Choroba koronawirusowa 2019 (covid-19)
Etiologia i przyczyny

COVID-19 jest chorobą zakaźną wywołaną przez betakoronawirusa SARS-CoV-2, który wykazuje 96,2% identyczności genomu z koronawirusem nietoperzy RaTG13. Wirus ten przyłącza się do receptorów ACE2 obecnych w górnych i dolnych drogach oddechowych oraz w wielu innych narządach, co tłumaczy szerokie spektrum kliniczne choroby, obejmujące układ oddechowy, sercowo-naczyniowy, nerwowy, moczowy i pokarmowy. Transmisja SARS-CoV-2 odbywa się głównie drogą kropelkową, a kluczowymi czynnikami ryzyka są bliski kontakt i słaba wentylacja. Patofizjologia COVID-19 wiąże się z infekcją komórek gospodarza, indukcją burzy cytokinowej oraz dysregulacją układu renina-angiotensyna, co może prowadzić do hipokaliemii i powikłań wielonarządowych.

Definicja i pochodzenie Choroby koronawirusowej 2019 (COVID-19)

Choroba koronawirusowa 2019 (COVID-19) jest chorobą zakaźną wywołaną przez wirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), który należy do rodziny koronawirusów. SARS-CoV-2 to betakoronawirus z podrodzaju Sarbecovirus rodziny Coronaviridae i jest siódmym koronawirusem znanym jako patogen ludzki.1 Choroba została po raz pierwszy zidentyfikowana w grudniu 2019 roku w Wuhan, w prowincji Hubei w Chinach, gdy u grupy pacjentów zaobserwowano zapalenie płuc o nieznanej przyczynie, które powiązano z lokalnym targiem owoców morza Huanan.23

Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia (WHO) oficjalnie nazwała chorobę wywołaną przez nowego koronawirusa jako COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), a Międzynarodowy Komitet ds. Taksonomii Wirusów nadał wirusowi nazwę SARS-CoV-2 ze względu na jego podobieństwo genetyczne do wirusa SARS-CoV, który wywołał epidemię SARS w 2003 roku.45 COVID-19 jest pierwszą pandemią wywołaną przez pojawienie się nowego koronawirusa.6

Charakterystyka wirusa SARS-CoV-2

SARS-CoV-2 to osłonkowy wirus RNA z pojedynczą nicią o dodatniej polarności.7 Nazwa koronawirus pochodzi od łacińskiego słowa „corona” oznaczającego koronę, co odzwierciedla wygląd wirusa pod mikroskopem elektronowym, gdzie otoczka wirusowa ma koronopodobne występy utworzone przez białko S (spike).8

Genom SARS-CoV-2 wykazuje 96,2% identyczności sekwencji z koronawirusem nietoperzy RaTG13 wykrytym u Rhinolophus affinis z prowincji Yunnan w Chinach, co sugeruje, że nietoperze mogą być naturalnym gospodarzem wirusa.910 Jednocześnie wirus wykazuje 79,5% podobieństwa do SARS-CoV i jest wyraźnie odrębny od MERS-CoV.1112

Struktura genetyczna

SARS-CoV-2 należy do klasy betakoronawirusów, podobnie jak wirusy wywołujące zespół ciężkiej ostrej niewydolności oddechowej (SARS) i bliskowschodni zespół niewydolności oddechowej (MERS).13 Koronawirus ma średnicę 80-120 nm i zawiera jednoniciowy RNA. Zidentyfikowano cztery typy koronawirusów: alfa, beta, gamma i delta, przy czym SARS-CoV-2 należy do typu beta.14

Kompletna analiza genomu wirusowego wykazała, że wirus dzieli 88% sekwencji identyczności z dwoma koronawirusami podobnymi do SARS pochodzącymi od nietoperzy, ale jest bardziej odległy od koronawirusa zespołu ciężkiej ostrej niewydolności oddechowej (SARS-CoV).15

Receptory i mechanizm infekcji

SARS-CoV-2 przyłącza się do receptora enzymu konwertującego angiotensynę 2 (ACE2) na komórkach gospodarza, po czym następuje internalizacja i replikacja wirusa.16 Receptory ACE2 są silnie wyrażone w górnych i dolnych drogach oddechowych, ale występują również w komórkach miokardium, komórkach nabłonka nerkowego, enterocytach i komórkach śródbłonka w wielu narządach, co może wyjaśniać pozapłucne manifestacje związane z chorobą.17

Wirus wykorzystuje transmembranową proteazę serynową 2 (TMPRSS2) gospodarza do aktywacji białka kolca (spike) i fuzji błon wirusowych i komórkowych gospodarza.18 Warianty SARS-CoV-2 mogą być bardziej zakaźne, co najmniej częściowo, ze względu na zwiększone powinowactwo wiązania białka spike do receptora ACE2.19

Pochodzenie i drogi transmisji COVID-19

Teorie pochodzenia

Istnieją dwie główne hipotezy dotyczące pochodzenia COVID-19:

  • Pochodzenie naturalne (zoonotyczne): Większość dowodów naukowych wskazuje, że SARS-CoV-2 najprawdopodobniej wyewoluował naturalnie i przeszedł ze zwierząt na ludzi. W badaniu z 2024 roku 77% ekspertów uważało, że wirus pochodzi naturalnie od zwierząt.2021
  • Wyciek laboratoryjny: Alternatywna hipoteza sugeruje, że wirus mógł zostać wprowadzony do populacji ludzkiej poprzez wyciek z laboratorium badającego koronawirusy. Według raportu z 2024 roku, jeden na pięciu ekspertów uważał, że istnieje 21% prawdopodobieństwo, że COVID-19 był wynikiem wypadku związanego z badaniami naukowymi.2223

Początkowo większość pacjentów z COVID-19 była powiązana z targiem owoców morza Huanan w Wuhan, co sugerowało pochodzenie zoonotyczne wirusa.24 Ocena dynamiki transmisji w pierwszych 425 potwierdzonych przypadkach wykazała, że 55% przypadków przed 1 stycznia 2020 r. było powiązanych z tym targiem, natomiast po tej dacie tylko 8,6% przypadków miało związek z targiem. Sugeruje to, że rozprzestrzenianie się wirusa między ludźmi zachodziło wśród bliskich kontaktów już od połowy grudnia 2019 r.25

Chociaż badania sugerują, że SARS-CoV-2 może być wirusem rekombinacyjnym między koronawirusem nietoperzy a koronawirusem o nieznanym pochodzeniu, przy czym jako potencjalnych pośrednich gospodarzy wskazywano łuskowce i norki, nie ma obecnie jednoznacznych dowodów na możliwą drogę transmisji z rezerwuaru nietoperzy do ludzi przez jednego lub kilka pośrednich gatunków zwierząt.26

