Materiały źródłowe

• #1 COVID-19 Treatment Clinical Care for Outpatients | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/hcp/clinical-care/outpatient-treatment.html

  Pre-exposure prophylaxis (prevention) medication is available for some people who are moderately or severely immunocompromised for additional protection against COVID-19. […] Pre-exposure prophylaxis helps prevent COVID-19 but does not take the place of vaccination in people who are eligible to receive an updated COVID-19 vaccine. Everyone ages 6 months and older should stay up-to-date with COVID-19 vaccines. Alongside vaccination, practicing core prevention strategies like good hygiene, cleaner air measures, and staying home when sick are vital in preventing the spread of COVID-19.

• #1 Types of COVID-19 Treatment | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/treatment/index.html

  A COVID-19 vaccine is the first step to prevent severe health outcomes. Antiviral treatments are not a replacement for COVID-19 vaccinations. […] COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States effectively protect people from getting seriously ill, being hospitalized, and even dying. As with vaccines for other diseases, you are protected best when you stay up to date. […] Alongside vaccination, practicing core prevention strategies like good hygiene, taking steps for cleaner air, and staying home when sick is vital in preventing the spread of COVID-19. […] FDA has authorized a preventive monoclonal antibody for people who are moderately or severely immunocompromised, ages 12 years and older, and weigh at least 88 pounds. In addition to vaccination, Pemivibart (Pemgarda) may provide another layer of protection against COVID-19 and can be given at least 2 weeks after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine.

• #1 Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public

  Regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with either an alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water. This eliminates germs that may be on your hands, including viruses. […] Cover your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Dispose of the used tissue immediately into a closed bin and wash your hands. […] Clean and disinfect surfaces frequently, especially those which are regularly touched, such as door handles, faucets and phone screens. […] If you feel unwell, heres what to do. […] If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical attention immediately. […] Call by telephone first and follow the directions of your local health authority. […] Know the full range of symptoms of COVID-19. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, tiredness and loss of taste or smell.

• #1 Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public

  Stay aware of the latest COVID-19 information by regularly checking updates from WHO in addition to national and local public health authorities. […] Protect yourself and those around you: […] Get vaccinated as soon as its your turn and follow local guidance on vaccination. […] Keep physical distance of at least 1 metre from others, even if they dont appear to be sick. Avoid crowds and close contact. […] Wear a properly fitted mask when physical distancing is not possible and in poorly ventilated settings. […] Clean your hands frequently with alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water. […] Cover your mouth and nose with a bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze. Dispose of used tissues immediately and clean hands regularly. […] If you develop symptoms or test positive for COVID-19, self-isolate until you recover.

• #1 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963

  In general, make it a habit to: Test for COVID-19. If you have symptoms of COVID-19 test for the infection. Or test five days after you came in contact with the virus. […] The CDC recommends that people wear a mask in indoor public spaces if you’re in an area with a high number of people with COVID-19 in the hospital. They suggest wearing the most protective mask possible that you’ll wear regularly, that fits well and is comfortable. […] Travel brings people together from areas where illnesses may be at higher levels. Masks can help slow the spread of respiratory diseases in general, including COVID-19. Masks help the most in places with low air flow and where you are in close contact with other people. Also, masks can help if the places you travel to or through have a high level of illness.

• #1 Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public

  Stay home and self-isolate for 10 days from symptom onset, plus three days after symptoms cease. […] Call your health care provider or hotline for advice. Have someone bring you supplies. If you need to leave your house or have someone near you, wear a properly fitted mask to avoid infecting others. […] Keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities. Local and national authorities and public health units are best placed to advise on what people in your area should be doing to protect themselves.

