Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment, Symptoms & Causes | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis, often referred to as eczema, is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that causes inflammation, redness, and irritation of the skin. […] Researchers do not know what causes atopic dermatitis, but they do know that genes, the immune system, and the environment play a role in the disease. […] No one knows what causes atopic dermatitis; however, researchers know that changes in the protective layer of the skin can cause it to lose moisture. This can cause the skin to become dry, leading to damage and inflammation in the skin. […] Researchers do know that the following may contribute to the changes in the skin barrier, which helps control moisture: Changes (mutations) in genes. […] The chance of developing atopic dermatitis is higher if there is a family history of the disease, which suggests that genetics may play a role in the cause.

• #2 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  There is no known single cause for atopic dermatitis (eczema) and it probably represents more than one condition. There are many theories regarding the underlying mechanisms. Current research is investigating the roles of the immune system, skin structural gene mutations, defects in the skin cells (keratinocytes), the skin surface microbiome (bacteria, viruses and yeasts), and many other factors. […] Current theories identify that atopic dermatitis is primarily a disease of the immune system, with cytokines being critical components to the disease. These cytokines, particularly IL-4 and IL-13 (Th2 pathway cytokines) and IL-22 (the Th22 axis cytokine) cause barrier defects and inflammation that result in the clinical features of eczema. […] There is emerging evidence that inflammation in atopic dermatitis is associated with immune-mediated and inherited abnormalities in the skin barrier. This barrier failure causes increased permeability of the skin and reduces its antimicrobial function.

• #3 Atopic Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/types-of-eczema/atopic-dermatitis/

  Atopic dermatitis is a chronic skin condition that can come and go for years or throughout life. […] In people with atopic dermatitis, the immune system becomes disordered and overactive. This triggers inflammation that damages the skin barrier, leaving it dry and prone to itching and rashes. […] While the exact cause is unknown, people develop atopic dermatitis because of a combination of genes and a trigger. People with atopic dermatitis tend to have an overactive immune system that, when triggered, responds by producing inflammation. […] Research also shows that some people with atopic dermatitis have a mutation in the gene responsible for filaggrin. Filaggrin helps our bodies maintain a healthy protective barrier on the very top layer of the skin. […] Additionally, some people with atopic dermatitis have a mutation of the gene responsible for creating filaggrin. Filaggrin is a protein that helps our bodies maintain a healthy, protective barrier on the very top layer of the skin.

• #4 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment, Symptoms & Causes | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis, often referred to as eczema, is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that causes inflammation, redness, and irritation of the skin. […] Researchers do not know what causes atopic dermatitis, but they do know that genes, the immune system, and the environment play a role in the disease. […] No one knows what causes atopic dermatitis; however, researchers know that changes in the protective layer of the skin can cause it to lose moisture. This can cause the skin to become dry, leading to damage and inflammation in the skin. […] Researchers do know that the following may contribute to the changes in the skin barrier, which helps control moisture: Changes (mutations) in genes. […] The chance of developing atopic dermatitis is higher if there is a family history of the disease, which suggests that genetics may play a role in the cause.

• #5 Eczema: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9998-eczema

  Your genes: You’re more likely to have eczema if there’s a history of eczema or dermatitis in your family. You’re also at a higher risk if there’s a history of asthma, hay fever and/or allergies. Common allergies include pollen, pet hair or foods that trigger an allergic reaction. You could also have a genetic mutation that causes your skin’s barrier function to not work as it should. […] Your environment: There’s a lot in your environment that can irritate your skin. Some examples include exposure to smoke, air pollutants, harsh soaps, fabrics such as wool, and some skin care products. Low humidity (dry air) can cause your skin to become dry and itchy. Heat and high humidity can cause sweating and that can make your itchiness even worse. […] Emotional triggers: Your mental health could affect the health of your skin, which can cause a flare-up of eczema symptoms. If you have high levels of stress, anxiety or depression, you may have more frequent flare-ups of eczema symptoms.

• #6 Causes of Eczema: Why Does It Occur and How Can You Prevent It?

  https://www.dexeryl.com/en/your-skin/atopic-dermatitis/eczema-causes

  The causes of atopic eczema, also frequently referred to as atopic dermatitis, are multifaceted; genetics play a significant role by interacting with environmental factors. […] Eczema, particularly atopic eczema, has a significant genetic and hereditary component. Several genes, including the filaggrin gene, are involved in its development. Therefore, atopic dermatitis tends to affect children within the same family. Children whose parents suffer from eczema or other allergic diseases such as asthma and hay fever have a 50 to 70% risk of developing atopic dermatitis. If both parents are affected, this risk increases to 80. […] Common mutations of the „FLG” gene lead to a deficiency in filaggrin, a protein essential for skin cell development, the integrity of the skin barrier, and skin hydration.