Drogi transmisji

Transmisja drogą oddechową jest dominującym sposobem przenoszenia SARS-CoV-2, przy czym bliskość kontaktu i wentylacja są kluczowymi czynnikami ryzyka transmisji.27 Dostępne dowody sugerują, że przenoszenie między ludźmi zachodzi przede wszystkim, gdy zakażona osoba znajduje się w bliskim kontakcie z inną osobą. Wirus może rozprzestrzeniać się z ust lub nosa zakażonej osoby w małych cząstkach płynu (od większych kropli do mniejszych aerozoli) podczas kaszlu, kichania, śpiewania, ciężkiego oddychania lub mówienia.28

Inne potencjalne drogi transmisji, choć mniej udokumentowane, obejmują:

  • Transmisja przez przedmioty (fomity): Możliwa, ale nie ma obecnie przekonujących dowodów na ten sposób przenoszenia.29
  • Transmisja fekalno-oralna: Może być możliwa, ale istnieją tylko ograniczone poszlakowe dowody na ten sposób przenoszenia.30 Niektóre badania sugerują, że SARS-CoV-2 może być również wirusem jelitowym, który może rozprzestrzeniać się drogą fekalno-oralną.31
  • Transmisja przez inne płyny ustrojowe: Nie zgłoszono przenoszenia przez inne płyny ustrojowe (w tym transmisji seksualnej lub przenoszonej przez krew).32
  • Transmisja okołoporodowa (wertykalna): Zdarza się rzadko, a transmisja przezłożyskowa została udokumentowana. Istnieją ograniczone dowody na zakres transmisji wertykalnej i jej czas.33

Patofizjologia COVID-19

Dokładna patofizjologia COVID-19 pozostaje częściowo nieznana, co wynika z niedostatku badań pośmiertnych. Patofizjologia przypomina inne zakażenia koronawirusami, jednak pojawiające się dowody wskazują, że COVID-19 ma charakterystyczne cechy patofizjologiczne, które odróżniają go od niewydolności oddechowej o innym pochodzeniu.34

Mechanizm patogenezy

Początek i progresja COVID-19 zależą od interakcji między wirusem a układem odpornościowym.35 Gdy cząsteczki wirusa dostaną się do organizmu, SARS-CoV-2 atakuje błonę śluzową dróg oddechowych, infekuje inne komórki, wywołując serię reakcji immunologicznych i produkcję burzy cytokinowej, co może być związane z ciężkim stanem pacjentów z COVID-19.36

Białka S koronawirusa wiążą się z komórkami gospodarza poprzez ACE2, łącząc się z błoną i uwalniając wirusowy RNA.37 Odpowiedź immunologiczna jest kluczowa dla kontroli i zwalczania zakażeń koronawirusami, ale może również prowadzić do immunopatogenezy, związanej z niekontrolowaną odpowiedzią immunologiczną.38

Wpływ na układy i narządy

COVID-19 jest przede wszystkim chorobą układu oddechowego, ale może również wpływać na inne układy i narządy:

U pacjentów z COVID-19 zaobserwowano również hipokaliemię, co może być związane z wpływem wirusa na układ renina-angiotensyna (RAS) poprzez degradację ACE2.44 Korekta hipokaliemii jest trudna ze względu na ciągłą utratę potasu przez nerki wynikającą z degradacji ACE2. Koniec utraty potasu z moczem wskazuje na dobre rokowanie i może być wiarygodnym, aktualnym i czułym biomarkerem bezpośrednio odzwierciedlającym ustąpienie niekorzystnego wpływu na układ RAS.45

Warianty SARS-CoV-2

Podczas pandemii COVID-19 zidentyfikowano różne warianty SARS-CoV-2, które mogą różnić się pod względem transmisyjności, ciężkości choroby i podatności na leczenie lub szczepionki.46

Większość wariantów SARS-CoV-2 wyginęła, a obecnie krążącym wariantem budzącym obawy jest wariant Omikron (i jego podwarianty). Warianty sukcesywnie zastępowały się nawzajem od początku pandemii, przy czym najskuteczniejszymi wariantami były Alfa, Delta i Omikron.47

Pojawianie się nowych wariantów wirusa jest naturalnym procesem, ponieważ SARS-CoV-2 nadal ewoluuje z powodu nieodłącznej niestabilności wirusów RNA, które generują losowe mutacje, odporności populacji i wysokiego wskaźnika dziennych zakażeń.48

Niektóre warianty mogą rozprzestrzeniać się szybciej lub być bardziej odporne na leczenie lub szczepionki w porównaniu z oryginalnym szczepem COVID-19.49 Wariant Omikron wydaje się co najmniej bardziej zakaźny niż wariant Delta i jest o 50-70% bardziej zakaźny niż wcześniejsze warianty, w tym Alfa.50

Szczepienia zmniejszają rozprzestrzenianie się wirusa, co utrudnia jego zmianę (mutację) i tworzenie wariantów.51 Dane wskazują również, że niektóre warianty rozprzestrzeniają się łatwiej i mogą być znacznie bardziej zakaźne niż oryginalny wirus.52

Badania sugerują również, że szczepionki mogą nie działać tak dobrze przeciwko nowym wariantom, w tym wariantom Omikron, ponieważ są one w stanie częściowo uniknąć odpowiedzi immunologicznej.53

Podsumowanie etiologii COVID-19

Choroba koronawirusowa 2019 (COVID-19) jest wywoływana przez SARS-CoV-2, nowy betakoronawirus, który prawdopodobnie wyewoluował z rezerwuaru nietoperzy i przeniósł się na ludzi na przełomie 2019 roku. Transmisja wirusa odbywa się głównie drogą kropelkową, gdy zakażona osoba kaszle, kicha lub mówi w pobliżu innych osób.54

Patogeneza COVID-19 obejmuje wiązanie wirusa z receptorami ACE2, które są szeroko rozpowszechnione w organizmie, co wyjaśnia różnorodność objawów klinicznych, od łagodnych objawów grypopodobnych po ciężkie zapalenie płuc, niewydolność oddechową i powikłania wielonarządowe.55

Pojawienie się różnych wariantów SARS-CoV-2 o zwiększonej zakaźności stanowi wyzwanie dla kontroli pandemii, podkreślając znaczenie szczepień i środków zapobiegawczych w ograniczaniu rozprzestrzeniania się wirusa i zapobieganiu rozwojowi nowych wariantów.56

