Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Epidemiology and etiology of gliomas – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15685439/

  Gliomas of astrocytic, oligodendroglial and ependymal origin account for more than 70% of all brain tumors. […] Several occupations, environmental carcinogens, and diet (N-nitroso compounds) have been reported to be associated with an elevated glioma risk, but the only environmental factor unequivocally associated with an increased risk of brain tumors, including gliomas, is therapeutic X-irradiation. […] TP53 mutations are frequent in low-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastomas derived therefrom. Approximately 60% of mutations are located in the hot spot codons 248 and 273, and the majority of these are G:C–A:T transitions at CpG sites. TP53 mutations are significantly more frequent in low-grade astrocytomas with promoter methylation of the O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase repair gene, suggesting that, in addition to deamination of 5-methylcytosine, exogenous or endogenous alkylation in the O(6) position of guanine may contribute to the formation of these mutations.

• #2 Gliomas – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441874/

  Gliomas are a diverse group of tumors originating from glial cells in the brain and spinal cord, representing the most common primary brain tumor within the central nervous system. […] There are 3 common types of gliomas, which are classified based on their phenotypic cell characteristics: astrocytomas, ependymomas, and oligodendrogliomas. These gliomas are further classified into low-grade, atypical/anaplastic, or high-grade tumors based on cell morphology, mitotic activity, and molecular markers. The WHO grading system utilizes molecular markers and has been shown to have significant prognostic and therapeutic implications. […] Results from some epidemiological studies suggest that ionizing radiation can increase the chance of developing gliomas.

• #3 Glioma & Glioblastoma Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment | Pacific Brain Tumor Center

  https://www.pacificneuroscienceinstitute.org/brain-tumor/conditions/gliomas/

  Gliomas are the most common type of primary brain tumor, accounting for approximately 30% of all brain tumors. […] The cause of glioblastoma is not fully understood, but there are several risk factors that have been identified, including genetic mutations, exposure to ionizing radiation, and a history of certain neurological disorders. […] The cause of a glioma is unknown. Although the initial cause is thought to be related to mutations in the DNA of the tumor cells, there are currently no clear-cut environmental or behavioral risk factors (such as air pollution or smoking) that are known to cause gliomas.

• #4 Glioma: Outlook, types, symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/glioma

  Gliomas are the most common type of brain tumor in adults, making up around 78% of cancerous brain tumors. […] However, most brain tumors have unknown causes. They do not have links to anything that a person could have prevented. […] Some genetic disorders might lead to an increased risk of malignant brain tumors. Such genetic disorders may include: neurofibromatosis type 1, neurofibromatosis type 2, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome. […] Certain substances that a person may encounter in the workplace could lead to cancer. For example, exposure to vinyl chloride may increase a person’s risk of developing glioma. However, researchers have not found a direct link.

• #5 Gliomas – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441874/

  Gliomas are a diverse group of tumors originating from glial cells in the brain and spinal cord, representing the most common primary brain tumor within the central nervous system. […] There are 3 common types of gliomas, which are classified based on their phenotypic cell characteristics: astrocytomas, ependymomas, and oligodendrogliomas. These gliomas are further classified into low-grade, atypical/anaplastic, or high-grade tumors based on cell morphology, mitotic activity, and molecular markers. The WHO grading system utilizes molecular markers and has been shown to have significant prognostic and therapeutic implications. […] Results from some epidemiological studies suggest that ionizing radiation can increase the chance of developing gliomas.

• #6 Glioma: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21969-glioma

  Research suggests that changes to DNA lead to the development of brain tumors and spinal cord tumors like gliomas. Our genes contain DNA. They give instructions to cells about how to grow and multiply. Mutations, or changes, to the DNA in our genes can cause cells to multiply out of control. […] Its possible to inherit genetic mutations from your parents. They can also occur suddenly during your lifetime.

• #7 Causes for Glioma | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/glioma/natural-history/causes

  Are you wondering about the causes of gliomas? For many people, it is difficult to imagine a seemingly healthy person developing brain cancer. Unfortunately, it is often hard to pinpoint a clear cause for gliomas. […] Gliomas are believed to arise from genetic mutations (changes) of glial cells. When the genetic makeup of these cells becomes mutated, abnormal tissue growth can lead to tumors such as glioma and glioblastoma. These mutations are not fully understood; however, we have identified potential causes and risk factors, such as exposure to ionizing radiation and hereditary genetic conditions. […] Though the cause of glioma is not fully understood, scientists and physicians have several strong theories. Below, we will explore the two most common potential causes of gliomas: Exposure to ionizing radiation and Genetic and hereditary conditions.

• #8 Causes for Glioma | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/glioma/natural-history/causes

  Are you wondering about the causes of gliomas? For many people, it is difficult to imagine a seemingly healthy person developing brain cancer. Unfortunately, it is often hard to pinpoint a clear cause for gliomas. […] Gliomas are believed to arise from genetic mutations (changes) of glial cells. When the genetic makeup of these cells becomes mutated, abnormal tissue growth can lead to tumors such as glioma and glioblastoma. These mutations are not fully understood; however, we have identified potential causes and risk factors, such as exposure to ionizing radiation and hereditary genetic conditions. […] Though the cause of glioma is not fully understood, scientists and physicians have several strong theories. Below, we will explore the two most common potential causes of gliomas: Exposure to ionizing radiation and Genetic and hereditary conditions.

• #9 Glioma causes – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Glioma_causes

  Common causes of glioma include genetic mutations (ERCC1, ERCC2, XRCC1, MGMT, IDH1, IDH2, p53, EGFR, TSC1, TSC2, RB1, APC, hMLH1, hMSH2, PMS2, PTEN, NF1, and NF2). […] Common causes of glioma include genetic mutations.

• #10 Epidemiology and etiology of gliomas – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15685439/

  Gliomas of astrocytic, oligodendroglial and ependymal origin account for more than 70% of all brain tumors. […] Several occupations, environmental carcinogens, and diet (N-nitroso compounds) have been reported to be associated with an elevated glioma risk, but the only environmental factor unequivocally associated with an increased risk of brain tumors, including gliomas, is therapeutic X-irradiation. […] TP53 mutations are frequent in low-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastomas derived therefrom. Approximately 60% of mutations are located in the hot spot codons 248 and 273, and the majority of these are G:C–A:T transitions at CpG sites. TP53 mutations are significantly more frequent in low-grade astrocytomas with promoter methylation of the O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase repair gene, suggesting that, in addition to deamination of 5-methylcytosine, exogenous or endogenous alkylation in the O(6) position of guanine may contribute to the formation of these mutations.

• #11 Glioma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioma

  The exact causes of gliomas are not known. Hereditary disorders such as neurofibromatoses (type 1 and type 2) and tuberous sclerosis complex are known to predispose to their development. […] The best-known risk factor is exposure to ionizing radiation, and CT scan radiation is an important cause. […] Some studies have reported that glioblastomas are infected with cytomegalovirus, with suggestions that this may speed the development of tumors. […] Studies have shown that farmers have higher rates of gliomas compared to the general population. […] Data show that architects, surveyors, retail workers, butchers, and engineers have higher rates of gliomas. […] Germ-line (inherited) polymorphisms of the DNA repair genes ERCC1, ERCC2 (XPD) and XRCC1 increase the risk of glioma. […] When expression of DNA repair genes is reduced, DNA damages accumulate in cells at a higher than normal level, and such excess damages cause increased frequencies of mutation. […] Mutations in gliomas frequently occur in either isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 or 2 genes. […] Thus, IDH1 or IDH2 mutations act as driver mutations in glioma carcinogenesis, though it is not clear by which role they are primarily acting.

• #12 Unexplained Causes of Glioma-Associated Epilepsies: A Review of Theories and an Area for Research

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/23/5539

  Moreover, hypoxic effects induced by glioma and associated with the HIF-1a factor may have a significant impact on epileptogenesis, potentially resulting in epileptiform activity within neuronal networks. […] It can be inferred that the pathogenesis of both these ailments shares common pathways, but further research is needed to understand this better. It is worth noting that epilepsy arises as a consequence of a developing glioma, although the mechanisms behind its emergence are multifactorial. […] The classification of gliomas and epileptogenesis are often associated with a frequent mutation in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). This mutation occurs in 20% to 64% of glioma cases, depending on the tumour’s origin. […] Up to 78% of cases with IDH mutation are associated with episodes of epilepsy.

• #13 Epidemiology and etiology of gliomas – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15685439/

  Gliomas of astrocytic, oligodendroglial and ependymal origin account for more than 70% of all brain tumors. […] Several occupations, environmental carcinogens, and diet (N-nitroso compounds) have been reported to be associated with an elevated glioma risk, but the only environmental factor unequivocally associated with an increased risk of brain tumors, including gliomas, is therapeutic X-irradiation. […] TP53 mutations are frequent in low-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastomas derived therefrom. Approximately 60% of mutations are located in the hot spot codons 248 and 273, and the majority of these are G:C–A:T transitions at CpG sites. TP53 mutations are significantly more frequent in low-grade astrocytomas with promoter methylation of the O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase repair gene, suggesting that, in addition to deamination of 5-methylcytosine, exogenous or endogenous alkylation in the O(6) position of guanine may contribute to the formation of these mutations.

• #14 Glioblastoma (GBM) – American Brain Tumor Association | Learn More

  https://www.abta.org/tumor_types/glioblastoma-gbm/

  Glioblastomas represent about 14% of all primary brain tumors. On average, more than 12,000 glioblastoma cases are diagnosed each year in the United States. […] The exact cause of glioblastoma is unknown. The majority of glioblastoma patients have no family history or identifiable risk factors. Patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis, Turcot syndrome, Lynch syndrome, or constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome, however, may be at higher risk of developing high-grade gliomas like glioblastoma. Exposure to ionizing radiation as a result of radiation therapy for childhood brain tumors or leukemia is also a risk factor for high-grade gliomas. […] In the past, glioblastomas were categorized as either IDH mutant or IDH-wildtype. The 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) update on CNS tumor classifications defined glioblastomas as IDH-wild type. (IDH mutant tumors that were previously classified as glioblastoma are now classified as astrocytoma, IDH mutant, grade 4.) Glioblastomas are characterized by EGFR amplification, TERT promoter mutation, or combined gain of chromosome 7/loss of chromosome 10 copy number changes. Some glioblastomas (35-40%) may have hypermethylation of the MGMT promoter (the gene which encodes a DNA repair enzyme is not expressed). Tumors that exhibit MGMT promoter hypermethylation have been found to predict a longer length of survival and tend to respond better to chemotherapy like temozolomide (Temodar). In about 40% of all glioblastomas, amplification of the EGFR gene (epidermal growth factor receptor) is found. Other molecular markers include BRAFv600 mutation, FGFR mutations and FGFR-TACC gene fusions, H3K27M mutation, CDK4/6 and TP53.

• #15 Unexplained Causes of Glioma-Associated Epilepsies: A Review of Theories and an Area for Research

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/23/5539

  Another prevalent mutation contributing to glioma classification is the codeletion of chromosome 1p/19q. Oligodendrogliomas are distinguished by the deletion of chromosome 1p/19q. This can result in the development of epilepsy up to 90% of the time. […] Approximately 75% of patients with wild-type IDH gliomas and molecular glioblastoma-like profile (hLGG) have seizures. […] The telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene is located on chromosome 5p15.33. Normally telomerase is turned off due to the transcriptional repression of the TERT promoter (pTERT). Reactivation of telomerase reverse transcriptase via pTERT alterations plays a pivotal role in gliomas, with pTERT mutations found in 80–90%, correlating with higher TERT mRNA and protein expression and subsequent increased telomerase activity.

