Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Gliomas (for Parents) | Nemours KidsHealth

  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/gliomas.html

  Glioma (glee-OH-muh) tumors can happen anywhere in the brain or spine and symptoms depend on the location of the tumor. […] A glioma can cause symptoms by pressing on parts of the brain near it. It also can lead to a buildup of spinal fluid and pressure throughout the brain. This is called hydrocephalus. […] Signs or symptoms vary depending on a child’s age and the location of the tumor. They may include: headaches, vision problems, vomiting, seizures, weakness of the face, arms, or legs; poor coordination; or trouble standing or walking, slurred speech, confusion, changes in behavior, tilting the head, in babies and young toddlers, an increased head size. […] Treatment depends on the type of glioma. Some low-grade tumors can be treated with surgery alone. But many kids with gliomas need a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy.

• #1 Glioma Signs and Symptoms | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/glioma/glioma-signs-and-symptoms

  Signs and symptoms of a glioma tend to develop when the tumor pushes on, or even damages, healthy brain tissue. The area around the tumor then swells. Sometimes the tumor gets in the way of the normal flow of fluid around the brain and spinal cord. […] The symptoms often relate to where in the brain the tumor develops. These symptoms may be caused by something other than a glioma, but its important to have them checked out by a doctor. […] Headaches are a common symptom in people who have a glioma. About half of people with a glioma experience this symptom. For people with a glioblastoma, the headaches can be severe and are typically worse in the morning. […] People with a glioma, especially an astrocytoma, often have seizures as an early sign of the condition. […] Nausea and vomiting can be caused by the tumor putting increased pressure on the brain.

• #1 Glioma // Middlesex Health

  https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/glioma

  Glioma symptoms depend on the location of the glioma. Symptoms also may depend on the type of glioma, its size and how quickly it’s growing. […] Common signs and symptoms of gliomas include: Headache, particularly one that hurts the most in the morning. Nausea and vomiting. Confusion or a decline in brain function, such as problems with thinking and understanding information. Memory loss. Personality changes or irritability. Vision problems, such as blurred vision, double vision or loss of peripheral vision. Speech difficulties. Seizures, especially in someone who hasn’t had seizures before. […] The tumor can grow to press on nearby nerves and parts of the brain or spinal cord. This leads to glioma symptoms and can cause complications.

• #1 Glioblastoma End of Life | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/glioma/survival/end-of-life

  Glioblastoma, historically called glioblastoma multiforme, is one of the most aggressive types of brain tumors. Patients are often given very poor prognoses and consider proper glioblastoma end-of-life care to manage their conditions in their final stages. […] Patients with glioblastoma will likely experience many different symptoms and emotions as they near the end of life from glioblastoma. However, there are ways to make the process much less painful. […] Glioblastoma is known for its rapid growth and aggressive nature. Symptoms typically develop over a short period, often weeks to months, as the tumor grows and starts to affect brain function. […] The onset of symptoms is usually related to the location of the tumor within the brain and its impact on surrounding structures. As the tumor expands, it can cause increased pressure within the skull, leading to headaches, nausea, and vomiting.

• #1 Glioblastoma End of Life | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/glioma/survival/end-of-life

  Depending on the exact location, patients may experience neurological deficits such as weakness, speech difficulties, vision changes, or seizures, which are often the presenting symptom. […] Due to the rapid progression of glioblastoma, symptoms can escalate quickly, prompting medical evaluation and subsequent imaging studies like MRI, which typically reveal the tumor. […] In most cases, the process leading to death is not sudden for patients with glioblastoma. Growth of the tumor and swelling can disturb areas of the brain, manifesting as several clinical symptoms such as weakness, a decrease in consciousness, difficulty swallowing, seizures, and headache. […] The following are some commonly reported end-of-life glioblastoma symptoms: […] Patients feel increasingly tired within the early stages of their end-of-life care. They may feel exhausted after performing basic activities and will quickly fall in and out of sleep. Toward the later stages, they may sleep over 20 hours daily and have sporadic periods of alertness. In the final stages, they are almost always asleep to the point that it is difficult to wake them.

• #1 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/glioblastoma/comments/1e86vr3/realistically_whats_next_how_long/

  Dad (62) was diagnosed two weeks ago with GBM…suspected m-gbm from what I can tell. Not operable but did a biopsy, no results yet. it’s in the right frontal lobe, glangia and thalamus. Irregular but about 5cm and tenticles (I’m sure there is a better term….) Symptoms prior was sperm forgetfulness, racing heart and just feeling like something was wrong. […] Symptoms now: sleeping a ton, unsteady walking, nauseous, phantom smells and some visual hallucinations. But he can still hold a convo, laugh, eat some (smaller amounts tho). […] The docs aren’t saying, more just waiting for biopsy and for biopsy on lymphs. Kinda got the impression there isn’t any treatment options which I have accepted. […] How do I know if I’m looking at days, weeks or months?

• #1 Glioma Signs and Symptoms | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/glioma/glioma-signs-and-symptoms

  This can include confusion, memory loss, or problems speaking or expressing oneself. […] People may have physical weakness on one side of the body, problems with balance, or difficulty walking. […] Gliomas can impair vision. This can cause a restricted field of vision, which means not being able to see to the right or the left as well as usual.

• #1 7 Top Glioblastoma Symptoms & Signs | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/glioblastoma/glioblastoma-symptoms.html

  Changes in mental function, mood or personality: Brain tumors can cause people to become withdrawn, moody or inefficient at work. They may feel drowsy, confused and unable to think. Depression and anxiety, especially if either develops suddenly, may be an early symptom of a brain tumor. Brain tumors may also cause behavior changes, including a loss of inhibitions. […] Changes in speech: People with brain tumors may have trouble finding words, speak incoherently, and be unable to express or understand language. […] Sensory changes: Changes in the ability to hear, smell or see, including double or blurred vision can be symptoms of a brain tumor. The sense of touch can also be impacted. People with brain tumors may lose some of their ability to feel heat, cold, pressure, sharp edges or light touches. […] Loss of balance or coordination […] Changes in pulse and breathing rates: This symptom usually occurs with a brain tumor compresses the brain stem, which controls basic bodily functions including breathing and the heart rate.