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  1. 09.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a previously unknown betacoronavirus that was discovered in bronchoalveolar lavage samples taken from clusters of patients who presented with pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019. […] Coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped RNA viruses, some of which cause illness in people (e.g., common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS], Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS]), and others that circulate among mammals and birds. Rarely, animal coronaviruses can spread to humans and subsequently spread between people, as was the case with SARS and MERS. […] SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Sarbecovirus subgenus of the Coronaviridae family, and is the seventh coronavirus known to infect humans. The virus has been found to be similar to SARS-like coronaviruses from bats, but it is distinct from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
  • #2 Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text
    https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x
    The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China beginning in December 2019. […] The World Health Organization announced that the official name of the 2019 novel coronavirus is coronavirus disease (COVID-19). […] It was reported that a cluster of patients with pneumonia of unknown cause was linked to a local Huanan South China Seafood Market in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China in December 2019. […] The WHO confirmed that the outbreak of the coronavirus epidemic was associated with the Huanan South China Seafood Marketplace, but no specific animal association was identified. […] Studies thus far have shown that the virus origination is in connection to a seafood market in Wuhan, but specific animal associations have not been confirmed.
  • #3 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    A majority of patients in the initial stages of this outbreak reported a link to the Huanan South China Seafood Market, a live animal or „wet” market, suggesting a zoonotic origin of the virus. […] An initial assessment of the transmission dynamics in the first 425 confirmed cases found that 55% of cases before 1 January 2020 were linked to the market, whereas only 8.6% of cases after this date were linked to the market. This suggests that person-to-person spread was occurring among close contacts since the middle of December 2019. […] A zoonotic origin has still not been confirmed. Some studies suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may be a recombinant virus between a bat coronavirus and an origin-unknown coronavirus, with pangolins and minks suggested as possible intermediate hosts. However, there is currently no evidence to demonstrate the possible route of transmission from a bat reservoir to humans through one or several intermediary animal species.
  • #4 Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 | Nature Reviews Microbiology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-020-00459-7
    On 11 February, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses named the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, and the WHO named the disease COVID-19. […] Although genetic evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 is a natural virus that likely originated in animals, there is no conclusion yet about when and where the virus first entered humans. […] The closest relative to SARS-CoV-2 known to date is a bat coronavirus detected in Rhinolophus affinis from Yunnan province, China, named RaTG13, whose full-length genome sequence is 96.2% identical to that of SARS-CoV-2. […] The high genetic similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 supports the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 likely originated from bats. […] Currently, our knowledge on the animal origin of SARS-CoV-2 remains incomplete to a large part. The reservoir hosts of the virus have not been clearly proven. It is unknown whether SARS-CoV-2 was transmitted to humans through an intermediate host and which animals may act as its intermediate host.
  • #5 Coronavirus (COVID-19): Frequently Asked Questions | Congressman Emanuel Cleaver
    http://cleaver.house.gov/covid-19-resources/coronavirus-covid-19-frequently-asked-questions
    A novel coronavirus is a new coronavirus that has not been previously identified. The virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is not the same as the coronaviruses that commonly circulate among humans and cause mild illness, like the common cold. […] COVID-19 is a new disease, caused by a novel (or new) coronavirus that has not previously been seen in humans. […] On February 11, 2020, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, charged with naming new viruses, named the novel coronavirus, first identified in Wuhan, China, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, shortened to SARS-CoV-2. […] The virus that causes COVID-19 likely also originated in an animal and spread to humans. The coronavirus most similar to the virus causing COVID-19 is SARS-CoV. […] The exact source of the current outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is unknown, but we know that it originally came from an animal, likely a bat and is now primarily spread from person-to-person.
  • #6 COVID-19 > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/covid-19
    The disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, the 2019 novel coronavirus. […] Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the official name given by the World Health Organization (WHO) to the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, the new coronavirus that surfaced in Wuhan, China in 2019 and spread around the globe. […] COVID-19 is the first pandemic known to be caused by the emergence of a new coronavirus. […] Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV-2, was never seen before it surfaced in December 2019 when it was believed to have passed somehow from an animal to a human at a large seafood and live animal market in Wuhan. […] The original Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines were shown in clinical trials to have an overall efficacy of 95% and 94.1%, respectively, against mild to severe COVID-19 caused by the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain.
  • #7 Coronavirus COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide
    https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540747/all/Coronavirus_COVID_19__SARS_CoV_2_
    Coronaviruses Positive sense, single-stranded enveloped RNA virus belongs to the family Coronaviridae. Coronaviruss name is derived from the Latin corona, meaning crown. Under electron microscopy, the viral envelope appears crown-like due to small bulbar projections formed by the viral spike (S) peplomers. Neutralizing antibodies against the S-protein are believed to play an important role in protective immunity. […] This topic covers the novel coronavirus 2019, SARS-CoV-2. […] SARS-CoV-2 uncertainty exists regarding whether its emergence into human populations appears to be a zoonotic infection or related to release from a laboratory studying the virus. Origin is uncertain with competing theories: Natural origin is through zoonosis, which then spreads to human populations. Virus introduced into the environment from a laboratory source.
  • #8 Coronavirus COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide
    https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540747/all/Coronavirus_COVID_19__SARS_CoV_2_
    Coronaviruses Positive sense, single-stranded enveloped RNA virus belongs to the family Coronaviridae. Coronaviruss name is derived from the Latin corona, meaning crown. Under electron microscopy, the viral envelope appears crown-like due to small bulbar projections formed by the viral spike (S) peplomers. Neutralizing antibodies against the S-protein are believed to play an important role in protective immunity. […] This topic covers the novel coronavirus 2019, SARS-CoV-2. […] SARS-CoV-2 uncertainty exists regarding whether its emergence into human populations appears to be a zoonotic infection or related to release from a laboratory studying the virus. Origin is uncertain with competing theories: Natural origin is through zoonosis, which then spreads to human populations. Virus introduced into the environment from a laboratory source.
  • #9 Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 | Nature Reviews Microbiology
    https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-020-00459-7
    On 11 February, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses named the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, and the WHO named the disease COVID-19. […] Although genetic evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 is a natural virus that likely originated in animals, there is no conclusion yet about when and where the virus first entered humans. […] The closest relative to SARS-CoV-2 known to date is a bat coronavirus detected in Rhinolophus affinis from Yunnan province, China, named RaTG13, whose full-length genome sequence is 96.2% identical to that of SARS-CoV-2. […] The high genetic similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and RaTG13 supports the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 likely originated from bats. […] Currently, our knowledge on the animal origin of SARS-CoV-2 remains incomplete to a large part. The reservoir hosts of the virus have not been clearly proven. It is unknown whether SARS-CoV-2 was transmitted to humans through an intermediate host and which animals may act as its intermediate host.
