Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Treatment of Adult Gliomas: A Current Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9833488/

  Glioma treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach involving surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. […] Multiple trials have been conducted to establish the appropriate choice of treatment to achieve long-term survival and better quality of life. […] Glioma treatment requires multimodal approaches. […] The treatment should be optimized by glioma, patient, and molecular characteristics. […] The treatment modalities for gliomas generally consist of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. […] After surgery, postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy should be performed according to the types, grades, and molecular features of gliomas as a standard treatment protocol. […] The standard postoperative treatment for high-risk patients with IDH-mutant glioma involves field radiotherapy followed by PCV.

• #1 Glioma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glioma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350255

  Glioma treatment usually begins with surgery. But surgery isn’t always an option. For example, if the glioma grows into important parts of the brain, it might be too risky to remove all of the glioma. Other treatments, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy, might be recommended as the first treatment. […] Which treatments are best for you will depend on your particular situation. Your health care team considers the type of glioma, its size and where it’s located in the brain. Your treatment plan also depends on your health and your preferences. […] Glioma treatment usually starts with an operation to remove the glioma. Surgery might be the only treatment needed if all of the glioma is removed. […] Sometimes the glioma can’t be removed completely. The surgeon may remove as much of the glioma as is possible. This procedure is sometimes called a subtotal resection. It might be needed if the glioma can’t easily be separated from the healthy brain tissue. It can also happen if the glioma is in a sensitive part of the brain. Even removing a portion of the tumor may help reduce your symptoms.

• #1 Glioma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glioma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350255

  Radiation uses beams of powerful energy to kill tumor cells. The energy can come from X-rays, protons or other sources. […] For glioma treatment, radiation therapy is often used after surgery. The radiation kills any glioma cells that might remain after surgery. Radiation is often combined with chemotherapy. […] Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill tumor cells. Chemotherapy medicines are most often taken in pill form or injected into a vein. In certain situations, the chemotherapy can be applied directly to the glioma cells. […] Tumor treating fields therapy is a treatment that uses electrical energy to hurt the glioma cells. The treatment makes it hard for the cells to make new glioma cells. […] Targeted therapy treatments focus on specific chemicals present within cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted therapy treatments can cause cancer cells to die.

• #2 Glioma Treatment | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/glioma/glioma-treatment

  Glioma Treatment […] Neuro-oncologist Lauren Schaff is an expert in treating people with primary brain tumors, including gliomas. […] The options to treat a glioma brain tumor include: Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation therapy, A combination of these therapies, Clinical trials. […] Your glioma treatment plan is based on the size, type, and grade of the tumor. We assess whether its putting pressure on the brain or has spread to other parts of the body. […] You will meet with an MSK brain surgeon. You also may see an MSK medical oncologist (cancer doctor) who is an expert in glioma. They will evaluate you and talk with you about your best treatment options. […] New technologies have made brain surgery among the best treatments for people with a glioma. Surgery often is the best way to diagnose as well as treat gliomas.

• #2 Glioma Treatment | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/glioma/glioma-treatment

  Radiation therapy can shrink or kill tumor cells. We may recommend radiation therapy as the first treatment, followed by surgery, chemotherapy, or both. We may also recommend radiation for tumors that come back after treatment. […] Chemotherapy may be given after surgery, usually together with radiation. This is an option after we know the tumors exact location and other information. You also may have chemotherapy before surgery to shrink a tumor so its easier to remove. […] Immunotherapy uses the bodys own immune system to fight cancer. There are no immunotherapies approved as a treatment option for gliomas. Some research studies, also known as clinical trials, suggest immunotherapies may be a future treatment for some gliomas. […] Drugs called checkpoint inhibitors, a type of immunotherapy, are being tested in gliomas. These drugs include pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and nivolumab (Opdivo). The drugs work by releasing the brakes on the immune system so it can find and fight cancer.

• #2 Glioma Treatment | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/glioma/glioma-treatment

  Targeted therapy drugs target a tumors genetic changes. Clinical trials at MSK led to the first targeted therapy drug for glioma. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the drug, vorasidenib, in 2024. […] Vorasidenib was approved to treat low-grade diffuse gliomas with a change (mutation) in a gene called isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). This mutation is found in most low-grade diffuse gliomas. […] Its hard to remove some aggressive tumors with surgery. But there are some promising new methods and clinical trials for high-grade tumors. The goal is to lengthen the time it takes for a high-grade tumor to start to grow back after surgery.