• #7 Atopic Eczema: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

  https://patient.info/skin-conditions/atopic-eczema

  Atopic eczema is an inflammation of the skin, which tends to flare up from time to time. […] There is no proven single cause for atopic eczema but factors which may play a part include: Changes in climate, Pollution, Allergies to house dust mite or pollens, Diet, Infections, Other early-life factors. […] The cause is not fully understood. The oily (lipid) skin barrier tends to be reduced in people with atopic eczema. This leads to an increase in water loss and a tendency towards dry, itchy skin. […] Inherited (genetic) factors play a part. Atopic eczema occurs in about 8 in 10 children where both parents have the condition and in about 6 in 10 children where one parent has the condition. […] Many people with atopic eczema are allergic to house dust mite. […] There may be a combination of factors in someone who is genetically prone to eczema, which causes the drying effect of the skin and the immune system to react and cause inflammation in the skin. […] Other possible factors which may trigger symptoms, or make symptoms worse, include: Stress and habit scratching, Pollens, moulds, and dander from pets, Pregnancy and hormonal changes before a period in women.

• #8 Eczema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538209/

  Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is the most common form of dermatitis. Many factors, including genetic and environmental factors, are thought to play a part in the pathogenesis of eczema. […] The exact etiology of eczema is not entirely understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] There is a strong genetic component to eczema, with a family history of eczema, asthma, or allergies commonly found in affected individuals. Several genes associated with eczema have been identified, including those involved in the skin barrier function and the immune system. […] One of the most well-known genes associated with eczema is the filaggrin gene (FLG). This gene provides instructions for making a protein called filaggrin, which is important in maintaining the skin barrier function. Mutations in this gene have been linked to eczema and other skin conditions and are thought to increase susceptibility to environmental irritants and allergens.

• #9 Atopic Dermatitis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/types-of-eczema/atopic-dermatitis/

  Atopic dermatitis is a chronic skin condition that can come and go for years or throughout life. […] In people with atopic dermatitis, the immune system becomes disordered and overactive. This triggers inflammation that damages the skin barrier, leaving it dry and prone to itching and rashes. […] While the exact cause is unknown, people develop atopic dermatitis because of a combination of genes and a trigger. People with atopic dermatitis tend to have an overactive immune system that, when triggered, responds by producing inflammation. […] Research also shows that some people with atopic dermatitis have a mutation in the gene responsible for filaggrin. Filaggrin helps our bodies maintain a healthy protective barrier on the very top layer of the skin. […] Additionally, some people with atopic dermatitis have a mutation of the gene responsible for creating filaggrin. Filaggrin is a protein that helps our bodies maintain a healthy, protective barrier on the very top layer of the skin.

• #10 Causes and Risk Factors of Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

  https://www.everydayhealth.com/eczema/causes-symptoms-risk-factors/

  About 20 to 30 percent of people with atopic dermatitis have a mutated or altered FLG gene, compared to 8 to 10 percent of people without atopic dermatitis. […] Scientists believe environmental triggers or exposures may have a significant impact on the development of atopic dermatitis. […] Research suggests that certain racial and ethnic groups are at greater risk of developing atopic dermatitis. […] Various other risk factors for atopic dermatitis may also exist, though the data is still inconclusive. […] Food allergies do not cause atopic dermatitis, but they can go hand in hand, thanks to the atopic march. […] Research suggests that eczema is the result of a complicated interaction between genes and environmental triggers, with the immune system also playing a role. […] About 20 to 30 percent of people with atopic dermatitis have a mutated or altered FLG gene, which is the gene responsible for creating a protein that helps maintain a protective barrier on the top layer of the skin. […] Food does not cause atopic dermatitis in adults, but food allergies can trigger eczema symptom flares.

• #11 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  The main inherited abnormality causing disordered barrier function is filaggrin expression. […] It is postulated that the loss of filaggrin results in: Corneocyte deformation (flattening of surface skin cells), which disrupts the organisation of the extracellular lipid (fat) — the lamellar bilayers. […] The immune system develops in the first six months of life. There is a generally an equilibrium of the two main types of T Helper lymphocytes (small white blood cells), Th-1 and Th-2. In atopic dermatitis, there is often an imbalance, with far more Th-2 cells and their associated chemical messengers (cytokines). […] The Th2 associated cytokines contribute to the loss of skin barrier function: Water is lost, Irritants may penetrate (soap, detergent, solvents, dirt etc.), Allergens may penetrate it (pollens, dust-mite antigens, microbes).