• #1 Infection Prevention during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8837397/

  COVID-19 is a nonspecific viral illness caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, and led to an ongoing global pandemic. […] The risk of transmission to health care personnel is low with proper use of personal protective equipment, including gowns, gloves, N95 or surgical mask, and eye protection. […] Additional important measures to decrease the risk of transmission include physical distancing, hand hygiene, routine cleaning and disinfection, and appropriate air handling and ventilation. […] Public health interventions, including universal masking, stay-at-home orders, and other mitigation strategies, are effective at decreasing transmission rates. […] SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk in the healthcare setting can be mitigated by proper use of personal protective equipment, including gowns, gloves, N95 or surgical mask, and eye protection. […] Additional strategies such as physical distancing, hand hygiene, routine cleaning and disinfection, appropriate air handling and ventilation, and public health interventions are also important tools to minimize transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging infectious diseases.

• #1 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/prevention

  Implement standard precautions at all times, which include, but are not limited to: Risk assessment, Hand hygiene, Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, Patient placement, Personal protective equipment, Aseptic technique, Environmental cleaning, Waste management. […] Implement additional transmission-based precautions (contact, droplet, and airborne) when providing direct care for suspected or confirmed cases. […] Universal masking is strongly recommended in health facilities when there is a significant impact of COVID-19 on the health system. […] Infection prevention and control for the general public […] Public health recommendations vary between countries and you should consult your local guidance. […] It is generally recommended that people stay at least 3 feet (1 meter) away from others, wash their hands often with soap and water, cover coughs and sneezes, avoid crowds and poorly ventilated spaces, clean and disinfect high touch surfaces, monitor their health and self-isolate or seek medical attention if necessary, and get vaccinated.

• #1 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500114-treatment

  Frequently touched objects and surfaces should be cleaned and disinfected regularly. […] The CDC has recommended the below measures to mitigate community spread. All individuals in areas with prevalent COVID-19 should be vigilant for potential symptoms of infection and should stay home as much as possible, practicing social distancing (maintaining a distance of 6 feet from other persons) when leaving home is necessary. […] On April 3, 2020, the CDC issued a recommendation that the general public, even those without symptoms, should begin wearing face coverings in public settings where social-distancing measures are difficult to maintain in order to abate the spread of COVID-19. […] A 2020 study on the effectiveness of facemasks in preventing acute respiratory infections found that surgical masks worn by patients with infections such as rhinovirus, influenza, and seasonal coronaviruses (excluding SARS-CoV-2) reduced the detection of viral RNA in exhaled breaths and coughs. Surgical facemasks were notably effective in significantly decreasing the detection of coronavirus and influenza RNA in aerosols and respiratory droplets. The study suggested that wearing surgical facemasks could help prevent the transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza when worn by symptomatic individuals, which may have implications for controlling the spread of COVID-19.

• #1 Protect Yourself and Others: COVID-19 – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/prevention.html

  If you, or people around you, have Risk Factors for Severe Illness from Respiratory Viruses (CDC), taking extra precautions, including additional strategies (masks, distancing, and tests), can help to prevent illness. […] Steps you can take: Layer (add on) the core prevention and additional prevention strategies for more protection. […] Respiratory viruses are spread from person to person. When more people are sick in your community, you are at a higher risk of getting sick yourself. […] When groups of people live together or spend a lot of time in close contact with one another, there is more opportunity for respiratory viruses to spread.

• #2 Types of COVID-19 Treatment | COVID-19 | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/covid/treatment/index.html

  A COVID-19 vaccine is the first step to prevent severe health outcomes. Antiviral treatments are not a replacement for COVID-19 vaccinations. […] COVID-19 vaccines available in the United States effectively protect people from getting seriously ill, being hospitalized, and even dying. As with vaccines for other diseases, you are protected best when you stay up to date. […] Alongside vaccination, practicing core prevention strategies like good hygiene, taking steps for cleaner air, and staying home when sick is vital in preventing the spread of COVID-19. […] FDA has authorized a preventive monoclonal antibody for people who are moderately or severely immunocompromised, ages 12 years and older, and weigh at least 88 pounds. In addition to vaccination, Pemivibart (Pemgarda) may provide another layer of protection against COVID-19 and can be given at least 2 weeks after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine.