• #3 Glioma: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21969-glioma

  Most people with gliomas need a combination of treatments such as surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. […] For most people, surgery is the first treatment for a glioma. A surgeon may be able to remove all of the tumor they can see, if its easily accessible. But gliomas can be hard to remove completely, especially hard to reach or near delicate areas of the brain. […] Additional treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, should follow surgery. These are adjuvant therapies, meaning they destroy any remaining cancer cells or parts of the tumor after surgery. But if a tumor is inoperable, your provider might use chemotherapy or radiation therapy as your primary treatments. […] Radiation therapy uses powerful doses of radiation to destroy tumors. Your healthcare provider may recommend radiation therapy for gliomas. Radiation therapy targets the exact shape of the tumor, minimizing the risk of damage to surrounding tissues.

• #4 GLIOMA SURGERY: WHEN AND HOW IT IS DONE, RECOVERY, AND MORE | Mya Care

  https://myacare.com/blog/glioma-surgery-when-and-how-it-is-done-recovery-and-more

  At top centers, brain navigation technologies (intraoperative neuroimaging and neuromonitoring) combined with microscopic glioma surgery enable safe performance of highly-challenging glioma removal surgeries. […] Glioma surgery involves several techniques and technologies: Brain surgery (craniotomy) is the standard treatment for operable glioma. […] Endoscopic brain surgery is a fairly new surgical approach thats quickly gaining popularity in the treatment of brain cancer. […] At specialized brain surgery centers, glioma surgery is guided using cutting-edge surgical intraoperative imaging techniques. […] Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) is one of the latest technologies currently applied in neurosurgery. […] Recovery after glioma surgery is different for each person. Some patients might be able to resume their normal life routines after a few weeks of surgery. However, in some patients, a more extensive rehabilitation plan might be needed.

• #5 Treatment of Adult Gliomas: A Current Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9833488/

  For postoperative treatment, 2 large randomized controlled trials showed that the addition of PCV to radiotherapy improved OS. […] Postoperative radiotherapy is also recommended after surgery for astrocytoma, IDH-mutant, WHO grade 3. […] The standard treatment for glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype is also recommended for this type. […] After maximal safe resection, radiotherapy with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide have been widely adopted as the standard of treatment for newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients. […] The addition of temozolomide to hypofractionated radiotherapy has also improved OS in patients with age 65 years. […] Therefore, hypofractionated radiotherapy with or without temozolomide can be the standard treatment for the elderly. […] The treatment of glioma requires a multidisciplinary approach incorporating surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. […] Novel therapies based on molecular biology should be explored through further experimental studies and clinical trials.

• #5 Treatment of Adult Gliomas: A Current Update

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9833488/

  Glioma treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach involving surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. […] Multiple trials have been conducted to establish the appropriate choice of treatment to achieve long-term survival and better quality of life. […] Glioma treatment requires multimodal approaches. […] The treatment should be optimized by glioma, patient, and molecular characteristics. […] The treatment modalities for gliomas generally consist of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. […] After surgery, postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy should be performed according to the types, grades, and molecular features of gliomas as a standard treatment protocol. […] The standard postoperative treatment for high-risk patients with IDH-mutant glioma involves field radiotherapy followed by PCV.

• #6 Current Standards of Care in Glioblastoma Therapy – Glioblastoma – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK469987/

  The current standard of care for patients with nGBM is maximum safe surgical resection followed by concurrent TMZ (75 mg/m2/day for 6 weeks) and RT (60 Gy in 30 fractions) and then six maintenance cycles of TMZ (150-200 mg/m2/day for the first 5 days of a 28-day cycle), according to the results of the phase III EORTC 26981. […] The addition of bevacizumab to standard treatment revealed no increase in overall survival (OS), but improved progression-free survival (PFS). […] Bevacizumab was approved by the FDA, based on unprecedented response rates (RRs) in rGBM, which led to its evaluation in the postoperative setting of nGBM. […] In summary, these trials have shown that the combination of bevacizumab with standard RT-TMZ for the treatment of nGBM resulted in improved median PFS, without gain in OS.