• #12 What Causes Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)? | Eczema HQ

  https://www.eczemaheadquarters.com/understanding-eczema/what-causes-eczema

  Lacking this protein can lead to a skin barrier dysfunction that allows moisture to escape so it cracks and allows irritants to enter, which can cause the skin to become dry, inflamed, and prone to infection. […] A family history of eczema or asthma, hay fever, or other allergies is a strong risk factor for having an overactive immune system and developing eczema.

• #13 Eczema – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538209/

  In addition to the filaggrin gene, other genes involved in the skin barrier function have been implicated in the development of eczema. These include genes involved in lipid synthesis and transport, such as the ceramide synthase gene and the ABCA12 gene. […] Environmental factors also play a role in the development of eczema. Patients with eczema have a defect in their skin barrier function, leading to increased water loss and susceptibility to environmental irritants and allergens. Common triggers for eczema flares include exposure to irritants such as detergents, soaps, solvents, and allergens such as dust mites, pet dander, and certain foods. […] In addition to genetic and environmental factors, the immune system is also thought to play a role in the development of eczema. Patients with eczema have an overactive immune response to environmental triggers, leading to inflammation and skin damage.

• #14 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  Up to 80% of people with atopic dermatitis have elevated total or allergen-specific IgE levels. […] About 30% of people with AD have mutations in the gene for the production of filaggrin (FLG), which increase the risk for early onset of atopic dermatitis and developing asthma. […] People with atopic dermatitis also have decreased expression of tight junction protein Claudin-1, which deteriorates the bioelectric barrier function in the epidermis. […] According to the hygiene hypothesis, early childhood exposure to certain microorganisms (such as gut flora and helminth parasites) protects against allergic diseases by contributing to the development of the immune system. […] In a small percentage of cases, atopic dermatitis is caused by sensitization to foods such as milk, but there is growing consensus that food allergy most likely arises as a result of skin barrier dysfunction resulting from AD, rather than food allergy causing the skin problems.

• #15 Eczema: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9998-eczema

  Eczema is a type of dermatitis. Dermatitis is a group of conditions that cause skin inflammation. […] What causes eczema to start? The first signs of eczema are itchiness, dry skin and a rash. These signs indicate that you came into contact with a trigger in your environment that caused your symptoms to start or flare up. Identifying environmental triggers and avoiding them can reduce your risk of an eczema flare-up in your future. […] What causes eczema? Several factors cause eczema, including: Your immune system: If you have eczema, your immune system overreacts to small irritants or allergens (triggers) in your environment. When you contact a trigger, your immune system assumes that these small irritants are foreign invaders, like bacteria or viruses, that can harm your body. As a result, the triggers activate your body’s natural defense system. Your immune system’s defense is to create inflammation. Inflammation causes symptoms of eczema on your skin.

• #16 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment, Symptoms & Causes | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/atopic-dermatitis

  The immune system normally helps to fight off illness, bacteria, and viruses in your body. Sometimes, the immune system becomes confused and overactive, which can create inflammation in the skin, leading to atopic dermatitis. […] Environmental factors may trigger the immune system to change the protective barrier of the skin allowing more moisture to escape, which can lead to the atopic dermatitis.

• #17 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  There is no known single cause for atopic dermatitis (eczema) and it probably represents more than one condition. There are many theories regarding the underlying mechanisms. Current research is investigating the roles of the immune system, skin structural gene mutations, defects in the skin cells (keratinocytes), the skin surface microbiome (bacteria, viruses and yeasts), and many other factors. […] Current theories identify that atopic dermatitis is primarily a disease of the immune system, with cytokines being critical components to the disease. These cytokines, particularly IL-4 and IL-13 (Th2 pathway cytokines) and IL-22 (the Th22 axis cytokine) cause barrier defects and inflammation that result in the clinical features of eczema. […] There is emerging evidence that inflammation in atopic dermatitis is associated with immune-mediated and inherited abnormalities in the skin barrier. This barrier failure causes increased permeability of the skin and reduces its antimicrobial function.

