Atrezja trójdzielna – Etiologia i przyczyny

Atrezja trójdzielna
Etiologia i przyczyny

Atrezja trójdzielna to rzadka wrodzona wada serca, charakteryzująca się całkowitym brakiem zastawki trójdzielnej, co uniemożliwia przepływ krwi między prawym przedsionkiem a prawą komorą, prowadząc do hipoplazji prawej komory. Wada powstaje we wczesnym okresie embriogenezy, zwykle w pierwszych 8 tygodniach ciąży, na skutek zaburzeń rozwoju poduszeczek wsierdziowych. Etiologia jest wieloczynnikowa, obejmująca zarówno czynniki genetyczne (mutacje w genach ZFPM2, HEY2, NFATC1, NKX2.5, MYH6 oraz powiązania z zespołami genetycznymi jak Downa, DiGeorge’a czy VATER), jak i środowiskowe (infekcje matki, niekontrolowana cukrzyca, stosowanie teratogenów, np. izotretynoiny). W większości przypadków wada współistnieje z innymi anomaliami serca, takimi jak ubytek przegrody międzykomorowej (VSD), zwężenie zastawki płucnej, przełożenie wielkich naczyń (TGA) czy ubytek przegrody międzyprzedsionkowej (ASD), co wpływa na hemodynamikę i kliniczny obraz choroby.

Etiologia atrezji trójdzielnej

Nieprawidłowy rozwój embrionalny
Czynniki genetyczne
Czynniki ryzyka środowiskowe
Powiązania z innymi wadami serca

Morfologia atrezji trójdzielnej

Podstawowe typy atrezji trójdzielnej
Kolejne rozdziały

Etiologia atrezji trójdzielnej

Atrezja trójdzielna jest wrodzoną wadą serca charakteryzującą się brakiem zastawki trójdzielnej, co uniemożliwia przepływ krwi między prawym przedsionkiem a prawą komorą serca. Jest to rzadka wada występująca u około 5 na 100 000 żywych urodzeń.¹² Wada ta powstaje we wczesnym okresie rozwoju płodowego, gdy serce dziecka dopiero się kształtuje, zazwyczaj w pierwszych 8 tygodniach ciąży.³ Dokładna przyczyna atrezji trójdzielnej pozostaje w większości przypadków nieznana.

Nieprawidłowy rozwój embrionalny

Główna przyczyna atrezji trójdzielnej leży w nieprawidłowym rozwoju serca podczas embriogenezy.⁴ W normalnych warunkach zastawki przedsionkowo-komorowe rozwijają się z poduszeczek wsierdziowych. W przypadku atrezji trójdzielnej dochodzi do zaburzenia tego procesu.⁵ Badania sugerują, że atrezja trójdzielna jest wynikiem zatrzymania rozwoju serca we wczesnym etapie, gdy kanał przedsionkowo-komorowy jest podtrzymywany tylko przez pierwotną (lewą) komorę i nie ma połączenia między prawym przedsionkiem a rozwijającą się prawą komorą.⁶

W atrezji trójdzielnej, zamiast prawidłowo uformowanej zastawki, pojawia się lita tkanka w miejscu, gdzie powinna znajdować się zastawka trójdzielna.⁷ Ponieważ krew nie może przepływać przez zastawkę trójdzielną, prawa komora pozostaje mała (hipoplastyczna).⁸⁹ Na rozwój komór wpływa przepływ krwi przez nie – brak tego przepływu skutkuje niedorozwojem prawej komory.

Czynniki genetyczne

Chociaż większość przypadków atrezji trójdzielnej występuje sporadycznie, niektóre badania wskazują na pewne powiązania genetyczne. Atrezja trójdzielna została powiązana z kilkoma zespołami chromosomalnymi i genetycznymi, w tym:

Zespół Downa (trisomia 21) – wiele niemowląt z tą wadą ma zespół Downa¹⁰¹¹
Mikrodelecje chromosomalne – w tym 22q11, 4q31, 8p23 i mikrodelecje 3p¹²
Zespół VATER – wada ma związek z tym zespołem¹³
Zespół DiGeorge’a – stwierdzono powiązanie z tą wadą¹⁴
Zespół Alagille’a i zespół Ellisa-van Crevelda – atrezja trójdzielna występuje w związku z tymi zespołami¹⁵

Badania genetyczne zidentyfikowały również geny potencjalnie zaangażowane w rozwój atrezji trójdzielnej, w tym: ZFPM2, HEY2, NFATC1, NKX2.5 i MYH6.¹⁶ Szczególnie interesujące są badania na myszach, u których wyłączenie genu FOG2 (ZFPM2) prowadzi do rozwoju atrezji trójdzielnej. Znaczenie tego odkrycia i jego zastosowanie u ludzi wymaga jednak dalszych badań.¹⁷

Inne mutacje genowe związane z wadą zastawki trójdzielnej obejmują mutacje missensowe w genie RASA1, który reguluje kaskadę Ras/ERK oraz mutację missensową w NFATC1, która hamuje szlak Ras/ERK.¹⁸ Rodzinne występowanie atrezji trójdzielnej jest rzadkie, choć odnotowano kilka przypadków dziedziczenia autosomalnego recesywnego.¹⁹

Czynniki ryzyka środowiskowe

Chociaż dokładna etiologia atrezji trójdzielnej pozostaje nieznana, zidentyfikowano kilka czynników ryzyka, które mogą zwiększać prawdopodobieństwo wystąpienia tej wady u dziecka. Czynniki te obejmują:

Choroby infekcyjne u matki podczas ciąży:
- Różyczka (odra niemiecka) w pierwszym trymestrze ciąży²⁰²¹
- Inne infekcje wirusowe we wczesnej ciąży²²
Choroby matki:
- Źle kontrolowana cukrzyca podczas ciąży²³²⁴
- Toczeń (choroba autoimmunologiczna)²⁵
Używki i substancje teratogenne:
- Spożywanie alkoholu podczas ciąży²⁶²⁷
- Palenie tytoniu przed ciążą lub w jej trakcie²⁸²⁹
- Zażywanie narkotyków podczas ciąży³⁰
Stosowanie niektórych leków w trakcie ciąży:
- Leki przeciwtrądzikowe, np. izotretynoina (Claravis, Amnesteem)³¹³²
- Leki przeciwpadaczkowe³³³⁴
- Leki stosowane w leczeniu choroby dwubiegunowej³⁵³⁶
Czynniki rodzinne:
- Wrodzona wada serca u rodzica³⁷³⁸
- Rodzinna historia występowania wad wrodzonych serca³⁹
- Starszy wiek rodziców podczas poczęcia⁴⁰⁴¹
- Otyłość matki⁴²

Należy podkreślić, że posiadanie jednego lub więcej czynników ryzyka nie oznacza, że u dziecka wystąpi atrezja trójdzielna. Wada ta może pojawić się bez występowania jakichkolwiek czynników ryzyka.⁴³⁴⁴

Powiązania z innymi wadami serca

Atrezja trójdzielna rzadko występuje jako izolowana wada – zazwyczaj towarzyszy jej jedna lub więcej dodatkowych anomalii serca. Najczęstsze współistniejące wady serca to:

Ubytek przegrody międzykomorowej (VSD) – większość dzieci z atrezją trójdzielną ma również VSD, który umożliwia przepływ krwi z lewej komory do małej prawej komory, a stamtąd do tętnicy płucnej i płuc⁴⁵⁴⁶
Zwężenie zastawki płucnej (stenoza płucna) – często występuje wraz z atrezją trójdzielną, powodując zmniejszony przepływ krwi do płuc⁴⁷⁴⁸
Przełożenie wielkich naczyń (TGA) – w 12-25% przypadków atrezji trójdzielnej występuje TGA, gdzie aorta i tętnica płucna są nieprawidłowo połączone z sercem⁴⁹⁵⁰⁵¹
Ubytek przegrody międzyprzedsionkowej (ASD) lub drożny otwór owalny – umożliwiają przepływ krwi z prawego do lewego przedsionka, co jest niezbędne przy atrezji trójdzielnej⁵²
Drożny przewód tętniczy – może być dodatkową drogą dla przepływu krwi do płuc⁵³

W zależności od obecności i nasilenia tych dodatkowych wad, przepływ krwi do płuc może być zwiększony lub zmniejszony, co wpływa na objawy kliniczne i stopień sinicy u pacjenta.⁵⁴

Morfologia atrezji trójdzielnej

Atrezja trójdzielna charakteryzuje się całkowitym brakiem zastawki trójdzielnej, co prowadzi do braku bezpośredniej komunikacji między prawym przedsionkiem a prawą komorą.⁵⁵ Istnieje spektrum wariantów anatomicznych atrezji trójdzielnej, opartych na morfologii atrezji i obecności innych strukturalnych nieprawidłowości serca.⁵⁶

W większości przypadków atrezja trójdzielna objawia się jako wgłębienie w prawym przedsionku, występując w formie mięśniowej.⁵⁷ W rzadszych przypadkach dochodzi do fuzji częściowo zdelaminowanych płatków, prowadzącej do tworzenia błon, jak obserwuje się w typie Ebsteina.⁵⁸

Ze względu na brak przepływu krwi przez zastawkę trójdzielną, prawa komora pozostaje hipoplastyczna (niedorozwinięta), a krew musi znaleźć alternatywne drogi przepływu.⁵⁹ Rozwój komór jest stymulowany przez przepływ krwi przez nie – brak tego przepływu do prawej komory skutkuje jej niedorozwojem.⁶⁰

Atrezja trójdzielna bez interwencji w pierwszym roku życia wiąże się z wysoką śmiertelnością, ze wskaźnikiem przeżycia wynoszącym zaledwie 10%, w zależności od typu atrezji trójdzielnej i obecności innych wad serca.⁶¹⁶²

Podstawowe typy atrezji trójdzielnej

Wyróżnia się kilka typów atrezji trójdzielnej, w zależności od towarzyszących wad serca i anatomicznego układu naczyń:

Klasyczna atrezja trójdzielna – najczęstszy typ, obejmujący ubytek przegrody międzykomorowej (VSD) i zwężenie płucne, co prowadzi do zmniejszonego przepływu krwi płucnej, podwyższonego ciśnienia w prawym przedsionku i obligatoryjnego przecieku prawo-lewego na poziomie przedsionkowym przez rozciągnięty drożny otwór owalny lub ubytek przegrody międzyprzedsionkowej (ASD), powodując sinicę.⁶³
Atrezja trójdzielna z przełożeniem wielkich naczyń – w 12-25% przypadków wielkie naczynia są przełożone z VSD i normalną zastawką płucną, z nieograniczonym przepływem płucnym pochodzącym bezpośrednio z lewej komory, co zazwyczaj prowadzi do niewydolności serca i nadciśnienia płucnego.⁶⁴
Atrezja trójdzielna bez VSD – w tym przypadku krew może przepływać do płuc tylko przez drożny przewód tętniczy, co prowadzi do ciężkiej sinicy po jego zamknięciu.⁶⁵

W zależności od typu atrezji trójdzielnej, przepływ krwi płucnej może być zwiększony lub zmniejszony, co wpływa na objawy kliniczne i leczenie.⁶⁶ Brak zastawki trójdzielnej wraz z hipoplastyczną prawą komorą jest wadą śmiertelną, chyba że istnieje połączenie między przedsionkami oraz ubytek przegrody międzykomorowej i/lub drożny przewód tętniczy.⁶⁷

Podsumowując, atrezja trójdzielna jest złożoną wrodzoną wadą serca wynikającą z nieprawidłowego rozwoju zastawki trójdzielnej we wczesnym okresie życia płodowego. Chociaż dokładna przyczyna w większości przypadków pozostaje nieznana, zidentyfikowano szereg czynników genetycznych i środowiskowych, które mogą zwiększać ryzyko jej wystąpienia. Rozumienie etiologii tej wady jest kluczowe dla rozwoju strategii profilaktycznych i poprawy technik diagnostyki prenatalnej.