• #1 Gliomas – Symptoms, Diagnosis, TreatmentSecond Opinion IconSecond Opinion IconGroup 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/gliomas/

  Glioma Symptoms […] The symptoms of glioma vary, depending on its location, size, and growth rate. While they may initially be subtle, gliomas tend to produce multiple neurological symptoms due to their growth in the brain or spinal cord. […] Symptoms you might notice if you or someone you know has a glioma can include: New onset or change in the pattern of headaches: These include headaches that aren’t improving with typical headache remedies, or you’re experiencing them more often, or they’re growing in intensity or worsening with activity. New onset of seizures: Often one of the first symptoms of gliomas, seizures occur because the glioma disrupts your brain’s regular electrical activity. Seizures can range from muscle jerks and spasms to a loss of consciousness and body functions. Changes in vision or smell can also indicate a seizure. Vision or speech problems: Tumors near the occipital lobe, which is responsible for vision, can cause visual disturbances. Tumors near the speech centers in the left frontal or temporal lobes can lead to difficulty speaking or understanding language. Sensory changes and weakness: Tumors can cause changes in sensation, like numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation in parts of your body, as well as feelings of weakness and a loss of coordination. Balance or coordination issues: Tumors in your cerebellum, which controls balance and coordination, can cause difficulty with fine motor skills. […] Unexplained nausea or vomiting: Increased pressure inside your skull from a glioma can result in nausea and vomiting. Fatigue or drowsiness: Gliomas can cause significant fatigue due to the tumor’s interference with your brain’s ability to function correctly. Personality or behavior changes: This can manifest as new or unusual emotional states, like changes in judgment, aggressiveness, or loss of initiative. Depression and anxiety can also be an early symptom of a tumor, specifically in the frontal lobe of the brain. […] It’s important to note that these symptoms can overlap with those caused by other conditions. However, if you or someone you know is experiencing any of these symptoms—especially if they’re persistent or severe—it’s critical to consult a healthcare professional for evaluation. Early detection is essential for improving outcomes.

• #1 Symptom management and quality of life in glioma patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6128201/

  Symptoms of fatigue, cognitive deficits, depression and changes in personality and behavior are frequently reported in patients with glioma. […] Fatigue, cognitive deficits, depression, and changes in personality and behavior are equally common and perhaps form an even larger threat to the daily lives of patients and their partners. […] With most gliomas currently being incurable despite ongoing efforts to improve treatment, preserving QoL is very important not only for the individual patient but also as a measure of prolonged wellbeing in clinical trials aimed at improving survival. […] Fatigue is the most commonly reported symptom in high-grade glioma patients who participate in clinical trials and is often thought to be the most debilitating symptom during the course of the disease.

• #1 Symptom management and quality of life in glioma patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6128201/

  Estimates of the prevalence of fatigue in glioma patients vary, but approximately 40-80% of patients report severe symptoms of fatigue, underlining the immense significance of the problem. […] Cognitive deficits, including dysfunction in the domains of information processing, attention, psychomotor speed, executive functioning, and verbal and working memory, occur frequently in glioma patients. […] Up to approximately 80% of brain tumor patients experience some degree of cognitive deficits, although estimates of the prevalence of these deficits vary owing to differences in the patient populations studied. […] In glioma patients, worse cognitive functioning has been associated with disease progression and poorer survival. […] Depression in glioma patients deserves more attention, as it is potentially treatable and successful treatment could significantly alleviate disease burden of patients and their partners.

• #1 Signs & Symptoms

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/diagnosis-treatment/signs-symptoms/

  Symptoms of a tumor in the frontal lobe can include: Changes in personality, mood, or behavior, Lack of inhibition or decreased impulse control, Difficulty concentrating, Agitation or aggression, Sluggishness, Weakness in one side of the body, Loss of smell, Trouble speaking (Brocas area). […] Symptoms of a tumor in the parietal lobe can include: Numbness or weakness in one side of the body, Difficulty with spatial awareness and judging distances, Loss of coordination including hand-eye coordination, Trouble speaking, understanding words, reading, or writing. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the temporal lobe can include: Numbness or weakness in one side of the body, Difficulty hearing or speaking, Correctly identifying emotions in others, Memory loss, Strange sensations or smells, Seizures.

• #1 Signs & Symptoms

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/diagnosis-treatment/signs-symptoms/

  Symptoms of a tumor in the occipital lobe can include: Loss of vision, Difficulty identifying objects. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the cerebellum can include: Difficulty walking (ataxia), Uncoordinated muscle movements, Loss of fine motor skills, Headache, Vomiting, Dizziness or loss of balance. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the brain stem can include: Seizures, Unsteadiness and difficulty walking, Loss of movement in the muscles in the face, Difficulty speaking, Difficulty swallowing, Double vision, Changes in breathing. […] Symptoms can include: Local pain at the site of the tumor, Back pain that radiates to other parts of the body, Loss of sensitivity to pain, heat, or cold, Loss of bladder or bowel function (incontinence), Difficulty walking, Loss of sensation or muscle weakness in the arms or legs.

• #1 Gliomas – Symptoms, Diagnosis, TreatmentSecond Opinion IconSecond Opinion IconGroup 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/gliomas/

  Glioma progression […] The prognosis for a glioma depends on your overall health and the type, grade, and location of your tumor. Low-grade gliomas (Grades 1 and 2) generally have a better prognosis because they grow slowly and are less aggressive. High-grade gliomas (Grades 3 and 4) are more aggressive and can develop rapidly, so they have a poorer prognosis—particularly glioblastoma, a Grade 4 glioma. The extent of tumor removal plays a key role in prognosis. Complete resection, or removing as much tumor as possible, improves outcomes. Incomplete resection or tumors in areas where surgery is limited—for example, near critical brain structures—can lead to less favorable outcomes. […] While gliomas, especially high-grade ones, can have a poor prognosis, the following steps can help improve outcomes after you or your loved one is diagnosed: Early detection: Diagnosing low-grade gliomas before they progress can lead to better treatment outcomes. Aggressive treatment: Complete surgical removal, followed by radiation and chemotherapy, can improve survival, especially in higher-grade gliomas. Clinical trial participation: Clinical trials can offer patients with aggressive or recurrent gliomas access to new therapies, such as immunotherapy, targeted therapies, or novel chemotherapeutic agents.

• #1 Risk factors for early progression of diffuse low-grade glioma in adults | Chinese Neurosurgical Journal | Full Text

  https://cnjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41016-022-00295-z

  A total of 138 patients were included in this study, including 94 cases of astrocytoma and 44 cases of oligodendroglioma. […] The average progression-free survival was 61 months. The median progression-free survival was 60 months. […] Multifactor analysis shows tumor location (HR= 4.549, 95%CI: 1.32415.634, p = 0.016) and tumor subtype (HR= 3.347, 95%CI= 1.3738.157,p = 0.008), and incomplete resection is factors influencing early progression of low-grade glioma. […] Low-grade gliomas involving deep location such as basal ganglia, inner capsule, and corpus callosum are more likely to progress early, while incomplete resection is a risk factor in early progression of astrocytoma. […] The median PFS of patients with complete resection was 96 months, the median PFS of patients with 90100% resection was 60 months, and the median PFS of patients with resection less than 90% was 39 months.