• #2 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963

  Staying up to date on your COVID-19 vaccine helps prevent serious illness, the need for hospital care due to COVID-19 and death from COVID-19. Other ways that may help prevent the spread of this coronavirus includes good indoor air flow, physical distancing, wearing a mask in the right setting and good hygiene. […] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends a COVID-19 vaccine for everyone age 6 months and older. The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. […] In addition to vaccination, there are other ways to stop the spread of the virus that causes COVID-19. […] If you feel ill or have COVID-19, stay home and away from others, including pets, if possible. Avoid sharing household items such as dishes or towels if you’re sick.

• #2 Potential Prophylactic Treatments for COVID-19

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8310088/

  The World Health Organization declared the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern at the end of January 2020 and a pandemic two months later. […] Recently, several vaccines were approved for emergency use against SARS-CoV-2. However, their worldwide availability is acutely limited, and therefore, SARS-CoV-2 is still expected to cause significant morbidity and mortality in the upcoming year. Hence, additional countermeasures are needed, particularly pharmaceutical drugs that are widely accessible, safe, scalable, and affordable. […] Prophylactic treatment for infectious diseases involves drug administration as early as possible and is generally given to healthy individuals. Prophylaxis can be given before (pre-exposure) or after (post-exposure) encountering the pathogen, but prior to symptoms onset.

• #2 COVID-19: Spread, prevention and risks – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/prevention-risks.html

  Wear a well-constructed, well-fitting mask when appropriate. […] Practising hand hygiene by: washing your hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds or using a hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol. […] If you’re at higher risk, it’s even more important that you reduce your risk of getting the virus. This means you should receive recommended vaccines and use personal protective measures in higher-risk settings. […] While abroad, protect your health and the health of others by: limiting contact with others if you become sick, wearing a well-constructed and well-fitting mask, especially if you’re sick, cleaning your hands regularly by washing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds or using a hand sanitizer containing at least 60% alcohol, covering your coughs and sneezes with a tissue or your elbow, not your hands.

• #2

  https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus

  Most people infected with the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. […] The best way to prevent and slow down transmission is to be well informed about the disease and how the virus spreads. Protect yourself and others from infection by staying at least 1 metre apart from others, wearing a properly fitted mask, and washing your hands or using an alcohol-based rub frequently. Get vaccinated when its your turn and follow local guidance. […] To prevent infection and to slow transmission of COVID-19, do the following: Get vaccinated when a vaccine is available to you. Stay at least 1 metre apart from others, even if they dont appear to be sick. Wear a properly fitted mask when physical distancing is not possible or when in poorly ventilated settings. Choose open, well-ventilated spaces over closed ones. Open a window if indoors. Wash your hands regularly with soap and water or clean them with alcohol-based hand rub. Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. If you feel unwell, stay home and self-isolate until you recover.

• #2 Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public

  Stay aware of the latest COVID-19 information by regularly checking updates from WHO in addition to national and local public health authorities. […] Protect yourself and those around you: […] Get vaccinated as soon as its your turn and follow local guidance on vaccination. […] Keep physical distance of at least 1 metre from others, even if they dont appear to be sick. Avoid crowds and close contact. […] Wear a properly fitted mask when physical distancing is not possible and in poorly ventilated settings. […] Clean your hands frequently with alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water. […] Cover your mouth and nose with a bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze. Dispose of used tissues immediately and clean hands regularly. […] If you develop symptoms or test positive for COVID-19, self-isolate until you recover.

• #2 Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public

  To properly wear your mask: […] Make sure your mask covers your nose, mouth and chin. […] Clean your hands before you put your mask on, before and after you take it off, and after you touch it at any time. […] When you take off your mask, store it in a clean plastic bag, and every day either wash it if its a fabric mask or dispose of it in a trash bin if its a medical mask. […] Avoid the 3Cs: spaces that are closed, crowded or involve close contact. […] Meet people outside. Outdoor gatherings are safer than indoor ones, particularly if indoor spaces are small and without outdoor air coming in. […] If you cant avoid crowded or indoor settings, take these precautions: […] Open a window to increase the amount of natural ventilation when indoors. […] Wear a mask (see above for more details).

