90% of adults are seropositive. […] When acquired during childhood it often remains subclinical but of those who acquire it during adolescence or young adulthood, 25% will become symptomatic. […] In about 5% of cases, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the causative pathogen for infectious mononucleosis.
#16 Epstein-Barr Virus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559285/
Nearly 95% of the worlds population of adults have been infected with the Epstein Barr virus. […] In the United States, children and adolescents between the ages of 6 to 19 years had an EBV prevalence of 66.5%. […] Children and adolescents who identified as Mexican-American had a higher prevalence of Epstein Barr virus than non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites. […] There was a higher prevalence of Epstein Barr virus infection in children and adolescents who had larger households, lower household incomes, lower parental education, and who were born outside the U.S. […] Worldwide prevalence rates of Epstein Barr virus vary. […] One study found that the infection rates tend to increase between June and August, most likely due to increased human interaction during the summer months.
#17 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/784513-overview
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is among the most prevalent human viruses in the world. An estimated 90% of the global population is seropositive for EBV, with developed countries bearing a comparatively lower burden of EBV seroprevalence. Residents of developed countries also experience primary EBV infection at a later age. In the United States, the EBV seroprevalence for children and adolescents between ages 6-19 years is about 66.5%, with female, African-American, and Hispanic populations experiencing significantly higher rates of seropositivity. Significant seroprevalence differences exist by family income, with children in the lowest income quartile having 81.0% seroprevalence compared with 53.9% in the highest income quartile. In US institutions characterized by the presence of many young adults, such as universities and the armed forces, the annual incidence for infectious mononucleosis ranges from 11 to 48 cases per 1000 persons.
#18 Clinical manifestations and treatment of Epstein-Barr virus infection – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-treatment-of-epstein-barr-virus-infection
Most primary EBV infections throughout the world are subclinical. […] Approximately 90 to 95 percent of adults are EBV antibody seropositive; however, studies suggest that primary EBV infection may be occurring at a later age in children residing in the developed world. As an example, in a large public university in the United States, the seroprevalence of EBV antibodies among entering freshman declined from 64 percent in 2006 to 52 percent in 2022.
#19 Infectious Mononucleosis: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/infectious-mononucleosis
The annual incidence is approximately 5 cases per 1,000 persons. Over 95% of adults worldwide have been infected with EBV. […] Peak incidence is in the 15-24 year old age group. […] Clinical infection is most common in populations with many young adults, such as active-duty military personnel and college students. […] Glandular fever is rare during the first year of life because of passive immunity received from maternal antibodies. […] Glandular fever is less commonly seen in developing countries. […] There is no seasonal variation or any male or female predisposition. […] In the United States, clinically evident infection is 30 times more common in white people than Black people. However evidence of EBV infection is the same in both groups. It is thought that Black people are more likely to be exposed to EBV infection at a younger age when asymptomatic infection is more common.
#20 Infectious mononucleosis – Knowledge @ AMBOSS
https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/infectious-mononucleosis/
General: Approx. 9095% of adults are EBV-seropositive worldwide. [1] […] Peak incidence: (of symptomatic disease): 1524 years of age [2] […] Incidence: 5/1000 per year [2]
#21 Mononucleosis
https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ID/Virus/Mncls.htm
No seasonal pattern. […] No gender predisposition. […] Adolescents and young adults: Incidence ages 10 to 19 years: 6-8 per 1,000/year. […] Incidence ages 30 years: 1 case per 1,000/year. […] Incidence ages 10 years: 1 case per 1,000/year. […] Likely underestimates Incidence. […] Often these children have subacute presentations. […] Mononucleosis is rare under age 1 year old (due to passive maternal Immunity). […] Mononucleosis in age 1-5 year olds may occur more in developing countries and unsanitary conditions. […] Peak Incidence (highest Incidence ages 15 to 24 years old): Girls: 14-16 years old. […] Boys: 16-18 years old. […] Commonly occurs in congested, confined spaces: College Students. […] Military recruits (0.9% annual Incidence).
#22 The incidence of glandular fever
https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W2166694086
Previous estimates of the incidence of glandular fever vary widely. […] The present investigation was designed to show the incidence of cases of glandular fever presenting to doctors in certain general communities near Portsmouth in 196263. The overall incidence in these areas during the year was found to be 38 per 100,000 population; this amounts to an average of one case annually in a medium-sized general practice. […] The incidence appeared to be lowest in a council housing estate. Glandular fever was not common in children, although it was frequently diagnosed on clinical grounds. […] The ways in which cases of glandular fever might be missed in a survey such as the present one are discussed. It is thought that many patients may become ill but not consult their doctors. Truly subclinical glandular fever, however, is thought to be infrequent.
#23 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/784513-overview
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is among the most prevalent human viruses in the world. An estimated 90% of the global population is seropositive for EBV, with developed countries bearing a comparatively lower burden of EBV seroprevalence. Residents of developed countries also experience primary EBV infection at a later age. In the United States, the EBV seroprevalence for children and adolescents between ages 6-19 years is about 66.5%, with female, African-American, and Hispanic populations experiencing significantly higher rates of seropositivity. Significant seroprevalence differences exist by family income, with children in the lowest income quartile having 81.0% seroprevalence compared with 53.9% in the highest income quartile. In US institutions characterized by the presence of many young adults, such as universities and the armed forces, the annual incidence for infectious mononucleosis ranges from 11 to 48 cases per 1000 persons.
#24 Infectious Mononucleosis: Rapid Evidence Review | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2023/0100/infectious-mononucleosis.html
Most cases of infectious mononucleosis are caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), although approximately 10% of cases are caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV). Infection with EBV is most common in childhood and adolescence, and males and females are affected equally. Studies show that two-thirds of children and adolescents six to 19 years of age in the United States and more than 95% of adults 20 to 25 years of age in the United Kingdom are seropositive. […] In wealthier nations, infectious mononucleosis mostly affects adolescents and young adults 15 to 24 years of age (6 to 8 cases per 1,000 person-years), particularly those living in communal environments, such as dormitories or military barracks (11 to 48 cases per 1,000 person-years).
#25 Infectious Mononucleosis, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2002â2018 | Health.mil
https://health.mil/News/Articles/2019/07/01/Infectious-Mononucleosis?type=Fact+Sheets
Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is an acute infectious illness characterized by swollen lymph nodes, fever, pharyngitis, fatigue, and head and body aches. This report describes the incidence rates, trends, and demographic correlates of IM among active component service members during 20022018. During the surveillance period, there were 23,780 incident cases of IM, resulting in an overall incidence rate of 104.2 cases per 100,000 person-years (p-yrs). The incidence of IM diagnoses was highest among the youngest age groups and decreased with increasing age. The rate of incident IM diagnoses was markedly higher among non-Hispanic white service members (123.4 per 100,000 p-yrs) compared to those in other race/ethnicity groups. The incidence of IM diagnoses among recruits (364.9 per 100,000 p-yrs) was 3.4 times that among other enlisted personnel (106.0 per 100,000 p-yrs) and 5.6 times that among officers (64.7 per 100,000 p-yrs). The incidence of IM diagnoses remained relatively stable during the surveillance period, at about 100 per 100,000 p-yrs.
#26 Pfeiffer’s glandular fever – infectious mononucleosis – USZ
https://www.usz.ch/en/disease/pfeiffers-glandular-fever/
More than nine out of ten adults carry the pathogen that causes mononucleosis. […] In Switzerland, around 44,000 to 70,000 people fall ill with Pfeiffers glandular fever every year. […] Pfeiffers glandular fever is contagious. The pathogens, Epstein-Barr viruses, are usually transmitted from person to person via respiratory secretions. […] One route of infection for Pfeiffers glandular fever is the transmission of the infectious pathogens when kissing. […] The incubation period (from infection to the appearance of the first symptoms) of infectious mononucleosis is usually ten days, but can also last up to eight weeks. […] The disease can be associated with fatigue, which can sometimes last for several weeks or even months. […] All forms of mononucleosis have one thing in common: once the symptoms have subsided, the viruses remain in the blood for the rest of the patients life but the immune cells have now produced antibodies against the pathogens, which is why the disease does not normally recur. There is therefore permanent immunity.