  • #10 COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Etiology, Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapies
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662254/
    Complete viral genome analysis reveals that the virus shares 88% sequence identity with two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS)-like coronaviruses, but is more distant from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Hence, it was temporarily called 2019-novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). […] Based on current data, it seems that bats might initially host COVID-19, which might have been transmitted to humans via pangolin or other wild animals sold at the Huanan seafood market, with subsequent spread via human-to-human transmission.
  • #11 The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status | Military Medical Research | Full Text
    https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
    Importantly, increasingly evidence showed sustained human-to-human transmission, along with many exported cases across the globe. […] The elderly and people with underlying diseases are susceptible to infection and prone to serious outcomes, which may be associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cytokine storm. […] It was found that the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is 96.2% identical to a bat CoV RaTG13, whereas it shares 79.5% identity to SARS-CoV. […] Based on virus genome sequencing results and evolutionary analysis, bat has been suspected as natural host of virus origin, and SARS-CoV-2 might be transmitted from bats via unknown intermediate hosts to infect humans. […] It is clear now that SARS-CoV-2 could use angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the same receptor as SARS-CoV
  • #12 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a previously unknown betacoronavirus that was discovered in bronchoalveolar lavage samples taken from clusters of patients who presented with pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019. […] Coronaviruses are a large family of enveloped RNA viruses, some of which cause illness in people (e.g., common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS], Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS]), and others that circulate among mammals and birds. Rarely, animal coronaviruses can spread to humans and subsequently spread between people, as was the case with SARS and MERS. […] SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Sarbecovirus subgenus of the Coronaviridae family, and is the seventh coronavirus known to infect humans. The virus has been found to be similar to SARS-like coronaviruses from bats, but it is distinct from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
  • #13 COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Etiology, Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapies
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662254/
    Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which reported in an outbreak in 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The virus belongs to the beta-coronavirus class, along with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus. Interestingly, the virus binds with angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 found in host cells, through the spike (S) protein that exists on its surface. This binding causes the entry of the virus into cells of the host organism. The actual mechanism used by the COVID-19 virus to induce disease is still speculative. […] The coronavirus has a diameter of 80120 nm and is single-stranded RNA. Four types of virus have been reported, which include -coronavirus, -coronavirus, -coronavirus, and -coronavirus. Infection in humans is caused by six coronaviruses, and the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is regarded as the seventh member of the coronavirus family to induce infection in humans.
  • #14 COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Etiology, Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapies
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662254/
    Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which reported in an outbreak in 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The virus belongs to the beta-coronavirus class, along with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus. Interestingly, the virus binds with angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 found in host cells, through the spike (S) protein that exists on its surface. This binding causes the entry of the virus into cells of the host organism. The actual mechanism used by the COVID-19 virus to induce disease is still speculative. […] The coronavirus has a diameter of 80120 nm and is single-stranded RNA. Four types of virus have been reported, which include -coronavirus, -coronavirus, -coronavirus, and -coronavirus. Infection in humans is caused by six coronaviruses, and the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is regarded as the seventh member of the coronavirus family to induce infection in humans.
  • #15 COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Etiology, Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapies
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7662254/
    Complete viral genome analysis reveals that the virus shares 88% sequence identity with two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS)-like coronaviruses, but is more distant from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Hence, it was temporarily called 2019-novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). […] Based on current data, it seems that bats might initially host COVID-19, which might have been transmitted to humans via pangolin or other wild animals sold at the Huanan seafood market, with subsequent spread via human-to-human transmission.
  • #16 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    Transmission via other body fluids (including sexual transmission or bloodborne transmission) has not been reported. […] Perinatal (vertical) transmission occurs rarely and transplacental transmission has been documented. There is limited evidence on the extent of vertical transmission and its timing. […] The exact pathophysiology remains unknown, partly due to the scarcity of postmortem studies. The pathophysiology resembles that of other coronavirus infections. However, emerging evidence indicates that COVID-19 has distinctive pathophysiological features that set it apart from respiratory failure of other origins. […] SARS-CoV-2 attaches to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor on target host cells, followed by internalization and replication of the virus. ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the upper and lower respiratory tract cells, but are also expressed in myocardial cells, renal epithelial cells, enterocytes, and endothelial cells in multiple organs, which may explain the extrapulmonary manifestations associated with the disease. […] The virus uses host transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) for viral spike protein priming and fusion of viral and host cell membranes. […] SARS-CoV-2 variants may be more transmissible, at least in part, due to enhanced spike protein binding affinity for the ACE2 receptor.
  • #17 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    Transmission via other body fluids (including sexual transmission or bloodborne transmission) has not been reported. […] Perinatal (vertical) transmission occurs rarely and transplacental transmission has been documented. There is limited evidence on the extent of vertical transmission and its timing. […] The exact pathophysiology remains unknown, partly due to the scarcity of postmortem studies. The pathophysiology resembles that of other coronavirus infections. However, emerging evidence indicates that COVID-19 has distinctive pathophysiological features that set it apart from respiratory failure of other origins. […] SARS-CoV-2 attaches to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor on target host cells, followed by internalization and replication of the virus. ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the upper and lower respiratory tract cells, but are also expressed in myocardial cells, renal epithelial cells, enterocytes, and endothelial cells in multiple organs, which may explain the extrapulmonary manifestations associated with the disease. […] The virus uses host transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) for viral spike protein priming and fusion of viral and host cell membranes. […] SARS-CoV-2 variants may be more transmissible, at least in part, due to enhanced spike protein binding affinity for the ACE2 receptor.