• #16 Unexplained Causes of Glioma-Associated Epilepsies: A Review of Theories and an Area for Research

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/23/5539

  Another prevalent mutation contributing to glioma classification is the codeletion of chromosome 1p/19q. Oligodendrogliomas are distinguished by the deletion of chromosome 1p/19q. This can result in the development of epilepsy up to 90% of the time. […] Approximately 75% of patients with wild-type IDH gliomas and molecular glioblastoma-like profile (hLGG) have seizures. […] The telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene is located on chromosome 5p15.33. Normally telomerase is turned off due to the transcriptional repression of the TERT promoter (pTERT). Reactivation of telomerase reverse transcriptase via pTERT alterations plays a pivotal role in gliomas, with pTERT mutations found in 80–90%, correlating with higher TERT mRNA and protein expression and subsequent increased telomerase activity.

• #17 Glioblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma

  Similarly, exposure to formaldehyde, and residential electromagnetic fields, such as from cell phones and electrical wiring within homes, have been studied as risk factors. […] The cellular origin of glioblastoma is unknown. […] More recent studies suggest that astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and neural stem cells could all serve as the cell of origin. […] Many other genetic alterations have been described in glioblastoma, and the majority of them are clustered in two pathways, the RB and the PI3K/AKT. […] Another important alteration is methylation of MGMT, a „suicide” DNA repair enzyme. […] Glioblastoma cells with properties similar to progenitor cells (glioblastoma cancer stem cells) have been found in glioblastomas. […] Their presence, coupled with the glioblastoma’s diffuse nature results in difficulty in removing them completely by surgery, and is therefore believed to be the possible cause behind resistance to conventional treatments, and the high recurrence rate.

• #18 Glioblastoma (GBM) – American Brain Tumor Association | Learn More

  https://www.abta.org/tumor_types/glioblastoma-gbm/

  Glioblastomas represent about 14% of all primary brain tumors. On average, more than 12,000 glioblastoma cases are diagnosed each year in the United States. […] The exact cause of glioblastoma is unknown. The majority of glioblastoma patients have no family history or identifiable risk factors. Patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis, Turcot syndrome, Lynch syndrome, or constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome, however, may be at higher risk of developing high-grade gliomas like glioblastoma. Exposure to ionizing radiation as a result of radiation therapy for childhood brain tumors or leukemia is also a risk factor for high-grade gliomas. […] In the past, glioblastomas were categorized as either IDH mutant or IDH-wildtype. The 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) update on CNS tumor classifications defined glioblastomas as IDH-wild type. (IDH mutant tumors that were previously classified as glioblastoma are now classified as astrocytoma, IDH mutant, grade 4.) Glioblastomas are characterized by EGFR amplification, TERT promoter mutation, or combined gain of chromosome 7/loss of chromosome 10 copy number changes. Some glioblastomas (35-40%) may have hypermethylation of the MGMT promoter (the gene which encodes a DNA repair enzyme is not expressed). Tumors that exhibit MGMT promoter hypermethylation have been found to predict a longer length of survival and tend to respond better to chemotherapy like temozolomide (Temodar). In about 40% of all glioblastomas, amplification of the EGFR gene (epidermal growth factor receptor) is found. Other molecular markers include BRAFv600 mutation, FGFR mutations and FGFR-TACC gene fusions, H3K27M mutation, CDK4/6 and TP53.

• #19 Genes linked to familial brain cancer identified in Stanford Medicine-led study | News Center

  https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/05/familial-brain-cancer.html

  An international effort led by a Stanford Medicine researcher finds more than 50 genes linked to glioma a rare brain cancer. Although most gliomas are sporadic, a minority are inherited. […] Bondy assured the sisters that, yes, despite what their father’s doctors had told them, a small minority of glioma cases are familial. […] Most gliomas are sporadic and seem to have no clear genetic cause. Only about 5% of gliomas are familial, afflicting two or more members of the same family. […] In December 2014, Bondy and other members of the Gliogene consortium announced the discovery of one of the first genes associated with familial glioma – POT1. Mutations in POT1 carry an increased risk of developing glioma, the researchers found. […] They found six mutations in one gene, called HERC2, that were associated with familial glioma.

• #20 What is Glioblastoma? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/glioblastoma.html

  To date, there is no established link that cell phones cause glioblastoma. Several different studies have failed to find clear evidence of a link between cell phone use and brain cancer. […] Glioblastoma is a brain tumor that almost always develops sporadically. Being diagnosed with glioblastoma does not mean your children or siblings are more likely to develop glioblastoma or another brain tumor. […] Some very rare cancer syndromes, such as Li-Fraumeni Syndrome, are associated with an increased risk for developing brain tumors and other cancers, but these patients usually are diagnosed with multiple types of cancer at a very young age. […] Glioblastoma has tentacles that reach out from the main tumor mass. These tentacles are invisible to the naked eye and even to many of our most advanced imaging technologies.

• #21 Optic Nerve Glioma (Optic Pathway Glioma) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/optic-nerve-glioma

  In most cases, the cause of optic nerve gliomas is not known. Its important to understand that these and other brain tumors most often occur with no known cause. Theres nothing that could have been done or avoided that would have prevented the tumor from developing. […] Optic nerve gliomas are more common in kids who have a genetic condition called neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1). NF1 can cause tumors to form, and optic nerve gliomas occur in about 15 percent of children with this disease. In these cases, about two-thirds of the time, the tumor stops growing and disappears forever on its own without treatment.

• #22 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Glioma-Causes.aspx

  Ionising radiation can increase the risk for astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. […] Increasing age is another risk factor associated with glioma. […] Males are at a slightly greater risk of this condition than females. […] Genetic conditions known to increase the risk for glioma include neurofibromatosis (type 1 and type 2), Li-Fraumeni syndrome, tuberous sclerosis and Turcot syndrome.

• #23 Glioblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma

  The cause of most cases of glioblastoma is not known. […] Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis and LiFraumeni syndrome, and previous radiation therapy. […] The cause of most cases is unclear. […] The best known risk factor is exposure to ionizing radiation, and CT scan radiation is an important cause. […] Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders such as neurofibromatosis, LiFraumeni syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, or Turcot syndrome. […] Glioblastoma has been associated with the viruses SV40, HHV-6, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Infection with an oncogenic CMV may even be necessary for the development of glioblastoma. […] Research has been done to see if consumption of cured meat is a risk factor. No risk had been confirmed as of 2003.

• #24 What is Glioblastoma? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/glioblastoma.html

  Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain cancer, or cancer that starts in the brain, with around 12,000 cases diagnosed in the United States each year. […] Glioblastoma begins in star-shaped brain cells called astrocytes that help protect the brain from diseases in the blood and provide it with nutrients. […] Doctors have only identified a few risk factors for glioblastoma. The most significant is prior radiation to the head. People often receive radiation to the head to treat other cancers near the brain or cancers that have or may spread to the brain. […] A few hereditary cancer syndromes are also connected to glioblastoma. These include Li Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1 and Turcot syndrome. […] In addition, this cancer tends to develop more often in men, people age 50 or older, and Caucasians.

• #25 Glioma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioma

  The exact causes of gliomas are not known. Hereditary disorders such as neurofibromatoses (type 1 and type 2) and tuberous sclerosis complex are known to predispose to their development. […] The best-known risk factor is exposure to ionizing radiation, and CT scan radiation is an important cause. […] Some studies have reported that glioblastomas are infected with cytomegalovirus, with suggestions that this may speed the development of tumors. […] Studies have shown that farmers have higher rates of gliomas compared to the general population. […] Data show that architects, surveyors, retail workers, butchers, and engineers have higher rates of gliomas. […] Germ-line (inherited) polymorphisms of the DNA repair genes ERCC1, ERCC2 (XPD) and XRCC1 increase the risk of glioma. […] When expression of DNA repair genes is reduced, DNA damages accumulate in cells at a higher than normal level, and such excess damages cause increased frequencies of mutation. […] Mutations in gliomas frequently occur in either isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 or 2 genes. […] Thus, IDH1 or IDH2 mutations act as driver mutations in glioma carcinogenesis, though it is not clear by which role they are primarily acting.

• #26 Gliomas (Intra-axial Brain Tumor) – Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.uchealth.com/en/conditions/glioma

  Gliomas can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). They make up about 3 in 10 of all tumors that start in the brain. […] Experts aren’t sure what causes brain tumors. In a small number of people, genetic disorders such as neurofibromatosis or tuberous sclerosis can cause them. Exposure to radiation may also play a factor. No method is known for preventing gliomas or other brain tumors.

• #27 What is Glioblastoma? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/glioblastoma.html

  Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain cancer, or cancer that starts in the brain, with around 12,000 cases diagnosed in the United States each year. […] Glioblastoma begins in star-shaped brain cells called astrocytes that help protect the brain from diseases in the blood and provide it with nutrients. […] Doctors have only identified a few risk factors for glioblastoma. The most significant is prior radiation to the head. People often receive radiation to the head to treat other cancers near the brain or cancers that have or may spread to the brain. […] A few hereditary cancer syndromes are also connected to glioblastoma. These include Li Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1 and Turcot syndrome. […] In addition, this cancer tends to develop more often in men, people age 50 or older, and Caucasians.

• #28 Glioblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma

  The cause of most cases of glioblastoma is not known. […] Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis and LiFraumeni syndrome, and previous radiation therapy. […] The cause of most cases is unclear. […] The best known risk factor is exposure to ionizing radiation, and CT scan radiation is an important cause. […] Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders such as neurofibromatosis, LiFraumeni syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, or Turcot syndrome. […] Glioblastoma has been associated with the viruses SV40, HHV-6, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Infection with an oncogenic CMV may even be necessary for the development of glioblastoma. […] Research has been done to see if consumption of cured meat is a risk factor. No risk had been confirmed as of 2003.

• #29 Glioblastoma Multiforme | Cedars-Sinai

  https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/g/glioblastoma-multiforme.html

  Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a rare cancer that starts in the brain. […] Experts are still trying to understand what causes GBM. Astrocytes are usually very controlled and organized cells. Something happens that causes them to start multiplying and forming tumors. It’s not clear what causes this, but researchers have found a number of changes, or mutations, in genes within the tumor cells. Some of these mutations affect the ability of the cells to control themselves. […] Most people with GBM have no family history or risk factors that can be identified. Some family inherited syndromes like Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis, and Lynch syndrome might increase risk of developing GBM. Exposure to ionizing radiation to the brain as a child may also increase risk.