• #1 Glioma: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21969-glioma

  Symptoms of gliomas may include: […] Aphasia (problems with speaking and communicating). […] Changes in your vision or vision loss. […] Cognitive problems (trouble thinking, learning or remembering). […] Difficulty walking or keeping your balance. […] Dizziness. […] Headaches. […] Hemiparesis (weakness or numbness on one side of the body). […] Nausea and vomiting. […] Personality or behavioral changes. […] Seizures. […] Survival rates for gliomas vary by tumor type, tumor grade and a persons age. […] The five-year survival rate for adults and children is highest for low-grade ependymomas, oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas. […] Its lowest (between 6% and 20%) for glioblastomas.

• #1 Glioma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioma

  Unfortunately, approximately 70% of low-grade (WHO grade-II) will progress to high-grade tumours within 5-10 years. […] This group comprises anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastoma multiforme. Whereas the median overall survival of anaplastic (WHO grade III) gliomas is approximately 3 years, glioblastoma multiforme has a poor median overall survival of c. 15 months. […] Postoperative conventional daily radiotherapy improves survival for adults with good functional wellbeing and high grade glioma compared to no postoperative radiotherapy.

• #1 Glioma vs Glioblastoma | Tisch Brain Tumor Center

  https://tischbraintumorcenter.duke.edu/blog/glioma-vs-glioblastoma

  Gliomas can vary in severity, ranging from low-grade tumors that grow slowly to high-grade tumors that are aggressive and fast-growing. […] Glioblastoma is always classified as grade 4 due to its highly aggressive nature. […] The growth rate of gliomas can vary, with some growing slowly over years, while others progress more rapidly. […] Glioblastomas grow rapidly and are known for their aggressive and invasive behavior. […] The prognosis for gliomas depends on the grade and location. Low-grade gliomas often have a better prognosis than high-grade ones. […] Glioblastoma has a very poor prognosis, with a median survival time of about 15 months, even with treatment. […] Both gliomas and glioblastomas can produce similar symptoms, including headaches, seizures, cognitive changes, weakness or numbness in limbs, nausea and vomiting, and vision problems.

• #1 Glioma Treatment

  https://www.rwjbh.org/treatment-care/neuroscience/neurosurgery/conditions-treated/glioma/

  Glioma symptoms vary based on the area of the brain affected and are caused by the tumor pressing on the brain or spinal cord. Headaches are the most common symptom of a glioma, affecting about half of all glioma patients. Other symptoms may include seizures, physical weakness in the limbs or face, nausea, speech difficulties, vision loss, dizziness, and more. […] Glioma prognosis varies based on the patients age and overall health, as well as on the grade, location and size of the tumor itself. […] Grade 3 tumors are likely to recur, coming back as a grade 4 glioma. […] The higher the grade of tumor, the more aggressive it is and the harder it is to treat.

• #1 Glioblastoma Survival Rate | Glioblastoma Foundation News

  https://glioblastomafoundation.org/news/glioblastoma-multiforme

  Glioblastoma is a very aggressive form of brain cancer, and currently, there is no cure. It grows fast and can spread quickly, so by the time it’s diagnosed, the chances for survival are low. The average life expectancy for glioblastoma patients who undergo treatment is 12-15 months and only four months for those who do not receive treatment. […] By the time symptoms appear and a patient consults their doctor, glioblastoma can be advanced. Symptoms can vary widely from patient to patient but can include headaches or neck pain, changes in vision, nausea, disorientation, and difficulties speaking. Some symptoms of glioblastoma can be similar to a stroke, so it’s important to get a full workup from their doctor to get an accurate diagnosis. […] Because of the infiltrative nature of glioblastoma and the lack of treatment advancement over the past 50 years, only about 5 percent of glioblastoma patients survive more than five years, which means that doctors, researchers, and nonprofit organizations like the Glioblastoma Foundation have a lot of work to do to change that survival rate. The five-year survival rate for glioblastoma patients is only 6.9 percent, and the average length of survival for glioblastoma patients is estimated to be only 8 months.

• #1 Symptoms and problems in the end-of-life phase of high-grade glioma patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3098016/

  Despite multimodal treatment, it is not possible to cure high-grade glioma (HGG) patients. Therefore, the aim of treatment is not only to prolong life, but also to prevent deterioration of health-related quality of life as much as possible. […] The majority of the patients experienced loss of consciousness and difficulty with swallowing, often arising in the week before death. Seizures occurred in nearly half of the patients in the end-of-life phase and more specifically in one-third of the patients in the week before dying. Other common symptoms reported in the end-of-life phase are progressive neurological deficits, incontinence, progressive cognitive deficits, and headache. […] Focal neurological deficits, symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, epilepsy, and cognitive dysfunction are prominent symptoms in HGG patients which may arise in any stage of the disease.

• #1 Symptoms and problems in the end-of-life phase of high-grade glioma patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3098016/

  The most frequently reported symptom was decreased consciousness (87% of the patients) which, however, was not reported until the last week before death in the majority of patients (73% of these patients). The second most common symptom was dysphagia. This occurred in 71% of the cases and often coincided with decreased consciousness. […] Seizures were reported in 45% of all patients in the end-of-life phase. Of patients who already had seizures during the course of disease, 53% also had seizures in the end-of-life phase. […] The most commonly reported symptoms in the last phase of our cohort of HGG patients were drowsiness (87%), dysphagia (71%), progressive neurological deficits (51%), seizures (45%), incontinence (40%), progressive cognitive deficits (33%), and headaches (33%). Of these, drowsiness and dysphagia appeared to occur most frequently in the week before death.

• #1 Remote neuronal activity drives glioma progression through SEMA4F | Nature

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06267-2

  The tumour microenvironment plays an essential role in malignancy, and neurons have emerged as a key component of the tumour microenvironment that promotes tumourigenesis across a host of cancers. […] Here we show that callosal projection neurons located in the hemisphere contralateral to primary GBM tumours promote progression and widespread infiltration. […] High-throughput, in vivo screening of these genes identified SEMA4F as a key regulator of tumourigenesis and activity-dependent progression. […] Collectively our studies demonstrate that subsets of neurons in locations remote to primary GBM promote malignant progression, and also show new mechanisms of glioma progression that are regulated by neuronal activity.

• #1 Chronic stress accelerates glioblastoma progression via DRD2/ERK/β-catenin axis and Dopamine/ERK/TH positive feedback loop | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://jeccr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13046-023-02728-8

  Chronic stress promoted GBM progression and up-regulated the level of dopamine (DA) and its receptor type 2 (DRD2) in tumor tissues. […] Remarkably, patients with high-depression exhibited high DRD2 and -catenin levels, which showed poor prognosis. […] Our study revealed that chronic stress accelerates GBM progression via DRD2/ERK/-catenin axis and Dopamine/ERK/TH positive feedback loop. […] Among malignant brain tumors, glioblastoma (GBM) is the most fatal one featuring with rapid progression, therapeutic resistance and high rate of recurrence. […] Epidemiological studies demonstrate that GBM patients suffer from depression at higher rates than the general population, as well as patients with other forms of cancer. […] The relationship between chronic stress and GBM growth remains poorly defined.