• #2 Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public

  Stay home and self-isolate for 10 days from symptom onset, plus three days after symptoms cease. […] Call your health care provider or hotline for advice. Have someone bring you supplies. If you need to leave your house or have someone near you, wear a properly fitted mask to avoid infecting others. […] Keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities. Local and national authorities and public health units are best placed to advise on what people in your area should be doing to protect themselves.

• #2 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/prevention

  Pre-exposure prophylaxis […] Pemivibart, a broadly neutralizing extended half-life monoclonal antibody with activity against SARS-CoV-2, has demonstrated in vitro neutralization against more recent SARS-CoV-2 variants including JN.1 and XBB. […] Other guidelines do not currently recommend the use of pemivibart. […] Evidence for the use of tixagevimab/cilgavimab is limited. […] No drugs used for prophylaxis (e.g., ivermectin, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir) have provided convincing evidence for a reduction in the risk of infection. […] The WHO strongly recommends against administering hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis to people who do not have COVID-19, based on high-certainty evidence. […] Infection prevention and control for healthcare professionals […] Consult local infection prevention and control protocols; only basic principles from the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines are detailed here.

• #2 Protecting Workers: Guidance on Mitigating and Preventing the Spread of COVID-19 in the Workplace | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/coronavirus/safework

  This guidance is designed to help employers protect workers who are unvaccinated (including people who are not fully vaccinated) or otherwise at-risk (as defined in the text box below), including if they are immunocompromised, and also implement new guidance involving workers who are fully vaccinated but located in areas of substantial or high community transmission. […] OSHA emphasizes that vaccination is the most effective way to protect against severe illness or death from COVID-19. OSHA strongly encourages employers to provide paid time off to workers for the time it takes for them to get vaccinated and recover from any side effects. Employers should also consider working with local public health authorities to provide vaccinations for unvaccinated workers in the workplace. Finally, OSHA suggests that employers consider adopting policies that require workers to get vaccinated or to undergo regular COVID-19 testing – in addition to mask wearing and physical distancing – if they remain unvaccinated.

• #2 California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Section 3205. COVID-19 Prevention.

  https://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/3205.html

  Employers shall have effective methods and/or procedures for responding to a COVID-19 case at the workplace, including the following: (A) Employers shall immediately exclude from the workplace all COVID-19 cases and employees excluded under section 3205.1. […] Employers shall review current CDPH guidance for persons who had close contacts, including any guidance regarding quarantine or other measures to reduce transmission. Employers shall develop, implement, and maintain effective policies to prevent transmission of COVID-19 by persons who had close contacts. […] Employers shall provide face coverings and ensure they are worn by employees when required by a CDPH regulation or order. […] For indoor workplaces, employers shall review CDPH and the Division guidance regarding ventilation, including Interim Guidance for Ventilation, Filtration, and Air Quality in Indoor Environments. Employers shall develop, implement, and maintain effective methods to prevent transmission of COVID-19 including one or more of the following actions to improve ventilation: (A) Maximize the supply of outside air to the extent feasible, except when the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Air Quality Index is greater than 100 for any pollutant or if opening windows or maximizing outdoor air by other means would cause a hazard to employees, for instance from excessive heat or cold.

• #3 Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public

  Stay aware of the latest COVID-19 information by regularly checking updates from WHO in addition to national and local public health authorities. […] Protect yourself and those around you: […] Get vaccinated as soon as its your turn and follow local guidance on vaccination. […] Keep physical distance of at least 1 metre from others, even if they dont appear to be sick. Avoid crowds and close contact. […] Wear a properly fitted mask when physical distancing is not possible and in poorly ventilated settings. […] Clean your hands frequently with alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water. […] Cover your mouth and nose with a bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze. Dispose of used tissues immediately and clean hands regularly. […] If you develop symptoms or test positive for COVID-19, self-isolate until you recover.

• #3 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/prevention

  Vaccines […] The World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommends vaccination based on priority groups that reflect the risk of severe disease and death. […] Numerous COVID-19 vaccines are available globally. […] Vaccine availability differs between geographic locations and you should consult your local public health authority for more information on which vaccines are available in your area. […] Consult your local guidelines for information on who to vaccinate, choice of vaccine, dose schedule, and contraindications/cautions. […] Administer the vaccination series according to local public health authority recommendations. […] Vaccines are effective at reducing the risk of symptomatic, severe, and critical disease. […] Evidence in special patient populations is limited. […] Vaccination during pregnancy may protect the infant against infection and reduce the risk of hospitalization; however, further research is required.