• #30 Glioblastoma (GBM) – American Brain Tumor Association | Learn More

  https://www.abta.org/tumor_types/glioblastoma-gbm/

  Glioblastomas represent about 14% of all primary brain tumors. On average, more than 12,000 glioblastoma cases are diagnosed each year in the United States. […] The exact cause of glioblastoma is unknown. The majority of glioblastoma patients have no family history or identifiable risk factors. Patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis, Turcot syndrome, Lynch syndrome, or constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome, however, may be at higher risk of developing high-grade gliomas like glioblastoma. Exposure to ionizing radiation as a result of radiation therapy for childhood brain tumors or leukemia is also a risk factor for high-grade gliomas. […] In the past, glioblastomas were categorized as either IDH mutant or IDH-wildtype. The 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) update on CNS tumor classifications defined glioblastomas as IDH-wild type. (IDH mutant tumors that were previously classified as glioblastoma are now classified as astrocytoma, IDH mutant, grade 4.) Glioblastomas are characterized by EGFR amplification, TERT promoter mutation, or combined gain of chromosome 7/loss of chromosome 10 copy number changes. Some glioblastomas (35-40%) may have hypermethylation of the MGMT promoter (the gene which encodes a DNA repair enzyme is not expressed). Tumors that exhibit MGMT promoter hypermethylation have been found to predict a longer length of survival and tend to respond better to chemotherapy like temozolomide (Temodar). In about 40% of all glioblastomas, amplification of the EGFR gene (epidermal growth factor receptor) is found. Other molecular markers include BRAFv600 mutation, FGFR mutations and FGFR-TACC gene fusions, H3K27M mutation, CDK4/6 and TP53.

• #31 Genes linked to familial brain cancer identified in Stanford Medicine-led study | News Center

  https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/05/familial-brain-cancer.html

  An international effort led by a Stanford Medicine researcher finds more than 50 genes linked to glioma a rare brain cancer. Although most gliomas are sporadic, a minority are inherited. […] Bondy assured the sisters that, yes, despite what their father’s doctors had told them, a small minority of glioma cases are familial. […] Most gliomas are sporadic and seem to have no clear genetic cause. Only about 5% of gliomas are familial, afflicting two or more members of the same family. […] In December 2014, Bondy and other members of the Gliogene consortium announced the discovery of one of the first genes associated with familial glioma – POT1. Mutations in POT1 carry an increased risk of developing glioma, the researchers found. […] They found six mutations in one gene, called HERC2, that were associated with familial glioma.

• #32 Genes linked to familial brain cancer identified in Stanford Medicine-led study | News Center

  https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/05/familial-brain-cancer.html

  Two other genes – BRIP1 and POLE – that were also mutated in familial glioma cases have been associated with ovarian and colorectal cancers, respectively. […] All told, the researchers identified 54 mutations in 28 genes or non-coding regions that were associated with familial glioma in 50 out of 304 families in the Gliogene study. Many of the genes are involved in cell division, blood vessel development and immune regulation – all factors that can contribute to tumor growth.

• #33 Gliomas (Intra-axial Brain Tumor) – Symptoms & Causes

  https://www.uchealth.com/en/conditions/glioma

  Gliomas can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). They make up about 3 in 10 of all tumors that start in the brain. […] Experts aren’t sure what causes brain tumors. In a small number of people, genetic disorders such as neurofibromatosis or tuberous sclerosis can cause them. Exposure to radiation may also play a factor. No method is known for preventing gliomas or other brain tumors.

• #34 Epidemiology and etiology of gliomas – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15685439/

  Gliomas of astrocytic, oligodendroglial and ependymal origin account for more than 70% of all brain tumors. […] Several occupations, environmental carcinogens, and diet (N-nitroso compounds) have been reported to be associated with an elevated glioma risk, but the only environmental factor unequivocally associated with an increased risk of brain tumors, including gliomas, is therapeutic X-irradiation. […] TP53 mutations are frequent in low-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastomas derived therefrom. Approximately 60% of mutations are located in the hot spot codons 248 and 273, and the majority of these are G:C–A:T transitions at CpG sites. TP53 mutations are significantly more frequent in low-grade astrocytomas with promoter methylation of the O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase repair gene, suggesting that, in addition to deamination of 5-methylcytosine, exogenous or endogenous alkylation in the O(6) position of guanine may contribute to the formation of these mutations.

• #35 What is Glioblastoma? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/glioblastoma.html

  Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain cancer, or cancer that starts in the brain, with around 12,000 cases diagnosed in the United States each year. […] Glioblastoma begins in star-shaped brain cells called astrocytes that help protect the brain from diseases in the blood and provide it with nutrients. […] Doctors have only identified a few risk factors for glioblastoma. The most significant is prior radiation to the head. People often receive radiation to the head to treat other cancers near the brain or cancers that have or may spread to the brain. […] A few hereditary cancer syndromes are also connected to glioblastoma. These include Li Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1 and Turcot syndrome. […] In addition, this cancer tends to develop more often in men, people age 50 or older, and Caucasians.

• #36 What Is Glioblastoma? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/cancer/brain-tumor/glioblastoma-signs-symptoms-latest-treatments-more/

  Glioblastomas are whats known as primary brain tumors. That is, they are tumors that originate in the brain. That makes them quite different from metastatic, or secondary, brain tumors, which are tumors that first arise in other organs and then spread to the brain. Its an important distinction, because primary and secondary brain tumors are treated quite differently. […] Researchers have identified some risk factors for brain tumors, but most tumors have no known cause. Some risk factors are under your control, while others, such as age and a family history of the disease, cant be changed. […] One risk factor for glioblastomas and brain tumors perhaps the best known and most important is radiation exposure. […] Many people with brain tumors were put at increased risk by radiation therapy used to treat other kinds of cancer. Children whose brains are exposed to radiation to treat leukemia, for example, may develop brain tumors 10 to 15 years later. […] There are a few rare genetic diseases that are associated with an increased risk of glioblastoma, including Turcot syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and neurofibromatosis. These diseases are very uncommon and only account for a small percentage of people who are diagnosed with glioblastoma.

• #37 Glioma: Causes, symptoms, and outlook | Rare Cancer News

  https://rarecancernews.com/glioma-overview/

  Gliomas are a group of tumors that start in glia, the cells that support and protect nerve cells in the CNS. They arise when random DNA mutations in glial cells cause their uncontrolled growth. […] The development of gliomas is associated with certain DNA mutations in the cancer cells, but these mutations generally happen randomly, or de novo, and aren’t inherited. It is very rare for gliomas to run in families, but in a small number of cases, they are linked to inherited genetic syndromes. […] Some research suggests that prior exposure to certain toxins or ionizing radiation, a type of radiation with enough energy to affect atoms, could increase the risk of gliomas. Exposure to ionizing radiation can come from radiation therapy during cancer treatment, occupational exposures — such as working in a power plant or medical imaging facilities — or from natural sources such as soil, water, or vegetation. […] Age also can influence the risk of glioma, as they most commonly occur in older adults, ages 65 and older, and in younger children, or those younger than age 12. These tumors are also slightly more likely to affect men than women, and are more common in white people.

• #38 Glioblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma

  The cause of most cases of glioblastoma is not known. […] Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis and LiFraumeni syndrome, and previous radiation therapy. […] The cause of most cases is unclear. […] The best known risk factor is exposure to ionizing radiation, and CT scan radiation is an important cause. […] Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders such as neurofibromatosis, LiFraumeni syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, or Turcot syndrome. […] Glioblastoma has been associated with the viruses SV40, HHV-6, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Infection with an oncogenic CMV may even be necessary for the development of glioblastoma. […] Research has been done to see if consumption of cured meat is a risk factor. No risk had been confirmed as of 2003.

• #39 What Causes Glioma? – Acibadem Health Point – ACIBADEM Hospitals – Acibadem Health Group

  https://www.acibademhealthpoint.com/what-causes-glioma/

  What causes glioma? Glioma comes from many things. Family history and certain genes are big. So are issues like too much radiation or bad chemicals. Choices in how we live can also play a part. […] Genes play a big part in glioma. Your family history and certain gene changes can make gliomas more likely. Traits passed down and changes in DNA repair genes can increase someone’s risk. […] The link between things around us and glioma is widely studied. Research shows that some outside things can greatly affect glioma risk. […] Radiation from certain treatments and scans might increase glioma risk. Techniques like CT scans and radiation therapy can add to the risk over time. Studies on atomic bomb survivors and workers with industrial radiation support this. […] Exposure to harmful chemicals is another key point. Certain substances, like vinyl chloride, and pesticides are believed to cause cancer. People who work with these materials, in farming or manufacturing, face higher risks.

• #40 Glioma: Causes, symptoms, and outlook | Rare Cancer News

  https://rarecancernews.com/glioma-overview/

  Gliomas are a group of tumors that start in glia, the cells that support and protect nerve cells in the CNS. They arise when random DNA mutations in glial cells cause their uncontrolled growth. […] The development of gliomas is associated with certain DNA mutations in the cancer cells, but these mutations generally happen randomly, or de novo, and aren’t inherited. It is very rare for gliomas to run in families, but in a small number of cases, they are linked to inherited genetic syndromes. […] Some research suggests that prior exposure to certain toxins or ionizing radiation, a type of radiation with enough energy to affect atoms, could increase the risk of gliomas. Exposure to ionizing radiation can come from radiation therapy during cancer treatment, occupational exposures — such as working in a power plant or medical imaging facilities — or from natural sources such as soil, water, or vegetation. […] Age also can influence the risk of glioma, as they most commonly occur in older adults, ages 65 and older, and in younger children, or those younger than age 12. These tumors are also slightly more likely to affect men than women, and are more common in white people.

• #41 Glioma: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and More

  https://resources.healthgrades.com/right-care/cancer/glioma

  What causes glioma? […] The cause of glioma is generally unknown. It may occur as a result of genetic mutations in glial stem or progenitor cells, which accumulate and grow uncontrollably. […] Exposure to ionizing radiation, such as following atomic bomb survival, may be a risk factor for glioma development.

• #42 What Causes Glioma? – Acibadem Health Point – ACIBADEM Hospitals – Acibadem Health Group

  https://www.acibademhealthpoint.com/what-causes-glioma/

  What causes glioma? Glioma comes from many things. Family history and certain genes are big. So are issues like too much radiation or bad chemicals. Choices in how we live can also play a part. […] Genes play a big part in glioma. Your family history and certain gene changes can make gliomas more likely. Traits passed down and changes in DNA repair genes can increase someone’s risk. […] The link between things around us and glioma is widely studied. Research shows that some outside things can greatly affect glioma risk. […] Radiation from certain treatments and scans might increase glioma risk. Techniques like CT scans and radiation therapy can add to the risk over time. Studies on atomic bomb survivors and workers with industrial radiation support this. […] Exposure to harmful chemicals is another key point. Certain substances, like vinyl chloride, and pesticides are believed to cause cancer. People who work with these materials, in farming or manufacturing, face higher risks.

• #43 Glioma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioma

  The exact causes of gliomas are not known. Hereditary disorders such as neurofibromatoses (type 1 and type 2) and tuberous sclerosis complex are known to predispose to their development. […] The best-known risk factor is exposure to ionizing radiation, and CT scan radiation is an important cause. […] Some studies have reported that glioblastomas are infected with cytomegalovirus, with suggestions that this may speed the development of tumors. […] Studies have shown that farmers have higher rates of gliomas compared to the general population. […] Data show that architects, surveyors, retail workers, butchers, and engineers have higher rates of gliomas. […] Germ-line (inherited) polymorphisms of the DNA repair genes ERCC1, ERCC2 (XPD) and XRCC1 increase the risk of glioma. […] When expression of DNA repair genes is reduced, DNA damages accumulate in cells at a higher than normal level, and such excess damages cause increased frequencies of mutation. […] Mutations in gliomas frequently occur in either isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 or 2 genes. […] Thus, IDH1 or IDH2 mutations act as driver mutations in glioma carcinogenesis, though it is not clear by which role they are primarily acting.