• #1 Glioma–Immune Cell Crosstalk in Tumor Progression

  https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/16/2/308

  Glioma progression is a complex process controlled by molecular factors that coordinate the crosstalk between tumor cells and components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). […] The environment surrounding primary glioma brain tumors plays a critical role in tumor development and progression. […] Immune cells are important constituents of this tumor microenvironment. […] Recent evidence has shown that glioma cells can interact with immune cells to convert them into tumor-supporting cells. […] Understanding the mechanisms that result in this altered immune tumor microenvironment may pave the way to new therapies for brain tumors. […] The complex interplay between cancer cells and the immune TME influences the outcome of immunotherapy and other anti-cancer therapies. […] A plethora of mechanisms regulated by tumor-associated cells enable the immune escape of glioma cells and potentiate an immune-suppressive TME. […] Understanding these altered crosstalk interactions between glioma and immune cells may help develop new treatments to overcome tumor immune evasion.

• #1 Azthena logo with the word Azthena

  https://www.news-medical.net/news/20240717/Study-highlights-the-role-of-RGS16-in-glioma-progression.aspx

  Glioma accounts for over 70% of all brain tumors and has a particularly lethal form, glioblastoma (GB), with an average survival time of 12-15 months. […] The findings indicate that RGS16 is upregulated in glioma tissues and is associated with unfavorable patient outcomes. The knockdown of RGS16 in glioma cells inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. […] In conclusion, the study suggests that RGS16, regulated by let-7c-5p, is an oncogenic molecule in glioma and may serve as a potential therapeutic target. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying glioma progression and identify a novel target for glioma treatment.

• #1 New drug delays progression of glioma, a deadly brain cancer | UCLA Health

  https://www.uclahealth.org/news/release/new-drug-delays-progression-glioma-deadly-brain-cancer

  A targeted therapy drug called vorasidenib had positive results in delaying progression of a specific form of glioma, a slow-growing but deadly brain cancer. […] The team found the drug vorasidenib more than doubled progression-free survival in people with recurrent grade 2 glioma with IDH1 and IDH2 mutations. […] Among those who received vorasidenib, the disease did not progress for an average of 27.7 months, significantly longer than the 11.1 months for those who received the placebo. […] The disease progressed in just 28% of people receiving vorasidenib, compared to 54% of those receiving placebos. […] This is the first targeted treatment that shows unequivocal efficacy in this population and is precedent-setting for this disease.

• #1 Novel Immune Inhibitor Associated with Glioma Progression  – News Center

  https://news.feinberg.northwestern.edu/2024/03/20/novel-immune-inhibitor-associated-with-glioma-progression/

  In high-grade gliomas, the investigators identified a higher frequency of a subtype of CAFs immune modulatory cancer-associated fibroblasts. […] These cancer-associated fibroblasts produce and are embedded in collagen, and this collagen contributes to the stiffness of the tumor, Heimberger said. […] Next, by analyzing single-cell RNA sequencing data from both pediatric low and high-grade gliomas, the investigators discovered that myeloid cells express an established immunosuppressive inhibitor, the LAIR1 protein, which is a key receptor for collagen. This receptor activates an immune inhibitory signal in myeloid cells (blood cells derived from bone marrow), which are frequent in gliomas, causing the myeloid cells to become unresponsive. […] According to Heimberger, the findings could inform a new immunotherapy strategy for patients who dont respond to traditional immune checkpoint inhibitors. […] Since the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in gliomas is very low and since these tumors do not typically respond to these types of immunotherapy, we have a new target that we can therapeutically consider, Heimberger said.

• #1 A pathogenic subpopulation of human glioma associated macrophages linked to glioma progression | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637857v1

  Malignant gliomas follow two distinct natural histories: de novo high grade tumors such as glioblastoma, or lower grade tumors with a propensity to transform into high grade disease. […] Glioma associated macrophages (GAM) have been implicated in this process, however GAMs are ontologically and transcriptionally diverse, rendering isolation of pathogenic subpopulations challenging. […] Here we show via parallel single cell RNA and ATAC sequencing that a subpopulation of human GAMs can be defined by a GRN centered around the Activator Protein-1 transcription factor FOSL2 preferentially enriched in high grade tumors. […] These cells, termed malignancy associated GAMs (mGAMs) are pro-invasive, pro-angiogenic, pro-proliferative, possess intact antigen presentation but skew T-cells towards a CD4+FOXP3+ phenotype under hypoxia.

• #2 Other Gliomas

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/about-brain-tumors/brain-tumor-types/other-gliomas/

  Symptoms can develop slowly and subtly and may go unnoticed for months. In other cases, the symptoms may arise abruptly. A sudden onset of symptoms tends to occur with rapidly growing, high-grade tumors. […] Severe headaches […] Nausea and vomiting […] Difficulty walking […] Fatigue and sleepiness […] Problems with coordination […] Neck pain or stiffness […] Visual problems […] Headaches […] Progressive loss of vision […] Double vision […] Headaches […] Nausea […] Loss of balance […] Sometimes no symptoms occur and tumor is detected incidentally.

• #2 Symptoms of Glioma | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/glioma/natural-history/symptoms

  Gliomas can cause puzzling and nonspecific symptoms that overlap with the symptoms of other diseases. […] Symptoms can vary based on the gliomas location, size, and severity or aggressiveness. […] Unfortunately, gliomas may not be symptomatic until they have reached their later stages of growth and brain invasion. […] Some of the most common symptoms of gliomas include: Recurring headaches, Drowsiness, Unprovoked nausea and vomiting, New-onset seizures, Difficulty speaking, Loss of balance, Personality changes and irritability. […] The symptoms of glioma usually result from the tumor growing, infiltrating (invading), and pushing against surrounding normal brain tissue. […] Unfortunately, gliomas have finger-like patterns of growth and invasion into the normal brain tissue. […] The growth of a tumor can also increase pressure in your skull (intracranial pressure) which is a closed space and therefore contains finite amount of space.

• #2 7 Top Glioblastoma Symptoms & Signs | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/glioblastoma/glioblastoma-symptoms.html

  Like all brain tumors, the symptoms of glioblastoma depend on the area of the brain where the tumor begins and spreads, as well as how quickly the tumor grows. Glioblastoma can: […] Brain tumor symptoms vary from person to person. They may include: […] Headaches: These are often the first symptoms of glioblastoma. Brain tumor headaches can differ from normal headaches. They typically become more frequent over time and may not respond to over-the-counter pain medicine. They may cause nausea or vomiting and can get worse when you lie down, bend over or bear down, such as when you have a bowel movement. […] Seizures: Seizures can take many different forms. While most people associate seizures with uncontrollable arm and leg movements and a loss of consciousness, symptoms can be subtler. Other seizure symptoms include numbness, tingling, difficulty speaking, strange smells or sensations, staring and unresponsive episodes.