• #3 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/prevention

  Pre-exposure prophylaxis […] Pemivibart, a broadly neutralizing extended half-life monoclonal antibody with activity against SARS-CoV-2, has demonstrated in vitro neutralization against more recent SARS-CoV-2 variants including JN.1 and XBB. […] Other guidelines do not currently recommend the use of pemivibart. […] Evidence for the use of tixagevimab/cilgavimab is limited. […] No drugs used for prophylaxis (e.g., ivermectin, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir) have provided convincing evidence for a reduction in the risk of infection. […] The WHO strongly recommends against administering hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis to people who do not have COVID-19, based on high-certainty evidence. […] Infection prevention and control for healthcare professionals […] Consult local infection prevention and control protocols; only basic principles from the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines are detailed here.

• #3 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | Airborne Disease Surveillance Epidemiology Program | MeCDC | Maine DHHS

  https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/airborne/coronavirus.shtml

  Symptoms may appear 2-14 days after exposure. […] Most patients experience relatively mild symptoms and can recover at home. Some patients, like those with underlying medical conditions, may experience more severe respiratory illness. Learn more about COVID-19 symptoms. […] Stay up-to-date on immunizations. […] Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds or use alcohol-based hand sanitizer. […] Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands. […] Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. […] Clean frequently touched surfaces, like counters, handrails, and doorknobs. […] Take steps for cleaner air. […] Stay home if you are sick as much as possible. Avoid close contact with others. […] Wear a face mask to protect yourself and others.

• #3 Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public

  To properly wear your mask: […] Make sure your mask covers your nose, mouth and chin. […] Clean your hands before you put your mask on, before and after you take it off, and after you touch it at any time. […] When you take off your mask, store it in a clean plastic bag, and every day either wash it if its a fabric mask or dispose of it in a trash bin if its a medical mask. […] Avoid the 3Cs: spaces that are closed, crowded or involve close contact. […] Meet people outside. Outdoor gatherings are safer than indoor ones, particularly if indoor spaces are small and without outdoor air coming in. […] If you cant avoid crowded or indoor settings, take these precautions: […] Open a window to increase the amount of natural ventilation when indoors. […] Wear a mask (see above for more details).

• #3 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Prevention | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/3000168/prevention

  The WHO strongly recommends mask use in community settings in higher-risk situations regardless of the local epidemiologic situation. […] Many countries implemented nonpharmaceutical interventions during the pandemic in order to reduce and delay viral transmission. […] Lifestyle modifications […] Lifestyle modifications (e.g., smoking cessation, weight loss, nutritious diet) may help to reduce the risk of infection, and may be a useful adjunct to other interventions.

• #3 California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Section 3205. COVID-19 Prevention.

  https://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/3205.html

  Employers shall have effective methods and/or procedures for responding to a COVID-19 case at the workplace, including the following: (A) Employers shall immediately exclude from the workplace all COVID-19 cases and employees excluded under section 3205.1. […] Employers shall review current CDPH guidance for persons who had close contacts, including any guidance regarding quarantine or other measures to reduce transmission. Employers shall develop, implement, and maintain effective policies to prevent transmission of COVID-19 by persons who had close contacts. […] Employers shall provide face coverings and ensure they are worn by employees when required by a CDPH regulation or order. […] For indoor workplaces, employers shall review CDPH and the Division guidance regarding ventilation, including Interim Guidance for Ventilation, Filtration, and Air Quality in Indoor Environments. Employers shall develop, implement, and maintain effective methods to prevent transmission of COVID-19 including one or more of the following actions to improve ventilation: (A) Maximize the supply of outside air to the extent feasible, except when the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Air Quality Index is greater than 100 for any pollutant or if opening windows or maximizing outdoor air by other means would cause a hazard to employees, for instance from excessive heat or cold.