• #44

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/information-brain-tumour-causes?srsltid=ARcRdnqiXujb2gDv_0nTgb-HIIeNjcZg5EuLBXfp31c_BtHxr9CzDavg

  Some scientists strongly contest this and some studies suggest there is a connection between mobile phone use, glioma and acoustic neuroma (a form of schwannoma brain tumour). […] There is some evidence of a connection between pesticide exposure (including some pesticides approved for domestic/home use), farming and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour. […] There are studies that suggest a connection between being a painter, working in the printing industry, being a hairdresser, personal hair dye use and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour. […] The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been indicated as a possible contributory factor to the development of gliomas, but it is not clear what role the virus may play, if any. […] High levels of blood glucose (blood sugar) is related to poorer survival rates in glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumours, but has not been identified as a risk factor.

• #45 Glioblastoma (GBM): What It Is, Symptoms & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17032-glioblastoma

  Glioblastoma causes […] Researchers dont know the exact cause. Like other gliomas (tumors that form in your brain and spinal cord), researchers suggest that changes in your DNA lead to the development of glioblastoma brain tumors. Your genes contain DNA. They give instructions to your cells about how to grow and multiply. Mutations, or changes, to the DNA in your genes can cause cells to multiply out of control. […] Its possible to inherit genetic variations from your biological parents. But inherited GBMs are rare. Most commonly, these mutations happen randomly during your lifetime. […] These factors may increase your risk: Exposure to chemicals, like pesticides, petroleum, synthetic rubber and vinyl chloride; Genetic, tumor-causing conditions, like neurofibromatosis, Li-Fraumeni syndrome and Turcot syndrome; Previous radiation therapy to your head. […] Genetic mutations that cause glioblastoma arent preventable. But early detection and treatment may slow the progression of a tumor.

• #46 Glioma: Outlook, types, symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/glioma

  Gliomas are the most common type of brain tumor in adults, making up around 78% of cancerous brain tumors. […] However, most brain tumors have unknown causes. They do not have links to anything that a person could have prevented. […] Some genetic disorders might lead to an increased risk of malignant brain tumors. Such genetic disorders may include: neurofibromatosis type 1, neurofibromatosis type 2, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome. […] Certain substances that a person may encounter in the workplace could lead to cancer. For example, exposure to vinyl chloride may increase a person’s risk of developing glioma. However, researchers have not found a direct link.

• #47 Epidemiology and etiology of gliomas – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15685439/

  Gliomas of astrocytic, oligodendroglial and ependymal origin account for more than 70% of all brain tumors. […] Several occupations, environmental carcinogens, and diet (N-nitroso compounds) have been reported to be associated with an elevated glioma risk, but the only environmental factor unequivocally associated with an increased risk of brain tumors, including gliomas, is therapeutic X-irradiation. […] TP53 mutations are frequent in low-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastomas derived therefrom. Approximately 60% of mutations are located in the hot spot codons 248 and 273, and the majority of these are G:C–A:T transitions at CpG sites. TP53 mutations are significantly more frequent in low-grade astrocytomas with promoter methylation of the O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase repair gene, suggesting that, in addition to deamination of 5-methylcytosine, exogenous or endogenous alkylation in the O(6) position of guanine may contribute to the formation of these mutations.

• #48

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/information-brain-tumour-causes?srsltid=ARcRdnqiXujb2gDv_0nTgb-HIIeNjcZg5EuLBXfp31c_BtHxr9CzDavg

  Some scientists strongly contest this and some studies suggest there is a connection between mobile phone use, glioma and acoustic neuroma (a form of schwannoma brain tumour). […] There is some evidence of a connection between pesticide exposure (including some pesticides approved for domestic/home use), farming and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour. […] There are studies that suggest a connection between being a painter, working in the printing industry, being a hairdresser, personal hair dye use and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour. […] The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been indicated as a possible contributory factor to the development of gliomas, but it is not clear what role the virus may play, if any. […] High levels of blood glucose (blood sugar) is related to poorer survival rates in glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumours, but has not been identified as a risk factor.

• #49 Glioma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioma

  The exact causes of gliomas are not known. Hereditary disorders such as neurofibromatoses (type 1 and type 2) and tuberous sclerosis complex are known to predispose to their development. […] The best-known risk factor is exposure to ionizing radiation, and CT scan radiation is an important cause. […] Some studies have reported that glioblastomas are infected with cytomegalovirus, with suggestions that this may speed the development of tumors. […] Studies have shown that farmers have higher rates of gliomas compared to the general population. […] Data show that architects, surveyors, retail workers, butchers, and engineers have higher rates of gliomas. […] Germ-line (inherited) polymorphisms of the DNA repair genes ERCC1, ERCC2 (XPD) and XRCC1 increase the risk of glioma. […] When expression of DNA repair genes is reduced, DNA damages accumulate in cells at a higher than normal level, and such excess damages cause increased frequencies of mutation. […] Mutations in gliomas frequently occur in either isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 or 2 genes. […] Thus, IDH1 or IDH2 mutations act as driver mutations in glioma carcinogenesis, though it is not clear by which role they are primarily acting.

• #50 Glioma: Outlook, types, symptoms, treatment, and more

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/glioma

  Gliomas are the most common type of brain tumor in adults, making up around 78% of cancerous brain tumors. […] However, most brain tumors have unknown causes. They do not have links to anything that a person could have prevented. […] Some genetic disorders might lead to an increased risk of malignant brain tumors. Such genetic disorders may include: neurofibromatosis type 1, neurofibromatosis type 2, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome. […] Certain substances that a person may encounter in the workplace could lead to cancer. For example, exposure to vinyl chloride may increase a person’s risk of developing glioma. However, researchers have not found a direct link.

• #51 Association between viral infections and glioma risk: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-03142-9

  Glioma is one of the leading types of brain tumor, but few etiologic factors of primary glioma have been identified. […] Previous observational research has shown an association between viral infection and glioma risk. […] Identifying the cause of glioma allows for possible preventative measures to reduce the incidence of GBM and for targeted routine screening in highly susceptible individuals. […] Many previous studies have focused on finding the cause of glioma but failed to identify a clear etiology of gliomagenesis. […] Several recent studies have consistently provided robust evidence that exposure to moderate or high levels of ionizing radiation is one of the environmental factors associated with glioma risk, even though this factor accounts for only a small fraction of cases.

• #52 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20231207/The-association-between-viral-infections-and-glioma-risk.aspx

  In a recent study published in BMC Medicine, researchers explore the causal relationship between viral infection and glioma, the most common neurological tumor. […] Previous studies have pursued the causes of glioma but failed to find its etiology. Recently, the focus of researchers shifted to exploring previous viral infections as a risk factor for glioma. […] Like human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes zoster, causal agent Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) has remained consistently associated with glioblastoma risk. However, while HCMV increases the odds of glioma incidence, herpes virus protects against glioblastoma. […] Researchers have also investigated the role of other viruses in this context; for instance, Vidone et al. reported human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has a poor prognosis for glioma.

• #53 Glioblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma

  The cause of most cases of glioblastoma is not known. […] Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis and LiFraumeni syndrome, and previous radiation therapy. […] The cause of most cases is unclear. […] The best known risk factor is exposure to ionizing radiation, and CT scan radiation is an important cause. […] Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders such as neurofibromatosis, LiFraumeni syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, or Turcot syndrome. […] Glioblastoma has been associated with the viruses SV40, HHV-6, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Infection with an oncogenic CMV may even be necessary for the development of glioblastoma. […] Research has been done to see if consumption of cured meat is a risk factor. No risk had been confirmed as of 2003.

• #54 Association between viral infections and glioma risk: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-03142-9

  Prior viral infection is a risk factor for several cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, hepatic carcinoma, and cervical cancer. […] In past decades, it was thought that viral infection is a potential etiological factor for gliomagenesis. […] Nevertheless, the relationship between viral infection and glioma incidence has remained unclear, and the causal relationship between infection by various viruses and brain tumor development has only slowly been revealed. […] Several viruses (including herpes simplex virus (HSV), measles virus (MeV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)) have been discovered in human glioma tissue and proven to cause brain tumors in animal models. […] For many years, HCMV infection was suspected to be associated with gliomagenesis. […] Indeed, a meta-analysis indicated that prior HCMV infection was significantly associated with increased glioma incidence.

• #55 Association between viral infections and glioma risk: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-03142-9

  Furthermore, recent research indicates that among herpesviruses, apart from CMV, the virus most consistently associated with the risk of glioblastoma is varicella-zoster virus (VZV). […] VZV, a neurotropic alpha-herpesvirus, capable of causing chickenpox and herpes zoster, has been linked to approximately a 30% reduced risk of glioblastoma in individuals with prior infections. […] One proposed mechanism by which VZV may confer protective effects against glioblastoma is its ability to trigger virus-directed immune responses, coupled with cross-reactivity with proteins on glioblastoma cells, thus eliciting a protective immune response against newly emerging tumor cells in the brain. […] Reported lower levels of anti-VZV IgG in glioblastoma cases compared to controls support the hypothesis that serological responses to VZV may have a protective role.

• #56 Association between viral infections and glioma risk: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-03142-9

  Overall, the relationships between some invasive viral infections, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), mumps virus (MuV), and rubella virus (RuV), and glioma remains unknown. […] Hence, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive study with a rigorous approach that leads to a definitive conclusion about the causal relationship between viral infection and glioma. […] Our MR results confirm that genetically predicted herpes zoster is significantly associated with lower risk of LGG after correcting for multiple tests and sensitivity analysis. […] Additionally, we found that genetically predicted GBM has suggestive causality with lower risk of acute poliomyelitis; genetically predicted LGG also shows suggestive causality with higher risk of herpes zoster. […] Our MR results confirmed that genetically predicted herpes zoster was significantly associated with lower risk of LGG.

• #57

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/information-brain-tumour-causes?srsltid=ARcRdnqiXujb2gDv_0nTgb-HIIeNjcZg5EuLBXfp31c_BtHxr9CzDavg

  Some scientists strongly contest this and some studies suggest there is a connection between mobile phone use, glioma and acoustic neuroma (a form of schwannoma brain tumour). […] There is some evidence of a connection between pesticide exposure (including some pesticides approved for domestic/home use), farming and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour. […] There are studies that suggest a connection between being a painter, working in the printing industry, being a hairdresser, personal hair dye use and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour. […] The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been indicated as a possible contributory factor to the development of gliomas, but it is not clear what role the virus may play, if any. […] High levels of blood glucose (blood sugar) is related to poorer survival rates in glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumours, but has not been identified as a risk factor.

• #58 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20231207/The-association-between-viral-infections-and-glioma-risk.aspx

  In a recent study published in BMC Medicine, researchers explore the causal relationship between viral infection and glioma, the most common neurological tumor. […] Previous studies have pursued the causes of glioma but failed to find its etiology. Recently, the focus of researchers shifted to exploring previous viral infections as a risk factor for glioma. […] Like human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes zoster, causal agent Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) has remained consistently associated with glioblastoma risk. However, while HCMV increases the odds of glioma incidence, herpes virus protects against glioblastoma. […] Researchers have also investigated the role of other viruses in this context; for instance, Vidone et al. reported human papillomavirus (HPV) infection has a poor prognosis for glioma.