  • #18 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    Transmission via other body fluids (including sexual transmission or bloodborne transmission) has not been reported. […] Perinatal (vertical) transmission occurs rarely and transplacental transmission has been documented. There is limited evidence on the extent of vertical transmission and its timing. […] The exact pathophysiology remains unknown, partly due to the scarcity of postmortem studies. The pathophysiology resembles that of other coronavirus infections. However, emerging evidence indicates that COVID-19 has distinctive pathophysiological features that set it apart from respiratory failure of other origins. […] SARS-CoV-2 attaches to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor on target host cells, followed by internalization and replication of the virus. ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the upper and lower respiratory tract cells, but are also expressed in myocardial cells, renal epithelial cells, enterocytes, and endothelial cells in multiple organs, which may explain the extrapulmonary manifestations associated with the disease. […] The virus uses host transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) for viral spike protein priming and fusion of viral and host cell membranes. […] SARS-CoV-2 variants may be more transmissible, at least in part, due to enhanced spike protein binding affinity for the ACE2 receptor.
  • #19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    Transmission via other body fluids (including sexual transmission or bloodborne transmission) has not been reported. […] Perinatal (vertical) transmission occurs rarely and transplacental transmission has been documented. There is limited evidence on the extent of vertical transmission and its timing. […] The exact pathophysiology remains unknown, partly due to the scarcity of postmortem studies. The pathophysiology resembles that of other coronavirus infections. However, emerging evidence indicates that COVID-19 has distinctive pathophysiological features that set it apart from respiratory failure of other origins. […] SARS-CoV-2 attaches to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor on target host cells, followed by internalization and replication of the virus. ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the upper and lower respiratory tract cells, but are also expressed in myocardial cells, renal epithelial cells, enterocytes, and endothelial cells in multiple organs, which may explain the extrapulmonary manifestations associated with the disease. […] The virus uses host transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) for viral spike protein priming and fusion of viral and host cell membranes. […] SARS-CoV-2 variants may be more transmissible, at least in part, due to enhanced spike protein binding affinity for the ACE2 receptor.
  • #20 Coronavirus (COVID-19): Symptoms, Transmission, Treatment and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/coronavirus-covid-19
    In a 2024 report by the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, 77% of surveyed experts believed the virus came from an animal naturally. […] However, one out of five experts also believed there was a 21% probability that COVID-19 resulted from a research-related accident. […] COVID-19, caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, is a highly transmissible respiratory illness.
  • #21 COVID-19: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur
    https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/covid-19-sars-cov-2-virus
    The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, discovered in December 2019 in the province of Wuhan in China, is responsible for COVID-19. […] COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is an infectious respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus in the coronavirus family which emerged in China in late 2019. […] Scientists consider that this „zoonotic” hypothesis is the most likely explanation for the origins of SARS-CoV-2, but further research is needed to confirm it. […] A second hypothesis, developed in the SAGO report, cannot be ruled out but has yet to be scientifically proven: the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 was introduced to the human population through a laboratory leak of a coronavirus. […] Finally, the hypothesis that the virus was manufactured in a lab for subsequent introduction to the population is rejected by virtually the entire scientific community.
  • #22 Coronavirus (COVID-19): Symptoms, Transmission, Treatment and More
    https://www.healthline.com/health/coronavirus-covid-19
    In a 2024 report by the Global Catastrophic Risk Institute, 77% of surveyed experts believed the virus came from an animal naturally. […] However, one out of five experts also believed there was a 21% probability that COVID-19 resulted from a research-related accident. […] COVID-19, caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, is a highly transmissible respiratory illness.
  • #23 COVID-19: symptoms, treatment, prevention – Institut Pasteur
    https://www.pasteur.fr/en/medical-center/disease-sheets/covid-19-sars-cov-2-virus
    The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, discovered in December 2019 in the province of Wuhan in China, is responsible for COVID-19. […] COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is an infectious respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a virus in the coronavirus family which emerged in China in late 2019. […] Scientists consider that this „zoonotic” hypothesis is the most likely explanation for the origins of SARS-CoV-2, but further research is needed to confirm it. […] A second hypothesis, developed in the SAGO report, cannot be ruled out but has yet to be scientifically proven: the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 was introduced to the human population through a laboratory leak of a coronavirus. […] Finally, the hypothesis that the virus was manufactured in a lab for subsequent introduction to the population is rejected by virtually the entire scientific community.
  • #24 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    A majority of patients in the initial stages of this outbreak reported a link to the Huanan South China Seafood Market, a live animal or „wet” market, suggesting a zoonotic origin of the virus. […] An initial assessment of the transmission dynamics in the first 425 confirmed cases found that 55% of cases before 1 January 2020 were linked to the market, whereas only 8.6% of cases after this date were linked to the market. This suggests that person-to-person spread was occurring among close contacts since the middle of December 2019. […] A zoonotic origin has still not been confirmed. Some studies suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may be a recombinant virus between a bat coronavirus and an origin-unknown coronavirus, with pangolins and minks suggested as possible intermediate hosts. However, there is currently no evidence to demonstrate the possible route of transmission from a bat reservoir to humans through one or several intermediary animal species.
  • #25 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    A majority of patients in the initial stages of this outbreak reported a link to the Huanan South China Seafood Market, a live animal or „wet” market, suggesting a zoonotic origin of the virus. […] An initial assessment of the transmission dynamics in the first 425 confirmed cases found that 55% of cases before 1 January 2020 were linked to the market, whereas only 8.6% of cases after this date were linked to the market. This suggests that person-to-person spread was occurring among close contacts since the middle of December 2019. […] A zoonotic origin has still not been confirmed. Some studies suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may be a recombinant virus between a bat coronavirus and an origin-unknown coronavirus, with pangolins and minks suggested as possible intermediate hosts. However, there is currently no evidence to demonstrate the possible route of transmission from a bat reservoir to humans through one or several intermediary animal species.
  • #26 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    A majority of patients in the initial stages of this outbreak reported a link to the Huanan South China Seafood Market, a live animal or „wet” market, suggesting a zoonotic origin of the virus. […] An initial assessment of the transmission dynamics in the first 425 confirmed cases found that 55% of cases before 1 January 2020 were linked to the market, whereas only 8.6% of cases after this date were linked to the market. This suggests that person-to-person spread was occurring among close contacts since the middle of December 2019. […] A zoonotic origin has still not been confirmed. Some studies suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may be a recombinant virus between a bat coronavirus and an origin-unknown coronavirus, with pangolins and minks suggested as possible intermediate hosts. However, there is currently no evidence to demonstrate the possible route of transmission from a bat reservoir to humans through one or several intermediary animal species.
  • #27 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    Respiratory transmission is the dominant mode of transmission, with proximity and ventilation being the key determinants of transmission risk. […] Available evidence suggests that transmission between people occurs primarily when an infected person is in close contact with another person. The virus can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles (ranging in size from larger droplets to smaller aerosols) when the person coughs, sneezes, sings, breathes heavily, or talks. […] Fomite transmission (from direct contact with fomites) may be possible, but there is currently no conclusive evidence for this mode of transmission. […] Fecal-oral transmission (or respiratory transmission through aerosolized feces) may be possible, but there is only limited circumstantial evidence to support this mode of transmission.