#27 Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus infection and infectious mononucleosis in the United Kingdom | BMC Public Health | Full Text
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-09049-x
1982/2325 individuals (85.3%) were EBV seropositive. […] The incidence of IM requiring hospitalisation is increasing. […] We show that exposures associated with increased IM risk (i.e. late infection) include White ethnicity, normal/low body weight, lower deprivation, and never smoking, in keeping with international data. […] Understanding the temporal trends and host determinants of EBV serostatus are essential for rational vaccine design and deployment. […] In conclusion, our data suggest that, in the UK, EBV seroconversion is taking place earlier in life, that overall EBV seroprevalence remains very high (95% of 21-25 year olds), IM incidence is increasing, and there are several environmental exposures associated with IM risk (ethnicity, deprivation, smoking, and BMI).
#28 Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr Virus infection and Infectious Mononucleosis in the United Kingdom | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.20018317v1.full-text
In this study we make several important observations on the epidemiology of EBV infection in the UK. […] We find that the incidence of IM requiring hospitalisation is increasing. […] We find that exposures associated with prevalent IM in a diverse population include white ethnicity, affluence, lower BMI, and never-smoking, and these exposures interact with each other. […] We show that the seroprevalence of EBV increases monotonically with age from a nadir of 69.9% in the 0-5 age bracket to 96.0% among 20-25 year olds. […] We show that the temporal trends in EBV seroprevalence differ between genders, with male sex conferring a slightly lower risk of EBV seropositivity during adolescence (10 – 15 years), which corresponds to a gender imbalance among hospital-coded infectious mononucleosis cases.
#29 Infectious Mononucleosis: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/infectious-mononucleosis
The annual incidence is approximately 5 cases per 1,000 persons. Over 95% of adults worldwide have been infected with EBV. […] Peak incidence is in the 15-24 year old age group. […] Clinical infection is most common in populations with many young adults, such as active-duty military personnel and college students. […] Glandular fever is rare during the first year of life because of passive immunity received from maternal antibodies. […] Glandular fever is less commonly seen in developing countries. […] There is no seasonal variation or any male or female predisposition. […] In the United States, clinically evident infection is 30 times more common in white people than Black people. However evidence of EBV infection is the same in both groups. It is thought that Black people are more likely to be exposed to EBV infection at a younger age when asymptomatic infection is more common.
#30 Mononucleosis | Concise Medical Knowledge
https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/mononucleosis/
90%95% lifetime prevalence worldwide […] Occurs more frequently in spring and autumn […] Children and adolescents aged 1519 years are the most commonly affected […] A common cause of viral pharyngitis, especially among young adults in the United States […] Clinical infection is 30 times higher in White Americans than in Black Americans.
#31 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/784513-overview
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is among the most prevalent human viruses in the world. An estimated 90% of the global population is seropositive for EBV, with developed countries bearing a comparatively lower burden of EBV seroprevalence. Residents of developed countries also experience primary EBV infection at a later age. In the United States, the EBV seroprevalence for children and adolescents between ages 6-19 years is about 66.5%, with female, African-American, and Hispanic populations experiencing significantly higher rates of seropositivity. Significant seroprevalence differences exist by family income, with children in the lowest income quartile having 81.0% seroprevalence compared with 53.9% in the highest income quartile. In US institutions characterized by the presence of many young adults, such as universities and the armed forces, the annual incidence for infectious mononucleosis ranges from 11 to 48 cases per 1000 persons.
#32 Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr Virus infection and Infectious Mononucleosis in the United Kingdom | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.20018317v1.full-text
In this study we make several important observations on the epidemiology of EBV infection in the UK. […] We find that the incidence of IM requiring hospitalisation is increasing. […] We find that exposures associated with prevalent IM in a diverse population include white ethnicity, affluence, lower BMI, and never-smoking, and these exposures interact with each other. […] We show that the seroprevalence of EBV increases monotonically with age from a nadir of 69.9% in the 0-5 age bracket to 96.0% among 20-25 year olds. […] We show that the temporal trends in EBV seroprevalence differ between genders, with male sex conferring a slightly lower risk of EBV seropositivity during adolescence (10 – 15 years), which corresponds to a gender imbalance among hospital-coded infectious mononucleosis cases.
#33 Infectious Mononucleosis: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/infectious-mononucleosis
The annual incidence is approximately 5 cases per 1,000 persons. Over 95% of adults worldwide have been infected with EBV. […] Peak incidence is in the 15-24 year old age group. […] Clinical infection is most common in populations with many young adults, such as active-duty military personnel and college students. […] Glandular fever is rare during the first year of life because of passive immunity received from maternal antibodies. […] Glandular fever is less commonly seen in developing countries. […] There is no seasonal variation or any male or female predisposition. […] In the United States, clinically evident infection is 30 times more common in white people than Black people. However evidence of EBV infection is the same in both groups. It is thought that Black people are more likely to be exposed to EBV infection at a younger age when asymptomatic infection is more common.
#34 Infectious Mononucleosis: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/infectious-mononucleosis
The annual incidence is approximately 5 cases per 1,000 persons. Over 95% of adults worldwide have been infected with EBV. […] Peak incidence is in the 15-24 year old age group. […] Clinical infection is most common in populations with many young adults, such as active-duty military personnel and college students. […] Glandular fever is rare during the first year of life because of passive immunity received from maternal antibodies. […] Glandular fever is less commonly seen in developing countries. […] There is no seasonal variation or any male or female predisposition. […] In the United States, clinically evident infection is 30 times more common in white people than Black people. However evidence of EBV infection is the same in both groups. It is thought that Black people are more likely to be exposed to EBV infection at a younger age when asymptomatic infection is more common.
#35 Infectious Mononucleosis, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2002â2018 | Health.mil
https://health.mil/News/Articles/2019/07/01/Infectious-Mononucleosis?type=Fact+Sheets
Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is an acute infectious illness characterized by swollen lymph nodes, fever, pharyngitis, fatigue, and head and body aches. This report describes the incidence rates, trends, and demographic correlates of IM among active component service members during 20022018. During the surveillance period, there were 23,780 incident cases of IM, resulting in an overall incidence rate of 104.2 cases per 100,000 person-years (p-yrs). The incidence of IM diagnoses was highest among the youngest age groups and decreased with increasing age. The rate of incident IM diagnoses was markedly higher among non-Hispanic white service members (123.4 per 100,000 p-yrs) compared to those in other race/ethnicity groups. The incidence of IM diagnoses among recruits (364.9 per 100,000 p-yrs) was 3.4 times that among other enlisted personnel (106.0 per 100,000 p-yrs) and 5.6 times that among officers (64.7 per 100,000 p-yrs). The incidence of IM diagnoses remained relatively stable during the surveillance period, at about 100 per 100,000 p-yrs.
#36 Epstein-Barr Virus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559285/
Nearly 95% of the worlds population of adults have been infected with the Epstein Barr virus. […] In the United States, children and adolescents between the ages of 6 to 19 years had an EBV prevalence of 66.5%. […] Children and adolescents who identified as Mexican-American had a higher prevalence of Epstein Barr virus than non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites. […] There was a higher prevalence of Epstein Barr virus infection in children and adolescents who had larger households, lower household incomes, lower parental education, and who were born outside the U.S. […] Worldwide prevalence rates of Epstein Barr virus vary. […] One study found that the infection rates tend to increase between June and August, most likely due to increased human interaction during the summer months.
#37 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/784513-overview
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is among the most prevalent human viruses in the world. An estimated 90% of the global population is seropositive for EBV, with developed countries bearing a comparatively lower burden of EBV seroprevalence. Residents of developed countries also experience primary EBV infection at a later age. In the United States, the EBV seroprevalence for children and adolescents between ages 6-19 years is about 66.5%, with female, African-American, and Hispanic populations experiencing significantly higher rates of seropositivity. Significant seroprevalence differences exist by family income, with children in the lowest income quartile having 81.0% seroprevalence compared with 53.9% in the highest income quartile. In US institutions characterized by the presence of many young adults, such as universities and the armed forces, the annual incidence for infectious mononucleosis ranges from 11 to 48 cases per 1000 persons.
#38 Epstein-Barr Virus – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559285/
Nearly 95% of the worlds population of adults have been infected with the Epstein Barr virus. […] In the United States, children and adolescents between the ages of 6 to 19 years had an EBV prevalence of 66.5%. […] Children and adolescents who identified as Mexican-American had a higher prevalence of Epstein Barr virus than non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites. […] There was a higher prevalence of Epstein Barr virus infection in children and adolescents who had larger households, lower household incomes, lower parental education, and who were born outside the U.S. […] Worldwide prevalence rates of Epstein Barr virus vary. […] One study found that the infection rates tend to increase between June and August, most likely due to increased human interaction during the summer months.