• #6 Current Standards of Care in Glioblastoma Therapy – Glioblastoma – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK469987/

  Tumor-Treating Fields (TTFields) has been called the fourth cancer treatment modality, after surgery, RT, and pharmacotherapy. […] In EF-14 trial, an open-label phase 3 study, enrolled 695 patients and evaluated the efficacy and safety of TTFields in combination with TMZ maintenance treatment, after chemoradiation therapy for patients with nGBM. The trial was terminated based on the results of the preplanned interim analysis that evaluated the outcomes of the first 315 patients and showed a significant improvement in PFS and OS. […] TTFields plus TMZ represents the first major advance in the field of GBM therapy in roughly a decade, and it should be considered for patients with nGBM and no contraindications.

• #6 Current Standards of Care in Glioblastoma Therapy – Glioblastoma – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK469987/

  Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Regardless of ideal multidisciplinary treatment, including maximal surgical resection, followed by radiotherapy plus concomitant and maintenance temozolomide (TMZ), almost all patients experience tumor progression with nearly universal mortality and a median survival of less than 15 months. The addition of bevacizumab to standard treatment with TMZ revealed no increase in overall survival (OS) but improved progression-free survival (PFS). […] Currently, no standard of care is established for recurrent or progressive GBM. Despite numerous clinical trials, the identification of effective therapies is complex due to the lack of appropriate control arms, selection bias, small sample size, and disease heterogeneity. Treatment alternatives may include supportive care, reoperation, re-irradiation, systemic therapies, and combined modality therapy.

• #7 Chemotherapy for Glioma | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/glioma/glioma-treatment/chemotherapy-glioma

  Chemotherapy is given through an injection or as a pill to kill or slow down the growth of cancer cells. […] The chemotherapy drug temozolomide (Temodar) is usually given along with radiation to treat gliomas. This drug is taken as a pill. It sensitizes tumors to the radiation, making it more effective. People with a high-grade glioma may need a second course of temozolomide. This additional dose is usually taken for a minimum of six months after radiation is completed. […] The drug bevacizumab (Avastin) is sometimes used to treat gliomas. This drug works by blocking the growth of new blood vessels that nourish the tumor. Bevacizumab is usually used after a tumor returns and can be very effective at easing symptoms. It is rarely used as part of the initial treatment. […] Targeted drugs are directed toward particular mutations in cancer cells. Several are actively being studied as potential glioma treatments. Right now, they are still investigational. That means they are not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treating gliomas.

• #7 Chemotherapy for Glioma | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/glioma/glioma-treatment/chemotherapy-glioma

  Savolitinib works by blocking the c-MET protein, which some cancers use to grow. It is taken as a pill. […] Terameprocol interferes with the growth and reproduction of cancer cells by blocking proteins that these cells create to reproduce rapidly. It is given by IV. […] Ivosidenib (Tibsovo) blocks an abnormal form of a protein called IDH1, which is known to drive some cancers, and vorasidenib blocks mutated forms of both the IDH1 and IDH2 proteins. Both drugs are taken as pills. […] Veliparib works by blocking a protein that repairs DNA damage in cancer cells. It is taken as a pill. […] Abemaciclib (Verzenio) is designed to inhibit cancer growth by blocking cyclin-dependent kinases. Cancer cells need these enzymes to grow and divide. It is taken as a pill.

• #8 Patient education: High-grade glioma in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-grade-glioma-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Options available for retreatment include surgery, various forms of radiation, chemotherapy, and electric fields. […] Bevacizumab may be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy. […] Oligodendrogliomas represent an important subset of grade 3 gliomas and account for approximately 10 percent of all primary gliomas. These tumors have lost parts of chromosomes and have a very high likelihood of responding to treatment, especially a combination of chemotherapy agents (PCV: procarbazine, CCNU, vincristine) or temozolomide, allowing the person a longer survival. […] In most people with high-grade glioma, the disease cannot be cured. […] Progress in treating high-grade gliomas requires that better treatments be identified through clinical trials, which are conducted all over the world.