  • #28 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    Respiratory transmission is the dominant mode of transmission, with proximity and ventilation being the key determinants of transmission risk. […] Available evidence suggests that transmission between people occurs primarily when an infected person is in close contact with another person. The virus can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles (ranging in size from larger droplets to smaller aerosols) when the person coughs, sneezes, sings, breathes heavily, or talks. […] Fomite transmission (from direct contact with fomites) may be possible, but there is currently no conclusive evidence for this mode of transmission. […] Fecal-oral transmission (or respiratory transmission through aerosolized feces) may be possible, but there is only limited circumstantial evidence to support this mode of transmission.
  • #29 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    Respiratory transmission is the dominant mode of transmission, with proximity and ventilation being the key determinants of transmission risk. […] Available evidence suggests that transmission between people occurs primarily when an infected person is in close contact with another person. The virus can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles (ranging in size from larger droplets to smaller aerosols) when the person coughs, sneezes, sings, breathes heavily, or talks. […] Fomite transmission (from direct contact with fomites) may be possible, but there is currently no conclusive evidence for this mode of transmission. […] Fecal-oral transmission (or respiratory transmission through aerosolized feces) may be possible, but there is only limited circumstantial evidence to support this mode of transmission.
  • #30 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    Respiratory transmission is the dominant mode of transmission, with proximity and ventilation being the key determinants of transmission risk. […] Available evidence suggests that transmission between people occurs primarily when an infected person is in close contact with another person. The virus can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles (ranging in size from larger droplets to smaller aerosols) when the person coughs, sneezes, sings, breathes heavily, or talks. […] Fomite transmission (from direct contact with fomites) may be possible, but there is currently no conclusive evidence for this mode of transmission. […] Fecal-oral transmission (or respiratory transmission through aerosolized feces) may be possible, but there is only limited circumstantial evidence to support this mode of transmission.
  • #31 COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019): A New Coronavirus Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7429403/
    New evidence demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 may also be an enteric virus that can spread through the fecal-oral route. […] The primary source of these infections is not yet known, but the disease can be transmitted through droplets and close contact. […] The onset and progression of COVID-19 depend on the interaction between the virus and the immune system.
  • #32 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    Transmission via other body fluids (including sexual transmission or bloodborne transmission) has not been reported. […] Perinatal (vertical) transmission occurs rarely and transplacental transmission has been documented. There is limited evidence on the extent of vertical transmission and its timing. […] The exact pathophysiology remains unknown, partly due to the scarcity of postmortem studies. The pathophysiology resembles that of other coronavirus infections. However, emerging evidence indicates that COVID-19 has distinctive pathophysiological features that set it apart from respiratory failure of other origins. […] SARS-CoV-2 attaches to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor on target host cells, followed by internalization and replication of the virus. ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the upper and lower respiratory tract cells, but are also expressed in myocardial cells, renal epithelial cells, enterocytes, and endothelial cells in multiple organs, which may explain the extrapulmonary manifestations associated with the disease. […] The virus uses host transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) for viral spike protein priming and fusion of viral and host cell membranes. […] SARS-CoV-2 variants may be more transmissible, at least in part, due to enhanced spike protein binding affinity for the ACE2 receptor.
  • #33 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    Transmission via other body fluids (including sexual transmission or bloodborne transmission) has not been reported. […] Perinatal (vertical) transmission occurs rarely and transplacental transmission has been documented. There is limited evidence on the extent of vertical transmission and its timing. […] The exact pathophysiology remains unknown, partly due to the scarcity of postmortem studies. The pathophysiology resembles that of other coronavirus infections. However, emerging evidence indicates that COVID-19 has distinctive pathophysiological features that set it apart from respiratory failure of other origins. […] SARS-CoV-2 attaches to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor on target host cells, followed by internalization and replication of the virus. ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the upper and lower respiratory tract cells, but are also expressed in myocardial cells, renal epithelial cells, enterocytes, and endothelial cells in multiple organs, which may explain the extrapulmonary manifestations associated with the disease. […] The virus uses host transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) for viral spike protein priming and fusion of viral and host cell membranes. […] SARS-CoV-2 variants may be more transmissible, at least in part, due to enhanced spike protein binding affinity for the ACE2 receptor.
  • #34 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    Transmission via other body fluids (including sexual transmission or bloodborne transmission) has not been reported. […] Perinatal (vertical) transmission occurs rarely and transplacental transmission has been documented. There is limited evidence on the extent of vertical transmission and its timing. […] The exact pathophysiology remains unknown, partly due to the scarcity of postmortem studies. The pathophysiology resembles that of other coronavirus infections. However, emerging evidence indicates that COVID-19 has distinctive pathophysiological features that set it apart from respiratory failure of other origins. […] SARS-CoV-2 attaches to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor on target host cells, followed by internalization and replication of the virus. ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the upper and lower respiratory tract cells, but are also expressed in myocardial cells, renal epithelial cells, enterocytes, and endothelial cells in multiple organs, which may explain the extrapulmonary manifestations associated with the disease. […] The virus uses host transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) for viral spike protein priming and fusion of viral and host cell membranes. […] SARS-CoV-2 variants may be more transmissible, at least in part, due to enhanced spike protein binding affinity for the ACE2 receptor.
  • #35 COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019): A New Coronavirus Disease
    https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7429403/
    New evidence demonstrated that the SARS-CoV-2 may also be an enteric virus that can spread through the fecal-oral route. […] The primary source of these infections is not yet known, but the disease can be transmitted through droplets and close contact. […] The onset and progression of COVID-19 depend on the interaction between the virus and the immune system.
  • #36 The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status | Military Medical Research | Full Text
    https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
    The immune response is vital for the control and resolution of CoV infections, while it can also lead to immunopathogenesis, associated with the immune response out of control. […] The S proteins of Coronavirus binds to the host cells by ACE2, fusing to the membrane and release the viral RNA. […] Collectively, the virus particles invade the respiratory mucosa firstly and infect other cells, triggering a series of immune responses and the production of cytokine storm in the body, which may be associated with the critical condition of COVID-19 patients. […] The outbreak of COVID-19 swept across China rapidly and has spread to 85 countries/territories/areas outside of China as of 5 March 2020. […] Firstly, the emerging pneumonia, COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, exhibits strong infectivity but less virulence, compared to SARS and MERS, in terms of morbidity and mortality.
  • #37 The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status | Military Medical Research | Full Text
    https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