#39 Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus infection and infectious mononucleosis in the United Kingdom | BMC Public Health | Full Text
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-09049-x
1982/2325 individuals (85.3%) were EBV seropositive. […] The incidence of IM requiring hospitalisation is increasing. […] We show that exposures associated with increased IM risk (i.e. late infection) include White ethnicity, normal/low body weight, lower deprivation, and never smoking, in keeping with international data. […] Understanding the temporal trends and host determinants of EBV serostatus are essential for rational vaccine design and deployment. […] In conclusion, our data suggest that, in the UK, EBV seroconversion is taking place earlier in life, that overall EBV seroprevalence remains very high (95% of 21-25 year olds), IM incidence is increasing, and there are several environmental exposures associated with IM risk (ethnicity, deprivation, smoking, and BMI).
#40 Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr Virus infection and Infectious Mononucleosis in the United Kingdom | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.20018317v1.full-text
We show that, among a diverse East London population, exposures associated with increased IM risk include white ethnicity, normal/low body weight (being overweight is protective), lower deprivation level, and never smoking. […] Understanding the temporal trends and host determinants of EBV serostatus are essential for rational vaccine design and deployment. […] The risk of primary EBV infection manifesting as IM depends crucially on the age of the individual, with a higher risk at higher ages. […] In summary, our data suggest that, in the UK, EBV seroconversion is taking place earlier in life, that overall EBV seroprevalence is increasing and remains very high (95% of 20-25 year olds), IM incidence is increasing, and there are several environmental exposures associated with IM risk (ethnicity, deprivation, smoking, and BMI).
#41 Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus infection and infectious mononucleosis in the United Kingdom | BMC Public Health | Full Text
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-09049-x
1982/2325 individuals (85.3%) were EBV seropositive. […] The incidence of IM requiring hospitalisation is increasing. […] We show that exposures associated with increased IM risk (i.e. late infection) include White ethnicity, normal/low body weight, lower deprivation, and never smoking, in keeping with international data. […] Understanding the temporal trends and host determinants of EBV serostatus are essential for rational vaccine design and deployment. […] In conclusion, our data suggest that, in the UK, EBV seroconversion is taking place earlier in life, that overall EBV seroprevalence remains very high (95% of 21-25 year olds), IM incidence is increasing, and there are several environmental exposures associated with IM risk (ethnicity, deprivation, smoking, and BMI).
#42 Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/infectious-mononucleosis-glandular-fever
Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) is an acute viral infection that mainly affects young adults. […] Occurrence is worldwide and widespread in early childhood in developing countries. In developed countries, the age of infection is delayed until older childhood or young adulthood. The infection is most commonly seen in high-school and university students. Only 50 per cent of those infected will develop clinical disease. […] EBV is transmitted by person-to-person spread by the oropharyngeal route via saliva, classically by tongue kissing. Young children may be infected by saliva on the hands of attendants or on toys. […] The period of communicability is prolonged. Pharyngeal excretion may persist for a year or more after infection. Twenty per cent or more of EBV antibody-positive healthy adults are long-term oropharyngeal carriers.
#43 Glandular fever: Symptoms, treatment, causes, and diagnosis
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167390
Glandular fever, or infectious mononucleosis, is an infection carried through saliva. […] Glandular fever usually stems from an infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a highly contagious herpes virus. […] Experts believe that more than 90% of people worldwide have EBV infections. […] A person who contracts the infection as a teenager or young adult is more likely to develop glandular fever. It mainly appears in those ages 15-24 years. […] At least 1 in 4 young adults with EBV infections develop glandular fever. […] Glandular fever spreads through bodily fluids. […] The EBV spreads through bodily fluids, commonly saliva. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) note that the virus can also spread through contact with semen or blood and through an organ transplant. […] However, stringent testing of transfused blood and transplanted organs means that the risk of developing glandular fever through these ways is very low.
#44 Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/infectious-mononucleosis-glandular-fever
Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) is an acute viral infection that mainly affects young adults. […] Occurrence is worldwide and widespread in early childhood in developing countries. In developed countries, the age of infection is delayed until older childhood or young adulthood. The infection is most commonly seen in high-school and university students. Only 50 per cent of those infected will develop clinical disease. […] EBV is transmitted by person-to-person spread by the oropharyngeal route via saliva, classically by tongue kissing. Young children may be infected by saliva on the hands of attendants or on toys. […] The period of communicability is prolonged. Pharyngeal excretion may persist for a year or more after infection. Twenty per cent or more of EBV antibody-positive healthy adults are long-term oropharyngeal carriers.
#45 Glandular fever: Symptoms, treatment, causes, and diagnosis
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167390
Glandular fever, or infectious mononucleosis, is an infection carried through saliva. […] Glandular fever usually stems from an infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a highly contagious herpes virus. […] Experts believe that more than 90% of people worldwide have EBV infections. […] A person who contracts the infection as a teenager or young adult is more likely to develop glandular fever. It mainly appears in those ages 15-24 years. […] At least 1 in 4 young adults with EBV infections develop glandular fever. […] Glandular fever spreads through bodily fluids. […] The EBV spreads through bodily fluids, commonly saliva. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) note that the virus can also spread through contact with semen or blood and through an organ transplant. […] However, stringent testing of transfused blood and transplanted organs means that the risk of developing glandular fever through these ways is very low.
#46 Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/infectious-mononucleosis-glandular-fever
Everyone is susceptible to infection. Infection confers a high degree of resistance. Reactivation of EBV may occur in immunosuppressed individuals. […] No vaccine is available. Basic hygiene can help prevent many diseases, including glandular fever. Teach children not to share spoons, forks, cups, soft drink cans or sports water bottles. Adults should not share personal items such as glasses, cigarettes, lipstick or other items that may be covered in saliva. […] Isolation is not necessary. There is no treatment, and antibiotics are not indicated and may cause a rash, particularly amoxicillin. Avoidance of contact sports in the period following infection is advised because of the risk of splenic injury due to inflammation and swelling.
#47 Glandular fever
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/glandular-fever/
Glandular fever is most common in people aged 15 to 24 years old. […] Glandular fever is spread through spit, so you can get it through kissing or by sharing cups or cutlery. […] You’re infectious for up to 7 weeks before you get symptoms, and you may be infectious for several months after being unwell. […] A GP may order a blood test to confirm if you have glandular fever and to rule out other illnesses, like tonsillitis. The blood test will test for the Epstein-Barr virus, which usually causes glandular fever.
#48 Infectious Mononucleosis: Symptoms and Treatment | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/infectious-mononucleosis
The annual incidence is approximately 5 cases per 1,000 persons. Over 95% of adults worldwide have been infected with EBV. […] Peak incidence is in the 15-24 year old age group. […] Clinical infection is most common in populations with many young adults, such as active-duty military personnel and college students. […] Glandular fever is rare during the first year of life because of passive immunity received from maternal antibodies. […] Glandular fever is less commonly seen in developing countries. […] There is no seasonal variation or any male or female predisposition. […] In the United States, clinically evident infection is 30 times more common in white people than Black people. However evidence of EBV infection is the same in both groups. It is thought that Black people are more likely to be exposed to EBV infection at a younger age when asymptomatic infection is more common.
#49 Mononucleosis
https://mobile.fpnotebook.com/ID/Virus/Mncls.htm
No seasonal pattern. […] No gender predisposition. […] Adolescents and young adults: Incidence ages 10 to 19 years: 6-8 per 1,000/year. […] Incidence ages 30 years: 1 case per 1,000/year. […] Incidence ages 10 years: 1 case per 1,000/year. […] Likely underestimates Incidence. […] Often these children have subacute presentations. […] Mononucleosis is rare under age 1 year old (due to passive maternal Immunity). […] Mononucleosis in age 1-5 year olds may occur more in developing countries and unsanitary conditions. […] Peak Incidence (highest Incidence ages 15 to 24 years old): Girls: 14-16 years old. […] Boys: 16-18 years old. […] Commonly occurs in congested, confined spaces: College Students. […] Military recruits (0.9% annual Incidence).
#50 Infectious Mononucleosis: The âKissing Diseaseâ
https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/infectious-mononucleosis-the-kissing-disease
In the United States, more than 90% of adults between the ages of 35 and 40 test positive for EBV and carry the virus in a latent state for life. Epidemiologic studies have shown that in nonindustrialized countries primary infections occur earlier in life, while in developed countries seroconversion occurs more frequently during adolescence. IM affects 45 in every 100,000 people, with peak incidence typically occurring between the ages of 15 and 25 years. Incidence in the college student population has been rated around 15%. No gender differences or seasonal prevalence has been observed. EBV infects and replicates primarily in the B lymphocytes and epithelial cells of the oropharynx and confers a lifelong latent infection. EBV is often found in the saliva of infected persons and spreads to susceptible individuals by close contact such as kissing. Therefore, IM became known as the „kissing disease.”