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Disease – Tricuspid atresia
https://ssl.adam.com/content.aspx?productid=617&pid=1&gid=001110&site=makatimed.adam.com&login=MAKA1603
Tricuspid atresia is an uncommon form of congenital heart disease. It affects about 5 in every 100,000 live births. […] There is no known way to prevent tricuspid atresia. […] Some inherited factors may play a role in congenital heart disease. Many family members may be affected.
#2 Tricuspid valve atresia – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tricuspid-valve-atresia
Tricuspid valve (TV) atresia is a cyanotic congenital heart lesion that is characterized by congenital agenesis or absence of the TV, resulting in no direct communication between the right atrium and ventricle. […] If untreated, TV atresia has a high mortality rate, with a survival rate as low as 10 percent at one year of age, depending on the type of TV atresia and the presence of other cardiac lesions. […] TV atresia is the third most common cyanotic heart lesion, with an estimated prevalence of 0.5 to 1.2 per 10,000 live births. […] There is no difference in the incidence based on sex. […] Although TV atresia is characterized by the absence of the TV, there is a spectrum of anatomic variants based on the morphology of the atresia and the presence of other cardiac structural lesions.
#3 Tricuspid Atresia | UMass Memorial Health
https://www.ummhealth.org/health-library/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia (TA) is a heart defect present at birth (congenital). It occurs when the tricuspid valve doesnt form right during fetal heart development. This happens during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy. […] In TA, the tricuspid valve doesn’t form as it should. Development of the ventricles is helped by blood flowing through them. Because blood doesn’t pass through the tricuspid valve, the right ventricle remains small. […] Some congenital heart defects may be passed down through families (genetic defects). Most of the time, there is no known cause for TA.
#4 Tricuspid Atresia – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32119382/
Tricuspid atresia is a cyanotic congenital heart defect characterized by the complete agenesis of the tricuspid valve. Consequently, the absence of communication between the right atrium and the ventricle leads to cyanosis. […] The root cause of this condition lies in abnormal heart development during embryogenesis without any confirmed genetic predisposition. […] Without intervention within the first year of life, tricuspid atresia carries a high mortality rate.
#5 Tricuspid Atresia – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554495/
Tricuspid atresia is a congenital heart defect that results in cyanosis due to the absence of communication between the right atrium and ventricle caused by the complete agenesis of the tricuspid valve. […] The root cause of this condition lies in abnormal heart development during embryogenesis without any confirmed genetic predisposition. […] The pathogenesis of tricuspid atresia is not fully understood, but it occurs due to the disruption of the normal development of the atrioventricular valves from the endocardial cushion.
#6 Orphanet: Tricuspid atresia
https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/1209
Etiology is still largely unknown. Tricuspid atresia results from an arrest in cardiac development at an early stage, when the atrioventricular canal is supported only by the primary (left) ventricle and there is no connection between the right atrium and the developing right ventricle. Tricuspid atresia is found in chromosomal anomalies such as 22q11, 4q31, 8p23 and 3p microdeletions. Some genes have been recognized as potentially involved: ZFPM2, HEY2, NFATC1, NKX2.5, and MYH6. Tricuspid atresia has also been reported in association with Alagille and Ellis Van Creveld syndromes.
#7 Tricuspid Atresia > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine
https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia is a serious congenital (present at birth) heart defect caused by the absence of a crucial heart valve. While the fetus’s heart is being formed, the tricuspid valve does not develop; instead, a solid ridge of tissue appears where this valve should be. […] Doctors aren’t sure what causes tricuspid atresia. Certain genetic or chromosomal abnormalities may contribute to the condition.
#8 Tricuspid Atresia – Stanford Medicine Children’s Health
https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=tricuspid-atresia-90-P01819
Tricuspid atresia occurs when the tricuspid valve does not develop properly. This prevents blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. […] In tricuspid atresia, the tricuspid valve does not form as it should. Development of the ventricles is helped by blood flowing through them. Because blood does not pass through the tricuspid valve, the right ventricle remains small. […] Some congenital heart defects may be passed down through families (genetic defects). Most of the time, there is no known cause for tricuspid atresia.
#9 Tricuspid atresia | Congenital Heart Defect (CHD) | Children’s Wisconsin
https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/herma-heart/conditions/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia (TA) is a congenital (present at birth) heart defect that occurs due to abnormal development of the fetal heart during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy. The tricuspid valve, normally located between the right atrium and the right ventricle, does not develop properly during pregnancy. […] In tricuspid atresia, during the middle of this development period, the tricuspid valve does not develop properly. Ventricular development is influenced by blood flowing through it, and since no blood is able to pass through the tricuspid valve, the right ventricle remains small. […] Some congenital heart defects may have a genetic link, either occurring due to a defect in a gene, a chromosome abnormality, or environmental exposure, causing heart problems to occur more often in certain families. Most of the time, this heart defect occurs sporadically (by chance), with no clear reason for its development.
#10 Tricuspid atresia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tricuspid-atresia/symptoms-causes/syc-20368392
Most congenital heart defects, including tricuspid atresia, result from changes that occur early as the baby’s heart is developing before birth. The exact cause is usually unknown. […] It’s not entirely clear why congenital heart defects such as tricuspid atresia occur. But some risk factors have been identified. Many babies born with a genetic disorder called Down syndrome have tricuspid atresia. […] Other things that might increase your baby’s risk of tricuspid atresia include: Having German measles (rubella) or another viral illness during early pregnancy, Family history of congenital heart disease, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy, Smoking before or during pregnancy, Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy, Use of certain medications during pregnancy, including some used to treat acne, bipolar disorder and seizures.
#11 Tricuspid Atresia (for Parents) – Humana – Louisiana
https://kidshealth.org/HumanaLouisiana/en/parents/tricuspid-atresia.html
Tricuspid atresia happens as the heart forms very early in pregnancy. No one knows why the valve doesn’t grow normally. […] A baby is more likely to have tricuspid atresia if: the baby has Down syndrome (trisomy 21); either parent has a congenital heart defect; the mother had a rubella (German measles) infection or other viral infection during pregnancy; the mother has poorly controlled diabetes or lupus (an autoimmune disease); the mother uses certain anti-acne or anti-seizure medicines during pregnancy; the mother drinks alcohol, smokes, or uses drugs during pregnancy. […] But having one or more risk factors doesn’t mean that a baby will have tricuspid atresia. Tricuspid atresia can happen without any risk factors.
#12 Orphanet: Tricuspid atresia
https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/1209
Etiology is still largely unknown. Tricuspid atresia results from an arrest in cardiac development at an early stage, when the atrioventricular canal is supported only by the primary (left) ventricle and there is no connection between the right atrium and the developing right ventricle. Tricuspid atresia is found in chromosomal anomalies such as 22q11, 4q31, 8p23 and 3p microdeletions. Some genes have been recognized as potentially involved: ZFPM2, HEY2, NFATC1, NKX2.5, and MYH6. Tricuspid atresia has also been reported in association with Alagille and Ellis Van Creveld syndromes.
#13 Tricuspid Atresia: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14789-tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia is a congenital heart defect (present at birth) that occurs when the tricuspid valve doesn’t form. The exact causes of it are unknown. […] Tricuspid atresia has a connection with VATER syndrome, trisomy and DiGeorge syndrome. […] Babies are more likely to get tricuspid atresia or another congenital heart disease if they have Down syndrome or a parent who had a congenital heart defect. […] Other risk factors (during pregnancy) include: a viral illness (including German measles), alcohol use, diabetes that isn’t properly managed, and use of certain kinds of medications, like anti-seizure or acne medicines.
#14 Tricuspid Atresia: Symptoms, Treatment & Prognosis
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14789-tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia is a congenital heart defect (present at birth) that occurs when the tricuspid valve doesn’t form. The exact causes of it are unknown. […] Tricuspid atresia has a connection with VATER syndrome, trisomy and DiGeorge syndrome. […] Babies are more likely to get tricuspid atresia or another congenital heart disease if they have Down syndrome or a parent who had a congenital heart defect. […] Other risk factors (during pregnancy) include: a viral illness (including German measles), alcohol use, diabetes that isn’t properly managed, and use of certain kinds of medications, like anti-seizure or acne medicines.