    The immune response is vital for the control and resolution of CoV infections, while it can also lead to immunopathogenesis, associated with the immune response out of control. […] The S proteins of Coronavirus binds to the host cells by ACE2, fusing to the membrane and release the viral RNA. […] Collectively, the virus particles invade the respiratory mucosa firstly and infect other cells, triggering a series of immune responses and the production of cytokine storm in the body, which may be associated with the critical condition of COVID-19 patients. […] The outbreak of COVID-19 swept across China rapidly and has spread to 85 countries/territories/areas outside of China as of 5 March 2020. […] Firstly, the emerging pneumonia, COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, exhibits strong infectivity but less virulence, compared to SARS and MERS, in terms of morbidity and mortality.
  • #38 The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status | Military Medical Research | Full Text
    https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
    The immune response is vital for the control and resolution of CoV infections, while it can also lead to immunopathogenesis, associated with the immune response out of control. […] The S proteins of Coronavirus binds to the host cells by ACE2, fusing to the membrane and release the viral RNA. […] Collectively, the virus particles invade the respiratory mucosa firstly and infect other cells, triggering a series of immune responses and the production of cytokine storm in the body, which may be associated with the critical condition of COVID-19 patients. […] The outbreak of COVID-19 swept across China rapidly and has spread to 85 countries/territories/areas outside of China as of 5 March 2020. […] Firstly, the emerging pneumonia, COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, exhibits strong infectivity but less virulence, compared to SARS and MERS, in terms of morbidity and mortality.
  • #39 The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status | Military Medical Research | Full Text
    https://mmrjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
    The immune response is vital for the control and resolution of CoV infections, while it can also lead to immunopathogenesis, associated with the immune response out of control. […] The S proteins of Coronavirus binds to the host cells by ACE2, fusing to the membrane and release the viral RNA. […] Collectively, the virus particles invade the respiratory mucosa firstly and infect other cells, triggering a series of immune responses and the production of cytokine storm in the body, which may be associated with the critical condition of COVID-19 patients. […] The outbreak of COVID-19 swept across China rapidly and has spread to 85 countries/territories/areas outside of China as of 5 March 2020. […] Firstly, the emerging pneumonia, COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, exhibits strong infectivity but less virulence, compared to SARS and MERS, in terms of morbidity and mortality.
  • #40 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    Transmission via other body fluids (including sexual transmission or bloodborne transmission) has not been reported. […] Perinatal (vertical) transmission occurs rarely and transplacental transmission has been documented. There is limited evidence on the extent of vertical transmission and its timing. […] The exact pathophysiology remains unknown, partly due to the scarcity of postmortem studies. The pathophysiology resembles that of other coronavirus infections. However, emerging evidence indicates that COVID-19 has distinctive pathophysiological features that set it apart from respiratory failure of other origins. […] SARS-CoV-2 attaches to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor on target host cells, followed by internalization and replication of the virus. ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the upper and lower respiratory tract cells, but are also expressed in myocardial cells, renal epithelial cells, enterocytes, and endothelial cells in multiple organs, which may explain the extrapulmonary manifestations associated with the disease. […] The virus uses host transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) for viral spike protein priming and fusion of viral and host cell membranes. […] SARS-CoV-2 variants may be more transmissible, at least in part, due to enhanced spike protein binding affinity for the ACE2 receptor.
  • #41 Coronavirus: What Happens To People’s Body If They Get Infected
    https://www.webmd.com/covid/coronavirus-covid-19-affects-body
    There are many types of coronaviruses. Some give you the common cold. The coronavirus behind the 2019-2022 pandemic causes an illness called COVID-19. […] COVID-19, the illness caused by the coronavirus, starts with droplets from an infected persons cough, sneeze, or breath. […] The virus moves down your respiratory tract. Thats the airway that includes your mouth, nose, throat, and lungs. […] Your lungs might become inflamed, making it tough for you to breathe. This can lead to pneumonia, an infection of the tiny air sacs (called alveoli) inside your lungs where your blood exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide. […] The long-term effects of COVID-19 on your body are still unclear. Some patients have become what is being called „long-haulers” where they suffer symptoms for weeks and even months.
  • #42 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    Transmission via other body fluids (including sexual transmission or bloodborne transmission) has not been reported. […] Perinatal (vertical) transmission occurs rarely and transplacental transmission has been documented. There is limited evidence on the extent of vertical transmission and its timing. […] The exact pathophysiology remains unknown, partly due to the scarcity of postmortem studies. The pathophysiology resembles that of other coronavirus infections. However, emerging evidence indicates that COVID-19 has distinctive pathophysiological features that set it apart from respiratory failure of other origins. […] SARS-CoV-2 attaches to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor on target host cells, followed by internalization and replication of the virus. ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the upper and lower respiratory tract cells, but are also expressed in myocardial cells, renal epithelial cells, enterocytes, and endothelial cells in multiple organs, which may explain the extrapulmonary manifestations associated with the disease. […] The virus uses host transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) for viral spike protein priming and fusion of viral and host cell membranes. […] SARS-CoV-2 variants may be more transmissible, at least in part, due to enhanced spike protein binding affinity for the ACE2 receptor.
  • #43 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    Transmission via other body fluids (including sexual transmission or bloodborne transmission) has not been reported. […] Perinatal (vertical) transmission occurs rarely and transplacental transmission has been documented. There is limited evidence on the extent of vertical transmission and its timing. […] The exact pathophysiology remains unknown, partly due to the scarcity of postmortem studies. The pathophysiology resembles that of other coronavirus infections. However, emerging evidence indicates that COVID-19 has distinctive pathophysiological features that set it apart from respiratory failure of other origins. […] SARS-CoV-2 attaches to the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor on target host cells, followed by internalization and replication of the virus. ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the upper and lower respiratory tract cells, but are also expressed in myocardial cells, renal epithelial cells, enterocytes, and endothelial cells in multiple organs, which may explain the extrapulmonary manifestations associated with the disease. […] The virus uses host transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) for viral spike protein priming and fusion of viral and host cell membranes. […] SARS-CoV-2 variants may be more transmissible, at least in part, due to enhanced spike protein binding affinity for the ACE2 receptor.
  • #44 Hypokalemia and Clinical Implications in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | medRxiv
    https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.20028530v1
    SARS-CoV-2 has caused a series of COVID-19 globally. SARS-CoV-2 binds angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) of reninangiotensin system (RAS) and causes prevalent hypokalemia […] Hypokalemia is prevailing in patients with COVID-19. The correction of hypokalemia is challenging because of continuous renal K+ loss resulting from the degradation of ACE2. The end of urine K+ loss indicates a good prognosis and may be a reliable, in-time, and sensitive biomarker directly reflecting the end of adverse effect on RAS system.
  • #45 Hypokalemia and Clinical Implications in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | medRxiv
    https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.27.20028530v1
    SARS-CoV-2 has caused a series of COVID-19 globally. SARS-CoV-2 binds angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) of reninangiotensin system (RAS) and causes prevalent hypokalemia […] Hypokalemia is prevailing in patients with COVID-19. The correction of hypokalemia is challenging because of continuous renal K+ loss resulting from the degradation of ACE2. The end of urine K+ loss indicates a good prognosis and may be a reliable, in-time, and sensitive biomarker directly reflecting the end of adverse effect on RAS system.
