Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Mononucleosis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568755/

  Obtain a history of exposure […] Check vitals and document presence of fever […] Encourage not sharing food or personal care items […] Encourage patient not to kiss […] Educate patient on avoiding sports for at least 6 weeks […] Encourage hydration […] Tell the patient not to take penicillin-like antibiotics as it may result in a rash […] Take acetaminophen for pain and headache […] Inform patients to miss school until symptoms subside […] Once a patient has been diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis, the nurse and primary care provider should educate the patient on potential complications and the course of the illness. The patient should be told to avoid all physical activity for at least 4-6 weeks to minimize the risk of splenic rupture. The patient should be told about the signs and symptoms of splenic rupture and when to return to the hospital. All patients should be told about the need to follow up until the symptoms subside and permission to return to physical activity.

• #2 Mononucleosis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK568755/

  Recall the nursing management of a patient with infectious mononucleosis. […] Nursing Management: Obtain a history of exposure, Check vitals and document presence of fever, Encourage not sharing food or personal care items, Encourage patient not to kiss, Educate patient on avoiding sports for at least 6 weeks, Encourage hydration, Tell the patient not to take penicillin-like antibiotics as it may result in a rash, Take acetaminophen for pain and headache, Inform patients to miss school until symptoms subside. […] Once a patient has been diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis, the nurse and primary care provider should educate the patient on potential complications and the course of the illness. The patient should be told to avoid all physical activity for at least 4-6 weeks to minimize the risk of splenic rupture. […] The pharmacist should educate the patient on supportive care and the need to remain hydrated.

• #3 Glandular fever – symptoms, causes and treatment | healthdirect

  https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/glandular-fever

  Glandular fever is a viral infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. […] Symptoms include sore throat, fever, swollen glands and fatigue. […] Glandular fever can affect people of all ages but is more common in young adults and teenagers. […] There is no specific treatment for glandular fever. The symptoms will normally go away on their own after a few weeks. […] Things you can do to help you feel better: drink fluids to stay hydrated (but avoid alcohol), get plenty of rest, eat a balanced diet. […] Rest at home while you are sick to prevent the spread of infection. […] The main complication of glandular fever is an enlarged spleen. Avoid contact sports and heavy lifting for the first month after being unwell with glandular fever. This is to reduce the risk of damage to your spleen. […] For more information on glandular fever, you can call the healthdirect helpline on 1800 022 222.

• #4 Glandular fever

  https://leaflets.ekhuft.nhs.uk/glandular-fever/html/

  This leaflet is for patients who have been admitted to hospital with glandular fever. […] A nurse will discuss and plan the care you will receive during your hospital stay. Please use this time to ask any questions you may have. […] If needed, you should have plenty of fluids (drinks), rest, and painkillers (such as paracetamol). […] It is important to continue to drink plenty of fluids. […] Rest is encouraged during your recovery. […] Continue to take any prescribed painkillers or anti-inflammatory tablets. […] To stop the spread of glandular fever, avoid kissing or close body contact with other people whilst you are ill. You should also wash your hands regularly.

• #5 Glandular fever

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/glandular-fever/

  Glandular fever should get better by itself, and you should start to feel better within 2 to 4 weeks. […] There are some things you can do to help ease the symptoms. […] Rest. […] Drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration; drink small sips frequently if it’s painful to swallow. […] Take painkillers like paracetamol or ibuprofen (do not give aspirin to children under 16 years old). […] Do not do strenuous activities like heavy lifting or playing sports. […] A GP may order a blood test to confirm if you have glandular fever and to rule out other illnesses, like tonsillitis. […] The GP will not give you antibiotics. Glandular fever is caused by a virus so antibiotics will not work. […] Most people get better with no problems. But sometimes glandular fever may lead to other problems like: liver conditions, such as hepatitis; heart problems, such as inflammation of the heart; kidney problems; blood conditions, such as low levels of blood cells called platelets (thrombocytopenia) or sepsis; neurological conditions, such as Guillain-Barr syndrome or Bell’s palsy; a ruptured (burst) spleen; long-term tiredness (chronic fatigue) which may last for several months.