#15 Orphanet: Tricuspid atresia
https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/1209
Etiology is still largely unknown. Tricuspid atresia results from an arrest in cardiac development at an early stage, when the atrioventricular canal is supported only by the primary (left) ventricle and there is no connection between the right atrium and the developing right ventricle. Tricuspid atresia is found in chromosomal anomalies such as 22q11, 4q31, 8p23 and 3p microdeletions. Some genes have been recognized as potentially involved: ZFPM2, HEY2, NFATC1, NKX2.5, and MYH6. Tricuspid atresia has also been reported in association with Alagille and Ellis Van Creveld syndromes.
#16 Orphanet: Tricuspid atresia
https://www.orpha.net/en/disease/detail/1209
Etiology is still largely unknown. Tricuspid atresia results from an arrest in cardiac development at an early stage, when the atrioventricular canal is supported only by the primary (left) ventricle and there is no connection between the right atrium and the developing right ventricle. Tricuspid atresia is found in chromosomal anomalies such as 22q11, 4q31, 8p23 and 3p microdeletions. Some genes have been recognized as potentially involved: ZFPM2, HEY2, NFATC1, NKX2.5, and MYH6. Tricuspid atresia has also been reported in association with Alagille and Ellis Van Creveld syndromes.
#17 Tricuspid Atresia: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158359-overview
The cause is unknown. Although specific genetic causes of the malformation remain to be determined in humans, the FOG2 gene may be involved in the process. Mice in which the FOG2 gene is knocked out are born with tricuspid atresia. The significance of this finding and its applicability in humans requires further investigation.
#18 Tricuspid atresia causes – wikidoc
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Tricuspid_atresia_causes
Some Genes mutation in tricuspid valvopathy includes: missense mutation in RASA1 that regulates Ras/ERK cascade, a missense mutation in NFATC1 that downregulates the Ras/ERK pathway. […] Familial recurrence of tricuspid atresia is rare. […] Few cases of an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance are reported.
#19 Tricuspid atresia causes – wikidoc
https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Tricuspid_atresia_causes
Some Genes mutation in tricuspid valvopathy includes: missense mutation in RASA1 that regulates Ras/ERK cascade, a missense mutation in NFATC1 that downregulates the Ras/ERK pathway. […] Familial recurrence of tricuspid atresia is rare. […] Few cases of an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance are reported.
#20 Tricuspid atresia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tricuspid-atresia/symptoms-causes/syc-20368392
Most congenital heart defects, including tricuspid atresia, result from changes that occur early as the baby’s heart is developing before birth. The exact cause is usually unknown. […] It’s not entirely clear why congenital heart defects such as tricuspid atresia occur. But some risk factors have been identified. Many babies born with a genetic disorder called Down syndrome have tricuspid atresia. […] Other things that might increase your baby’s risk of tricuspid atresia include: Having German measles (rubella) or another viral illness during early pregnancy, Family history of congenital heart disease, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy, Smoking before or during pregnancy, Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy, Use of certain medications during pregnancy, including some used to treat acne, bipolar disorder and seizures.
#21 Tricuspid Atresia (for Parents) – Humana – Louisiana
https://kidshealth.org/HumanaLouisiana/en/parents/tricuspid-atresia.html
Tricuspid atresia happens as the heart forms very early in pregnancy. No one knows why the valve doesn’t grow normally. […] A baby is more likely to have tricuspid atresia if: the baby has Down syndrome (trisomy 21); either parent has a congenital heart defect; the mother had a rubella (German measles) infection or other viral infection during pregnancy; the mother has poorly controlled diabetes or lupus (an autoimmune disease); the mother uses certain anti-acne or anti-seizure medicines during pregnancy; the mother drinks alcohol, smokes, or uses drugs during pregnancy. […] But having one or more risk factors doesn’t mean that a baby will have tricuspid atresia. Tricuspid atresia can happen without any risk factors.
#22 Tricuspid atresia | Beacon Health System
https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/tricuspid-atresia?content_id=CON-20316967
Most congenital heart defects, including tricuspid atresia, result from changes that occur early as the baby’s heart is developing before birth. The exact cause is usually unknown. […] It’s not entirely clear why congenital heart defects such as tricuspid atresia occur. But some risk factors have been identified. Many babies born with a genetic disorder called Down syndrome have tricuspid atresia. […] Other things that might increase your baby’s risk of tricuspid atresia include having German measles (rubella) or another viral illness during early pregnancy, family history of congenital heart disease, drinking alcohol during pregnancy, smoking before or during pregnancy, poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy, and use of certain medications during pregnancy, including some used to treat acne, bipolar disorder and seizures.
#23 Tricuspid atresia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tricuspid-atresia/symptoms-causes/syc-20368392
Most congenital heart defects, including tricuspid atresia, result from changes that occur early as the baby’s heart is developing before birth. The exact cause is usually unknown. […] It’s not entirely clear why congenital heart defects such as tricuspid atresia occur. But some risk factors have been identified. Many babies born with a genetic disorder called Down syndrome have tricuspid atresia. […] Other things that might increase your baby’s risk of tricuspid atresia include: Having German measles (rubella) or another viral illness during early pregnancy, Family history of congenital heart disease, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy, Smoking before or during pregnancy, Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy, Use of certain medications during pregnancy, including some used to treat acne, bipolar disorder and seizures.
#24 Tricuspid Atresia: Understanding a Congenital Heart Condition
https://longmoreclinic.org/tricuspid-atresia-understanding-a-congenital-heart-condition/
Tricuspid atresia is a complex congenital heart defect (CHD) that affects the hearts structure and function from birth. […] The exact cause of tricuspid atresia is often unknown, although it is believed to occur during early fetal development. Genetic factors and maternal conditions, such as maternal diabetes or exposure to certain medications, may contribute to the risk of congenital heart defects, including tricuspid atresia. […] While the specific risk factors for tricuspid atresia are not always well-defined, certain maternal conditions and factors can increase the likelihood of congenital heart defects, including tricuspid atresia: Maternal Diabetes: Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy can increase the risk of heart defects. […] Some medications, if taken during pregnancy, may raise the risk of congenital heart defects.
#25 Tricuspid Atresia (for Parents) – Humana – Louisiana
https://kidshealth.org/HumanaLouisiana/en/parents/tricuspid-atresia.html
Tricuspid atresia happens as the heart forms very early in pregnancy. No one knows why the valve doesn’t grow normally. […] A baby is more likely to have tricuspid atresia if: the baby has Down syndrome (trisomy 21); either parent has a congenital heart defect; the mother had a rubella (German measles) infection or other viral infection during pregnancy; the mother has poorly controlled diabetes or lupus (an autoimmune disease); the mother uses certain anti-acne or anti-seizure medicines during pregnancy; the mother drinks alcohol, smokes, or uses drugs during pregnancy. […] But having one or more risk factors doesn’t mean that a baby will have tricuspid atresia. Tricuspid atresia can happen without any risk factors.
#26 Tricuspid atresia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tricuspid-atresia/symptoms-causes/syc-20368392
Most congenital heart defects, including tricuspid atresia, result from changes that occur early as the baby’s heart is developing before birth. The exact cause is usually unknown. […] It’s not entirely clear why congenital heart defects such as tricuspid atresia occur. But some risk factors have been identified. Many babies born with a genetic disorder called Down syndrome have tricuspid atresia. […] Other things that might increase your baby’s risk of tricuspid atresia include: Having German measles (rubella) or another viral illness during early pregnancy, Family history of congenital heart disease, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy, Smoking before or during pregnancy, Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy, Use of certain medications during pregnancy, including some used to treat acne, bipolar disorder and seizures.
#27 Understanding Tricuspid Atresia: Symptoms, Causes, And Treatment
https://bansalhospital.com/tricuspid-atresia-symptoms-causes-and-treatment