  • #46 COVID-19 > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/covid-19
    Evidence also suggests that the vaccines do not work as well against emerging variants, including Omicron variants, because these are able to partially evade the immune response. […] Scientists have identified several variants of the original coronavirus strain that causes COVID-19. Some of these variants may be classified as variants of concern because they may be more contagious, cause more severe illness, and/or reduce the relative effectiveness of treatments or vaccines compared to the original COVID-19 strain.
  • #47 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168
    A potentially severe acute respiratory infection caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2. The clinical presentation is generally that of a respiratory infection with a symptom severity ranging from a mild common cold-like illness, to a severe viral pneumonia leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome that is potentially fatal. Complications of severe disease include, but are not limited to, multi-organ failure, septic shock, and venous thromboembolism. […] Several variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been identified. The majority of SARS-CoV-2 variants are now extinct, with the current circulating variant of concern being the Omicron variant (and its subvariants). Variants have sequentially replaced each other since the start of the pandemic, with the most successful variants being Alpha, Delta, and Omicron.
  • #48 Coronavirus COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide
    https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540747/all/Coronavirus_COVID_19__SARS_CoV_2_
    COVID-19 (novel COronaVirus Disease-2019) is the disease, SARS-CoV-2 is the virus. […] The virus has established itself as a year-round respiratory pathogen that causes substantial illness and death, more so than seasonal influenza. […] The evolution of viral variants and subvariants has slowed due to significant global human immunity. […] Omicron appears at least more transmissible than the Delta variant and is 50-70% more than earlier variants, including Alpha. […] SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve due to the inherent infidelity of RNA viruses that generate random mutations, population immunity and a high rate of daily infections. […] COVID-19 cannot be easily distinguished from other causes of viral respiratory infections, such as influenza, RSV, other respiratory viruses, or community-acquired pneumonia, based only on clinical grounds. […] COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma is now the only antibody product available to use in people with COVID-19 and high-risk immunosuppressed, especially if vaccine non-responders/pts with B cell disorders.
  • #49 About COVID-19 – MN Dept. of Health
    https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/basics.html
    COVID-19 is a disease caused by coronavirus germs that pass easily from one person to another. […] It is caused by a type of coronavirus germ not found in people before 2019. […] COVID-19 affects a persons nose and throat and can sometimes affect a persons lungs and can make it hard to breathe normally. […] The virus that causes COVID-19 can affect people in different ways. Some can get very sick, while most have mild or moderate symptoms and get better without going to a clinic or into a hospital. Some have no symptoms. Some people die. […] The long-term health effects are still unknown but there may be permanent damage to the heart, lungs, or other organs. This is more likely in those who had more severe illness but may also be possible even in those who had mild illness. […] Variants are common with a virus like the one that causes COVID-19. Viruses constantly change (through mutation). When a virus changes it is called a variant of the original virus. New variants of a virus are expected to occur over time.
  • #50 Coronavirus COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) | Johns Hopkins ABX Guide
    https://www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540747/all/Coronavirus_COVID_19__SARS_CoV_2_
    COVID-19 (novel COronaVirus Disease-2019) is the disease, SARS-CoV-2 is the virus. […] The virus has established itself as a year-round respiratory pathogen that causes substantial illness and death, more so than seasonal influenza. […] The evolution of viral variants and subvariants has slowed due to significant global human immunity. […] Omicron appears at least more transmissible than the Delta variant and is 50-70% more than earlier variants, including Alpha. […] SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve due to the inherent infidelity of RNA viruses that generate random mutations, population immunity and a high rate of daily infections. […] COVID-19 cannot be easily distinguished from other causes of viral respiratory infections, such as influenza, RSV, other respiratory viruses, or community-acquired pneumonia, based only on clinical grounds. […] COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma is now the only antibody product available to use in people with COVID-19 and high-risk immunosuppressed, especially if vaccine non-responders/pts with B cell disorders.
  • #51 About COVID-19 – MN Dept. of Health
    https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/basics.html
    Data shows that some variants spread more easily and can be much more contagious than the original virus. […] Vaccination reduces spreading of the virus, which makes it harder for it to change (mutate) and create variants. […] Vaccines reduce your risk of getting very sick, hospitalization, and death from COVID-19. That’s why it’s so important for all who are eligible to get vaccinated.
  • #52 About COVID-19 – MN Dept. of Health
    https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/basics.html
    Data shows that some variants spread more easily and can be much more contagious than the original virus. […] Vaccination reduces spreading of the virus, which makes it harder for it to change (mutate) and create variants. […] Vaccines reduce your risk of getting very sick, hospitalization, and death from COVID-19. That’s why it’s so important for all who are eligible to get vaccinated.
  • #53 COVID-19 > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
    https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/covid-19
    Evidence also suggests that the vaccines do not work as well against emerging variants, including Omicron variants, because these are able to partially evade the immune response. […] Scientists have identified several variants of the original coronavirus strain that causes COVID-19. Some of these variants may be classified as variants of concern because they may be more contagious, cause more severe illness, and/or reduce the relative effectiveness of treatments or vaccines compared to the original COVID-19 strain.
  • #54 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Etiology | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/aetiology
    Respiratory transmission is the dominant mode of transmission, with proximity and ventilation being the key determinants of transmission risk. […] Available evidence suggests that transmission between people occurs primarily when an infected person is in close contact with another person. The virus can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles (ranging in size from larger droplets to smaller aerosols) when the person coughs, sneezes, sings, breathes heavily, or talks. […] Fomite transmission (from direct contact with fomites) may be possible, but there is currently no conclusive evidence for this mode of transmission. […] Fecal-oral transmission (or respiratory transmission through aerosolized feces) may be possible, but there is only limited circumstantial evidence to support this mode of transmission.
  • #55 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US
    https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168
    A potentially severe acute respiratory infection caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2. The clinical presentation is generally that of a respiratory infection with a symptom severity ranging from a mild common cold-like illness, to a severe viral pneumonia leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome that is potentially fatal. Complications of severe disease include, but are not limited to, multi-organ failure, septic shock, and venous thromboembolism. […] Several variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been identified. The majority of SARS-CoV-2 variants are now extinct, with the current circulating variant of concern being the Omicron variant (and its subvariants). Variants have sequentially replaced each other since the start of the pandemic, with the most successful variants being Alpha, Delta, and Omicron.
  • #56 About COVID-19 – MN Dept. of Health
    https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/basics.html
    Data shows that some variants spread more easily and can be much more contagious than the original virus. […] Vaccination reduces spreading of the virus, which makes it harder for it to change (mutate) and create variants. […] Vaccines reduce your risk of getting very sick, hospitalization, and death from COVID-19. That’s why it’s so important for all who are eligible to get vaccinated.