• #8 Patient education: High-grade glioma in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-grade-glioma-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Patient education: High-grade glioma in adults (Beyond the Basics) […] This article will discuss the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of high-grade (ie, malignant) gliomas, the largest subset of brain gliomas. […] Treatment of a high-grade glioma includes measures to relieve symptoms and eliminate or control the tumor. This may include surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy. […] The initial treatment of high-grade glioma usually involves removing as much of the tumor as safely possible with surgery. […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to kill cancer cells and is usually recommended following surgery to kill any remaining tumor cells. […] Chemotherapy refers to the use of medicines to stop or slow the growth of cancer cells. […] When used in combination with radiation therapy and surgery, chemotherapy may improve survival and quality of life in some patients with high-grade gliomas.

• #9 Glioma targeted therapy: insight into future of molecular approaches | Molecular Cancer | Full Text

  https://molecular-cancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12943-022-01513-z

  All glioblastomas will eventually progress or relapse, and there is no standard treatment for recurrent GBM (rGBM). Lomustine, another alkylating agent, most widely used in recurrent GBM and also in control group in the lately recurrent GBM randomized trial, is partially considered to be the standard choice for rGBM, but only effective in patients with MGMT methylation. […] The mTOR inhibitor Everolimus was not effective in patients with newly diagnosed MGMT promoter-unmethylated GBM, either used alone or combined with radiotherapy or TMZ. […] In short, PI3K pathway as a therapy target in GBM is often ineffective and followed with relatively low patient tolerance, which may be related to the complex molecular regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR. Some trials have shown that the tolerance of inhibitors will increase significantly under certain conditions that have not yet been explored, and it is possible to find ways to help patients tolerate higher doses in the future to ensure effects of targeted therapy. […] Thus, treatment of glioma much relying on molecular biomarkers as criteria of diagnosis and classification.

• #9 Glioma targeted therapy: insight into future of molecular approaches | Molecular Cancer | Full Text

  https://molecular-cancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12943-022-01513-z

  With many targeted therapy options emerging, biomarkers guiding the prescription of a particular targeted therapy are also attractive. More pre-clinical and clinical trials are urgently needed to explore and evaluate the feasibility of targeted therapy with the corresponding biomarkers for effective personalized treatment options. […] For high-risk LGG, due to the high possibility of recurrence, the standard of postoperative care is necessary, including 50-54 Gy local radiotherapy, followed by 6 cycles of adjuvant procarbazine or Lomustine or vincristine (PCV), in which Lomustine is usually selected, due to its respectively mild toxicity and bloodbrain barrier limitations. […] For GBM, a gross total resection, radiotherapy in the focal tumor area and concomitant Temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy and certain dose of radiotherapy should be taken as the standard treatment (Stupp treatment).

• #10 New therapy for glioma receives FDA approval | Duke Department of Neurosurgery

  https://neurosurgery.duke.edu/news/new-therapy-glioma-receives-fda-approval

  The FDA has approved a new targeted drug specifically for brain tumors called low-grade gliomas. The drug, vorasidenib, was shown in clinical trials to delay progression of low-grade gliomas that had mutations in the IDH1 or IDH2 genes. […] Although there have been other targeted therapies for the treatment of brain tumors with the IDH mutation, this one has been one of the most successful in survival prolongation of brain tumor patients, said Darell Bigner, MD, PhD. […] In clinical trials, progression-free survival was estimated to be 27.7 months for people in the vorasidenib group versus 11.1 months for those in the placebo group. […] The development and approval of vorasidenib represent a significant milestone in the field of oncology, particularly in the treatment of brain cancers.

• #11 New drug delays progression of glioma, a deadly brain cancer | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/release/new-drug-delays-progression-glioma-deadly-brain-cancer

  Vorasidenib is classified as a dual inhibitor of mutant IDH1/2, meaning that it prevents the formation and accumulation of the onco-metabolite 2-Hydroxyglutarate, or 2-HG, that occurs when genetically altered versions of two enzymes, IDH1 and IDH2, are present in a tumor. […] The study is also the first clinical trial to analyze a targeted therapy drug specifically developed to treat brain cancer. […] Targeted therapies are designed to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. […] Vorasidenib is a brain-penetrant inhibitor, which means that it has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. […] The disease progressed in just 28% of people receiving vorasidenib, compared to 54% of those receiving placebos. […] This is the first targeted treatment that shows unequivocal efficacy in this population and is precedent-setting for this disease, Cloughesy said.