• #59 Association between viral infections and glioma risk: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-03142-9

  Overall, the relationships between some invasive viral infections, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), mumps virus (MuV), and rubella virus (RuV), and glioma remains unknown. […] Hence, there is an urgent need for a comprehensive study with a rigorous approach that leads to a definitive conclusion about the causal relationship between viral infection and glioma. […] Our MR results confirm that genetically predicted herpes zoster is significantly associated with lower risk of LGG after correcting for multiple tests and sensitivity analysis. […] Additionally, we found that genetically predicted GBM has suggestive causality with lower risk of acute poliomyelitis; genetically predicted LGG also shows suggestive causality with higher risk of herpes zoster. […] Our MR results confirmed that genetically predicted herpes zoster was significantly associated with lower risk of LGG.

• #60 Association between viral infections and glioma risk: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-03142-9

  The results showed that varicella history was associated with lower risk of glioma. […] More specifically, the authors demonstrated that VZV infection provides a strong protective effect against GBM. […] Our MR results substantiate the causal relationship between herpes zoster and glioma, providing further reinforcement to the previous perspective.

• #61 Glioma: Causes, symptoms, and outlook | Rare Cancer News

  https://rarecancernews.com/glioma-overview/

  Gliomas are a group of tumors that start in glia, the cells that support and protect nerve cells in the CNS. They arise when random DNA mutations in glial cells cause their uncontrolled growth. […] The development of gliomas is associated with certain DNA mutations in the cancer cells, but these mutations generally happen randomly, or de novo, and aren’t inherited. It is very rare for gliomas to run in families, but in a small number of cases, they are linked to inherited genetic syndromes. […] Some research suggests that prior exposure to certain toxins or ionizing radiation, a type of radiation with enough energy to affect atoms, could increase the risk of gliomas. Exposure to ionizing radiation can come from radiation therapy during cancer treatment, occupational exposures — such as working in a power plant or medical imaging facilities — or from natural sources such as soil, water, or vegetation. […] Age also can influence the risk of glioma, as they most commonly occur in older adults, ages 65 and older, and in younger children, or those younger than age 12. These tumors are also slightly more likely to affect men than women, and are more common in white people.

• #62 Glioblastoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glioblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20569077

  Glioblastoma is a type of cancer that starts in cells called astrocytes that support nerve cells. […] The cause of most glioblastomas isn’t known. […] Glioblastoma happens when cells in the brain or spinal cord develop changes in their DNA. Healthcare professionals sometimes call these changes mutations or variations. […] In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. […] Factors that can increase the risk of glioblastoma include: Getting older. Glioblastomas are most common in older adults. But glioblastoma can happen at any age. […] Being exposed to radiation. People who have been exposed to a type of radiation called ionizing radiation have an increased risk of glioblastoma. […] Inherited syndromes that increase cancer risk. In some families, DNA changes passed from parents to children may increase the risk of glioblastoma.

• #63 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Glioma-Causes.aspx

  Ionising radiation can increase the risk for astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. […] Increasing age is another risk factor associated with glioma. […] Males are at a slightly greater risk of this condition than females. […] Genetic conditions known to increase the risk for glioma include neurofibromatosis (type 1 and type 2), Li-Fraumeni syndrome, tuberous sclerosis and Turcot syndrome.

• #64 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Glioma-Causes.aspx

  Ionising radiation can increase the risk for astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. […] Increasing age is another risk factor associated with glioma. […] Males are at a slightly greater risk of this condition than females. […] Genetic conditions known to increase the risk for glioma include neurofibromatosis (type 1 and type 2), Li-Fraumeni syndrome, tuberous sclerosis and Turcot syndrome.

• #65 Causes and Diagnoses of Glioblastoma | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/brain-and-spine-cancers/glioblastoma/causes-and-diagnoses

  The exact cause of glioblastomas is not known. […] Glioblastomas are more commonly found in the following groups: […] Males […] People over the age of 50 […] People of Caucasian or Asian ethnicity.

• #66 Glioma: Causes, symptoms, and outlook | Rare Cancer News

  https://rarecancernews.com/glioma-overview/

  Gliomas are a group of tumors that start in glia, the cells that support and protect nerve cells in the CNS. They arise when random DNA mutations in glial cells cause their uncontrolled growth. […] The development of gliomas is associated with certain DNA mutations in the cancer cells, but these mutations generally happen randomly, or de novo, and aren’t inherited. It is very rare for gliomas to run in families, but in a small number of cases, they are linked to inherited genetic syndromes. […] Some research suggests that prior exposure to certain toxins or ionizing radiation, a type of radiation with enough energy to affect atoms, could increase the risk of gliomas. Exposure to ionizing radiation can come from radiation therapy during cancer treatment, occupational exposures — such as working in a power plant or medical imaging facilities — or from natural sources such as soil, water, or vegetation. […] Age also can influence the risk of glioma, as they most commonly occur in older adults, ages 65 and older, and in younger children, or those younger than age 12. These tumors are also slightly more likely to affect men than women, and are more common in white people.

• #67 Causes and Diagnoses of Glioblastoma | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/cancer-care/brain-and-spine-cancers/glioblastoma/causes-and-diagnoses

  The exact cause of glioblastomas is not known. […] Glioblastomas are more commonly found in the following groups: […] Males […] People over the age of 50 […] People of Caucasian or Asian ethnicity.

• #68 What Causes Glioma? – Acibadem Health Point – ACIBADEM Hospitals – Acibadem Health Group

  https://www.acibademhealthpoint.com/what-causes-glioma/

  The link between immune disorders and glioma risk helps doctors spot high-risk people. This makes it possible to create personal plans for watching and preventing glioma. […] Knowing about medical conditions that heighten glioma risk is key for making specific prevention plans. Prior cancer treatments and some immune disorders raise the odds of getting glioma. […] Radiation treatment for cancers can increase glioma risk. High radiation doses, especially in childhood, are strongly linked to later glioma chances. Also, chemotherapy can impact brain cell processes, adding to the risk. […] Some immune issues can up your chance of getting glioma. The link between immune problems and glioma growth is complex. Issues like HIV/AIDS, autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammation can make your immune system less able to fight off abnormal cells. This can help tumors grow.

• #69 Glioma Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Prognosis | MrMed

  https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/understanding-glioma-and-glioblastoma?srsltid=ARcRdnqybLnqyYQL8ZEJS1RvHS6Mqc5kI1u6MpcjWEp3KJxLvLbRzp1E

  Glioma, a type of tumour, is one of the most common and aggressive forms of brain cancer. […] The objective of this blog is to explore the causes, common symptoms, and current treatment options for glioma, shedding light on this challenging condition and offering insights into possible treatment options. […] The causes of glioma are: […] 1. Genetic Mutations Mutations in genes like IDH1 or TP53 can lead to abnormal cell growth and glioma development. 2. Family History A family history of gliomas or inherited conditions like Neurofibromatosis or Li-Fraumeni syndrome increases risk. 3. Radiation Exposure Ionising radiation (e.g., radiation therapy to the head) increases the risk of gliomas. 4. Age The risk of developing gliomas increases with age, especially after 50. 5. Gender Men have a higher likelihood of developing gliomas, though certain types affect both genders equally. 6. Environmental Factors Exposure to chemicals such as pesticides or solvents may increase the risk, though the link is unclear. 7. Immune System Factors Conditions that weaken the immune system, such as autoimmune diseases, may increase risk. 8. Previous Cancers People with a history of other cancers, particularly brain cancer, may have a higher risk of gliomas.

• #70 What Causes Glioma? – Acibadem Health Point – ACIBADEM Hospitals – Acibadem Health Group

  https://www.acibademhealthpoint.com/what-causes-glioma/

  The link between immune disorders and glioma risk helps doctors spot high-risk people. This makes it possible to create personal plans for watching and preventing glioma. […] Knowing about medical conditions that heighten glioma risk is key for making specific prevention plans. Prior cancer treatments and some immune disorders raise the odds of getting glioma. […] Radiation treatment for cancers can increase glioma risk. High radiation doses, especially in childhood, are strongly linked to later glioma chances. Also, chemotherapy can impact brain cell processes, adding to the risk. […] Some immune issues can up your chance of getting glioma. The link between immune problems and glioma growth is complex. Issues like HIV/AIDS, autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammation can make your immune system less able to fight off abnormal cells. This can help tumors grow.

• #71 Glioma: Types, Symptoms, & Treatment Options

  https://mnamd.com/conditions/neurological-spinal-oncology/glioma/

  Age: Gliomas can occur at any age, but certain types, such as glioblastomas, are more commonly diagnosed in older adults. […] Immune System Disorders: Some research suggests that individuals with weakened immune systems or certain autoimmune disorders may have a slightly higher risk of developing gliomas. […] Environmental Factors: While the evidence is limited, exposure to certain environmental toxins or chemicals has been explored as a potential risk factor for gliomas. However, more research is needed to establish a clear connection. […] It is crucial to understand that in many cases, the development of gliomas is complex and may involve a combination of factors, including genetic predisposition and environmental exposures. Moreover, for the majority of glioma cases, the specific cause remains unknown.

• #72 Glioma – Symptoms & Causes | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/glioma/overview

  Gliomas develop as a result of the accumulation of mutations in certain genes, leading to abnormal and uncontrolled growth. However, the underlying cause is unknown. Studies report increased risk with exposure to ionizing radiation and decreased risk with a history of allergies or atopic diseases (for example, eczema, allergic asthma). […] Gliomas represent approximately 25% of all primary brain and other CNS tumors and 81% of malignant tumors. Glioblastoma is the most common subtype (58%). Glioblastomas have the highest incidence rate among malignant brain and CNS tumors, occurring in 3.23 individuals per 100,000 population.

• #73 Glioblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma

  Similarly, exposure to formaldehyde, and residential electromagnetic fields, such as from cell phones and electrical wiring within homes, have been studied as risk factors. […] The cellular origin of glioblastoma is unknown. […] More recent studies suggest that astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and neural stem cells could all serve as the cell of origin. […] Many other genetic alterations have been described in glioblastoma, and the majority of them are clustered in two pathways, the RB and the PI3K/AKT. […] Another important alteration is methylation of MGMT, a „suicide” DNA repair enzyme. […] Glioblastoma cells with properties similar to progenitor cells (glioblastoma cancer stem cells) have been found in glioblastomas. […] Their presence, coupled with the glioblastoma’s diffuse nature results in difficulty in removing them completely by surgery, and is therefore believed to be the possible cause behind resistance to conventional treatments, and the high recurrence rate.

• #74

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/information-brain-tumour-causes?srsltid=ARcRdnqiXujb2gDv_0nTgb-HIIeNjcZg5EuLBXfp31c_BtHxr9CzDavg

  Some scientists strongly contest this and some studies suggest there is a connection between mobile phone use, glioma and acoustic neuroma (a form of schwannoma brain tumour). […] There is some evidence of a connection between pesticide exposure (including some pesticides approved for domestic/home use), farming and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour. […] There are studies that suggest a connection between being a painter, working in the printing industry, being a hairdresser, personal hair dye use and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour. […] The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been indicated as a possible contributory factor to the development of gliomas, but it is not clear what role the virus may play, if any. […] High levels of blood glucose (blood sugar) is related to poorer survival rates in glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumours, but has not been identified as a risk factor.