• #2 Glioma Signs and Symptoms | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/glioma/glioma-signs-and-symptoms

  Signs and symptoms of a glioma tend to develop when the tumor pushes on, or even damages, healthy brain tissue. The area around the tumor then swells. Sometimes the tumor gets in the way of the normal flow of fluid around the brain and spinal cord. […] The symptoms often relate to where in the brain the tumor develops. These symptoms may be caused by something other than a glioma, but its important to have them checked out by a doctor. […] Headaches are a common symptom in people who have a glioma. About half of people with a glioma experience this symptom. For people with a glioblastoma, the headaches can be severe and are typically worse in the morning. […] People with a glioma, especially an astrocytoma, often have seizures as an early sign of the condition. […] Nausea and vomiting can be caused by the tumor putting increased pressure on the brain.

• #2 Symptom management and quality of life in glioma patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6128201/

  Symptoms of fatigue, cognitive deficits, depression and changes in personality and behavior are frequently reported in patients with glioma. […] Fatigue, cognitive deficits, depression, and changes in personality and behavior are equally common and perhaps form an even larger threat to the daily lives of patients and their partners. […] With most gliomas currently being incurable despite ongoing efforts to improve treatment, preserving QoL is very important not only for the individual patient but also as a measure of prolonged wellbeing in clinical trials aimed at improving survival. […] Fatigue is the most commonly reported symptom in high-grade glioma patients who participate in clinical trials and is often thought to be the most debilitating symptom during the course of the disease.

• #2 Signs & Symptoms

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/diagnosis-treatment/signs-symptoms/

  Symptoms of a tumor in the frontal lobe can include: Changes in personality, mood, or behavior, Lack of inhibition or decreased impulse control, Difficulty concentrating, Agitation or aggression, Sluggishness, Weakness in one side of the body, Loss of smell, Trouble speaking (Brocas area). […] Symptoms of a tumor in the parietal lobe can include: Numbness or weakness in one side of the body, Difficulty with spatial awareness and judging distances, Loss of coordination including hand-eye coordination, Trouble speaking, understanding words, reading, or writing. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the temporal lobe can include: Numbness or weakness in one side of the body, Difficulty hearing or speaking, Correctly identifying emotions in others, Memory loss, Strange sensations or smells, Seizures.

• #2 What Is Glioblastoma and How To Identify | Causes and Symptoms — Glioblastoma Research Organization

  https://www.gbmresearch.org/blog/symptoms-of-brain-cancer-tumor

  Seizures may be the first symptom of GBM in 45 percent of patients, and they are frequently the first indication of this lethal disease. […] Many people develop psychological distress and mood disorders after being diagnosed with glioblastoma. […] Glioblastoma patients have been shown to suffer from memory loss, which could be linked to the malignancy or the treatment. […] As a brain tumor increases in size, it consumes more and more space within the skull, raising intracranial pressure. This elevated pressure has the potential to make patients feel sick. […] Incontinence is the most commonly reported glioblastoma symptom, with a rate of 40% in patients. […] Dysphagia is a common symptom in patients with a malignant brain tumor. […] Fatigue is a common symptom across cancer patients in general, including primary brain tumor patients.

• #2 Glioma: What Is It, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment & Outlook

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21969-glioma

  Symptoms of gliomas may include: […] Aphasia (problems with speaking and communicating). […] Changes in your vision or vision loss. […] Cognitive problems (trouble thinking, learning or remembering). […] Difficulty walking or keeping your balance. […] Dizziness. […] Headaches. […] Hemiparesis (weakness or numbness on one side of the body). […] Nausea and vomiting. […] Personality or behavioral changes. […] Seizures. […] Survival rates for gliomas vary by tumor type, tumor grade and a persons age. […] The five-year survival rate for adults and children is highest for low-grade ependymomas, oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas. […] Its lowest (between 6% and 20%) for glioblastomas.

• #2 Glioma Signs and Symptoms | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

  https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/types/glioma/glioma-signs-and-symptoms

  This can include confusion, memory loss, or problems speaking or expressing oneself. […] People may have physical weakness on one side of the body, problems with balance, or difficulty walking. […] Gliomas can impair vision. This can cause a restricted field of vision, which means not being able to see to the right or the left as well as usual.

• #2 7 Top Glioblastoma Symptoms & Signs | MD Anderson Cancer Center

  https://www.mdanderson.org/cancer-types/glioblastoma/glioblastoma-symptoms.html

  Changes in mental function, mood or personality: Brain tumors can cause people to become withdrawn, moody or inefficient at work. They may feel drowsy, confused and unable to think. Depression and anxiety, especially if either develops suddenly, may be an early symptom of a brain tumor. Brain tumors may also cause behavior changes, including a loss of inhibitions. […] Changes in speech: People with brain tumors may have trouble finding words, speak incoherently, and be unable to express or understand language. […] Sensory changes: Changes in the ability to hear, smell or see, including double or blurred vision can be symptoms of a brain tumor. The sense of touch can also be impacted. People with brain tumors may lose some of their ability to feel heat, cold, pressure, sharp edges or light touches. […] Loss of balance or coordination […] Changes in pulse and breathing rates: This symptom usually occurs with a brain tumor compresses the brain stem, which controls basic bodily functions including breathing and the heart rate.

• #2 Symptom management and quality of life in glioma patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6128201/

  Estimates of the prevalence of fatigue in glioma patients vary, but approximately 40-80% of patients report severe symptoms of fatigue, underlining the immense significance of the problem. […] Cognitive deficits, including dysfunction in the domains of information processing, attention, psychomotor speed, executive functioning, and verbal and working memory, occur frequently in glioma patients. […] Up to approximately 80% of brain tumor patients experience some degree of cognitive deficits, although estimates of the prevalence of these deficits vary owing to differences in the patient populations studied. […] In glioma patients, worse cognitive functioning has been associated with disease progression and poorer survival. […] Depression in glioma patients deserves more attention, as it is potentially treatable and successful treatment could significantly alleviate disease burden of patients and their partners.

• #2 Symptom management and quality of life in glioma patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6128201/

  It is clear that MDD forms a serious problem in glioma patients with approximately 15-20% of the patient population becoming clinically depressed up to 8 months following diagnosis. […] Changes in personality and behavior are often present and can heavily influence spousal relationships. […] These symptoms impact upon the quality of life of patients and their partners.