• #3 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963

  In general, make it a habit to: Test for COVID-19. If you have symptoms of COVID-19 test for the infection. Or test five days after you came in contact with the virus. […] The CDC recommends that people wear a mask in indoor public spaces if you’re in an area with a high number of people with COVID-19 in the hospital. They suggest wearing the most protective mask possible that you’ll wear regularly, that fits well and is comfortable. […] Travel brings people together from areas where illnesses may be at higher levels. Masks can help slow the spread of respiratory diseases in general, including COVID-19. Masks help the most in places with low air flow and where you are in close contact with other people. Also, masks can help if the places you travel to or through have a high level of illness.

• #3 Protecting Workers: Guidance on Mitigating and Preventing the Spread of COVID-19 in the Workplace | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/coronavirus/safework

  Employers should engage with workers and their representatives to determine how to implement multi-layered interventions to protect unvaccinated and otherwise at-risk workers and mitigate the spread of COVID-19, including: Facilitate employees getting vaccinated. Employers should grant paid time off for employees to get vaccinated and recover from any side effects. […] Employers should provide face coverings to workers who request them at no cost (and make replacements available to workers when they request them). […] Employers should take additional steps to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 among unvaccinated or otherwise at-risk workers due to the following types of workplace environmental factors, especially in locations of substantial or high transmission.

• #3 Protect Yourself and Others: COVID-19 – MN Dept. of Health

  https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/prevention.html

  The virus that causes COVID-19 infections continues to spread, affecting people in Minnesota and throughout the world. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends important steps to reduce the spread of respiratory viruses, which can affect your nose, throat, and lungs, like COVID-19, influenza (flu), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), refer to CDC: Preventing Respiratory Viruses. The Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) also recommends these steps. […] This page provides basic information on what you can do to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and other respiratory viruses. Taking these steps, called prevention strategies, can help keep ourselves, our loved ones, and our community healthier. […] Important steps you can take to protect yourself and others from viruses like COVID-19, flu, and RSV: Vaccination provides the best protection against becoming seriously ill from COVID-19. Improved hygiene includes many simple steps such as washing your hands and covering your cough. Cleaner air: Actions like opening windows or holding gatherings outside help to decrease the amount of virus in the air.

• #4 Health: Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Prevention Division: COVID-19

  https://www.in.gov/health/idepd/respiratory-disease/coronavirus/?_gl=1*lbao6m*_ga*MTQ4NjE5NDkwMy4xNzIyOTQ3MzU4*_ga_VKE2YRE37R*MTcyMzEyODI1NS4xLjEuMTcyMzEzMjM2NS42MC4wLjA.

  COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It can be very contagious and can spread quickly via droplets released into the air. COVID-19 most often causes respiratory symptoms that can feel much like a cold, the flu, or pneumonia. COVID-19 may attack more than your lungs and respiratory system. Other parts of your body may also be affected by the disease. Most people with COVID-19 have mild symptoms, but some people become severely ill. People who are up to date with their COVID-19 vaccine have lower risk of severe illness. Practice good hygiene by covering coughs and sneezes, washing or sanitizing hands often, and cleaning frequently touched surfaces. […] COVID-19 vaccination is recommended if you are pregnant, breastfeeding a baby, trying to get pregnant now, or might become pregnant in the future. […] COVID-19 vaccines help prevent disease, hospitalization, and death. Unvaccinated people are more likely to get COVID-19 and much more likely to be hospitalized and to die from COVID-19, compared to people who are up to date with their COVID-19 vaccinations.

• #4 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21214-coronavirus-covid-19

  Making sure youre up to date with a current COVID vaccine is the best way to reduce your risk of getting sick with COVID and reduce your risk of severe illness if you do get sick. Youre also less likely to get long COVID if youre vaccinated. […] You can also reduce your risk by washing your hands frequently and wearing a mask when COVID is spreading. Be courteous and avoid being around others if youre sick or mightve been exposed to someone whos sick. […] If you have a compromised immune system, the monoclonal antibody medication pemivibart (Pemgarda) might be an option. A provider gives it to you in an IV (through your vein) to reduce your risk of getting COVID (pre-exposure prophylaxis).