• #75 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Glioma-Causes.aspx

  The exact cause of glioma is not clear, although some hereditary disorders are known to increase the likelihood of these tumors developing. Examples of these disorders include tuberous sclerosis and neurofibromatosis. […] Although no specific cause of glioma has been identified, research suggests that the following factors play a role: Several acquired gene mutations are associated with the condition. For example, the tumor suppressor p53, sometimes called the guardian of the genome has been found to be mutated early on in the course of glioma. This gene usually ensures that DNA is correctly copied during DNA replication, destroying the cell if any damaged DNA cannot be fixed. Mutation of p53 means other mutations go on to survive and cause disease. […] The use of mobile phones has been said to increase the risk of glioma by exposing the brain to electromagnetic radiation. However, several studies have been unable to find any significant association between glioma and mobiles.

• #76 What is Glioblastoma? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/glioblastoma.html

  To date, there is no established link that cell phones cause glioblastoma. Several different studies have failed to find clear evidence of a link between cell phone use and brain cancer. […] Glioblastoma is a brain tumor that almost always develops sporadically. Being diagnosed with glioblastoma does not mean your children or siblings are more likely to develop glioblastoma or another brain tumor. […] Some very rare cancer syndromes, such as Li-Fraumeni Syndrome, are associated with an increased risk for developing brain tumors and other cancers, but these patients usually are diagnosed with multiple types of cancer at a very young age. […] Glioblastoma has tentacles that reach out from the main tumor mass. These tentacles are invisible to the naked eye and even to many of our most advanced imaging technologies.

• #77 Glioblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma

  Similarly, exposure to formaldehyde, and residential electromagnetic fields, such as from cell phones and electrical wiring within homes, have been studied as risk factors. […] The cellular origin of glioblastoma is unknown. […] More recent studies suggest that astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and neural stem cells could all serve as the cell of origin. […] Many other genetic alterations have been described in glioblastoma, and the majority of them are clustered in two pathways, the RB and the PI3K/AKT. […] Another important alteration is methylation of MGMT, a „suicide” DNA repair enzyme. […] Glioblastoma cells with properties similar to progenitor cells (glioblastoma cancer stem cells) have been found in glioblastomas. […] Their presence, coupled with the glioblastoma’s diffuse nature results in difficulty in removing them completely by surgery, and is therefore believed to be the possible cause behind resistance to conventional treatments, and the high recurrence rate.

• #78

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/information-brain-tumour-causes?srsltid=ARcRdnqiXujb2gDv_0nTgb-HIIeNjcZg5EuLBXfp31c_BtHxr9CzDavg

  Some scientists strongly contest this and some studies suggest there is a connection between mobile phone use, glioma and acoustic neuroma (a form of schwannoma brain tumour). […] There is some evidence of a connection between pesticide exposure (including some pesticides approved for domestic/home use), farming and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour. […] There are studies that suggest a connection between being a painter, working in the printing industry, being a hairdresser, personal hair dye use and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour. […] The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been indicated as a possible contributory factor to the development of gliomas, but it is not clear what role the virus may play, if any. […] High levels of blood glucose (blood sugar) is related to poorer survival rates in glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumours, but has not been identified as a risk factor.

• #79

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/information-brain-tumour-causes?srsltid=ARcRdnqiXujb2gDv_0nTgb-HIIeNjcZg5EuLBXfp31c_BtHxr9CzDavg

  There is some evidence however of a connection between the consumption of cured meats containing nitrates (used as a food preservative) during pregnancy and an increased risk of the development of a glioma brain tumour in the child. […] The type of brain tumour can play a role in the likelihood of recurrence. […] High-grade tumours, which are more abnormal and grow more rapidly, are more likely to recur than low-grade tumours. […] While radiation therapy is a common treatment for brain tumours, it can also increase the risk of developing a new or recurrent tumour in the future.

• #80

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/information-brain-tumour-causes?srsltid=ARcRdnqiXujb2gDv_0nTgb-HIIeNjcZg5EuLBXfp31c_BtHxr9CzDavg

  Some scientists strongly contest this and some studies suggest there is a connection between mobile phone use, glioma and acoustic neuroma (a form of schwannoma brain tumour). […] There is some evidence of a connection between pesticide exposure (including some pesticides approved for domestic/home use), farming and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour. […] There are studies that suggest a connection between being a painter, working in the printing industry, being a hairdresser, personal hair dye use and an increased risk of developing a brain tumour. […] The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been indicated as a possible contributory factor to the development of gliomas, but it is not clear what role the virus may play, if any. […] High levels of blood glucose (blood sugar) is related to poorer survival rates in glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumours, but has not been identified as a risk factor.

• #81 Glioblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma

  The cause of most cases of glioblastoma is not known. […] Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis and LiFraumeni syndrome, and previous radiation therapy. […] The cause of most cases is unclear. […] The best known risk factor is exposure to ionizing radiation, and CT scan radiation is an important cause. […] Uncommon risk factors include genetic disorders such as neurofibromatosis, LiFraumeni syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, or Turcot syndrome. […] Glioblastoma has been associated with the viruses SV40, HHV-6, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). […] Infection with an oncogenic CMV may even be necessary for the development of glioblastoma. […] Research has been done to see if consumption of cured meat is a risk factor. No risk had been confirmed as of 2003.

• #82 Glioblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma

  Similarly, exposure to formaldehyde, and residential electromagnetic fields, such as from cell phones and electrical wiring within homes, have been studied as risk factors. […] The cellular origin of glioblastoma is unknown. […] More recent studies suggest that astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and neural stem cells could all serve as the cell of origin. […] Many other genetic alterations have been described in glioblastoma, and the majority of them are clustered in two pathways, the RB and the PI3K/AKT. […] Another important alteration is methylation of MGMT, a „suicide” DNA repair enzyme. […] Glioblastoma cells with properties similar to progenitor cells (glioblastoma cancer stem cells) have been found in glioblastomas. […] Their presence, coupled with the glioblastoma’s diffuse nature results in difficulty in removing them completely by surgery, and is therefore believed to be the possible cause behind resistance to conventional treatments, and the high recurrence rate.

• #83 Glioblastoma – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glioblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20569077

  Glioblastoma is a type of cancer that starts in cells called astrocytes that support nerve cells. […] The cause of most glioblastomas isn’t known. […] Glioblastoma happens when cells in the brain or spinal cord develop changes in their DNA. Healthcare professionals sometimes call these changes mutations or variations. […] In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. […] Factors that can increase the risk of glioblastoma include: Getting older. Glioblastomas are most common in older adults. But glioblastoma can happen at any age. […] Being exposed to radiation. People who have been exposed to a type of radiation called ionizing radiation have an increased risk of glioblastoma. […] Inherited syndromes that increase cancer risk. In some families, DNA changes passed from parents to children may increase the risk of glioblastoma.

• #84 Glioblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma

  Similarly, exposure to formaldehyde, and residential electromagnetic fields, such as from cell phones and electrical wiring within homes, have been studied as risk factors. […] The cellular origin of glioblastoma is unknown. […] More recent studies suggest that astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and neural stem cells could all serve as the cell of origin. […] Many other genetic alterations have been described in glioblastoma, and the majority of them are clustered in two pathways, the RB and the PI3K/AKT. […] Another important alteration is methylation of MGMT, a „suicide” DNA repair enzyme. […] Glioblastoma cells with properties similar to progenitor cells (glioblastoma cancer stem cells) have been found in glioblastomas. […] Their presence, coupled with the glioblastoma’s diffuse nature results in difficulty in removing them completely by surgery, and is therefore believed to be the possible cause behind resistance to conventional treatments, and the high recurrence rate.

• #85 Glioblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma

  Similarly, exposure to formaldehyde, and residential electromagnetic fields, such as from cell phones and electrical wiring within homes, have been studied as risk factors. […] The cellular origin of glioblastoma is unknown. […] More recent studies suggest that astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and neural stem cells could all serve as the cell of origin. […] Many other genetic alterations have been described in glioblastoma, and the majority of them are clustered in two pathways, the RB and the PI3K/AKT. […] Another important alteration is methylation of MGMT, a „suicide” DNA repair enzyme. […] Glioblastoma cells with properties similar to progenitor cells (glioblastoma cancer stem cells) have been found in glioblastomas. […] Their presence, coupled with the glioblastoma’s diffuse nature results in difficulty in removing them completely by surgery, and is therefore believed to be the possible cause behind resistance to conventional treatments, and the high recurrence rate.

• #86 Glioblastoma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioblastoma

  Similarly, exposure to formaldehyde, and residential electromagnetic fields, such as from cell phones and electrical wiring within homes, have been studied as risk factors. […] The cellular origin of glioblastoma is unknown. […] More recent studies suggest that astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, and neural stem cells could all serve as the cell of origin. […] Many other genetic alterations have been described in glioblastoma, and the majority of them are clustered in two pathways, the RB and the PI3K/AKT. […] Another important alteration is methylation of MGMT, a „suicide” DNA repair enzyme. […] Glioblastoma cells with properties similar to progenitor cells (glioblastoma cancer stem cells) have been found in glioblastomas. […] Their presence, coupled with the glioblastoma’s diffuse nature results in difficulty in removing them completely by surgery, and is therefore believed to be the possible cause behind resistance to conventional treatments, and the high recurrence rate.

• #87 Causes for Glioma | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/glioma/natural-history/causes

  In addition to ionizing radiation, many believe genetics play a role in causing brain tumors. […] Physicians do consider a family history of glioma or glioblastoma a risk factor for brain tumors. However, many patients develop glioma or glioblastoma with no apparent family link. […] The reasons why mutations occur are not fully understood. However, once sufficient amounts of cellular mutations take place, the cells may progress to become cancerous and be able to undergo uncontrollable growth. […] The cause of a high-grade glioma is often a low-grade glioma that returns after it has been surgically removed or that continues to expand and evolve over time. […] The causes of glioma are not fully understood. Ionizing radiation and several rare genetic conditions are two potential causes. Low-grade gliomas are likely to progress to high-grade gliomas. Early treatment of low-grade glioma is key to long-term survival. […] In many cases, it appears that brain tumors are the result of random spontaneous mutations.

• #88 Frequently Asked Questions About Low Grade Glioma | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/comprehensive-care-for-low-grade-gliomas/low-grade-glioma/frequently-asked-questions-about-low-grade-glioma

  What causes low grade gliomas? Like most brain tumors, the cause of low grade gliomas is unknown in most cases. However, some are associated with a genetic condition called neurofibromatosis type 1. […] Low grade gliomas grow slowly, but are still malignant (cancerous). They also can progress into high grade gliomas, which means they can begin growing and spreading more quickly over time.

• #89 Causes for Glioma | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/glioma/natural-history/causes

  In addition to ionizing radiation, many believe genetics play a role in causing brain tumors. […] Physicians do consider a family history of glioma or glioblastoma a risk factor for brain tumors. However, many patients develop glioma or glioblastoma with no apparent family link. […] The reasons why mutations occur are not fully understood. However, once sufficient amounts of cellular mutations take place, the cells may progress to become cancerous and be able to undergo uncontrollable growth. […] The cause of a high-grade glioma is often a low-grade glioma that returns after it has been surgically removed or that continues to expand and evolve over time. […] The causes of glioma are not fully understood. Ionizing radiation and several rare genetic conditions are two potential causes. Low-grade gliomas are likely to progress to high-grade gliomas. Early treatment of low-grade glioma is key to long-term survival. […] In many cases, it appears that brain tumors are the result of random spontaneous mutations.