• #11 New drug delays progression of glioma, a deadly brain cancer | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/release/new-drug-delays-progression-glioma-deadly-brain-cancer

  A targeted therapy drug called vorasidenib had positive results in delaying progression of a specific form of glioma, a slow-growing but deadly brain cancer. […] New treatment approaches for glioma are needed because current treatments, including chemotherapy and radiation, can cause neurological deficits. […] The team found the drug vorasidenib more than doubled progression-free survival in people with recurrent grade 2 glioma with IDH1 and IDH2 mutations. […] Dr. Timothy Cloughesy, a professor of neuro-oncology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and co-senior author of the study, said the availability of a treatment that enables patients to go for longer periods of time between chemotherapy and radiation treatments could have a major impact. […] Having the ability to hold off on getting radiation therapy to the brain with an effective therapy is really critical and very meaningful to this population of patients.

• #12 Glioblastoma Current Standard of Care | Ivy Brain Tumor Center

  https://www.ivybraintumorcenter.org/the-challenge/current-standard-of-care/

  Temozolomide (TMZ), or Temodar, is the only FDA-approved therapy with a survival benefit for adult patients with glioblastoma. […] It is an oral chemotherapy pill and standard therapy that starts two to six weeks after surgery for tumor biopsy or resection. […] Typically, standard radiation therapy is given in 30 fractions (30 days) of treatment over a period of six weeks. […] Radiation therapy uses X-rays and other sources to kill tumor cells. […] External beam radiation is given from outside the body and aims only at the area of your brain that contains the tumor. […] Sometimes radiation is used after surgery to kill tumor cells that might have been left behind. […] Optune is an FDA-approved wearable and portable device for adults with glioblastoma that delivers Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields). […] Unfortunately, the current standard of care for patients with aggressive brain tumors like glioblastoma is not curative and most patients experience tumor progression after treatment.

• #13 Patient education: Low-grade glioma in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/low-grade-glioma-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Patient education: Low-grade glioma in adults (Beyond the Basics) […] LOW-GRADE GLIOMA TREATMENT […] Treatment of a low-grade glioma must consider the best way to manage symptoms and remove or reduce the tumor. The optimal treatment of low grade-glioma (particularly the timing of treatment) is controversial, and treatment decisions must balance the benefits of therapy against the potential for treatment-related complications. […] Treatment of the tumor — Surgery, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and chemotherapy may be used to treat a low-grade glioma, either separately or in combination. […] Surgery — The objective of surgery is to remove as much of the tumor as possible while minimizing damage to the normal brain. […] Radiation therapy — Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy or x-ray therapy) uses high-energy x-rays that are carefully aimed at the area of the brain affected by the tumor.

• #14 Low-Grade Gliomas Treatments | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/care/neurosurgery/services/brain-tumors/what-are/low-grade-gliomas

  Low-grade gliomas are cancerous brain tumors that arise from the support cells (glial cells) within the brain. They are similar to glioblastomas, but are slow growing, and only make up 20 percent of all primary brain tumors. […] Mount Sinai’s Comprehensive Brain Tumor Program has a wealth of resources for patients with low-grade gliomas, from innovative technology to improve surgical precision to a team of neuro-oncologists, neurologists, and skilled neurosurgeons to provide comprehensive care. […] The goal of care is to provide patients with treatment options that work best for them with a strong emphasis on improving quality of life. […] A low-grade glioma that is slow to grow usually does not need radiation or chemotherapy immediately. We often treat them through monitoring, surgery, radiosurgery, chemotherapy, or a combination.