• #2 Gliomas – Symptoms, Diagnosis, TreatmentSecond Opinion IconSecond Opinion IconGroup 49

  https://www.barrowneuro.org/condition/gliomas/

  Glioma Symptoms […] The symptoms of glioma vary, depending on its location, size, and growth rate. While they may initially be subtle, gliomas tend to produce multiple neurological symptoms due to their growth in the brain or spinal cord. […] Symptoms you might notice if you or someone you know has a glioma can include: New onset or change in the pattern of headaches: These include headaches that aren’t improving with typical headache remedies, or you’re experiencing them more often, or they’re growing in intensity or worsening with activity. New onset of seizures: Often one of the first symptoms of gliomas, seizures occur because the glioma disrupts your brain’s regular electrical activity. Seizures can range from muscle jerks and spasms to a loss of consciousness and body functions. Changes in vision or smell can also indicate a seizure. Vision or speech problems: Tumors near the occipital lobe, which is responsible for vision, can cause visual disturbances. Tumors near the speech centers in the left frontal or temporal lobes can lead to difficulty speaking or understanding language. Sensory changes and weakness: Tumors can cause changes in sensation, like numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation in parts of your body, as well as feelings of weakness and a loss of coordination. Balance or coordination issues: Tumors in your cerebellum, which controls balance and coordination, can cause difficulty with fine motor skills. […] Unexplained nausea or vomiting: Increased pressure inside your skull from a glioma can result in nausea and vomiting. Fatigue or drowsiness: Gliomas can cause significant fatigue due to the tumor’s interference with your brain’s ability to function correctly. Personality or behavior changes: This can manifest as new or unusual emotional states, like changes in judgment, aggressiveness, or loss of initiative. Depression and anxiety can also be an early symptom of a tumor, specifically in the frontal lobe of the brain. […] It’s important to note that these symptoms can overlap with those caused by other conditions. However, if you or someone you know is experiencing any of these symptoms—especially if they’re persistent or severe—it’s critical to consult a healthcare professional for evaluation. Early detection is essential for improving outcomes.

• #2 Signs & Symptoms

  https://braintumor.org/brain-tumors/diagnosis-treatment/signs-symptoms/

  Symptoms of a tumor in the occipital lobe can include: Loss of vision, Difficulty identifying objects. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the cerebellum can include: Difficulty walking (ataxia), Uncoordinated muscle movements, Loss of fine motor skills, Headache, Vomiting, Dizziness or loss of balance. […] Symptoms of a tumor in the brain stem can include: Seizures, Unsteadiness and difficulty walking, Loss of movement in the muscles in the face, Difficulty speaking, Difficulty swallowing, Double vision, Changes in breathing. […] Symptoms can include: Local pain at the site of the tumor, Back pain that radiates to other parts of the body, Loss of sensitivity to pain, heat, or cold, Loss of bladder or bowel function (incontinence), Difficulty walking, Loss of sensation or muscle weakness in the arms or legs.

• #2 Reddit – The heart of the internet

  https://www.reddit.com/r/glioblastoma/comments/1e86vr3/realistically_whats_next_how_long/

  Dad (62) was diagnosed two weeks ago with GBM…suspected m-gbm from what I can tell. Not operable but did a biopsy, no results yet. it’s in the right frontal lobe, glangia and thalamus. Irregular but about 5cm and tenticles (I’m sure there is a better term….) Symptoms prior was sperm forgetfulness, racing heart and just feeling like something was wrong. […] Symptoms now: sleeping a ton, unsteady walking, nauseous, phantom smells and some visual hallucinations. But he can still hold a convo, laugh, eat some (smaller amounts tho). […] The docs aren’t saying, more just waiting for biopsy and for biopsy on lymphs. Kinda got the impression there isn’t any treatment options which I have accepted. […] How do I know if I’m looking at days, weeks or months?

• #2 Brainstem Glioma | UCSF Brain Tumor Center

  https://braintumorcenter.ucsf.edu/condition/brainstem-glioma

  Because brainstem glioma grow quickly, symptoms can develop rapidly, over the course of days or weeks. These tumors can impact normal brainstem function, leading to common symptoms that include the following: […] Abnormalities in eye movement […] Weakness of one side of the face […] Numbness or weakness of the extremities […] Difficulty with balance […] Headaches […] Nausea. […] For most patients, the cause of brainstem glioma is unknown. However, there are a few rare, genetic conditions that may increase a patients chance of developing brainstem glioma. […] However, most brainstem gliomas are grade II-IV and grow rapidly, which can begin impacting critical brainstem functions. In these cases, surgery to remove the tumor may not be possible, depending on the spread of the tumor. This because the brainstem controls many vital functions necessary for survival, including control of breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. At the same time, if the tumor continues to grow, those functions can be affected directly by the tumor itself. This is why treatment must be started as quickly as possible to control tumor growth.

• #2 Glioma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioma

  Symptoms of gliomas depend on the part of the central nervous system (CNS) that is affected. A brain glioma can cause headaches, vomiting, memory loss, seizures, vision problems, speech difficulties, and cranial nerve disorders as a result of increased intracranial pressure. Cognitive impairments such as vision loss arise in glioma patients when a tumor arises in or around their optic nerve. […] Spinal cord gliomas can cause pain, weakness, or numbness in the extremities. Gliomas do not usually metastasize by the bloodstream, but they can spread via the cerebrospinal fluid and cause „drop metastases” to the spinal cord. […] Complex visual hallucinations have been described as a symptom of low-grade glioma. […] For low-grade tumors, the prognosis is somewhat more optimistic. Patients diagnosed with a low-grade glioma are 17 times as likely to die as matched patients in the general population.

• #2 High Grade Gliomas | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/h/high-grade-gliomas

  High-grade gliomas are tumors of the glial cells. Glial cells are found in the brain and spinal cord. The tumors are called high-grade because they are fast-growing and spread quickly. This makes them hard to treat. […] High-grade gliomas are classified by their location and by how they appear when examined under a microscope. Classifying the tumor helps determine how the disease will progress and helps identify the best treatment for it. Although the outlook for high-grade gliomas is generally poor, some people can be cured. […] One of the most common signs of high-grade gliomas is headaches, particularly headaches that wake children up in the morning and are associated with vomiting. High-grade gliomas can also cause seizures or cause young children to miss developmental milestones. Sometimes, tumors can cause problems with vision, hearing, speech or balance. […] Current treatments for high-grade gliomas will cure some children, but many tumors continue to grow despite our best therapies.

• #2 Glioma – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glioma

  Unfortunately, approximately 70% of low-grade (WHO grade-II) will progress to high-grade tumours within 5-10 years. […] This group comprises anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastoma multiforme. Whereas the median overall survival of anaplastic (WHO grade III) gliomas is approximately 3 years, glioblastoma multiforme has a poor median overall survival of c. 15 months. […] Postoperative conventional daily radiotherapy improves survival for adults with good functional wellbeing and high grade glioma compared to no postoperative radiotherapy.