• #18 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  The main inherited abnormality causing disordered barrier function is filaggrin expression. […] It is postulated that the loss of filaggrin results in: Corneocyte deformation (flattening of surface skin cells), which disrupts the organisation of the extracellular lipid (fat) — the lamellar bilayers. […] The immune system develops in the first six months of life. There is a generally an equilibrium of the two main types of T Helper lymphocytes (small white blood cells), Th-1 and Th-2. In atopic dermatitis, there is often an imbalance, with far more Th-2 cells and their associated chemical messengers (cytokines). […] The Th2 associated cytokines contribute to the loss of skin barrier function: Water is lost, Irritants may penetrate (soap, detergent, solvents, dirt etc.), Allergens may penetrate it (pollens, dust-mite antigens, microbes).

• #19 Understanding Eczema Symptoms & Causes | Eczema Exposed

  https://www.eczemaexposed.com/understanding-eczema

  Atopic dermatitis is an immunological disease, which means it involves the immune system. With atopic dermatitis, the immune system is overly active and your skin barrier is weakened. This can cause your skin to react to even mild irritants or allergens. Rashes and itch on your skin are signs and symptoms of inflammation that’s always active underneath the skin. […] Atopic dermatitis is a chronic form of eczema, which, in some cases, may be severe. Many people assume their atopic dermatitis is only a skin condition and only need to treat the obvious signs and symptoms. What they may not realize is that they have an immunological disease that originates in part within the body. […] Atopic dermatitis is a disease where inflammation may be present under the skin even when there are no visible symptoms on the skin. So, even when skin is clear and looks rash-free, the underlying inflammation may still be active and waiting to return. […] Allergens are substances from food, plants, animals, or even the air that inflame the skin by causing your immune system to overreact. Inflammation can occur even from a small amount of an irritating substance.

• #20 Understanding Eczema Symptoms & Causes | Eczema Exposed

  https://www.eczemaexposed.com/understanding-eczema

  Atopic dermatitis is an immunological disease, which means it involves the immune system. With atopic dermatitis, the immune system is overly active and your skin barrier is weakened. This can cause your skin to react to even mild irritants or allergens. Rashes and itch on your skin are signs and symptoms of inflammation that’s always active underneath the skin. […] Atopic dermatitis is a chronic form of eczema, which, in some cases, may be severe. Many people assume their atopic dermatitis is only a skin condition and only need to treat the obvious signs and symptoms. What they may not realize is that they have an immunological disease that originates in part within the body. […] Atopic dermatitis is a disease where inflammation may be present under the skin even when there are no visible symptoms on the skin. So, even when skin is clear and looks rash-free, the underlying inflammation may still be active and waiting to return. […] Allergens are substances from food, plants, animals, or even the air that inflame the skin by causing your immune system to overreact. Inflammation can occur even from a small amount of an irritating substance.

• #21 Atopic Dermatitis Treatment, Symptoms & Causes | NIAMS

  https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/atopic-dermatitis

  The immune system normally helps to fight off illness, bacteria, and viruses in your body. Sometimes, the immune system becomes confused and overactive, which can create inflammation in the skin, leading to atopic dermatitis. […] Environmental factors may trigger the immune system to change the protective barrier of the skin allowing more moisture to escape, which can lead to the atopic dermatitis.

• #22 Atopic eczema | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/atopic-eczema/

  Common triggers include irritants such as soaps and detergents, including shampoo, washing up liquid and bubble bath. […] Environmental factors or allergens such as cold and dry weather, dampness, and more specific things such as house dust mites, pet fur, pollen and moulds. […] Food allergies such as allergies to cows milk, eggs, peanuts, soya or wheat. […] Certain materials worn next to the skin such as wool and synthetic fabrics. […] Hormonal changes women may find their symptoms get worse in the days before their period or during pregnancy. […] Skin infections.

• #23 What Causes Atopic Dermatitis In Adults? | Dermatology & Mohs Surgery located in Oviedo, Orlando, Lake Mary and Casselberry, FL | Orlando Dermatology Center

  https://www.orlandodermatologycenter.com/post/what-causes-atopic-dermatitis-in-adults

  Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a condition that causes dry, itchy and inflamed skin. […] Common causes include include: irritants such as soaps and detergents, including shampoo, washing-up liquid and bubble bath. environmental factors or allergens such as cold and dry weather, dampness, and more specific things such as house dust mites, pet fur, pollen and moulds. […] Since these rashes develop from negative immune reactions, theres also a risk that more flare-ups will occur unless you reduce your exposure to triggers.

• #24 Atopic eczema | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/atopic-eczema/

  Common triggers include irritants such as soaps and detergents, including shampoo, washing up liquid and bubble bath. […] Environmental factors or allergens such as cold and dry weather, dampness, and more specific things such as house dust mites, pet fur, pollen and moulds. […] Food allergies such as allergies to cows milk, eggs, peanuts, soya or wheat. […] Certain materials worn next to the skin such as wool and synthetic fabrics. […] Hormonal changes women may find their symptoms get worse in the days before their period or during pregnancy. […] Skin infections.