• #4 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500114-treatment

  Frequently touched objects and surfaces should be cleaned and disinfected regularly. […] The CDC has recommended the below measures to mitigate community spread. All individuals in areas with prevalent COVID-19 should be vigilant for potential symptoms of infection and should stay home as much as possible, practicing social distancing (maintaining a distance of 6 feet from other persons) when leaving home is necessary. […] On April 3, 2020, the CDC issued a recommendation that the general public, even those without symptoms, should begin wearing face coverings in public settings where social-distancing measures are difficult to maintain in order to abate the spread of COVID-19. […] A 2020 study on the effectiveness of facemasks in preventing acute respiratory infections found that surgical masks worn by patients with infections such as rhinovirus, influenza, and seasonal coronaviruses (excluding SARS-CoV-2) reduced the detection of viral RNA in exhaled breaths and coughs. Surgical facemasks were notably effective in significantly decreasing the detection of coronavirus and influenza RNA in aerosols and respiratory droplets. The study suggested that wearing surgical facemasks could help prevent the transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza when worn by symptomatic individuals, which may have implications for controlling the spread of COVID-19.

• #4 Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public

  Stay home and self-isolate for 10 days from symptom onset, plus three days after symptoms cease. […] Call your health care provider or hotline for advice. Have someone bring you supplies. If you need to leave your house or have someone near you, wear a properly fitted mask to avoid infecting others. […] Keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities. Local and national authorities and public health units are best placed to advise on what people in your area should be doing to protect themselves.

• #4 How to stop the spread of COVID-19 Information | Mount Sinai – New York

  https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/special-topic/how-to-stop-the-spread-of-covid-19

  Make sure children ages 6 months and older get the COVID-19 vaccine. Getting children and teens vaccinated helps prevent them from spreading COVID-19 to older relatives and young siblings and friends who can’t or don’t get the vaccine. It also helps protect children and teens from serious illness. […] If you are vaccinated, and in an area where COVID-19 hospital admission rates are high, you can wear a face mask or respirator that fits well without gaps when you are indoors in public. […] Avoid poorly ventilated indoor spaces and crowded areas, even if you are vaccinated. If you are indoors, open windows and doors and use fans to help bring in outdoor air, when possible. Use a portable high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) cleaner. Spending time outdoors or in well-ventilated spaces can help reduce your exposure to respiratory droplets.

• #4 Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public

  Regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with either an alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water. This eliminates germs that may be on your hands, including viruses. […] Cover your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Dispose of the used tissue immediately into a closed bin and wash your hands. […] Clean and disinfect surfaces frequently, especially those which are regularly touched, such as door handles, faucets and phone screens. […] If you feel unwell, heres what to do. […] If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical attention immediately. […] Call by telephone first and follow the directions of your local health authority. […] Know the full range of symptoms of COVID-19. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, tiredness and loss of taste or smell.

• #4 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Transmission, Risk Factors, Prevention and Control: A Minireview

  https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/jide/journal-of-infectious-diseases-and-epidemiology-jide-6-145.php?jid=jide

  8. Airports and border closure to prevent immigration and emigration which may enhance infection transmission to other states and countries. […] 9. Adequate confirmation of treated cases before discharge. […] 10. Avoid stigmatization. Stigmatization could be embarrassing thereby preventing likely infected individuals from showing up for test and subsequent isolation. […] 11. Eating fruits and vegetables coupled with healthy diet that can boost immunity. […] Conclusively, SARS-CoV-2 is real and its transmission is occurring at an alarming rate particularly from person-to-person through large droplets worldwide. Thus, high level of hygiene and environmental cleanliness should be encouraged and maintained while avoiding all forms of close physical contact including but not limited to sex, hugging, kissing and even hand shaking except among those living together as family or husband and wife. […] Furthermore, all government policies and instructions guiding COVID-19 control and prevention should be properly followed. Thus, we can have a world-free coronavirus disease in near future.