• #2 Risk factors for early progression of diffuse low-grade glioma in adults | Chinese Neurosurgical Journal | Full Text

  https://cnjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41016-022-00295-z

  A total of 138 patients were included in this study, including 94 cases of astrocytoma and 44 cases of oligodendroglioma. […] The average progression-free survival was 61 months. The median progression-free survival was 60 months. […] Multifactor analysis shows tumor location (HR= 4.549, 95%CI: 1.32415.634, p = 0.016) and tumor subtype (HR= 3.347, 95%CI= 1.3738.157,p = 0.008), and incomplete resection is factors influencing early progression of low-grade glioma. […] Low-grade gliomas involving deep location such as basal ganglia, inner capsule, and corpus callosum are more likely to progress early, while incomplete resection is a risk factor in early progression of astrocytoma. […] The median PFS of patients with complete resection was 96 months, the median PFS of patients with 90100% resection was 60 months, and the median PFS of patients with resection less than 90% was 39 months.

• #2 Risk factors for early progression of diffuse low-grade glioma in adults | Chinese Neurosurgical Journal | Full Text

  https://cnjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41016-022-00295-z

  The risk of malignant transformation in DLGG is highly dependent on tumor volume and growth rate. […] The tumor volume is larger in the early progression group. […] Our results show that astrocytoma is a risk factor for DLGG progression, and the progression-free survival time of astrocytoma is significantly shorter than that of oligodendrocytoma.

• #2 Glioblastoma End of Life | Expert Surgeon | Aaron Cohen-Gadol, MD

  https://www.aaroncohen-gadol.com/en/patients/glioma/survival/end-of-life

  Fatigue is often a major issue for those who are nearing the glioblastoma end-of-life stage. This is due to a combination of factors, including the cancer itself, the medications that are often prescribed to treat various symptoms associated with the dying process, and the psychological stress of coping with the matter at hand. […] As patients near the glioblastoma end-of-life stage, patients may lose the ability to speak, eat, and move. They may also suffer from seizures, hallucinations, or changes in breathing pattern. […] While these signs and symptoms do not provide a precise timeline, recognizing one or more of them may signal to families and caregivers that the end is near. […] Death from glioblastoma can often come suddenly and unexpectedly. In some cases, death may be preceded by a few hours or days in which the patient has noticeable signs and symptoms. […] Though death itself comes quickly, its important to understand that death from glioblastoma often results from a gradual process of physical decline.

• #2 Glioblastoma (GBM): What It Is, Symptoms & Prognosis

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17032-glioblastoma

  Glioblastoma symptoms may include: Blurred or double vision, Headaches, Loss of appetite, Memory problems, Mood or personality changes, Muscle weakness or balance issues, Nausea and vomiting, Seizures, Speech problems, Changes in sensation, numbness or tingling. […] Glioblastoma symptoms tend to come on quickly. The growing tumor puts pressure on your brain and can destroy healthy brain tissue. […] Glioblastoma may result in early death shortly after a diagnosis without treatment. But treatments are available. They may help you ease symptoms and stay comfortable or prolong your life. […] Most people live an average of 12 to 18 months after diagnosis. The five-year survival rate for glioblastoma is only about 5%. That means about 5% of people with GBM are still alive five years after their diagnosis.

• #2 Symptoms and problems in the end-of-life phase of high-grade glioma patients

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3098016/

  The most frequently reported symptom was decreased consciousness (87% of the patients) which, however, was not reported until the last week before death in the majority of patients (73% of these patients). The second most common symptom was dysphagia. This occurred in 71% of the cases and often coincided with decreased consciousness. […] Seizures were reported in 45% of all patients in the end-of-life phase. Of patients who already had seizures during the course of disease, 53% also had seizures in the end-of-life phase. […] The most commonly reported symptoms in the last phase of our cohort of HGG patients were drowsiness (87%), dysphagia (71%), progressive neurological deficits (51%), seizures (45%), incontinence (40%), progressive cognitive deficits (33%), and headaches (33%). Of these, drowsiness and dysphagia appeared to occur most frequently in the week before death.

• #2 Chronic stress accelerates glioblastoma progression via DRD2/ERK/β-catenin axis and Dopamine/ERK/TH positive feedback loop | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://jeccr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13046-023-02728-8

  Chronic stress promoted GBM progression and up-regulated the level of dopamine (DA) and its receptor type 2 (DRD2) in tumor tissues. […] Remarkably, patients with high-depression exhibited high DRD2 and -catenin levels, which showed poor prognosis. […] Our study revealed that chronic stress accelerates GBM progression via DRD2/ERK/-catenin axis and Dopamine/ERK/TH positive feedback loop. […] Among malignant brain tumors, glioblastoma (GBM) is the most fatal one featuring with rapid progression, therapeutic resistance and high rate of recurrence. […] Epidemiological studies demonstrate that GBM patients suffer from depression at higher rates than the general population, as well as patients with other forms of cancer. […] The relationship between chronic stress and GBM growth remains poorly defined.

• #2 Non-invasively measured brain activity and radiological progression in diffuse glioma | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-97818-y

  Non-invasively measured brain activity is related to progression-free survival in glioma patients, suggesting its potential as a marker of glioma progression. […] Monitoring treatment response and disease progression in diffuse glioma patients is challenging. […] There is a causal relationship between increased peritumoral neuronal activity (i.e. spiking rate) and accelerated glioma growth. […] In conclusion, brain activity is higher in glioma patients as compared to controls, and is higher in the peritumoral areas compared to their contralateral homologues across cohorts and MEG/EEG modalities. However, absolute brain activity does not relate to ongoing radiological glioma growth.

• #2 Chronic stress accelerates glioblastoma progression via DRD2/ERK/β-catenin axis and Dopamine/ERK/TH positive feedback loop | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://jeccr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13046-023-02728-8

  In this study, we found that depression induced by chronic stress promoted GBM progression and reduced the median survival time of both tumor-bearing nude mice and immunocompetent mice. […] These factors together contributed to GBM malignant progression. […] The levels of DRD2 and -catenin in tumor tissues from GBM patients with depression were significantly upregulated and negatively correlated with the prognosis of patients. […] Our findings identified that the combined administration of pimozide (PIMO), a specific inhibitor of DRD2, and temozolomide (TMZ) exert a stronger antitumor action in GBM. […] Chronic stress promotes glioma progression and shortens survival time of tumor-bearing mice. […] Chronic stress was of great importance for glioma progression, which needs to be studied further in detail.