#51 Infectious Mononucleosis (EBV)
https://www.atsu.edu/faculty/chamberlain/website/lectures/lecture/mono.htm
Infection with EBV occurs worldwide among humans and usually occurs as a subclinical infection in early childhood. […] Infectious mononucleosis is most commonly seen in young adults 15-25 years of age. […] The incubation period is 12 months. Many patients cannot recall being exposed to EBV. […] About 70% of persons in the U.S. are infected with EBV by 30 years of age. […] It takes several exposures to EBV from an infected person to acquire EBV, since the virus is not very contagious. […] After recovery, the virus remains in the saliva for months. More than 90% of EBV-infected persons intermittently have lifelong shedding of virus even when asymptomatic. […] EBV is acquired by contact with infected cervical and oral secretions. Transmission can be via blood transfusions.
#52 Infectious Mononucleosis: The âKissing Diseaseâ
https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/infectious-mononucleosis-the-kissing-disease
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention does not recommend any special precautions since the virus can be found even in the saliva of healthy individuals. Reports of transmission through blood transfusions can also be found. […] Although not conclusive, data suggest that EBV can be transmitted through sexual intercourse, and having an increased number of sexual partners poses a significant risk factor to seroconversion.
#53 1169 INCREASED RISK OF INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS AMONG SIBLINGS | Pediatric Research
https://www.nature.com/articles/pr19851277
The development of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced infectious mononucleosis (IM) among close contacts of a patient with EBV-IM has been considered to be relatively low. […] It appears then that the relative risk for a child developing IM from a primary EBV infection is substantially increased when a sibling has experienced this disease in the past. The reason for this newly described phenomenon is unclear.
#54 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Symptoms and Treatments | Ada
https://ada.com/conditions/epstein-barr-virus/
Although most cases of infectious mononucleosis resolve without complications, they can occur. Severe complications include meningoencephalitis, splenic rupture and extreme tonsillar enlargement; less severe complications include sinus infections or tonsillitis. […] There is no vaccine for Epstein-Barr virus infection. The main ways of preventing Epstein-Barr virus infection are to avoid sharing toothbrushes, cups, and other items that may come into contact with saliva or other bodily fluids with anyone who has had infectious mononucleosis.
#55 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances â Epstein-Barr virus – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/epstein-barr-virus.html
EBV infection is very prevalent, occurring in more than 90% of individuals during the first two decades of life worldwide. […] The combined global incidence of EBV-attributed BL, HL, NPC, and gastric carcinoma (GC) in 2017 was an estimated 265,000 cases, including 164,000 deaths, representing a 36% increase in incidence and 19% increase in mortality from 1990. […] In developing countries, primary infection occurs mainly in young children and is often asymptomatic. […] In developed countries, primary EBV infection mainly manifests as IM and affects adolescents and young adults. […] Endemic BL occurs frequently in young children in the equatorial regions of Africa and Papua New Guinea and has an incidence of 50-100 cases per 1,000,000 individuals. […] In contrast, EBV-associated sporadic lymphoma occurs in children and young adults and has no specific geographic distribution, with an incidence of 2-3 cases per 1,000,000 individuals.
#56 Glandular fever
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/glandular-fever/
Glandular fever is most common in people aged 15 to 24 years old. […] Glandular fever is spread through spit, so you can get it through kissing or by sharing cups or cutlery. […] You’re infectious for up to 7 weeks before you get symptoms, and you may be infectious for several months after being unwell. […] A GP may order a blood test to confirm if you have glandular fever and to rule out other illnesses, like tonsillitis. The blood test will test for the Epstein-Barr virus, which usually causes glandular fever.
#57 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances â Epstein-Barr virus – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/epstein-barr-virus.html
NPC is most common in southern China and accounts for approximately 20% of all adult cancers. […] NPC is extremely rare in Europe and North America, with an incidence rate is 1 per 100,000 individuals. […] EBV reactivation can occur due to external stress stimuli and by co-infection with certain viruses, including human simplex virus 1, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis viruses, and novel SARS-CoV-2, and may result in complications such as BL, HL, and other types of cancer. […] Monitor for clinical symptoms. […] Direct detection of the viral antigen can be done by staining for EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) using anti-complement immunofluorescence. […] Viral RNA or DNA can be identified using in situ hybridization, dot-blot hybridization, nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), and southern blotting. […] Tests for heterophile antibodies in mononucleosis, antibodies against viral capsid antigen (VCA), or anti-EBNA1 antibodies can also be used. […] An EBV DNA load 10,000 IU/mL in whole blood is proposed as a diagnostic cut-off value for chronic active EBV disease.
#58 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances â Epstein-Barr virus – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/epstein-barr-virus.html
NPC is most common in southern China and accounts for approximately 20% of all adult cancers. […] NPC is extremely rare in Europe and North America, with an incidence rate is 1 per 100,000 individuals. […] EBV reactivation can occur due to external stress stimuli and by co-infection with certain viruses, including human simplex virus 1, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis viruses, and novel SARS-CoV-2, and may result in complications such as BL, HL, and other types of cancer. […] Monitor for clinical symptoms. […] Direct detection of the viral antigen can be done by staining for EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) using anti-complement immunofluorescence. […] Viral RNA or DNA can be identified using in situ hybridization, dot-blot hybridization, nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), and southern blotting. […] Tests for heterophile antibodies in mononucleosis, antibodies against viral capsid antigen (VCA), or anti-EBNA1 antibodies can also be used. […] An EBV DNA load 10,000 IU/mL in whole blood is proposed as a diagnostic cut-off value for chronic active EBV disease.
#59 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances â Epstein-Barr virus – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/epstein-barr-virus.html
NPC is most common in southern China and accounts for approximately 20% of all adult cancers. […] NPC is extremely rare in Europe and North America, with an incidence rate is 1 per 100,000 individuals. […] EBV reactivation can occur due to external stress stimuli and by co-infection with certain viruses, including human simplex virus 1, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis viruses, and novel SARS-CoV-2, and may result in complications such as BL, HL, and other types of cancer. […] Monitor for clinical symptoms. […] Direct detection of the viral antigen can be done by staining for EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) using anti-complement immunofluorescence. […] Viral RNA or DNA can be identified using in situ hybridization, dot-blot hybridization, nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), and southern blotting. […] Tests for heterophile antibodies in mononucleosis, antibodies against viral capsid antigen (VCA), or anti-EBNA1 antibodies can also be used. […] An EBV DNA load 10,000 IU/mL in whole blood is proposed as a diagnostic cut-off value for chronic active EBV disease.
#60 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances â Epstein-Barr virus – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/epstein-barr-virus.html
NPC is most common in southern China and accounts for approximately 20% of all adult cancers. […] NPC is extremely rare in Europe and North America, with an incidence rate is 1 per 100,000 individuals. […] EBV reactivation can occur due to external stress stimuli and by co-infection with certain viruses, including human simplex virus 1, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis viruses, and novel SARS-CoV-2, and may result in complications such as BL, HL, and other types of cancer. […] Monitor for clinical symptoms. […] Direct detection of the viral antigen can be done by staining for EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) using anti-complement immunofluorescence. […] Viral RNA or DNA can be identified using in situ hybridization, dot-blot hybridization, nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), and southern blotting. […] Tests for heterophile antibodies in mononucleosis, antibodies against viral capsid antigen (VCA), or anti-EBNA1 antibodies can also be used. […] An EBV DNA load 10,000 IU/mL in whole blood is proposed as a diagnostic cut-off value for chronic active EBV disease.
#61
https://scholars.duke.edu/individual/pub1660915
EBV DNAemia surveillance, with reduction of immunosuppression at certain viral load (VL) thresholds, is a common practice for mitigating progression from EBV DNAemia to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). […] The utility of EBV surveillance in adult EBV seropositive LTRs is unknown. […] EBV surveillance did not accurately identify EBV seropositive LTRs at risk for progressing to PTLD. […] EBV PCR testing in asymptomatic EBV seropositive transplant recipients may represent an opportunity for diagnostic stewardship.
#62
https://scholars.duke.edu/individual/pub1660915
EBV DNAemia surveillance, with reduction of immunosuppression at certain viral load (VL) thresholds, is a common practice for mitigating progression from EBV DNAemia to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). […] The utility of EBV surveillance in adult EBV seropositive LTRs is unknown. […] EBV surveillance did not accurately identify EBV seropositive LTRs at risk for progressing to PTLD. […] EBV PCR testing in asymptomatic EBV seropositive transplant recipients may represent an opportunity for diagnostic stewardship.