• #6 Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious Mononucleosis | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2004/1001/p1279.html

  Symptomatic treatment, the mainstay of care, includes adequate hydration, analgesics, antipyretics, and adequate rest. […] The mainstay of treatment for infectious mononucleosis is good supportive care, including adequate hydration; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or acetaminophen for fever and myalgias; and throat lozenges or sprays, or gargling with a 2 percent lidocaine (Xylocaine) solution to relieve pharyngeal discomfort. […] Given the lack of evidence for bed rest in many other conditions, it seems sensible to recommend that patients base their return to usual activities on their energy levels. […] Corticosteroids are recommended in patients with significant pharyngeal edema that causes or threatens respiratory compromise. […] Athletes should not compete in contact or collision sports for a minimum of three to four weeks after the onset of symptoms. […] It seems prudent to obtain a rapid strep test in patients with infectious mononucleosis and to treat them with antibiotics only if the strep test result is positive.

• #7 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Treatment-of-glandular-fever.aspx

  Glandular fever patients need plenty of rest for the first two to three weeks after onset of symptoms. […] At present complete bed rest for the whole duration is not advised. However, patients are advised to take things easy for the initial period and keep their activity level low. Patients may return to school, college or work as soon as they feel better. […] Patients with glandular fever need to take in adequate fluids that includes water or unsweetened fruit juice. This helps relieve symptoms of sore throat and fever to some extent. […] Acetaminophen may be taken for relief of fever. Other pain relievers are Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These include Ibuprofen and Diclofenac. They help relieve fever and pain. […] Gargle with luke warm salt water. This helps relieve the sore throat to some extent.

• #8

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=tw12342

  Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor or nurse advice line (811 in most provinces and territories) if you are having problems. It’s also a good idea to know your test results and keep a list of the medicines you take. […] Get plenty of rest. Stay in bed as much as you can until you feel well enough to be up. […] Drink plenty of fluids. If you have kidney, heart, or liver disease and have to limit fluids, talk with your doctor before you increase the amount of fluids you drink. […] Take your medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor or nurse advice line if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. […] For a sore throat, suck on lozenges or gargle with salt water. To make salt water, mix 1 teaspoon (5mL) of salt in 1 cup (250 mL) of warm water.

• #9 Mononucleosis (Nursing) – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568755/

  Once a patient has been diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis, the nurse practitioner and primary care provider should provide coordinated education of the patient and family on potential complications and the course of the illness. The patient should be told to avoid all physical activity for at least 4-6 weeks to minimize the risk of splenic rupture. The patient should be told about the signs and symptoms of splenic rupture and when to return to the hospital. All patients should be told about the need to follow up until the symptoms subside and permission to return to physical activity. The pharmacist should educate the patient on supportive care and the need to remain hydrated. Finally, all clinicians looking after patients with mononucleosis should be aware of the potential complications, and make the appropriate referral to the specialist when symptoms arise.

• #10

  https://bpac.org.nz/bt/2012/october/glandular.aspx

  Splenic rupture is an extremely rare, but life-threatening complication of glandular fever. Patients should be advised to avoid strenuous activity and contact sport for at least three weeks after symptom onset. […] Most people with glandular fever make a full recovery. Fatigue sufficient to cause functional impairment will generally resolve within two to three months.

• #11

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=tw12342

  Take an over-the-counter pain medicine, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), or naproxen (Aleve), for a sore throat or headache or to lower a fever. Read and follow all instructions on the label. […] Do not take two or more pain medicines at the same time unless the doctor told you to. Many pain medicines have acetaminophen, which is Tylenol. Too much acetaminophen (Tylenol) can be harmful. […] Do not play contact sports for 4 weeks. Do not lift anything heavy. Too much activity increases the chance that your spleen may break open (rupture). […] Try not to spread the virus to others. Do not kiss and don’t share dishes, glasses, eating utensils, or toothbrushes for at least a few weeks. The virus is spread when saliva from an infected person gets in another person’s mouth. It’s hard to know how long you may be contagious. […] If you know you have mono, do not donate blood. There is a chance of spreading the virus through blood products.