Tricuspid atresia is a severe medical condition where the heartâs tricuspid valve either becomes non-functional or is absent altogether. This can cause a disruption in the flow of blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle. […] The significant cause of tricuspid atresia is Infection During Pregnancy: Having German measles or another viral infection may raise your babyâs chance of tricuspid atresia. […] Use Of Medicine: Medicines that treat seizures or acne, similar to isotretinoin, may also be dangerous to your future child. […] Smoking Or Drinking Alcohol: Consumption of alcohol while pregnant may increase the threat of the disease. […] Diabetes: That is not well controlled during pregnancy can lead to practical problems in the baby. […] Genetic Disorders: For example, down syndrome, an inheritable abnormality caused by an additional 21st chromosome. […] The exact causes of tricuspid atresia are unknown. However, the possible causes may include the following: Infection during pregnancy, Use of medicine, Smoking or drinking alcohol, Diabetes, Genetic disorders.
#28 Tricuspid atresia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tricuspid-atresia/symptoms-causes/syc-20368392
Most congenital heart defects, including tricuspid atresia, result from changes that occur early as the baby’s heart is developing before birth. The exact cause is usually unknown. […] It’s not entirely clear why congenital heart defects such as tricuspid atresia occur. But some risk factors have been identified. Many babies born with a genetic disorder called Down syndrome have tricuspid atresia. […] Other things that might increase your baby’s risk of tricuspid atresia include: Having German measles (rubella) or another viral illness during early pregnancy, Family history of congenital heart disease, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy, Smoking before or during pregnancy, Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy, Use of certain medications during pregnancy, including some used to treat acne, bipolar disorder and seizures.
#29 Tricuspid atresia
https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/t/tricuspid-atresia2/?section=Causes
Tricuspid atresia occurs during fetal heart development. Some genetic factors, such as Down syndrome, might increase your baby’s risk of congenital heart defects such as tricuspid atresia, but the cause of congenital heart disease is usually unknown. […] In most cases, the cause of a congenital heart defect, such as tricuspid atresia, is unknown. However, several things might increase the risk of a baby being born with a congenital heart defect, including: A mother who had German measles (rubella) or another viral illness during early pregnancy, A parent who has a congenital heart defect, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy, Smoking before or during pregnancy, A mother who has poorly controlled diabetes, Use of some types of medications during pregnancy, such as the acne drug isotretinoin (Claravis, Amnesteem, others), some anti-seizure medications and some bipolar disorder medications, The baby is born with Down syndrome, a genetic condition that results from an extra 21st chromosome.
#30 Tricuspid Atresia (for Parents) – Humana – Louisiana
https://kidshealth.org/HumanaLouisiana/en/parents/tricuspid-atresia.html
Tricuspid atresia happens as the heart forms very early in pregnancy. No one knows why the valve doesn’t grow normally. […] A baby is more likely to have tricuspid atresia if: the baby has Down syndrome (trisomy 21); either parent has a congenital heart defect; the mother had a rubella (German measles) infection or other viral infection during pregnancy; the mother has poorly controlled diabetes or lupus (an autoimmune disease); the mother uses certain anti-acne or anti-seizure medicines during pregnancy; the mother drinks alcohol, smokes, or uses drugs during pregnancy. […] But having one or more risk factors doesn’t mean that a baby will have tricuspid atresia. Tricuspid atresia can happen without any risk factors.
#31 Tricuspid atresia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tricuspid-atresia/symptoms-causes/syc-20368392
Most congenital heart defects, including tricuspid atresia, result from changes that occur early as the baby’s heart is developing before birth. The exact cause is usually unknown. […] It’s not entirely clear why congenital heart defects such as tricuspid atresia occur. But some risk factors have been identified. Many babies born with a genetic disorder called Down syndrome have tricuspid atresia. […] Other things that might increase your baby’s risk of tricuspid atresia include: Having German measles (rubella) or another viral illness during early pregnancy, Family history of congenital heart disease, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy, Smoking before or during pregnancy, Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy, Use of certain medications during pregnancy, including some used to treat acne, bipolar disorder and seizures.
#32 Tricuspid Atresia
https://scts.org/patients/congenital/procedures/37/tricuspid_atresia/
Tricuspid atresia occurs during foetal heart development. Some genetic factors, such as Down syndrome, might increase your baby’s risk of congenital heart defects such as tricuspid atresia, but the cause of congenital heart disease is usually unknown. […] In most cases, the cause of a congenital heart defect, such as tricuspid atresia, is unknown. However, several factors might increase the risk of a baby being born with a congenital heart defect, including: A mother who had German measles (rubella) or another viral illness during early pregnancy, A parent who has a congenital heart defect, Older parental age at conception, Mother’s obesity, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy, Smoking before or during pregnancy, A mother who has poorly controlled diabetes, Use of some types of medications during pregnancy, such as the acne drug isotretinoin (Claravis, Amnesteem, others), some anti-seizure medications and some bipolar disorder medications, The presence of Down syndrome, a genetic condition that results from an extra 21st chromosome.
#33 Tricuspid atresia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tricuspid-atresia/symptoms-causes/syc-20368392
Most congenital heart defects, including tricuspid atresia, result from changes that occur early as the baby’s heart is developing before birth. The exact cause is usually unknown. […] It’s not entirely clear why congenital heart defects such as tricuspid atresia occur. But some risk factors have been identified. Many babies born with a genetic disorder called Down syndrome have tricuspid atresia. […] Other things that might increase your baby’s risk of tricuspid atresia include: Having German measles (rubella) or another viral illness during early pregnancy, Family history of congenital heart disease, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy, Smoking before or during pregnancy, Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy, Use of certain medications during pregnancy, including some used to treat acne, bipolar disorder and seizures.
#34 Tricuspid atresia
https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/t/tricuspid-atresia2/?section=Causes
Tricuspid atresia occurs during fetal heart development. Some genetic factors, such as Down syndrome, might increase your baby’s risk of congenital heart defects such as tricuspid atresia, but the cause of congenital heart disease is usually unknown. […] In most cases, the cause of a congenital heart defect, such as tricuspid atresia, is unknown. However, several things might increase the risk of a baby being born with a congenital heart defect, including: A mother who had German measles (rubella) or another viral illness during early pregnancy, A parent who has a congenital heart defect, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy, Smoking before or during pregnancy, A mother who has poorly controlled diabetes, Use of some types of medications during pregnancy, such as the acne drug isotretinoin (Claravis, Amnesteem, others), some anti-seizure medications and some bipolar disorder medications, The baby is born with Down syndrome, a genetic condition that results from an extra 21st chromosome.
#35 Tricuspid atresia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tricuspid-atresia/symptoms-causes/syc-20368392
Most congenital heart defects, including tricuspid atresia, result from changes that occur early as the baby’s heart is developing before birth. The exact cause is usually unknown. […] It’s not entirely clear why congenital heart defects such as tricuspid atresia occur. But some risk factors have been identified. Many babies born with a genetic disorder called Down syndrome have tricuspid atresia. […] Other things that might increase your baby’s risk of tricuspid atresia include: Having German measles (rubella) or another viral illness during early pregnancy, Family history of congenital heart disease, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy, Smoking before or during pregnancy, Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy, Use of certain medications during pregnancy, including some used to treat acne, bipolar disorder and seizures.
#36 Tricuspid atresia
https://www.mymlc.com/health-information/diseases-and-conditions/t/tricuspid-atresia2/?section=Causes
Tricuspid atresia occurs during fetal heart development. Some genetic factors, such as Down syndrome, might increase your baby’s risk of congenital heart defects such as tricuspid atresia, but the cause of congenital heart disease is usually unknown. […] In most cases, the cause of a congenital heart defect, such as tricuspid atresia, is unknown. However, several things might increase the risk of a baby being born with a congenital heart defect, including: A mother who had German measles (rubella) or another viral illness during early pregnancy, A parent who has a congenital heart defect, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy, Smoking before or during pregnancy, A mother who has poorly controlled diabetes, Use of some types of medications during pregnancy, such as the acne drug isotretinoin (Claravis, Amnesteem, others), some anti-seizure medications and some bipolar disorder medications, The baby is born with Down syndrome, a genetic condition that results from an extra 21st chromosome.
#37 Tricuspid atresia – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tricuspid-atresia/symptoms-causes/syc-20368392