#63 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances â Epstein-Barr virus – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/epstein-barr-virus.html
EBV infection is very prevalent, occurring in more than 90% of individuals during the first two decades of life worldwide. […] The combined global incidence of EBV-attributed BL, HL, NPC, and gastric carcinoma (GC) in 2017 was an estimated 265,000 cases, including 164,000 deaths, representing a 36% increase in incidence and 19% increase in mortality from 1990. […] In developing countries, primary infection occurs mainly in young children and is often asymptomatic. […] In developed countries, primary EBV infection mainly manifests as IM and affects adolescents and young adults. […] Endemic BL occurs frequently in young children in the equatorial regions of Africa and Papua New Guinea and has an incidence of 50-100 cases per 1,000,000 individuals. […] In contrast, EBV-associated sporadic lymphoma occurs in children and young adults and has no specific geographic distribution, with an incidence of 2-3 cases per 1,000,000 individuals.
#64 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances â Epstein-Barr virus – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/epstein-barr-virus.html
EBV infection is very prevalent, occurring in more than 90% of individuals during the first two decades of life worldwide. […] The combined global incidence of EBV-attributed BL, HL, NPC, and gastric carcinoma (GC) in 2017 was an estimated 265,000 cases, including 164,000 deaths, representing a 36% increase in incidence and 19% increase in mortality from 1990. […] In developing countries, primary infection occurs mainly in young children and is often asymptomatic. […] In developed countries, primary EBV infection mainly manifests as IM and affects adolescents and young adults. […] Endemic BL occurs frequently in young children in the equatorial regions of Africa and Papua New Guinea and has an incidence of 50-100 cases per 1,000,000 individuals. […] In contrast, EBV-associated sporadic lymphoma occurs in children and young adults and has no specific geographic distribution, with an incidence of 2-3 cases per 1,000,000 individuals.
#65 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances â Epstein-Barr virus – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/epstein-barr-virus.html
NPC is most common in southern China and accounts for approximately 20% of all adult cancers. […] NPC is extremely rare in Europe and North America, with an incidence rate is 1 per 100,000 individuals. […] EBV reactivation can occur due to external stress stimuli and by co-infection with certain viruses, including human simplex virus 1, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis viruses, and novel SARS-CoV-2, and may result in complications such as BL, HL, and other types of cancer. […] Monitor for clinical symptoms. […] Direct detection of the viral antigen can be done by staining for EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) using anti-complement immunofluorescence. […] Viral RNA or DNA can be identified using in situ hybridization, dot-blot hybridization, nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), and southern blotting. […] Tests for heterophile antibodies in mononucleosis, antibodies against viral capsid antigen (VCA), or anti-EBNA1 antibodies can also be used. […] An EBV DNA load 10,000 IU/mL in whole blood is proposed as a diagnostic cut-off value for chronic active EBV disease.
#66 Does glandular fever increase the risk of inflammatory bowel disease? | Research Communities by Springer Nature
https://communities.springernature.com/posts/does-glandular-fever-increase-the-risk-of-developing-inflammatory-bowel-disease
Associations between infectious mononucleosis and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis have previously been identified. This is the first study exploring whether hospitalisation with infectious mononucleosis increases the risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease. […] We used data from almost 40,000 patients with IM and almost 400,000 patients without a recorded IM diagnosis, sampled at random and matched on the basis of age, socio-economic area of residence, and sex, between January 1977 and December 2021 in Denmark to assess the risk of developing IBD following hospitalisation with IM. When compared to those patients who were not hospitalised with IM, those with IM disease had a 35% (22-49%) increased risk of IBD later in life. This risk was seen particularly for the development of the IBD subtype, Crohns disease, for which there was a 56% (34-83%) increased risk, following IM.
#67 Does glandular fever increase the risk of inflammatory bowel disease? | Research Communities by Springer Nature
https://communities.springernature.com/posts/does-glandular-fever-increase-the-risk-of-developing-inflammatory-bowel-disease
Associations between infectious mononucleosis and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis have previously been identified. This is the first study exploring whether hospitalisation with infectious mononucleosis increases the risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease. […] We used data from almost 40,000 patients with IM and almost 400,000 patients without a recorded IM diagnosis, sampled at random and matched on the basis of age, socio-economic area of residence, and sex, between January 1977 and December 2021 in Denmark to assess the risk of developing IBD following hospitalisation with IM. When compared to those patients who were not hospitalised with IM, those with IM disease had a 35% (22-49%) increased risk of IBD later in life. This risk was seen particularly for the development of the IBD subtype, Crohns disease, for which there was a 56% (34-83%) increased risk, following IM.
#68 Mononucleosis – MEpedia
https://me-pedia.org/wiki/Mononucleosis
Mononucleosis, also known as infectious mononucleosis (IM), mono, or glandular fever is a contagious disease most common in teenagers and young adults. It is most commonly spread through bodily fluids, especially saliva. […] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis (IM), making up approximately 90% of those diagnosed, but other infectious agents, such as cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis gondii parasite, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), rubella virus, hepatitis A, B, or C viruses, and adenovirus can cause this disease. […] It is estimated that 80% – 90% of the worldwide population is infected with EBV. […] Research studies cite figures from 7% to 13% of healthy people who contract infectious mononucleosis will have the illness progress into chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). […] In 2019, Katz et al. found that severity of mononucleosis predicted risk of CFS six months post-infection.
#69 Mononucleosis – MEpedia
https://me-pedia.org/wiki/Mononucleosis
Mononucleosis, also known as infectious mononucleosis (IM), mono, or glandular fever is a contagious disease most common in teenagers and young adults. It is most commonly spread through bodily fluids, especially saliva. […] Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis (IM), making up approximately 90% of those diagnosed, but other infectious agents, such as cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis gondii parasite, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), rubella virus, hepatitis A, B, or C viruses, and adenovirus can cause this disease. […] It is estimated that 80% – 90% of the worldwide population is infected with EBV. […] Research studies cite figures from 7% to 13% of healthy people who contract infectious mononucleosis will have the illness progress into chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). […] In 2019, Katz et al. found that severity of mononucleosis predicted risk of CFS six months post-infection.
#70 Infectious Mononucleosis, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2002â2018 | Health.mil
https://www.health.mil/News/Articles/2019/07/01/Infectious-Mononucleosis?type=Fact+Sheets
This report demonstrates that the crude overall incidence rate of IM diagnoses among active component service members has remained stable over many years, at about 100 per 100,000 p-yrs. Compared to their respective counterparts, younger service members and, in particular, recruits had the highest overall rates of incident IM diagnoses as did females and non-Hispanic whites. […] In the U.S. military, IM has the potential to reduce military operational readiness by contributing to lost or limited duty time. If each patient with an incident diagnosis of IM is unable to perform their duties for 2 weeks following infection, in an average year, cases of IM could result in an estimated 2,797 weeks of lost duty time each year.
#71 Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/infectious-mononucleosis-glandular-fever
Everyone is susceptible to infection. Infection confers a high degree of resistance. Reactivation of EBV may occur in immunosuppressed individuals. […] No vaccine is available. Basic hygiene can help prevent many diseases, including glandular fever. Teach children not to share spoons, forks, cups, soft drink cans or sports water bottles. Adults should not share personal items such as glasses, cigarettes, lipstick or other items that may be covered in saliva. […] Isolation is not necessary. There is no treatment, and antibiotics are not indicated and may cause a rash, particularly amoxicillin. Avoidance of contact sports in the period following infection is advised because of the risk of splenic injury due to inflammation and swelling.
#72 Infectious mononucleosis, Epstein Barr virus, glandular fever
https://dermnetnz.org/topics/infectious-mononucleosis
Infectious mononucleosis typically affects young adults aged 15-25 years. It is equally common in both sexes and affects all races. Up to nearly 95% of people have had EBV infection by the time they are adults. The disease occurs worldwide with no seasonal predilection. […] EBV is passed from person to person by saliva through intimate contacts such as kissing, or via objects such as a toothbrush or drinking glass. The virus survives on an object while it remains moist. EBV can also be spread through blood and semen during sexual contact, blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and other procedures. Spread to children is presumed to be from parents or siblings who carry EBV and shed the virus intermittently. […] There is currently no vaccine to protect against EBV infection. Prevention involves social hygiene, and avoiding the sharing of drinks, food, or personal items.