• #90 Frequently Asked Questions About Low Grade Glioma | Northwestern Medicine

  https://www.nm.org/conditions-and-care-areas/neurosciences/comprehensive-care-for-low-grade-gliomas/low-grade-glioma/frequently-asked-questions-about-low-grade-glioma

  What causes low grade gliomas? Like most brain tumors, the cause of low grade gliomas is unknown in most cases. However, some are associated with a genetic condition called neurofibromatosis type 1. […] Low grade gliomas grow slowly, but are still malignant (cancerous). They also can progress into high grade gliomas, which means they can begin growing and spreading more quickly over time.

• #91 Causes for Glioma | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/glioma/natural-history/causes

  In addition to ionizing radiation, many believe genetics play a role in causing brain tumors. […] Physicians do consider a family history of glioma or glioblastoma a risk factor for brain tumors. However, many patients develop glioma or glioblastoma with no apparent family link. […] The reasons why mutations occur are not fully understood. However, once sufficient amounts of cellular mutations take place, the cells may progress to become cancerous and be able to undergo uncontrollable growth. […] The cause of a high-grade glioma is often a low-grade glioma that returns after it has been surgically removed or that continues to expand and evolve over time. […] The causes of glioma are not fully understood. Ionizing radiation and several rare genetic conditions are two potential causes. Low-grade gliomas are likely to progress to high-grade gliomas. Early treatment of low-grade glioma is key to long-term survival. […] In many cases, it appears that brain tumors are the result of random spontaneous mutations.

• #92 Is Glioblastoma Always Fatal? Symptoms, Causes, Treatment & Survival Rate

  https://www.medicinenet.com/is_glioblastoma_always_fatal/article.htm

  Glioma is a broad term used to describe the different types of glial tumors, which are astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and glioblastoma. […] The exact cause of glioblastoma and other primary brain tumors is not known. Some factors may increase the risk of brain tumors. They are: […] Family history of glioma. It’s rare for gliomas to run in families. However, a family history of gliomas can double the risk of developing cancers, including glioblastoma. […] Glioblastoma is an aggressive, fast-growing type of cancer. Glioblastoma rarely spreads from the brain to other parts of the body but aggressively invades and spreads within the brain. Glioblastoma can be difficult to treat and has a high recurrence rate. Treatments may slow down the progression of cancer and reduce signs and symptoms. Glioblastomas are often incurable and fatal.

• #93 What is Glioblastoma? Symptoms, Risk Factors & Treatments | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/glioblastoma.html

  To date, there is no established link that cell phones cause glioblastoma. Several different studies have failed to find clear evidence of a link between cell phone use and brain cancer. […] Glioblastoma is a brain tumor that almost always develops sporadically. Being diagnosed with glioblastoma does not mean your children or siblings are more likely to develop glioblastoma or another brain tumor. […] Some very rare cancer syndromes, such as Li-Fraumeni Syndrome, are associated with an increased risk for developing brain tumors and other cancers, but these patients usually are diagnosed with multiple types of cancer at a very young age. […] Glioblastoma has tentacles that reach out from the main tumor mass. These tentacles are invisible to the naked eye and even to many of our most advanced imaging technologies.

• #94 Unexplained Causes of Glioma-Associated Epilepsies: A Review of Theories and an Area for Research

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/23/5539

  Patients with gliomas experience worsened quality of life due to epileptic attacks. Over 80% of patients are susceptible to seizures, significantly hindering their treatment and well-being. No cause of epilepsy associated with glioma has been identified; however, some mutations are known to contribute to seizures in various situations. […] The genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tumour development and epileptogenesis remain incompletely understood, leading to numerous unanswered questions. The various types of gliomas, namely glioblastoma, astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma, demonstrate distinct seizure susceptibility and disease progression patterns. […] Patterns have been identified in the presence of IDH mutations and epilepsy, with tumour location in cortical regions, particularly the frontal lobe, showing a more frequent association with seizures. Altered expression of TP53, MGMT and VIM is frequently detected in tumour cells from individuals with epilepsy associated with glioma.

• #95 Unexplained Causes of Glioma-Associated Epilepsies: A Review of Theories and an Area for Research

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/23/5539

  Methylation of the promoter of the MGMT repair protein gene significantly increases the propensity for postoperative seizures and the risk of epilepsy. […] The likely reason for a rare variant of idiopathic lateral temporal lobe epilepsy is the deactivation of the anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) gene. […] The presence of an IDH1 mutation in patients with glioblastoma heightens the likelihood of epilepsy development. Specifically, 90% of patients diagnosed with IDH1-mutant oligodendroglioma present glioma-associated epilepsy. […] However, there is no correlation between their chromosomal mutation on chromosomes 1 and 19 and seizures.

• #96 Glioblastoma (GBM) – American Brain Tumor Association | Learn More

  https://www.abta.org/tumor_types/glioblastoma-gbm/

  Glioblastomas represent about 14% of all primary brain tumors. On average, more than 12,000 glioblastoma cases are diagnosed each year in the United States. […] The exact cause of glioblastoma is unknown. The majority of glioblastoma patients have no family history or identifiable risk factors. Patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome, neurofibromatosis, Turcot syndrome, Lynch syndrome, or constitutional mismatch repair deficiency syndrome, however, may be at higher risk of developing high-grade gliomas like glioblastoma. Exposure to ionizing radiation as a result of radiation therapy for childhood brain tumors or leukemia is also a risk factor for high-grade gliomas. […] In the past, glioblastomas were categorized as either IDH mutant or IDH-wildtype. The 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) update on CNS tumor classifications defined glioblastomas as IDH-wild type. (IDH mutant tumors that were previously classified as glioblastoma are now classified as astrocytoma, IDH mutant, grade 4.) Glioblastomas are characterized by EGFR amplification, TERT promoter mutation, or combined gain of chromosome 7/loss of chromosome 10 copy number changes. Some glioblastomas (35-40%) may have hypermethylation of the MGMT promoter (the gene which encodes a DNA repair enzyme is not expressed). Tumors that exhibit MGMT promoter hypermethylation have been found to predict a longer length of survival and tend to respond better to chemotherapy like temozolomide (Temodar). In about 40% of all glioblastomas, amplification of the EGFR gene (epidermal growth factor receptor) is found. Other molecular markers include BRAFv600 mutation, FGFR mutations and FGFR-TACC gene fusions, H3K27M mutation, CDK4/6 and TP53.

• #97 Unexplained Causes of Glioma-Associated Epilepsies: A Review of Theories and an Area for Research

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/23/5539

  Moreover, hypoxic effects induced by glioma and associated with the HIF-1a factor may have a significant impact on epileptogenesis, potentially resulting in epileptiform activity within neuronal networks. […] It can be inferred that the pathogenesis of both these ailments shares common pathways, but further research is needed to understand this better. It is worth noting that epilepsy arises as a consequence of a developing glioma, although the mechanisms behind its emergence are multifactorial. […] The classification of gliomas and epileptogenesis are often associated with a frequent mutation in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). This mutation occurs in 20% to 64% of glioma cases, depending on the tumour’s origin. […] Up to 78% of cases with IDH mutation are associated with episodes of epilepsy.

• #98 Researchers find five sub-types of the brain cancer glioma – Team Jack Foundation

  https://teamjackfoundation.org/researchers-find-five-sub-types-of-the-brain-cancer-glioma/

  They highlighted intriguing clues to the causes of the distinct types of glioma, which might in the future point towards new ways to treat the disease. […] Professor Richard Houlston said: “Glioma is a devastating disease with an extremely poor prognosis. It’s caused by a cacophony of different cell types and mutations, but the underlying causes of glioma are still largely unknown. […] “Our study identifies links between risk markers for glioma and sub-types of the disease. […] “These mutations are early events in glioma development, and relationships between molecular profiles and genetic markers that influence glioma risk could provide insight into how glioma develops and pathways critical to glioma susceptibility.

• #99 Glioma-associated epilepsy: toward mechanism-based treatment – Snijders – Translational Cancer Research

  https://tcr.amegroups.org/article/view/12606/html

  Epilepsy is common in glioma patients, and glioma-related epilepsy has a strong impact on patients quality of life. […] Glioma-associated epilepsy is mostly viewed as a common and generic manifestation of brain disease (regardless of the exact type of brain pathology). […] However, empirical data suggest that glioma-associated epilepsy differs from other types of epilepsy regarding underlying mechanism, clinical manifestation and response to treatments. […] The unique clinical profile of glioma-related epilepsy may have several sources. […] In addition, accumulating evidence points towards a role of the glioma and its microenvironment causing a pro-epileptogenic environment in the brain. […] Pro-epileptogenic changes in the glioma brain occur at several related levels: through specific intra-tumoral molecular-biological pathways, through changes in the direct peritumoral region (microenvironment) and between-cell signaling, and through disturbances in the organization of whole-brain signaling as a network.

• #100 Unexplained Causes of Glioma-Associated Epilepsies: A Review of Theories and an Area for Research

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/23/5539

  Patients with gliomas experience worsened quality of life due to epileptic attacks. Over 80% of patients are susceptible to seizures, significantly hindering their treatment and well-being. No cause of epilepsy associated with glioma has been identified; however, some mutations are known to contribute to seizures in various situations. […] The genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tumour development and epileptogenesis remain incompletely understood, leading to numerous unanswered questions. The various types of gliomas, namely glioblastoma, astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma, demonstrate distinct seizure susceptibility and disease progression patterns. […] Patterns have been identified in the presence of IDH mutations and epilepsy, with tumour location in cortical regions, particularly the frontal lobe, showing a more frequent association with seizures. Altered expression of TP53, MGMT and VIM is frequently detected in tumour cells from individuals with epilepsy associated with glioma.

• #101 Glioma-associated epilepsy: toward mechanism-based treatment – Snijders – Translational Cancer Research

  https://tcr.amegroups.org/article/view/12606/html

  This existence of a specific molecular-biological profile of epileptogenic gliomas supports the view that glioma-related epilepsy has a specific, tumor-related pathophysiology. […] The specific molecular-biological profile also offers an explanation for the variability in the occurrence and severity of epilepsy among glioma patients; the variability in epilepsy follows directly from the molecular-biological heterogeneity of gliomas. […] All established anti-neoplastic treatment modalities for gliomas are associated with an amelioration of epilepsy. […] Successful anti-tumor-treatment causes a reduction rather than a mere stabilization of seizures through decreased release of pro-epileptogenic factors in and around the tumor, rather than through a mechanical effect (decreased mass).

• #102 Unexplained Causes of Glioma-Associated Epilepsies: A Review of Theories and an Area for Research

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/23/5539

  Methylation of the promoter of the MGMT repair protein gene significantly increases the propensity for postoperative seizures and the risk of epilepsy. […] The likely reason for a rare variant of idiopathic lateral temporal lobe epilepsy is the deactivation of the anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) gene. […] The presence of an IDH1 mutation in patients with glioblastoma heightens the likelihood of epilepsy development. Specifically, 90% of patients diagnosed with IDH1-mutant oligodendroglioma present glioma-associated epilepsy. […] However, there is no correlation between their chromosomal mutation on chromosomes 1 and 19 and seizures.