• #15 Gliomas Diagnosis & Treatment – NYC | Columbia Neurosurgery in New York City

  https://www.neurosurgery.columbia.edu/patient-care/conditions/gliomas

  Gliomas are tumors that develop from glial cells, support cells found in the brain and spinal cord. At Columbia University Irving Medical Center/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, we specialize in glioma treatment options including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. […] Each type of glioma requires its own unique treatment approach. Our neurosurgeons consider the type of glioma, among several other factors like location and patients age, to devise an optimal treatment plan. For most patients with a glioma, treatment includes a combination of brain tumor surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. […] If the glioma can be removed without risking brain damage, a neurosurgeon will perform brain tumor surgery. During brain tumor surgery, a neurosurgeon removes part of the skull to access the tumor, a procedure called a craniotomy. A neurosurgeons goal during surgery is to remove as much of the glioma as possible while protecting the function of healthy brain tissue. […] A combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy is usually used to eliminate any tumor that could not be safely removed with surgery.

• #16 Childhood Glioma Program | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/treatment/childhood-brain-tumors/programs/glioma

  A glioma is a brain tumor originating from the glial cells that support and nourish neurons in the brain. […] Most gliomas are highly treatable and curable. Pilocytic astrocytoma, the most common type of glioma, has more than a 90 percent cure rate. […] We diagnose and treat the full range of childhood gliomas, including: Anaplastic astrocytoma, Angiocentric glioma, Astrocytoma, Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) (a brainstem glioma), Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET or DNT), Ganglioglioma and glial neuronal tumors, Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), Gliomatosis cerebri, Gliosarcoma, Low-grade glioma, Oligodendroglioma, Optic nerve (pathway) glioma, Pilocytic astrocytoma, Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA), Tectal glioma, Thalamic and hypothalamic astrocytoma. […] We personalize each child’s treatment based on the tumor’s type, stage, and location. While some therapies will treat the tumor, we may use others to manage disease complications or treatment side effects.

• #17 Childhood Astrocytomas and Other Gliomas Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/child-astrocytoma-glioma-treatment-pdq

  Primary brain tumors, including gliomas, are a diverse group of diseases that together constitute the most common solid tumors of childhood. […] Gliomas are classified based on histological and molecular features, and they represent the most common type of central nervous system (CNS) tumor in children. […] Most children with circumscribed astrocytic gliomas, pediatric-type diffuse low-grade gliomas, and glioneuronal and neuronal tumors have a relatively favorable prognosis, especially when a complete surgical resection can be accomplished. Children with pediatric-type diffuse high-grade gliomas generally have a poor prognosis. […] The initial diagnostic evaluation of patients with gliomas includes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with and without contrast of the brain and/or spine. […] Surgical resection is a primary treatment, and surgical feasibility depends on tumor location.

• #17 Childhood Astrocytomas and Other Gliomas Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/child-astrocytoma-glioma-treatment-pdq

  For patients presenting with obstructive hydrocephalus, a shunt or other cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedure may also be needed. […] Surgical resection of spinal tumors is generally attempted but it often cannot be completed. […] Adjuvant therapy following complete resection is generally not required unless there is a subsequent recurrence of disease. […] Chemotherapy may result in objective tumor shrinkage and help avoid, or at least delay, the need for radiation therapy in most patients. […] Radiation therapy is usually reserved for patients with disease that does not durably respond to chemotherapy. […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the combination of trametinib (MEK inhibitor) plus dabrafenib (BRAF inhibitor) for the treatment of pediatric patients aged 1 year and older with low-grade gliomas and a BRAF V600E variant who require systemic therapy.

• #17 Childhood Astrocytomas and Other Gliomas Treatment (PDQ®) – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/brain/hp/child-astrocytoma-glioma-treatment-pdq

  The combination of dabrafenib plus trametinib was studied in 41 pediatric patients with relapsed or progressive high-grade gliomas. […] For children with diffuse midline gliomas centered in the pons, radiation therapy to the involved site is the standard treatment. […] The extent of tumor resection at initial diagnosis is positively associated with survival. […] The prognosis for children with infant-type hemispheric glioma is relatively favorable.

• #18 Glioblastoma – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glioblastoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20569078

  Clinical trials are studies of new treatments. These studies provide a chance to try the latest treatments. The risk of side effects might not be known. Ask your healthcare professional if you might be able to be in a clinical trial. […] Palliative care is a special type of healthcare that helps someone with a serious illness feel better. If you have cancer, palliative care can help relieve pain and other symptoms. A healthcare team that may include doctors, nurses and other specially trained health professionals provides palliative care. The care team’s goal is to improve quality of life for you and your family. […] The use of palliative care with other medical treatments can help people with cancer feel better and live longer.