• #12 Treatment – Primary Care Notebook

  https://primarycarenotebook.com/pages/infectious-disease/infectious-mononucleosis/treatment

  there is no specific treatment available for glandular fever. The reason why some children remain unwell for many weeks, or sometimes many months, is unclear. […] acute symptoms usually settle in 2-3 weeks although malaise may persist for months (1) […] the mainstay of treatment for infectious mononucleosis includes good supportive care, adequate hydration, for fever and myalgias: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs), paracetamol / acetaminophen, to relieve throat discomfort throat lozenges, sprays, gargling with a 2% lidocaine (Xylocaine) solution. […] advice the patients that exclusion from school is not required for affected children (4) […] vigorous activity should be avoided for at least three to four weeks (until splenomegaly resolves) due to risk of splenic rupture (1,5) […] Urgent medical referral may be required in patients with severe or complicated disease, enlarged tonsils obstructing the airway, inadequate fluid intake (3).

• #13 Mononucleosis: Care Instructions | Kaiser Permanente

  https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/health-wellness/health-encyclopedia/he.mononucleosis-care-instructions.tw12342

  Follow-up care is a key part of your treatment and safety. Be sure to make and go to all appointments, and call your doctor if you are having problems. […] Get plenty of rest. Stay in bed until you feel well enough to be up. […] Drink plenty of fluids. If you have kidney, heart, or liver disease and have to limit fluids, talk with your doctor before you increase the amount of fluids you drink. […] Take your medicines exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor if you think you are having a problem with your medicine. […] For a sore throat, suck on lozenges or gargle with salt water. […] Take an over-the-counter pain medicine, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), or naproxen (Aleve), for a sore throat or headache or to lower a fever. […] Do not take two or more pain medicines at the same time unless the doctor told you to.

• #14 Glandular fever | Better Health Channel

  https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/glandular-fever

  There is no specific treatment for glandular fever affected individuals recover spontaneously (on their own, without treatment). […] You will not have to be isolated from other people. […] To prevent the spread of glandular fever: Make sure you use proper hygiene, including handwashing. […] While glandular fever itself cannot be treated, you can treat the symptoms to try and remove some of the discomfort. Suggestions include: rest, as required; stay well hydrated; use over the counter medications such as paracetamol or ibuprofen, as directed on the packet, for management of fever or pain; gargle with a glass of warm water to ease your sore throat; sucking on sugar-free lollies or lozenges may also help.

• #15 Glandular fever – including symptoms, treatment and prevention | SA Health

  https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/conditions/infectious+diseases/glandular+fever/glandular+fever+-+including+symptoms+treatment+and+prevention

  Glandular fever is an infection caused by the Epstein Barr virus (EBV). It is also called Infectious Mononucleosis and sometimes the kissing disease. […] Seek medical advice if difficulty with swallowing or abdominal pain occurs. Medication for control of fever may be required. Aspirin should not be given to children under 12 years of age unless specifically recommended by a doctor. There is no effective antiviral drug available. Contact sports and heavy lifting should be avoided for the first month after illness because of risk of damage to the spleen, which often is enlarged during acute infection. Most patients with glandular fever recover uneventfully. […] Exclusion from childcare, preschool, school and work is not necessary. There is no vaccine available to prevent Epstein Barr virus infection. Follow good hand washing techniques. Minimise contact with saliva. Avoid sharing cups and glasses.

• #16 Glandular fever: Symptoms, treatment, causes, and diagnosis

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/167390

  Glandular fever, or infectious mononucleosis, is an infection carried through saliva. […] There is no cure for glandular fever, which usually passes without treatment. However, the fatigue can be long lasting. […] Due to the physical impact of glandular fever, it is best for people to slowly build up their activity levels after infection. Due to the damage it can cause to the spleen, people should limit strenuous activity or physical sports for at least the first month after initial recovery. […] A person with glandular fever often feels too tired and unwell to continue with their typical routine, but complete rest is key, especially in the first month after symptoms have appeared. […] This will help prevent dehydration, especially if there is a fever. […] Pain relief medication, such as ibuprofen (Advil) and acetaminophen (Tylenol), are available over-the-counter and online. They may help reduce fever symptoms. […] Gargling with salt water or a solution from a pharmacy may help relieve a sore throat. […] If the infection causes inflammation of the tonsils, a doctor may prescribe a short course of corticosteroids.