Most congenital heart defects, including tricuspid atresia, result from changes that occur early as the baby’s heart is developing before birth. The exact cause is usually unknown. […] It’s not entirely clear why congenital heart defects such as tricuspid atresia occur. But some risk factors have been identified. Many babies born with a genetic disorder called Down syndrome have tricuspid atresia. […] Other things that might increase your baby’s risk of tricuspid atresia include: Having German measles (rubella) or another viral illness during early pregnancy, Family history of congenital heart disease, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy, Smoking before or during pregnancy, Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy, Use of certain medications during pregnancy, including some used to treat acne, bipolar disorder and seizures.
#38 Tricuspid Atresia (for Parents) – Humana – Louisiana
https://kidshealth.org/HumanaLouisiana/en/parents/tricuspid-atresia.html
Tricuspid atresia happens as the heart forms very early in pregnancy. No one knows why the valve doesn’t grow normally. […] A baby is more likely to have tricuspid atresia if: the baby has Down syndrome (trisomy 21); either parent has a congenital heart defect; the mother had a rubella (German measles) infection or other viral infection during pregnancy; the mother has poorly controlled diabetes or lupus (an autoimmune disease); the mother uses certain anti-acne or anti-seizure medicines during pregnancy; the mother drinks alcohol, smokes, or uses drugs during pregnancy. […] But having one or more risk factors doesn’t mean that a baby will have tricuspid atresia. Tricuspid atresia can happen without any risk factors.
#39 Tricuspid Atresia | Boston Children’s Hospital
https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia occurs sporadically with no clear reason for its development. […] Some congenital heart defects may have a genetic link, causing heart problems to occur more often in certain families.
#40 Tricuspid Atresia
https://scts.org/patients/congenital/procedures/37/tricuspid_atresia/
Tricuspid atresia occurs during foetal heart development. Some genetic factors, such as Down syndrome, might increase your baby’s risk of congenital heart defects such as tricuspid atresia, but the cause of congenital heart disease is usually unknown. […] In most cases, the cause of a congenital heart defect, such as tricuspid atresia, is unknown. However, several factors might increase the risk of a baby being born with a congenital heart defect, including: A mother who had German measles (rubella) or another viral illness during early pregnancy, A parent who has a congenital heart defect, Older parental age at conception, Mother’s obesity, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy, Smoking before or during pregnancy, A mother who has poorly controlled diabetes, Use of some types of medications during pregnancy, such as the acne drug isotretinoin (Claravis, Amnesteem, others), some anti-seizure medications and some bipolar disorder medications, The presence of Down syndrome, a genetic condition that results from an extra 21st chromosome.
#41 Understanding Tricuspid Atresia: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options
https://www.darwynhealth.com/heart-health/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/congenital-heart-defects/tricuspid-atresia/understanding-tricuspid-atresia-causes-symptoms-and-treatment-options/?lang=en
Tricuspid atresia is a congenital heart defect that occurs when the tricuspid valve, which is responsible for controlling blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle, fails to develop properly. The exact cause of tricuspid atresia is not known, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic factors and abnormal fetal development. […] Genetic factors play a significant role in the development of tricuspid atresia. Studies have shown that individuals with a family history of congenital heart defects are at a higher risk of having a child with tricuspid atresia. Certain genetic syndromes, such as Holt-Oram syndrome and DiGeorge syndrome, have also been associated with an increased risk of developing this condition. […] Abnormal fetal development during the first eight weeks of pregnancy can also contribute to the development of tricuspid atresia. During this critical period, the heart undergoes complex formation, and any disruption in the normal development process can lead to structural abnormalities. Factors that can interfere with fetal heart development include maternal use of certain medications, exposure to toxins or infections, and maternal health conditions like diabetes or obesity.
#42 Tricuspid Atresia
https://scts.org/patients/congenital/procedures/37/tricuspid_atresia/
Tricuspid atresia occurs during foetal heart development. Some genetic factors, such as Down syndrome, might increase your baby’s risk of congenital heart defects such as tricuspid atresia, but the cause of congenital heart disease is usually unknown. […] In most cases, the cause of a congenital heart defect, such as tricuspid atresia, is unknown. However, several factors might increase the risk of a baby being born with a congenital heart defect, including: A mother who had German measles (rubella) or another viral illness during early pregnancy, A parent who has a congenital heart defect, Older parental age at conception, Mother’s obesity, Drinking alcohol during pregnancy, Smoking before or during pregnancy, A mother who has poorly controlled diabetes, Use of some types of medications during pregnancy, such as the acne drug isotretinoin (Claravis, Amnesteem, others), some anti-seizure medications and some bipolar disorder medications, The presence of Down syndrome, a genetic condition that results from an extra 21st chromosome.
#43 Tricuspid Atresia (for Parents) – Humana – Louisiana
https://kidshealth.org/HumanaLouisiana/en/parents/tricuspid-atresia.html
Tricuspid atresia happens as the heart forms very early in pregnancy. No one knows why the valve doesn’t grow normally. […] A baby is more likely to have tricuspid atresia if: the baby has Down syndrome (trisomy 21); either parent has a congenital heart defect; the mother had a rubella (German measles) infection or other viral infection during pregnancy; the mother has poorly controlled diabetes or lupus (an autoimmune disease); the mother uses certain anti-acne or anti-seizure medicines during pregnancy; the mother drinks alcohol, smokes, or uses drugs during pregnancy. […] But having one or more risk factors doesn’t mean that a baby will have tricuspid atresia. Tricuspid atresia can happen without any risk factors.
#44 Tricuspid Atresia | Rady Children’s Hospital
https://www.rchsd.org/health-article/tricuspid-atresia/
Tricuspid atresia happens when the heart forms very early in pregnancy. No one knows why the the valve doesnt grow normally. […] A baby is more likely to have tricuspid atresia if: the baby has Down syndrome (trisomy 21); either parent has a congenital heart defect; the mother had a rubella (German measles) infection or other viral infection during pregnancy; the mother has poorly controlled diabetes or lupus (an autoimmune disease); the mother uses certain anti-acne or anti-seizure medicines during pregnancy. […] But, having one or more risk factors doesnt mean that a baby will have tricuspid atresia. Tricuspid atresia can happen without any risk factors.
#45 Tricuspid Atresia | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia in children is often linked with pulmonary stenosis, which is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve. Tricuspid atresia can also be linked with transposition of the great arteries, which is when the aorta (the large artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the body) and the pulmonary artery (the large artery that carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs) are connected to the heart abnormally. […] Most children with tricuspid atresia also have a ventricular septal defect, which is a hole between the right ventricle and left ventricle.
#46 When Your Child Has a Hypoplastic Right Ventricle: Tricuspid Atresia | Saint Luke’s Health System
https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/when-your-child-has-hypoplastic-right-ventricle-tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia is a congenital heart defect. This means your child was born with it. The exact cause is unknown. Most cases seem to occur by chance. […] With tricuspid atresia, the tricuspid valve is missing or completely blocked off. Normally, this valve allows oxygen-poor blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. With no valve, blood can’t reach the right ventricle. As a result, the right ventricle is small. And there is usually narrowing (stenosis) of the pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery. […] Most children with tricuspid atresia have another heart defect called a ventricular septal defect (VSD). This is a hole in the wall (ventricular septum) between the ventricles. The hole lets some blood flow from the left ventricle into the small right ventricle. Some of this blood can flow across the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery and reach the lungs. […] Some children with tricuspid atresia may also have another problem called transposition of the great vessels (TGA). This is when the great vessels (pulmonary artery and aorta) arise from the incorrect ventricles.
#47 Tricuspid Atresia | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia in children is often linked with pulmonary stenosis, which is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve. Tricuspid atresia can also be linked with transposition of the great arteries, which is when the aorta (the large artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the body) and the pulmonary artery (the large artery that carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs) are connected to the heart abnormally. […] Most children with tricuspid atresia also have a ventricular septal defect, which is a hole between the right ventricle and left ventricle.