• #19 Treatment Clinical Trials for Glioma – NCIFacebookFollow on XInstagramYoutubeLinkedin

  https://www.cancer.gov/research/participate/clinical-trials/disease/glioma/treatment

  Clinical trials are research studies that involve people. The clinical trials on this list are for glioma treatment. All trials on the list are NCI-supported clinical trials, which are sponsored or otherwise financially supported by NCI. […] You may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Talk to your doctor for help in deciding if one is right for you. […] A Study of the Drugs Selumetinib vs. Carboplatin and Vincristine in Patients with Low-Grade Glioma […] A Study of the Drugs Selumetinib versus Carboplatin/Vincristine in Patients with Neurofibromatosis and Low-Grade Glioma […] A Study to Compare Treatment with the Drug Selumetinib Alone versus Selumetinib and Vinblastine in Patients with Recurrent or Progressive Low-Grade Glioma […] Testing the Addition of an Anti-cancer Drug, Selinexor, to the Usual Chemotherapy Treatment (Temozolomide) for Brain Tumors that have Returned after Previous Treatment

• #20

  https://braintumourresearch.org/blogs/research-campaigning-news/clinical-trial-brings-hope-of-a-new-treatment-for-low-grade-glioma?srsltid=AfmBOor5tBURG6-UsW24MhVV08P93Et0LFkZA1bfSWoHZmIMMJaXqqtf

  A new targeted therapy has been shown to significantly improve progression-free survival in patients with low-grade glioma. […] The results from INDIGO, an international phase 3 clinical trial, showed that the targeted therapy, vorasidenib, more than doubled progression-free survival in people with recurrent grade 2 glioma. […] Compared with people who received a placebo, those who took vorasidenib went for nearly 17 more months without their cancer worsening. […] The delay in starting chemotherapy and radiation is important for patients with the recurrent grade 2 glioma with IDH1 and IDH2 mutations studied in this trial because this subtype of glioma tends to affect younger people, often those in their 30s. […] The results of the trial, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, represent the first clinical trial to analyse a targeted therapy drug specifically developed to treat brain cancer.

• #21 Treatment of IDH-mutant glioma in the INDIGO era | npj Precision Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-024-00646-2

  Standard care for IDH-mutant glioma incorporates surgery, radiation (RT), and/or chemotherapy. […] For patients with grade 3 IDH-mutant glioma, adjuvant therapy with RT followed by TMZ or PCV is generally used for all patients. […] The INDIGO trial represents a step forward in advancing the treatment of IDH-mutant gliomas. […] The INDIGO trial results also underscore the importance of several questions: (1) what are the molecular mechanisms that mediate sensitivity of gliomas to mIDH inhibition? (2) what biomarkers predict who will respond to mIDH inhibitors? […] Results thus far from monotherapy testing in the Using Olaparib in Recurrent IDH-mutant Glioma (OLAGLI) trial have demonstrated limited success with olaparib alone, prompting interest in results from ongoing trials using PARP inhibitors in combination with agents such as TMZ or immunotherapy.

• #21 Treatment of IDH-mutant glioma in the INDIGO era | npj Precision Oncology

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41698-024-00646-2

  Phase II trials are currently underway testing the CDK4/6 inhibitors palbociclib and abemaciclib in IDH-mutant oligodendrogliomas. […] Given that (R)-2HG competitively inhibits 2OG-dependent enzymes, many of which contribute to DNA and histone demethylation, there has been interest in whether methyltransferase inhibitors may be useful in treating IDH-mutant gliomas. […] Additional therapeutic strategies in various stages of clinical translation have leveraged the metabolic dependencies conferred by mIDH to selectively target IDH-mutant gliomas. […] mIDH inhibitor treatment may therefore enhance efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade if used concurrently in IDH-mutant glioma, raising potential combination therapy strategies.