• #103 Unexplained Causes of Glioma-Associated Epilepsies: A Review of Theories and an Area for Research

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/23/5539

  Patients with gliomas experience worsened quality of life due to epileptic attacks. Over 80% of patients are susceptible to seizures, significantly hindering their treatment and well-being. No cause of epilepsy associated with glioma has been identified; however, some mutations are known to contribute to seizures in various situations. […] The genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tumour development and epileptogenesis remain incompletely understood, leading to numerous unanswered questions. The various types of gliomas, namely glioblastoma, astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma, demonstrate distinct seizure susceptibility and disease progression patterns. […] Patterns have been identified in the presence of IDH mutations and epilepsy, with tumour location in cortical regions, particularly the frontal lobe, showing a more frequent association with seizures. Altered expression of TP53, MGMT and VIM is frequently detected in tumour cells from individuals with epilepsy associated with glioma.

• #104 Glioma-associated epilepsy: toward mechanism-based treatment – Snijders – Translational Cancer Research

  https://tcr.amegroups.org/article/view/12606/html

  This existence of a specific molecular-biological profile of epileptogenic gliomas supports the view that glioma-related epilepsy has a specific, tumor-related pathophysiology. […] The specific molecular-biological profile also offers an explanation for the variability in the occurrence and severity of epilepsy among glioma patients; the variability in epilepsy follows directly from the molecular-biological heterogeneity of gliomas. […] All established anti-neoplastic treatment modalities for gliomas are associated with an amelioration of epilepsy. […] Successful anti-tumor-treatment causes a reduction rather than a mere stabilization of seizures through decreased release of pro-epileptogenic factors in and around the tumor, rather than through a mechanical effect (decreased mass).

• #105 Causes for Glioma | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/glioma/natural-history/causes

  In addition to ionizing radiation, many believe genetics play a role in causing brain tumors. […] Physicians do consider a family history of glioma or glioblastoma a risk factor for brain tumors. However, many patients develop glioma or glioblastoma with no apparent family link. […] The reasons why mutations occur are not fully understood. However, once sufficient amounts of cellular mutations take place, the cells may progress to become cancerous and be able to undergo uncontrollable growth. […] The cause of a high-grade glioma is often a low-grade glioma that returns after it has been surgically removed or that continues to expand and evolve over time. […] The causes of glioma are not fully understood. Ionizing radiation and several rare genetic conditions are two potential causes. Low-grade gliomas are likely to progress to high-grade gliomas. Early treatment of low-grade glioma is key to long-term survival. […] In many cases, it appears that brain tumors are the result of random spontaneous mutations.

• #106

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-glioma?srsltid=ARcRdnr7Oaj2nApwmEELYvgnyH0U7S8rKipDTK1Nd8EVkf6rysNrSasT

  A glioma is a type of brain tumour that has developed from cells that should have become healthy glial cells in the brain. […] No single, definitive cause has yet been identified for brain tumours. Some risk factors have been identified, but due to the complex and unique health history for each patient, scientists are still unable to answer this fundamental question. […] We need to fund more research in order to understand how gliomas and other brain tumours are caused. […] Gliomas are a type of brain tumour that can vary in their aggressiveness and not all gliomas are fatal. However, some gliomas are highly aggressive and can be difficult to treat, which can make them more likely to be fatal. […] The ability to cure a glioma depends on several factors, including the type and grade of the tumour, its location, and the patient’s age and overall health.

• #107 Glioma: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21969-glioma

  Research suggests that changes to DNA lead to the development of brain tumors and spinal cord tumors like gliomas. Our genes contain DNA. They give instructions to cells about how to grow and multiply. Mutations, or changes, to the DNA in our genes can cause cells to multiply out of control. […] Its possible to inherit genetic mutations from your parents. They can also occur suddenly during your lifetime.

• #108 What Is a Glioma Brain Tumor? Everything You Need to Know | Tisch Brain Tumor Center

  https://tischbraintumorcenter.duke.edu/blog/what-glioma-brain-tumor-everything-you-need-know

  Gliomas are the most common type of malignant brain tumor in adults, arising from glial cells that support and protect neurons in the brain. […] Gliomas often start with genetic mutations that cause abnormal cell growth. […] Most gliomas are not inherited and occur due to random genetic changes.

• #109 Epidemiology and etiology of gliomas – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15685439/

  Gliomas of astrocytic, oligodendroglial and ependymal origin account for more than 70% of all brain tumors. […] Several occupations, environmental carcinogens, and diet (N-nitroso compounds) have been reported to be associated with an elevated glioma risk, but the only environmental factor unequivocally associated with an increased risk of brain tumors, including gliomas, is therapeutic X-irradiation. […] TP53 mutations are frequent in low-grade gliomas and secondary glioblastomas derived therefrom. Approximately 60% of mutations are located in the hot spot codons 248 and 273, and the majority of these are G:C–A:T transitions at CpG sites. TP53 mutations are significantly more frequent in low-grade astrocytomas with promoter methylation of the O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase repair gene, suggesting that, in addition to deamination of 5-methylcytosine, exogenous or endogenous alkylation in the O(6) position of guanine may contribute to the formation of these mutations.

• #110 Gliomas – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441874/

  Gliomas are a diverse group of tumors originating from glial cells in the brain and spinal cord, representing the most common primary brain tumor within the central nervous system. […] There are 3 common types of gliomas, which are classified based on their phenotypic cell characteristics: astrocytomas, ependymomas, and oligodendrogliomas. These gliomas are further classified into low-grade, atypical/anaplastic, or high-grade tumors based on cell morphology, mitotic activity, and molecular markers. The WHO grading system utilizes molecular markers and has been shown to have significant prognostic and therapeutic implications. […] Results from some epidemiological studies suggest that ionizing radiation can increase the chance of developing gliomas.

• #111 Gliomas Conditions | Loma Linda University Health

  https://lluh.org/conditions/gliomas

  Glioma is a term used to describe a group of tumors that start in the glial cells in the brain. […] Experts arent sure what causes brain tumors. In a small number of people, genetic disorders can cause them. Exposure to radiation to the brain may also play a factor. […] Gliomas make up about 3 in 10 of all tumors that start in the brain.

• #112 Glioma: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatments

  https://www.clevelandclinicabudhabi.ae/en/health-hub/health-resource/diseases-and-conditions/glioma

  Glial tumors (gliomas) are a type of tumor that occur in the brain and spinal cord. […] The exact cause of gliomas is not well understood, but several factors may increase risk: Genetic mutations, Family history of gliomas, Exposure to radiation, particularly to the head, Certain hereditary conditions like neurofibromatosis. […] Genetic conditions such as Turcot syndrome or neurofibromatosis as well as a history of prior brain radiation are associated with an increased risk of developing a glioma.

• #113 Association between viral infections and glioma risk: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-03142-9

  The results showed that varicella history was associated with lower risk of glioma. […] More specifically, the authors demonstrated that VZV infection provides a strong protective effect against GBM. […] Our MR results substantiate the causal relationship between herpes zoster and glioma, providing further reinforcement to the previous perspective.

• #114 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20231207/The-association-between-viral-infections-and-glioma-risk.aspx

  This study showed evidence supporting that genetically predicted herpes zoster caused by VZV infection can reduce the risk of LGG. In fact, the causal associations for GBM and LGG were strikingly opposite. […] However, more research validating the causation between VZV infection and glioma is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanism.

• #115 Unexplained Causes of Glioma-Associated Epilepsies: A Review of Theories and an Area for Research

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/15/23/5539

  Methylation of the promoter of the MGMT repair protein gene significantly increases the propensity for postoperative seizures and the risk of epilepsy. […] The likely reason for a rare variant of idiopathic lateral temporal lobe epilepsy is the deactivation of the anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) gene. […] The presence of an IDH1 mutation in patients with glioblastoma heightens the likelihood of epilepsy development. Specifically, 90% of patients diagnosed with IDH1-mutant oligodendroglioma present glioma-associated epilepsy. […] However, there is no correlation between their chromosomal mutation on chromosomes 1 and 19 and seizures.

• #116 Causes for Glioma | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/glioma/natural-history/causes

  In addition to ionizing radiation, many believe genetics play a role in causing brain tumors. […] Physicians do consider a family history of glioma or glioblastoma a risk factor for brain tumors. However, many patients develop glioma or glioblastoma with no apparent family link. […] The reasons why mutations occur are not fully understood. However, once sufficient amounts of cellular mutations take place, the cells may progress to become cancerous and be able to undergo uncontrollable growth. […] The cause of a high-grade glioma is often a low-grade glioma that returns after it has been surgically removed or that continues to expand and evolve over time. […] The causes of glioma are not fully understood. Ionizing radiation and several rare genetic conditions are two potential causes. Low-grade gliomas are likely to progress to high-grade gliomas. Early treatment of low-grade glioma is key to long-term survival. […] In many cases, it appears that brain tumors are the result of random spontaneous mutations.

• #117

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-glioma?srsltid=ARcRdnr7Oaj2nApwmEELYvgnyH0U7S8rKipDTK1Nd8EVkf6rysNrSasT

  A glioma is a type of brain tumour that has developed from cells that should have become healthy glial cells in the brain. […] No single, definitive cause has yet been identified for brain tumours. Some risk factors have been identified, but due to the complex and unique health history for each patient, scientists are still unable to answer this fundamental question. […] We need to fund more research in order to understand how gliomas and other brain tumours are caused. […] Gliomas are a type of brain tumour that can vary in their aggressiveness and not all gliomas are fatal. However, some gliomas are highly aggressive and can be difficult to treat, which can make them more likely to be fatal. […] The ability to cure a glioma depends on several factors, including the type and grade of the tumour, its location, and the patient’s age and overall health.

• #118 Association between viral infections and glioma risk: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis | BMC Medicine | Full Text

  https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-023-03142-9

  Glioma is one of the leading types of brain tumor, but few etiologic factors of primary glioma have been identified. […] Previous observational research has shown an association between viral infection and glioma risk. […] Identifying the cause of glioma allows for possible preventative measures to reduce the incidence of GBM and for targeted routine screening in highly susceptible individuals. […] Many previous studies have focused on finding the cause of glioma but failed to identify a clear etiology of gliomagenesis. […] Several recent studies have consistently provided robust evidence that exposure to moderate or high levels of ionizing radiation is one of the environmental factors associated with glioma risk, even though this factor accounts for only a small fraction of cases.

• #119 Researchers find five sub-types of the brain cancer glioma – Team Jack Foundation

  https://teamjackfoundation.org/researchers-find-five-sub-types-of-the-brain-cancer-glioma/

  They highlighted intriguing clues to the causes of the distinct types of glioma, which might in the future point towards new ways to treat the disease. […] Professor Richard Houlston said: “Glioma is a devastating disease with an extremely poor prognosis. It’s caused by a cacophony of different cell types and mutations, but the underlying causes of glioma are still largely unknown. […] “Our study identifies links between risk markers for glioma and sub-types of the disease. […] “These mutations are early events in glioma development, and relationships between molecular profiles and genetic markers that influence glioma risk could provide insight into how glioma develops and pathways critical to glioma susceptibility.

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