• #5 FDA authorizes REGEN-COV monoclonal antibody therapy for post-exposure prophylaxis (prevention) for COVID-19 | FDA

  https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-authorizes-regen-cov-monoclonal-antibody-therapy-post-exposure-prophylaxis-prevention-covid-19

  Prophylaxis with REGEN-COV is not a substitute for vaccination against COVID-19 […] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration today revised the emergency use authorization (EUA) for REGEN-COV (casirivimab and imdevimab, administered together) authorizing REGEN-COV for emergency use as post-exposure prophylaxis (prevention) for COVID-19 in adults and pediatric individuals (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg) who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death. […] REGEN-COV may only be used as post-exposure prophylaxis for adults and pediatric individuals (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg) who are: at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death, and not fully vaccinated or who are not expected to mount an adequate immune response to complete SARS-CoV-2 vaccination

• #5 Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public

  Stay home and self-isolate for 10 days from symptom onset, plus three days after symptoms cease. […] Call your health care provider or hotline for advice. Have someone bring you supplies. If you need to leave your house or have someone near you, wear a properly fitted mask to avoid infecting others. […] Keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities. Local and national authorities and public health units are best placed to advise on what people in your area should be doing to protect themselves.

• #5 California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Section 3205. COVID-19 Prevention.

  https://www.dir.ca.gov/title8/3205.html

  This section applies to all employees and places of employment, with the following exceptions: (A) Work locations with one employee who does not have contact with other persons. (B) Employees working from home. (C) Employees with occupational exposure as defined by section 5199, when covered by that section. (D) Employees teleworking from a location of the employee’s choice, which is not under the control of the employer. […] COVID-19 is a workplace hazard and shall be addressed under section 3203, which requires employers to establish, implement, and maintain an effective Injury and Illness Prevention Program. The employer’s COVID-19 procedures shall either be addressed in the written Injury and Illness Prevention Program or maintained in a separate document. […] When determining measures to prevent COVID-19 transmission and to identify and correct COVID-19 hazards, employers shall consider all persons to be potentially infectious, regardless of symptoms, vaccination status, or negative COVID-19 test results.

• #6 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Care, Complications

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500114-treatment

  The WHO developed a blueprint of potential therapeutic candidates in January 2020. The WHO’s SOLIDARITY trial, which began in January 2020, assessed various treatments for COVID-19. Initial findings in July 2020 showed that hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, and lopinavir/ritonavir had little impact on reducing mortality compared to standard care. […] Interim results in October 2020 found that these antiviral agents had limited effect on COVID-19 patients in terms of mortality, ventilation need, and hospital stay duration. […] The urgent need for treatments during a pandemic can confound the interpretation of resulting outcomes of a therapy if data are not carefully collected and controlled. […] Evaluating emerging information on potential COVID-19 therapies has been challenging, but F. Perry Wilson provides a concise guide for clinicians to assess study evidence, using the example of a case series on hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin.

• #6 Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public

  Stay home and self-isolate for 10 days from symptom onset, plus three days after symptoms cease. […] Call your health care provider or hotline for advice. Have someone bring you supplies. If you need to leave your house or have someone near you, wear a properly fitted mask to avoid infecting others. […] Keep up to date on the latest information from trusted sources, such as WHO or your local and national health authorities. Local and national authorities and public health units are best placed to advise on what people in your area should be doing to protect themselves.

• #6 Protecting Workers: Guidance on Mitigating and Preventing the Spread of COVID-19 in the Workplace | Occupational Safety and Health Administration

  https://www.osha.gov/coronavirus/safework

  Employers should engage with workers and their representatives to determine how to implement multi-layered interventions to protect unvaccinated and otherwise at-risk workers and mitigate the spread of COVID-19, including: Facilitate employees getting vaccinated. Employers should grant paid time off for employees to get vaccinated and recover from any side effects. […] Employers should provide face coverings to workers who request them at no cost (and make replacements available to workers when they request them). […] Employers should take additional steps to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 among unvaccinated or otherwise at-risk workers due to the following types of workplace environmental factors, especially in locations of substantial or high transmission.

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