#73 Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/infectious-mononucleosis-glandular-fever
Everyone is susceptible to infection. Infection confers a high degree of resistance. Reactivation of EBV may occur in immunosuppressed individuals. […] No vaccine is available. Basic hygiene can help prevent many diseases, including glandular fever. Teach children not to share spoons, forks, cups, soft drink cans or sports water bottles. Adults should not share personal items such as glasses, cigarettes, lipstick or other items that may be covered in saliva. […] Isolation is not necessary. There is no treatment, and antibiotics are not indicated and may cause a rash, particularly amoxicillin. Avoidance of contact sports in the period following infection is advised because of the risk of splenic injury due to inflammation and swelling.
#74 Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/infectious-mononucleosis-glandular-fever
Everyone is susceptible to infection. Infection confers a high degree of resistance. Reactivation of EBV may occur in immunosuppressed individuals. […] No vaccine is available. Basic hygiene can help prevent many diseases, including glandular fever. Teach children not to share spoons, forks, cups, soft drink cans or sports water bottles. Adults should not share personal items such as glasses, cigarettes, lipstick or other items that may be covered in saliva. […] Isolation is not necessary. There is no treatment, and antibiotics are not indicated and may cause a rash, particularly amoxicillin. Avoidance of contact sports in the period following infection is advised because of the risk of splenic injury due to inflammation and swelling.
#75 Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/infectious-mononucleosis-glandular-fever
Everyone is susceptible to infection. Infection confers a high degree of resistance. Reactivation of EBV may occur in immunosuppressed individuals. […] No vaccine is available. Basic hygiene can help prevent many diseases, including glandular fever. Teach children not to share spoons, forks, cups, soft drink cans or sports water bottles. Adults should not share personal items such as glasses, cigarettes, lipstick or other items that may be covered in saliva. […] Isolation is not necessary. There is no treatment, and antibiotics are not indicated and may cause a rash, particularly amoxicillin. Avoidance of contact sports in the period following infection is advised because of the risk of splenic injury due to inflammation and swelling.
#76 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Symptoms and Treatments | Ada
https://ada.com/conditions/epstein-barr-virus/
Although most cases of infectious mononucleosis resolve without complications, they can occur. Severe complications include meningoencephalitis, splenic rupture and extreme tonsillar enlargement; less severe complications include sinus infections or tonsillitis. […] There is no vaccine for Epstein-Barr virus infection. The main ways of preventing Epstein-Barr virus infection are to avoid sharing toothbrushes, cups, and other items that may come into contact with saliva or other bodily fluids with anyone who has had infectious mononucleosis.
#77 Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/infectious-mononucleosis-glandular-fever
Everyone is susceptible to infection. Infection confers a high degree of resistance. Reactivation of EBV may occur in immunosuppressed individuals. […] No vaccine is available. Basic hygiene can help prevent many diseases, including glandular fever. Teach children not to share spoons, forks, cups, soft drink cans or sports water bottles. Adults should not share personal items such as glasses, cigarettes, lipstick or other items that may be covered in saliva. […] Isolation is not necessary. There is no treatment, and antibiotics are not indicated and may cause a rash, particularly amoxicillin. Avoidance of contact sports in the period following infection is advised because of the risk of splenic injury due to inflammation and swelling.
#78
https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/archive/mononucleosis.aspx
Infectious mononucleosis (also known as glandular fever) is a viral disease caused by infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] Infectious mononucleosis is spread from person to person through direct contact with saliva. […] It can be spread from people who are sick with the illness or by healthy people who carry and can spread the virus intermittently for life. […] Infectious mononucleosis is not notifiable in NSW. Cases are not excluded from childcare, school or work, but should be advised on how to help prevent spread and encouraged to rest at home until they feel better.
#79 Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)
https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/infectious-mononucleosis-glandular-fever
Everyone is susceptible to infection. Infection confers a high degree of resistance. Reactivation of EBV may occur in immunosuppressed individuals. […] No vaccine is available. Basic hygiene can help prevent many diseases, including glandular fever. Teach children not to share spoons, forks, cups, soft drink cans or sports water bottles. Adults should not share personal items such as glasses, cigarettes, lipstick or other items that may be covered in saliva. […] Isolation is not necessary. There is no treatment, and antibiotics are not indicated and may cause a rash, particularly amoxicillin. Avoidance of contact sports in the period following infection is advised because of the risk of splenic injury due to inflammation and swelling.
#80 Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus infection and infectious mononucleosis in the United Kingdom | BMC Public Health | Full Text
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-09049-x
1982/2325 individuals (85.3%) were EBV seropositive. […] The incidence of IM requiring hospitalisation is increasing. […] We show that exposures associated with increased IM risk (i.e. late infection) include White ethnicity, normal/low body weight, lower deprivation, and never smoking, in keeping with international data. […] Understanding the temporal trends and host determinants of EBV serostatus are essential for rational vaccine design and deployment. […] In conclusion, our data suggest that, in the UK, EBV seroconversion is taking place earlier in life, that overall EBV seroprevalence remains very high (95% of 21-25 year olds), IM incidence is increasing, and there are several environmental exposures associated with IM risk (ethnicity, deprivation, smoking, and BMI).
#81 Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus infection and infectious mononucleosis in the United Kingdom | springermedizin.de
https://www.springermedizin.de/epidemiology-of-epstein-barr-virus-infection-and-infectious-mono/18078278
Understanding the epidemiology of EBV infection during childhood and adolescence is essential, for both maximising the efficacy and safety of vaccine studies, and in order to inform power calculations for future potential interventional studies. […] Our study demonstrated consistently higher EBV seroprevalence among all age brackets compared to a comparable older study; this may reflect a genuine increase in seroprevalence in the UK, differences in population sampling, or different sensitivity and specificity of the assays used. […] Understanding the temporal trends and host determinants of EBV serostatus are essential for rational vaccine design and deployment.
#82 2021 Global Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com
https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210317005447/en/2021-Global-Epstein-Barr-Virus-EBV-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com
The „Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) – Epidemiology Forecast 2030” report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com’s offering. […] This report delivers an in-depth understanding of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), historical and forecasted epidemiology in the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom) and Japan. […] The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) epidemiology division provides insights about the historical and current patient pool along with the forecasted trend for every seven major countries. […] The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) epidemiology segmented as the Total Diagnosed cases of EBV Infectious Mononucleosis, Total Incident cases of EBV+ Cancers, Total Incident cases of EBV+ PTLD.
#83
https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Infectious/factsheets/Pages/archive/mononucleosis.aspx
Infectious mononucleosis (also known as glandular fever) is a viral disease caused by infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). […] Infectious mononucleosis is spread from person to person through direct contact with saliva. […] It can be spread from people who are sick with the illness or by healthy people who carry and can spread the virus intermittently for life. […] Infectious mononucleosis is not notifiable in NSW. Cases are not excluded from childcare, school or work, but should be advised on how to help prevent spread and encouraged to rest at home until they feel better.
#84 Infectious Mononucleosis, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2002â2018 | Health.mil
https://health.mil/News/Articles/2019/07/01/Infectious-Mononucleosis?type=Fact+Sheets
Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is an acute infectious illness characterized by swollen lymph nodes, fever, pharyngitis, fatigue, and head and body aches. This report describes the incidence rates, trends, and demographic correlates of IM among active component service members during 20022018. During the surveillance period, there were 23,780 incident cases of IM, resulting in an overall incidence rate of 104.2 cases per 100,000 person-years (p-yrs). The incidence of IM diagnoses was highest among the youngest age groups and decreased with increasing age. The rate of incident IM diagnoses was markedly higher among non-Hispanic white service members (123.4 per 100,000 p-yrs) compared to those in other race/ethnicity groups. The incidence of IM diagnoses among recruits (364.9 per 100,000 p-yrs) was 3.4 times that among other enlisted personnel (106.0 per 100,000 p-yrs) and 5.6 times that among officers (64.7 per 100,000 p-yrs). The incidence of IM diagnoses remained relatively stable during the surveillance period, at about 100 per 100,000 p-yrs.
#85 Analysis of the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus infection – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39380297/
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is responsible for a spectrum of human diseases and demonstrates a considerable prevalence among various populations. […] In this study, our objective was to examine the epidemiological profile and clinical features of EBV infection in Chongqing, China. […] Among 13 584 inpatients, the overall seropositivity rates for EBNA-1-IgG, EBV-VCA-IgM, EBV-EA-IgG, EBV-EA-IgA, EBV-VCA-IgA, and EBV-DNA were 91.89%, 7.22%, 18.00%, 16.19%, 30.78%, and 18.00%, respectively. […] The seropositivity rate for VCA-IgM, an indicator of acute EBV infection, was highest in patients aged 11-20 years at 26.41%, decreasing to 2%-6% in older patients. […] This large-scale retrospective study explores the epidemiological characteristics and disease spectrum of EBV infection across all age groups. The findings contribute to the improvement of diagnostic and management strategies for EBV infection.