• #17

  https://bpac.org.nz/bt/2012/october/glandular.aspx

  Adequate fluid and nutritional intake should be encouraged as anorexia and difficulty eating is present in many people with glandular fever. […] Patients should be counselled on the likely time scale of the illness. Most symptoms will resolve within one month, but fatigue may be present for two to three months. […] Measures or advice to limit the spread of infection are unlikely to be effective. Advice not to kiss or share food or drink bottles and to practice hand hygiene while symptomatic is sensible, but most people with glandular fever will remain contagious for at least one year following the onset of symptoms and will then become periodically re-infective throughout their lives. […] The majority of people with glandular fever will have few, if any, long-term complications other than fatigue. However, glandular fever can be associated with a number of acute complications, including haematological and neurological complications, hepatitis, splenic rupture and upper airway obstruction.

• #18 Glandular fever | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/glandular-fever/

  Glandular fever is a type of viral infection that mostly affects young adults. It normally gets better without treatment, but it can make you feel very ill. It normally lasts for 2 to 3 weeks, but in some cases you can feel ill for months. […] Glandular fever will normally get better on its own. But there are things you can do help ease the symptoms while you wait for your body to control the infection. […] Occasionally, antibiotics or corticosteroids may be prescribed if you develop complications of glandular fever. […] Some people with particularly severe symptoms may need to be looked after in hospital for a few days.

• #19 Epstein-Barr Virus (Glandular Fever)

  https://www.nhsgp.net/epstein-barr-virus-glandular-fever/

  Recovery from glandular fever can take several weeks or longer. While most people make a full recovery, some may experience fatigue and weakness for an extended period. Engaging in gentle physical activity and gradually increasing energy levels can aid in the recovery process. […] If you suspect you have glandular fever or experience severe symptoms like difficulty swallowing, trouble breathing, or persistent high fever, seek immediate medical attention. […] Remember, early diagnosis and proper care can help you manage glandular fever effectively and facilitate a smoother recovery journey.

• #20 Glandular Fever Treatment | The London Clinic

  https://www.thelondonclinic.co.uk/services/treatments/glandular-fever-treatment

  Glandular fever is spread by person-to-person contact through saliva hence its informal name of the kissing disease. […] Most people require no specific treatment and antibiotics are of no benefit because it is a viral infection. […] Patients require rest, plenty of fluids, paracetamol and/or ibuprofen for the throat pain and avoidance of alcohol (because of possible impaired liver function). […] Patients are advised not to engage in contact sports for at least three months as an enlarged spleen can be damaged in contact sports. […] Complications are rare but can be very serious and some require immediate medical attention. […] Glandular fever can also cause inflammation of the lungs, liver, the heart muscle, the membranes that surround the heart and brain.

• #21 Mononucleosis; Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/infectious-disease/treatment/mono

  Mononucleosis, commonly known as mono or glandular fever, is a viral infection that usually affects teenagers and young adults, especially college students. But anyone can get it. […] Mono isn’t usually life-threatening, but it can make you very uncomfortable and disrupt your life. Complications can include an enlarged spleen and liver problems. People with severe cases of mono or people with weakened immune systems are at higher risk for complications. […] If you’re infected, you can reduce the risk of spread by not kissing others, washing your hands regularly and keeping things like drinks, utensils, lip balm and toothbrushes to yourself. […] You are at higher risk of developing complications if you have a weakened immune system due to HIV/AIDS, organ transplant, immunosuppressive medications, cancer treatment or other causes.

• #22 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Treatment-of-glandular-fever.aspx

  Antibiotics are not effective in treating glandular fever because they do not work against viruses. […] Steroids may be given in severe swollen tonsils, severe anemia, liver inflammation or nerve or brain related complications. […] Avoidance of contact sports for the initial six to eight weeks. This is important since glandular fever leads to an enlarged spleen. This makes the spleen more delicate than usual and may lead to spleen rupture. […] Prevention of spread of infection includes simple precautions like isolation during the initial fever phase – this period is the most infective period, good hand washing practices, covering mouth and nose while sneezing or coughing, adequate disposal of tissue that have been exposed to infected mucus and secretions, avoidance of kissing infected persons, and avoidance of sharing unwashed utensils, spoons, forks, drinking containers with infected persons.