#48 Tricuspid Atresia – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia accounts for 1 to 3% of congenital heart anomalies. […] The most common type (sometimes referred to as classic tricuspid atresia) includes a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and pulmonic stenosis, which results in decreased pulmonary blood flow, elevated right atrial pressure, and an obligatory right-to-left shunt at the atrial level through a stretched patent foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect (ASD), causing cyanosis. […] In 12 to 25% of cases, the great arteries are transposed with a VSD and a normal pulmonic valve, with unrestricted pulmonary blood flow coming directly from the left ventricle, typically resulting in heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. […] Thus, pulmonary blood flow may be increased or decreased with different forms of tricuspid atresia. […] The tricuspid valve is absent, and the right ventricle is hypoplastic; these defects are fatal unless there is an opening between the atria along with a ventricular septal defect and/or patent ductus arteriosus.
#49 Tricuspid Atresia | Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia in children is often linked with pulmonary stenosis, which is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve. Tricuspid atresia can also be linked with transposition of the great arteries, which is when the aorta (the large artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the body) and the pulmonary artery (the large artery that carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs) are connected to the heart abnormally. […] Most children with tricuspid atresia also have a ventricular septal defect, which is a hole between the right ventricle and left ventricle.
#50 Tricuspid Atresia – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia accounts for 1 to 3% of congenital heart anomalies. […] The most common type (sometimes referred to as classic tricuspid atresia) includes a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and pulmonic stenosis, which results in decreased pulmonary blood flow, elevated right atrial pressure, and an obligatory right-to-left shunt at the atrial level through a stretched patent foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect (ASD), causing cyanosis. […] In 12 to 25% of cases, the great arteries are transposed with a VSD and a normal pulmonic valve, with unrestricted pulmonary blood flow coming directly from the left ventricle, typically resulting in heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. […] Thus, pulmonary blood flow may be increased or decreased with different forms of tricuspid atresia. […] The tricuspid valve is absent, and the right ventricle is hypoplastic; these defects are fatal unless there is an opening between the atria along with a ventricular septal defect and/or patent ductus arteriosus.
#51 When Your Child Has a Hypoplastic Right Ventricle: Tricuspid Atresia | Saint Luke’s Health System
https://www.saintlukeskc.org/health-library/when-your-child-has-hypoplastic-right-ventricle-tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia is a congenital heart defect. This means your child was born with it. The exact cause is unknown. Most cases seem to occur by chance. […] With tricuspid atresia, the tricuspid valve is missing or completely blocked off. Normally, this valve allows oxygen-poor blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. With no valve, blood can’t reach the right ventricle. As a result, the right ventricle is small. And there is usually narrowing (stenosis) of the pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery. […] Most children with tricuspid atresia have another heart defect called a ventricular septal defect (VSD). This is a hole in the wall (ventricular septum) between the ventricles. The hole lets some blood flow from the left ventricle into the small right ventricle. Some of this blood can flow across the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery and reach the lungs. […] Some children with tricuspid atresia may also have another problem called transposition of the great vessels (TGA). This is when the great vessels (pulmonary artery and aorta) arise from the incorrect ventricles.
#52 Tricuspid Atresia – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia accounts for 1 to 3% of congenital heart anomalies. […] The most common type (sometimes referred to as classic tricuspid atresia) includes a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and pulmonic stenosis, which results in decreased pulmonary blood flow, elevated right atrial pressure, and an obligatory right-to-left shunt at the atrial level through a stretched patent foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect (ASD), causing cyanosis. […] In 12 to 25% of cases, the great arteries are transposed with a VSD and a normal pulmonic valve, with unrestricted pulmonary blood flow coming directly from the left ventricle, typically resulting in heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. […] Thus, pulmonary blood flow may be increased or decreased with different forms of tricuspid atresia. […] The tricuspid valve is absent, and the right ventricle is hypoplastic; these defects are fatal unless there is an opening between the atria along with a ventricular septal defect and/or patent ductus arteriosus.
#53 Tricuspid Atresia – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia accounts for 1 to 3% of congenital heart anomalies. […] The most common type (sometimes referred to as classic tricuspid atresia) includes a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and pulmonic stenosis, which results in decreased pulmonary blood flow, elevated right atrial pressure, and an obligatory right-to-left shunt at the atrial level through a stretched patent foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect (ASD), causing cyanosis. […] In 12 to 25% of cases, the great arteries are transposed with a VSD and a normal pulmonic valve, with unrestricted pulmonary blood flow coming directly from the left ventricle, typically resulting in heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. […] Thus, pulmonary blood flow may be increased or decreased with different forms of tricuspid atresia. […] The tricuspid valve is absent, and the right ventricle is hypoplastic; these defects are fatal unless there is an opening between the atria along with a ventricular septal defect and/or patent ductus arteriosus.
#54 Tricuspid Atresia – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia accounts for 1 to 3% of congenital heart anomalies. […] The most common type (sometimes referred to as classic tricuspid atresia) includes a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and pulmonic stenosis, which results in decreased pulmonary blood flow, elevated right atrial pressure, and an obligatory right-to-left shunt at the atrial level through a stretched patent foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect (ASD), causing cyanosis. […] In 12 to 25% of cases, the great arteries are transposed with a VSD and a normal pulmonic valve, with unrestricted pulmonary blood flow coming directly from the left ventricle, typically resulting in heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. […] Thus, pulmonary blood flow may be increased or decreased with different forms of tricuspid atresia. […] The tricuspid valve is absent, and the right ventricle is hypoplastic; these defects are fatal unless there is an opening between the atria along with a ventricular septal defect and/or patent ductus arteriosus.
#55 Tricuspid atresia – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricuspid_atresia
Tricuspid atresia is a form of congenital heart disease whereby there is a complete absence of the tricuspid valve. Therefore, there is an absence of right atrioventricular connection. This defect occurs during prenatal development, when the heart does not finish developing. The causes of tricuspid atresia are unknown. […] Tricuspid atresia is caused by complete absence of the tricuspid valve. The underlying cause of this absence remains unknown. […] This prevents direct blood flow between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
#56 Tricuspid valve atresia – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tricuspid-valve-atresia
Tricuspid valve (TV) atresia is a cyanotic congenital heart lesion that is characterized by congenital agenesis or absence of the TV, resulting in no direct communication between the right atrium and ventricle. […] If untreated, TV atresia has a high mortality rate, with a survival rate as low as 10 percent at one year of age, depending on the type of TV atresia and the presence of other cardiac lesions. […] TV atresia is the third most common cyanotic heart lesion, with an estimated prevalence of 0.5 to 1.2 per 10,000 live births. […] There is no difference in the incidence based on sex. […] Although TV atresia is characterized by the absence of the TV, there is a spectrum of anatomic variants based on the morphology of the atresia and the presence of other cardiac structural lesions.
#57 Tricuspid Atresia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30595
Tricuspid atresia is a cyanotic congenital heart defect characterized by the complete agenesis of the tricuspid valve. […] The root cause of this condition lies in abnormal heart development during embryogenesis without any confirmed genetic predisposition. […] The pathogenesis of tricuspid atresia is not fully understood, but it occurs due to the disruption of the normal development of the atrioventricular valves from the endocardial cushion. […] In most patients, the tricuspid inlet manifests as a dimple in the right atrium, presenting in a muscular form. […] In less common occurrences, a fusion involves partially delaminated leaflets, resulting in the formation of membranes, as observed in the Ebstein type.