• #22 Brain Tumors, Glioma and Metastatic – Focused Ultrasound Foundation

  https://www.fusfoundation.org/diseases-and-conditions/brain-tumors-glioma-and-metastatic/

  Focused ultrasound is a noninvasive, therapeutic technology with the potential to improve the quality of life and decrease the cost of care for patients with brain tumors. […] Focused ultrasound, used alone or in combination with conventional therapies, has the potential for several advantages. […] A study of sonodynamic therapy for patient with high grade glioma A new clinical trial in the US is using sound activated drugs to treat patients with recurrent high grade glioma, including glioblastoma. […] Therapeutic manipulation and bypass of the blood-brain barrier: powerful tools in glioma treatment. […] Focused ultrasound therapy as a strategy for improving glioma treatment.

• #23

• #24 Adult Glioma: Grading and Treatment | OncoLink

  https://www.oncolink.org/cancers/brain-tumors/adult-glioma-grading-and-treatment

  Glioma Treatment, therapy […] Treatment for adult glioma depends on many things, like what type of tumor you have, where the tumor is, your age, overall health, and testing results. More than one type of treatment is often used for adult gliomas. Your treatment may include some or all these: […] Surgery is the main treatment for gliomas because it is needed to grade and classify your tumor. Surgery is often used with other treatment options, like chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. […] The goals of surgery are to: Grade the glioma. Improve symptoms by making the tumor smaller in size. Remove all of the tumor if possible. If not, to remove as much of the tumor as possible (debulking). […] Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells. Radiation may be used: After surgery is done to take out as much of the tumor as possible. This is done to try to kill any cancer cells that were left. To help lessen or prevent symptoms caused by the tumor. If you are not able to have surgery to take out some or all of the tumor. […] Chemotherapy is the use of medications to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be a pill that you take by mouth or a liquid that is given through an IV into your bloodstream. […] Targeted therapies use medications to target genes and proteins that control how cancer cells grow, divide, and spread. This slows down or kills the cancer cells while keeping the normal cells as safe as possible. […] Steroids, like prednisone or dexamethasone, may be a part of your glioma treatment. […] You may be offered a clinical trial as part of your treatment plan.

• #25 Brain Neoplasms: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2005182-overview

  Gliomas, metastases, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, and acoustic neuromas account for 95% of all brain tumors. […] Generally, care of patients with a brain tumor is multidisciplinary, requiring assistance from a neurosurgeon, an oncologist, a radiologist, and an expert in radiation therapy. […] Surgical treatment options may include tumor removal or debulking, installation of a ventricular shunt, and placement of radioactive implants. […] Acute treatment for cerebral edema from intracranial neoplasms is as follows: Corticosteroids may dramatically reduce signs and symptoms, bringing relief within a few hours. […] Dexamethasone is the agent of choice. […] Recommended doses generally range from 4-24 mg daily. […] Management varies greatly depending on tumor location, tissue type, and comorbid conditions.

• #26 Glioma | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/glioma?content_id=CON-20129411

  Glioma treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and others. […] Glioma treatment usually begins with surgery. But surgery isn’t always an option. […] Other treatments, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy, might be recommended as the first treatment. […] Surgery to remove a glioma carries risks. These include infection and bleeding. […] Radiation therapy is often used after surgery. The radiation kills any glioma cells that might remain after surgery. […] Chemotherapy is usually used in combination with radiation therapy to treat gliomas. […] Tumor treating fields therapy is a treatment that uses electrical energy to hurt the glioma cells. […] Targeted therapy treatments focus on specific chemicals present within cancer cells. […] Rehabilitation after treatment might include physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy. […] No alternative treatments have been proved to cure gliomas. However, complementary treatments may help you cope with your glioma and its treatment.

• #27

  https://braintumourresearch.org/pages/types-of-brain-tumours-glioma?srsltid=AfmBOopoUUYCEvL9Iu0M9_OrUVAIQGxHrM2OGV5fMwPaElJxKCmW2xwJ

  Chemotherapy may be used in addition to surgery and radiation as adjuvant therapy to target remaining cancer cells. […] Targeted therapies aim to interfere with specific molecules involved in the growth and progression of cancer cells. […] Immunotherapy is an evolving area of research, aiming to harness the body’s immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. […] Participation in these may provide access to experimental treatments and contribute to the advancement of glioma research. […] Glioma treatment may have side effects and supportive care is essential to manage symptoms such as pain, seizures, and neurological deficits. […] Regular follow-up visits are crucial to monitor the patient’s condition, assess treatment response, and address any emerging issues.

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