• #2 A pathogenic subpopulation of human glioma associated macrophages linked to glioma progression | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637857v1

  Malignant gliomas follow two distinct natural histories: de novo high grade tumors such as glioblastoma, or lower grade tumors with a propensity to transform into high grade disease. […] Glioma associated macrophages (GAM) have been implicated in this process, however GAMs are ontologically and transcriptionally diverse, rendering isolation of pathogenic subpopulations challenging. […] Here we show via parallel single cell RNA and ATAC sequencing that a subpopulation of human GAMs can be defined by a GRN centered around the Activator Protein-1 transcription factor FOSL2 preferentially enriched in high grade tumors. […] These cells, termed malignancy associated GAMs (mGAMs) are pro-invasive, pro-angiogenic, pro-proliferative, possess intact antigen presentation but skew T-cells towards a CD4+FOXP3+ phenotype under hypoxia.

• #2 Novel Immune Inhibitor Associated with Glioma Progression  – News Center

  https://news.feinberg.northwestern.edu/2024/03/20/novel-immune-inhibitor-associated-with-glioma-progression/

  In high-grade gliomas, the investigators identified a higher frequency of a subtype of CAFs immune modulatory cancer-associated fibroblasts. […] These cancer-associated fibroblasts produce and are embedded in collagen, and this collagen contributes to the stiffness of the tumor, Heimberger said. […] Next, by analyzing single-cell RNA sequencing data from both pediatric low and high-grade gliomas, the investigators discovered that myeloid cells express an established immunosuppressive inhibitor, the LAIR1 protein, which is a key receptor for collagen. This receptor activates an immune inhibitory signal in myeloid cells (blood cells derived from bone marrow), which are frequent in gliomas, causing the myeloid cells to become unresponsive. […] According to Heimberger, the findings could inform a new immunotherapy strategy for patients who dont respond to traditional immune checkpoint inhibitors. […] Since the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in gliomas is very low and since these tumors do not typically respond to these types of immunotherapy, we have a new target that we can therapeutically consider, Heimberger said.

• #2 A pathogenic subpopulation of human glioma associated macrophages linked to glioma progression | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637857v1

  Furthermore, spatio-temporally mGAMs occupy distinct metabolic niches; mGAMs directly induce proliferation and mesenchymal transition of low grade glioma cells and accelerate tumor growth in vivo upon co-culture. […] Finally mGAMs are preferentially enriched in patients with newly transformed regions in human gliomas, supporting the view that mGAMs play a pivotal role in glioma progression and may represent a plausible therapeutic target in human high-grade glioma.

• #2

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/glioma

  Diagnosing gliomas based solely on symptoms can be challenging, as these symptoms do not confirm the presence of a glioma. Seek medical advice if the symptoms listed above persist or worsen. […] Early detection and appropriate medical intervention are crucial to manage gliomas. […] Gliomas are cancerous (malignant) and can be graded based on the type of glial cells affected and their aggressiveness. Knowing the grade of a glioma helps determine the type of treatment and progression of the tumour. […] Gliomas are challenging to cure because they often affect surrounding brain tissue, making complete removal difficult. Low-grade gliomas may be managed successfully for extended periods with treatment, while high-grade gliomas, like glioblastomas, are more aggressive and harder to control. Treatment aims to slow tumour growth, manage symptoms and improve quality of life rather than to eliminate the tumour completely.

• #3 Patient education: High-grade glioma in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/high-grade-glioma-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  HIGH-GRADE GLIOMA SYMPTOMS […] Gliomas cause symptoms by invading (growing) into and/or creating pressure in nearby normal brain tissue. The most common symptoms include: […] Cognitive symptoms like memory loss, personality change, confusion, speech problems. […] Headache. […] Seizures – Seizures occur in more than one-half of patients with grade III or grade IV gliomas. Seizures are caused by disorganized electrical activity in the brain. Medications are usually necessary to control seizures. A neurologist can be helpful in managing seizures related to high-grade gliomas. […] Other common symptoms of brain tumors include weakness, balance problems, visual symptoms, and changes in sensation. […] […] […] Treatment of a high-grade glioma includes measures to relieve symptoms and eliminate or control the tumor. This may include surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy.

• #3 Chronic stress accelerates glioblastoma progression via DRD2/ERK/β-catenin axis and Dopamine/ERK/TH positive feedback loop | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://jeccr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13046-023-02728-8

  Chronic stress promoted GBM progression and up-regulated the level of dopamine (DA) and its receptor type 2 (DRD2) in tumor tissues. […] Remarkably, patients with high-depression exhibited high DRD2 and -catenin levels, which showed poor prognosis. […] Our study revealed that chronic stress accelerates GBM progression via DRD2/ERK/-catenin axis and Dopamine/ERK/TH positive feedback loop. […] Among malignant brain tumors, glioblastoma (GBM) is the most fatal one featuring with rapid progression, therapeutic resistance and high rate of recurrence. […] Epidemiological studies demonstrate that GBM patients suffer from depression at higher rates than the general population, as well as patients with other forms of cancer. […] The relationship between chronic stress and GBM growth remains poorly defined.

• #3 Chronic stress accelerates glioblastoma progression via DRD2/ERK/β-catenin axis and Dopamine/ERK/TH positive feedback loop | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research | Full Text

  https://jeccr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13046-023-02728-8

  In this study, we found that depression induced by chronic stress promoted GBM progression and reduced the median survival time of both tumor-bearing nude mice and immunocompetent mice. […] These factors together contributed to GBM malignant progression. […] The levels of DRD2 and -catenin in tumor tissues from GBM patients with depression were significantly upregulated and negatively correlated with the prognosis of patients. […] Our findings identified that the combined administration of pimozide (PIMO), a specific inhibitor of DRD2, and temozolomide (TMZ) exert a stronger antitumor action in GBM. […] Chronic stress promotes glioma progression and shortens survival time of tumor-bearing mice. […] Chronic stress was of great importance for glioma progression, which needs to be studied further in detail.

• #3 A pathogenic subpopulation of human glioma associated macrophages linked to glioma progression | bioRxiv

  https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.12.637857v1

  Furthermore, spatio-temporally mGAMs occupy distinct metabolic niches; mGAMs directly induce proliferation and mesenchymal transition of low grade glioma cells and accelerate tumor growth in vivo upon co-culture. […] Finally mGAMs are preferentially enriched in patients with newly transformed regions in human gliomas, supporting the view that mGAMs play a pivotal role in glioma progression and may represent a plausible therapeutic target in human high-grade glioma.

• #3

  https://www.singhealth.com.sg/patient-care/conditions-treatments/glioma

  Survival rates for gliomas vary depending on the type and grade of the tumour. Low-grade gliomas generally have better survival rates and patients may be able to manage their health for years. High-grade gliomas, such as glioblastomas, have lower survival rates due to their rapid growth and ability to invade neighbouring cells. Early diagnosis and personalised treatment can improve outcomes, but gliomas remain a serious condition.

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