#86 Analysis of the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus infection – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39380297/
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is responsible for a spectrum of human diseases and demonstrates a considerable prevalence among various populations. […] In this study, our objective was to examine the epidemiological profile and clinical features of EBV infection in Chongqing, China. […] Among 13 584 inpatients, the overall seropositivity rates for EBNA-1-IgG, EBV-VCA-IgM, EBV-EA-IgG, EBV-EA-IgA, EBV-VCA-IgA, and EBV-DNA were 91.89%, 7.22%, 18.00%, 16.19%, 30.78%, and 18.00%, respectively. […] The seropositivity rate for VCA-IgM, an indicator of acute EBV infection, was highest in patients aged 11-20 years at 26.41%, decreasing to 2%-6% in older patients. […] This large-scale retrospective study explores the epidemiological characteristics and disease spectrum of EBV infection across all age groups. The findings contribute to the improvement of diagnostic and management strategies for EBV infection.
#87 Analysis of the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus infection – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39380297/
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is responsible for a spectrum of human diseases and demonstrates a considerable prevalence among various populations. […] In this study, our objective was to examine the epidemiological profile and clinical features of EBV infection in Chongqing, China. […] Among 13 584 inpatients, the overall seropositivity rates for EBNA-1-IgG, EBV-VCA-IgM, EBV-EA-IgG, EBV-EA-IgA, EBV-VCA-IgA, and EBV-DNA were 91.89%, 7.22%, 18.00%, 16.19%, 30.78%, and 18.00%, respectively. […] The seropositivity rate for VCA-IgM, an indicator of acute EBV infection, was highest in patients aged 11-20 years at 26.41%, decreasing to 2%-6% in older patients. […] This large-scale retrospective study explores the epidemiological characteristics and disease spectrum of EBV infection across all age groups. The findings contribute to the improvement of diagnostic and management strategies for EBV infection.
#88 Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances â Epstein-Barr virus – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/epstein-barr-virus.html
NPC is most common in southern China and accounts for approximately 20% of all adult cancers. […] NPC is extremely rare in Europe and North America, with an incidence rate is 1 per 100,000 individuals. […] EBV reactivation can occur due to external stress stimuli and by co-infection with certain viruses, including human simplex virus 1, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis viruses, and novel SARS-CoV-2, and may result in complications such as BL, HL, and other types of cancer. […] Monitor for clinical symptoms. […] Direct detection of the viral antigen can be done by staining for EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) using anti-complement immunofluorescence. […] Viral RNA or DNA can be identified using in situ hybridization, dot-blot hybridization, nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), and southern blotting. […] Tests for heterophile antibodies in mononucleosis, antibodies against viral capsid antigen (VCA), or anti-EBNA1 antibodies can also be used. […] An EBV DNA load 10,000 IU/mL in whole blood is proposed as a diagnostic cut-off value for chronic active EBV disease.
#89 2021 Global Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com
https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210317005447/en/2021-Global-Epstein-Barr-Virus-EBV-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com
The „Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) – Epidemiology Forecast 2030” report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com’s offering. […] This report delivers an in-depth understanding of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), historical and forecasted epidemiology in the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom) and Japan. […] The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) epidemiology division provides insights about the historical and current patient pool along with the forecasted trend for every seven major countries. […] The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) epidemiology segmented as the Total Diagnosed cases of EBV Infectious Mononucleosis, Total Incident cases of EBV+ Cancers, Total Incident cases of EBV+ PTLD.
#90 2021 Global Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) Epidemiology Forecast to 2030 – ResearchAndMarkets.com
https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210317005447/en/2021-Global-Epstein-Barr-Virus-EBV-Epidemiology-Forecast-to-2030—ResearchAndMarkets.com
The „Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) – Epidemiology Forecast 2030” report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com’s offering. […] This report delivers an in-depth understanding of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), historical and forecasted epidemiology in the United States, EU5 (Germany, Spain, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom) and Japan. […] The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) epidemiology division provides insights about the historical and current patient pool along with the forecasted trend for every seven major countries. […] The disease epidemiology covered in the report provides historical as well as forecasted Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) epidemiology segmented as the Total Diagnosed cases of EBV Infectious Mononucleosis, Total Incident cases of EBV+ Cancers, Total Incident cases of EBV+ PTLD.
#91 Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr Virus infection and Infectious Mononucleosis in the United Kingdom | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.20018317v1.full-text
In this study we make several important observations on the epidemiology of EBV infection in the UK. […] We find that the incidence of IM requiring hospitalisation is increasing. […] We find that exposures associated with prevalent IM in a diverse population include white ethnicity, affluence, lower BMI, and never-smoking, and these exposures interact with each other. […] We show that the seroprevalence of EBV increases monotonically with age from a nadir of 69.9% in the 0-5 age bracket to 96.0% among 20-25 year olds. […] We show that the temporal trends in EBV seroprevalence differ between genders, with male sex conferring a slightly lower risk of EBV seropositivity during adolescence (10 – 15 years), which corresponds to a gender imbalance among hospital-coded infectious mononucleosis cases.
#92 Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus infection and infectious mononucleosis in the United Kingdom | springermedizin.de
https://www.springermedizin.de/epidemiology-of-epstein-barr-virus-infection-and-infectious-mono/18078278
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous gamma-herpesvirus with which ~95% of the healthy population is infected. EBV infection has been implicated in a range of haematological malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Delayed primary EBV infection increases the risk of subsequent complications. Contemporaneous seroepidemiological data is needed to establish best approaches for successful vaccination strategies in the future. […] We report that overall EBV seroprevalence in the UK appears to have increased, and that a sharp increase in EBV seropositivity is seen in adolescent females, but not males. The incidence of IM requiring hospitalisation is increasing. Exposures associated with prevalent IM in a diverse population include white ethnicity, lower BMI, and never-smoking, and these exposures interact with each other.
#93 Clinical manifestations and treatment of Epstein-Barr virus infection – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-treatment-of-epstein-barr-virus-infection
Most primary EBV infections throughout the world are subclinical. […] Approximately 90 to 95 percent of adults are EBV antibody seropositive; however, studies suggest that primary EBV infection may be occurring at a later age in children residing in the developed world. As an example, in a large public university in the United States, the seroprevalence of EBV antibodies among entering freshman declined from 64 percent in 2006 to 52 percent in 2022.
#94 Analysis of the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Epstein-Barr virus infection – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39380297/
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is responsible for a spectrum of human diseases and demonstrates a considerable prevalence among various populations. […] In this study, our objective was to examine the epidemiological profile and clinical features of EBV infection in Chongqing, China. […] Among 13 584 inpatients, the overall seropositivity rates for EBNA-1-IgG, EBV-VCA-IgM, EBV-EA-IgG, EBV-EA-IgA, EBV-VCA-IgA, and EBV-DNA were 91.89%, 7.22%, 18.00%, 16.19%, 30.78%, and 18.00%, respectively. […] The seropositivity rate for VCA-IgM, an indicator of acute EBV infection, was highest in patients aged 11-20 years at 26.41%, decreasing to 2%-6% in older patients. […] This large-scale retrospective study explores the epidemiological characteristics and disease spectrum of EBV infection across all age groups. The findings contribute to the improvement of diagnostic and management strategies for EBV infection.
#95 Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus infection and infectious mononucleosis in the United Kingdom | springermedizin.de
https://www.springermedizin.de/epidemiology-of-epstein-barr-virus-infection-and-infectious-mono/18078278
Understanding the epidemiology of EBV infection during childhood and adolescence is essential, for both maximising the efficacy and safety of vaccine studies, and in order to inform power calculations for future potential interventional studies. […] Our study demonstrated consistently higher EBV seroprevalence among all age brackets compared to a comparable older study; this may reflect a genuine increase in seroprevalence in the UK, differences in population sampling, or different sensitivity and specificity of the assays used. […] Understanding the temporal trends and host determinants of EBV serostatus are essential for rational vaccine design and deployment.