#58 Tricuspid Atresia | Treatment & Management | Point of Care
https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/30595
Tricuspid atresia is a cyanotic congenital heart defect characterized by the complete agenesis of the tricuspid valve. […] The root cause of this condition lies in abnormal heart development during embryogenesis without any confirmed genetic predisposition. […] The pathogenesis of tricuspid atresia is not fully understood, but it occurs due to the disruption of the normal development of the atrioventricular valves from the endocardial cushion. […] In most patients, the tricuspid inlet manifests as a dimple in the right atrium, presenting in a muscular form. […] In less common occurrences, a fusion involves partially delaminated leaflets, resulting in the formation of membranes, as observed in the Ebstein type.
#59 Tricuspid Atresia – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia accounts for 1 to 3% of congenital heart anomalies. […] The most common type (sometimes referred to as classic tricuspid atresia) includes a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and pulmonic stenosis, which results in decreased pulmonary blood flow, elevated right atrial pressure, and an obligatory right-to-left shunt at the atrial level through a stretched patent foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect (ASD), causing cyanosis. […] In 12 to 25% of cases, the great arteries are transposed with a VSD and a normal pulmonic valve, with unrestricted pulmonary blood flow coming directly from the left ventricle, typically resulting in heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. […] Thus, pulmonary blood flow may be increased or decreased with different forms of tricuspid atresia. […] The tricuspid valve is absent, and the right ventricle is hypoplastic; these defects are fatal unless there is an opening between the atria along with a ventricular septal defect and/or patent ductus arteriosus.
#60 Tricuspid atresia | Congenital Heart Defect (CHD) | Children’s Wisconsin
https://childrenswi.org/medical-care/herma-heart/conditions/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia (TA) is a congenital (present at birth) heart defect that occurs due to abnormal development of the fetal heart during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy. The tricuspid valve, normally located between the right atrium and the right ventricle, does not develop properly during pregnancy. […] In tricuspid atresia, during the middle of this development period, the tricuspid valve does not develop properly. Ventricular development is influenced by blood flowing through it, and since no blood is able to pass through the tricuspid valve, the right ventricle remains small. […] Some congenital heart defects may have a genetic link, either occurring due to a defect in a gene, a chromosome abnormality, or environmental exposure, causing heart problems to occur more often in certain families. Most of the time, this heart defect occurs sporadically (by chance), with no clear reason for its development.
#61 Tricuspid valve atresia – UpToDate
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/tricuspid-valve-atresia
Tricuspid valve (TV) atresia is a cyanotic congenital heart lesion that is characterized by congenital agenesis or absence of the TV, resulting in no direct communication between the right atrium and ventricle. […] If untreated, TV atresia has a high mortality rate, with a survival rate as low as 10 percent at one year of age, depending on the type of TV atresia and the presence of other cardiac lesions. […] TV atresia is the third most common cyanotic heart lesion, with an estimated prevalence of 0.5 to 1.2 per 10,000 live births. […] There is no difference in the incidence based on sex. […] Although TV atresia is characterized by the absence of the TV, there is a spectrum of anatomic variants based on the morphology of the atresia and the presence of other cardiac structural lesions.
#62 Tricuspid Atresia – PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32119382/
Tricuspid atresia is a cyanotic congenital heart defect characterized by the complete agenesis of the tricuspid valve. Consequently, the absence of communication between the right atrium and the ventricle leads to cyanosis. […] The root cause of this condition lies in abnormal heart development during embryogenesis without any confirmed genetic predisposition. […] Without intervention within the first year of life, tricuspid atresia carries a high mortality rate.
#63 Tricuspid Atresia – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia accounts for 1 to 3% of congenital heart anomalies. […] The most common type (sometimes referred to as classic tricuspid atresia) includes a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and pulmonic stenosis, which results in decreased pulmonary blood flow, elevated right atrial pressure, and an obligatory right-to-left shunt at the atrial level through a stretched patent foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect (ASD), causing cyanosis. […] In 12 to 25% of cases, the great arteries are transposed with a VSD and a normal pulmonic valve, with unrestricted pulmonary blood flow coming directly from the left ventricle, typically resulting in heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. […] Thus, pulmonary blood flow may be increased or decreased with different forms of tricuspid atresia. […] The tricuspid valve is absent, and the right ventricle is hypoplastic; these defects are fatal unless there is an opening between the atria along with a ventricular septal defect and/or patent ductus arteriosus.
#64 Tricuspid Atresia – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia accounts for 1 to 3% of congenital heart anomalies. […] The most common type (sometimes referred to as classic tricuspid atresia) includes a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and pulmonic stenosis, which results in decreased pulmonary blood flow, elevated right atrial pressure, and an obligatory right-to-left shunt at the atrial level through a stretched patent foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect (ASD), causing cyanosis. […] In 12 to 25% of cases, the great arteries are transposed with a VSD and a normal pulmonic valve, with unrestricted pulmonary blood flow coming directly from the left ventricle, typically resulting in heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. […] Thus, pulmonary blood flow may be increased or decreased with different forms of tricuspid atresia. […] The tricuspid valve is absent, and the right ventricle is hypoplastic; these defects are fatal unless there is an opening between the atria along with a ventricular septal defect and/or patent ductus arteriosus.
#65 Tricuspid Atresia | Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment
https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/t/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia is a type of congenital (a condition you are born with) heart disease. In this disease, the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle doesnt develop. […] There are several differences that can produce different symptoms. The treatments depend on the defect and symptoms. […] If a ventricular septal defect is present and the great arteries are in their normally related position, blood from the left ventricle can reach the lungs through the ventricular septal defect. […] Finally, if there is transposition of the great arteries, blood reaches the lungs easily. This happens because the pulmonary artery is directly connected to the left ventricle. But blood can only reach the body and organs through the ductus arteriosus or the ventricular septal defect if there is one.
#66 Tricuspid Atresia – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia accounts for 1 to 3% of congenital heart anomalies. […] The most common type (sometimes referred to as classic tricuspid atresia) includes a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and pulmonic stenosis, which results in decreased pulmonary blood flow, elevated right atrial pressure, and an obligatory right-to-left shunt at the atrial level through a stretched patent foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect (ASD), causing cyanosis. […] In 12 to 25% of cases, the great arteries are transposed with a VSD and a normal pulmonic valve, with unrestricted pulmonary blood flow coming directly from the left ventricle, typically resulting in heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. […] Thus, pulmonary blood flow may be increased or decreased with different forms of tricuspid atresia. […] The tricuspid valve is absent, and the right ventricle is hypoplastic; these defects are fatal unless there is an opening between the atria along with a ventricular septal defect and/or patent ductus arteriosus.
#67 Tricuspid Atresia – Pediatrics – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies/tricuspid-atresia
Tricuspid atresia accounts for 1 to 3% of congenital heart anomalies. […] The most common type (sometimes referred to as classic tricuspid atresia) includes a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and pulmonic stenosis, which results in decreased pulmonary blood flow, elevated right atrial pressure, and an obligatory right-to-left shunt at the atrial level through a stretched patent foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect (ASD), causing cyanosis. […] In 12 to 25% of cases, the great arteries are transposed with a VSD and a normal pulmonic valve, with unrestricted pulmonary blood flow coming directly from the left ventricle, typically resulting in heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. […] Thus, pulmonary blood flow may be increased or decreased with different forms of tricuspid atresia. […] The tricuspid valve is absent, and the right ventricle is hypoplastic; these defects are fatal unless there is an opening between the atria along with a ventricular septal defect and/or patent ductus arteriosus.