• #23 Glandular fever: children & teenagers | Raising Children Network

  https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/a-z-health-reference/glandular-fever

  Theres no specific treatment, cure or vaccine for glandular fever. But you can treat the symptoms of glandular fever. This includes managing pain and discomfort with paracetamol or ibuprofen in recommended doses, making sure your child gets plenty of rest and drinks plenty of fluids. […] Your child should avoid contact sports for at least one month after getting glandular fever. Contact sports increase the risk of rupturing or tearing the spleen, which might be enlarged from glandular fever. […] If your child has glandular fever, encourage them not to share drinking containers or toothbrushes with other people. They should also avoid kissing people. […] Your child can go to school and other places and activities if they feel well enough. You dont need to keep your child at home to control the spread of glandular fever.

• #24 Glandular Fever: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/ears-nose-throat-mouth/sore-throat-2/glandular-fever-infectious-mononucleosis

  Glandular fever can cause a temporary inflammation of the liver. This means that drinking alcohol whilst having glandular fever can cause people to feel very unwell. It is therefore advised to avoid alcohol completely during glandular fever. […] Antibiotic medicines are not used, as glandular fever is caused by a virus. Antibiotics do not kill viruses.

• #25 Glandular fever: children & teenagers | Raising Children Network

  https://raisingchildren.net.au/guides/a-z-health-reference/glandular-fever

  Glandular fever or infectious mononucleosis is caused by Epstein-Barr virus. […] Epstein-Barr virus spreads from person to person through saliva. […] Most people with glandular fever recover gradually. This might take several weeks. Rarely, glandular fever symptoms can last for months, especially the tiredness or general lack of energy. […] You should take your child to the GP if your child has: a sore throat that doesnt improve after 5 days, extreme tiredness that doesnt improve after 1-2 days of rest, swollen glands that remain swollen and/or painful for longer than a few days, stomach pain that lasts longer than a few days, yellowish skin or eyes (jaundice). […] You should go to your nearest hospital emergency department or call 000 for an ambulance straight away if your child has extreme stomach pain.

• #26 Glandular Fever – Risk Factors – Management – TeachMePaediatrics

  https://teachmepaediatrics.com/ent/throat/glandular-fever/

  Bacterial superinfection is present in as many as 30% and so penicillin-based antibiotics (usually benzylpenecillin/penicillin V) are often prescribed. […] Current recommendations suggest avoiding contact sports for 4-6 weeks post infection; evidence suggests that the highest risk is in the 2nd and 3rd week of illness.

• #27 Epstein-Barr Virus (Glandular Fever)

  https://www.nhsgp.net/epstein-barr-virus-glandular-fever/

  Glandular fever, also known as infectious mononucleosis or „mono,” is a viral infection commonly caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It primarily affects teenagers and young adults but can occur at any age. […] If you suspect you have glandular fever, it’s crucial to seek medical advice for proper diagnosis and management. A healthcare professional will conduct a physical examination, evaluate your symptoms, and may order blood tests to confirm the presence of the Epstein-Barr virus. […] As glandular fever is a viral infection, antibiotics are not effective in treating it. Instead, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and promoting recovery. Rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relievers can help alleviate fever, sore throat, and body aches. It’s essential to avoid contact sports and heavy lifting during the recovery period to prevent spleen complications.

• #28 Mononucleosis; Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment | Banner Health

  https://www.bannerhealth.com/services/infectious-disease/treatment/mono

  Treating it focuses on relieving symptoms and helping your body heal with: Rest, reducing physical activity and getting lots of sleep. […] In some cases, you may need corticosteroids to reduce swelling in the throat and tonsils or other treatments for severe symptoms. […] If you have mono, you should avoid contact sports, strenuous exercise, heavy lifting and other activities that could cause trauma to your abdomen for at least a month after your symptoms clear up. […] With mono, you’re likely to recover with rest and self-care.

• #29 Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)

  https://www.health.vic.gov.au/infectious-diseases/infectious-mononucleosis-glandular-fever

  Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) is an acute viral infection that mainly affects young adults. […] A chronic form of the disease is suggested as one of the causes of chronic fatigue syndrome. […] Basic hygiene is the only recommended prevention method. […] Infected people should avoid playing contact sports, because of the risk of splenic injury due to inflammation and swelling. […] Isolation is not necessary. There is no treatment, and antibiotics are not indicated and may cause a rash, particularly amoxicillin. Avoidance of contact sports in the period following infection is advised because of the risk of splenic injury due to inflammation and swelling. […] People with active EBV infection should not visit people receiving organ, including bone marrow, transplants.

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