#96 The incidence of glandular fever
https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br/index.php/acervo/buscador.html?task=detalhes&id=W2166694086
Previous estimates of the incidence of glandular fever vary widely. […] The present investigation was designed to show the incidence of cases of glandular fever presenting to doctors in certain general communities near Portsmouth in 196263. The overall incidence in these areas during the year was found to be 38 per 100,000 population; this amounts to an average of one case annually in a medium-sized general practice. […] The incidence appeared to be lowest in a council housing estate. Glandular fever was not common in children, although it was frequently diagnosed on clinical grounds. […] The ways in which cases of glandular fever might be missed in a survey such as the present one are discussed. It is thought that many patients may become ill but not consult their doctors. Truly subclinical glandular fever, however, is thought to be infrequent.
#97 Mountain gorilla lymphocryptovirus has Epstein-Barr virus-like epidemiology and pathology in infants | Scientific Reports
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-04877-1
Because it is difficult to conduct population-wide studies to detect viruses circulating in wild great apes, little is known about the epidemiology or associated pathologies of EBV-like infections in great apes, particularly those associated with primary infection in infancy. […] Here we investigated the epidemiology and origin of lymphocryptoviruses shed by wild human-habituated mountain gorillas in the two remaining mountain gorilla subpopulations, the Virunga gorillas residing in the Virunga Massif (spanning Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo) and the Bwindi gorillas residing in the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest in Uganda. […] Our findings demonstrate that mountain gorillas are widely infected with a mountain gorilla-specific lymphocryptovirus with epidemiologic and pathologic similarities to EBV in humans. […] Our findings suggest an association between GbbLCV-1 infection and development of PRLH in mountain gorillas, similar to the development of EBV-related PRLH in humans.
#98 Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus infection and infectious mononucleosis in the United Kingdom | BMC Public Health | Full Text
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-09049-x
1982/2325 individuals (85.3%) were EBV seropositive. […] The incidence of IM requiring hospitalisation is increasing. […] We show that exposures associated with increased IM risk (i.e. late infection) include White ethnicity, normal/low body weight, lower deprivation, and never smoking, in keeping with international data. […] Understanding the temporal trends and host determinants of EBV serostatus are essential for rational vaccine design and deployment. […] In conclusion, our data suggest that, in the UK, EBV seroconversion is taking place earlier in life, that overall EBV seroprevalence remains very high (95% of 21-25 year olds), IM incidence is increasing, and there are several environmental exposures associated with IM risk (ethnicity, deprivation, smoking, and BMI).
#99 Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus infection and infectious mononucleosis in the United Kingdom | springermedizin.de
https://www.springermedizin.de/epidemiology-of-epstein-barr-virus-infection-and-infectious-mono/18078278
Understanding the epidemiology of EBV infection during childhood and adolescence is essential, for both maximising the efficacy and safety of vaccine studies, and in order to inform power calculations for future potential interventional studies. […] Our study demonstrated consistently higher EBV seroprevalence among all age brackets compared to a comparable older study; this may reflect a genuine increase in seroprevalence in the UK, differences in population sampling, or different sensitivity and specificity of the assays used. […] Understanding the temporal trends and host determinants of EBV serostatus are essential for rational vaccine design and deployment.
#100 Infectious Mononucleosis, Active Component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2002â2018 | Health.mil
https://health.mil/News/Articles/2019/07/01/Infectious-Mononucleosis?type=Fact+Sheets
Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is an acute infectious illness characterized by swollen lymph nodes, fever, pharyngitis, fatigue, and head and body aches. This report describes the incidence rates, trends, and demographic correlates of IM among active component service members during 20022018. During the surveillance period, there were 23,780 incident cases of IM, resulting in an overall incidence rate of 104.2 cases per 100,000 person-years (p-yrs). The incidence of IM diagnoses was highest among the youngest age groups and decreased with increasing age. The rate of incident IM diagnoses was markedly higher among non-Hispanic white service members (123.4 per 100,000 p-yrs) compared to those in other race/ethnicity groups. The incidence of IM diagnoses among recruits (364.9 per 100,000 p-yrs) was 3.4 times that among other enlisted personnel (106.0 per 100,000 p-yrs) and 5.6 times that among officers (64.7 per 100,000 p-yrs). The incidence of IM diagnoses remained relatively stable during the surveillance period, at about 100 per 100,000 p-yrs.
#101 Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr Virus infection and Infectious Mononucleosis in the United Kingdom | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.20018317v1.full-text
In this study we make several important observations on the epidemiology of EBV infection in the UK. […] We find that the incidence of IM requiring hospitalisation is increasing. […] We find that exposures associated with prevalent IM in a diverse population include white ethnicity, affluence, lower BMI, and never-smoking, and these exposures interact with each other. […] We show that the seroprevalence of EBV increases monotonically with age from a nadir of 69.9% in the 0-5 age bracket to 96.0% among 20-25 year olds. […] We show that the temporal trends in EBV seroprevalence differ between genders, with male sex conferring a slightly lower risk of EBV seropositivity during adolescence (10 – 15 years), which corresponds to a gender imbalance among hospital-coded infectious mononucleosis cases.
#102 Associations between infectious mononucleosis and cancer: record-linkage studies | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/associations-between-infectious-mononucleosis-and-cancer-recordlinkage-studies/4E3ACA60527FE7220AE20E691F6E5E7D
Infection with EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) followed by infectious mononucleosis (IM) is now considered to be a risk factor for Hodgkin’s disease (HD). […] Our aim was to determine whether there is epidemiological evidence to support the hypothesis that the syndrome of IM is not only associated with lymphoma, but also with a more general elevation of risk of cancer in England. […] We confirm an association between IM and lymphoma; but the risk, if any, of cancer more generally is likely to be small. […] There was no elevation of risk of cancer overall in the IM cohort, compared with the reference cohort: the rate ratio for all cancers combined was 103 (95% CI 0714), and excluding the cases of lymphoma, the rate ratio was 08 (95% CI 0512). […] Our data, and that from the Danish and Swedish cohort, provide strong evidence that there is no general increase in risk of cancer following IM infection.
#103 Does glandular fever increase the risk of inflammatory bowel disease? | Research Communities by Springer Nature
https://communities.springernature.com/posts/does-glandular-fever-increase-the-risk-of-developing-inflammatory-bowel-disease
Associations between infectious mononucleosis and autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis have previously been identified. This is the first study exploring whether hospitalisation with infectious mononucleosis increases the risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease. […] We used data from almost 40,000 patients with IM and almost 400,000 patients without a recorded IM diagnosis, sampled at random and matched on the basis of age, socio-economic area of residence, and sex, between January 1977 and December 2021 in Denmark to assess the risk of developing IBD following hospitalisation with IM. When compared to those patients who were not hospitalised with IM, those with IM disease had a 35% (22-49%) increased risk of IBD later in life. This risk was seen particularly for the development of the IBD subtype, Crohns disease, for which there was a 56% (34-83%) increased risk, following IM.
#104 Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus infection and infectious mononucleosis in the United Kingdom | springermedizin.de
https://www.springermedizin.de/epidemiology-of-epstein-barr-virus-infection-and-infectious-mono/18078278
Understanding the epidemiology of EBV infection during childhood and adolescence is essential, for both maximising the efficacy and safety of vaccine studies, and in order to inform power calculations for future potential interventional studies. […] Our study demonstrated consistently higher EBV seroprevalence among all age brackets compared to a comparable older study; this may reflect a genuine increase in seroprevalence in the UK, differences in population sampling, or different sensitivity and specificity of the assays used. […] Understanding the temporal trends and host determinants of EBV serostatus are essential for rational vaccine design and deployment.
#105 Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus infection and infectious mononucleosis in the United Kingdom | BMC Public Health | Full Text
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-09049-x
1982/2325 individuals (85.3%) were EBV seropositive. […] The incidence of IM requiring hospitalisation is increasing. […] We show that exposures associated with increased IM risk (i.e. late infection) include White ethnicity, normal/low body weight, lower deprivation, and never smoking, in keeping with international data. […] Understanding the temporal trends and host determinants of EBV serostatus are essential for rational vaccine design and deployment. […] In conclusion, our data suggest that, in the UK, EBV seroconversion is taking place earlier in life, that overall EBV seroprevalence remains very high (95% of 21-25 year olds), IM incidence is increasing, and there are several environmental exposures associated with IM risk (ethnicity, deprivation, smoking, and BMI).
#106 Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr Virus infection and Infectious Mononucleosis in the United Kingdom | medRxiv
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.21.20018317v1
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous gamma-herpesvirus with which 95% of the healthy population is infected. […] We find that the incidence of IM requiring hospitalisation is increasing. […] The incidence of Infectious Mononucleosis (IM) leading to hospital admission has increased over the past decade. […] Exposure associated with IM in a large, diverse East London cohort (n1,000,000) were low BMI, never-smoking, white ethnicity, and affluence.