• #25 Eczema: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment | BIODERMA US

  https://www.bioderma.us/en/expert-advice/normal-dry-to-atopic-skin/eczema-causes-symptoms-and-treatment.html

  An overactive immune system causes the skin barrier to become dry and itchy, and this condition can be considered as another genetic factor triggering eczema. When in contact with a small irritant or allergen, the immune system overreacts, which creates inflammation leading to the first symptoms of eczema. […] Environmental factors play a significant role in triggering eczema. Common triggers of eczema are potential environmental irritants such as allergens: pollen, dust mites, pet dander, mold. […] Irritants: soaps, detergents, shampoos, makeup, disinfectants, juices from fresh fruits, meats, vegetables, peanuts, dairy, eggs. […] Other environmental factors include: Climate: extreme temperatures and humidity levels associated with dry weather. […] Stress: emotional stress can worsen symptoms. […] Diet: certain foods, such as dairy products, nuts, and wheat.

• #26 Eczema: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  Eczema Causes […] Experts arent sure what exactly causes eczema. Things that may make it more likely include: […] – An immune response to something irritating […] – Problems in your skins barrier that let moisture out and germs in […] – A family history of other allergies or asthma. […] Eczema risk factors […] Stress and genes are among the most common risk factors for getting eczema. But there are more, including: […] – Having very dry skin […] – Using hair care or skin products with certain allergens […] – Food allergies […] – Living in cold, damp areas or swampy, hot areas […] – Having someone in your family who has eczema. […] What causes eczema flare-ups? […] There are many causes, and theyre different for each person. These may include one or more of the following:

• #27 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  The cause is unknown but is believed to involve genetics, immune system dysfunction, environmental exposures, and difficulties with the permeability of the skin. […] Those who live in cities and dry climates are more commonly affected. […] Chemicals such as (di)isocyanates and xylene prevent the skin bacteria from producing ceramide-sphingolipid family lipids. […] Early life deficiency in these lipids predictive which children will go on to develop atopic dermatitis. […] Low humidity, and low temperature increase the prevalence and risk of flares in people with atopic dermatitis. […] Genes that may contribute to AD are mainly those responsible for immune response (e.g. TH2 cytokine and JAK-STAT pathway genes) and skin barrier (e.g. filaggrin, claudin-1, loricrin). […] Many people with AD have a family history or a personal history of atopy.

• #28 Eczema: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  – Genes and family history […] – Overreactive immune system […] – Extremely dry skin […] – Stress […] – Environment pollen from different blooming plants, cold and damp or hot and humid weather […] – Allergens substances that may cause allergic reactions, such as those in certain household or grooming products, and foods. […] Recent studies suggest that living near factories, major roadways, or wildfires can increase the risk of developing eczema. So can exposure to household materials such as paint, plastics, and cigarette smoke or synthetic fabrics such as spandex, nylon, and polyester.

• #29 Atopic eczema | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/atopic-eczema/

  Common triggers include irritants such as soaps and detergents, including shampoo, washing up liquid and bubble bath. […] Environmental factors or allergens such as cold and dry weather, dampness, and more specific things such as house dust mites, pet fur, pollen and moulds. […] Food allergies such as allergies to cows milk, eggs, peanuts, soya or wheat. […] Certain materials worn next to the skin such as wool and synthetic fabrics. […] Hormonal changes women may find their symptoms get worse in the days before their period or during pregnancy. […] Skin infections.

• #30 Eczema: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9998-eczema

  Your genes: You’re more likely to have eczema if there’s a history of eczema or dermatitis in your family. You’re also at a higher risk if there’s a history of asthma, hay fever and/or allergies. Common allergies include pollen, pet hair or foods that trigger an allergic reaction. You could also have a genetic mutation that causes your skin’s barrier function to not work as it should. […] Your environment: There’s a lot in your environment that can irritate your skin. Some examples include exposure to smoke, air pollutants, harsh soaps, fabrics such as wool, and some skin care products. Low humidity (dry air) can cause your skin to become dry and itchy. Heat and high humidity can cause sweating and that can make your itchiness even worse. […] Emotional triggers: Your mental health could affect the health of your skin, which can cause a flare-up of eczema symptoms. If you have high levels of stress, anxiety or depression, you may have more frequent flare-ups of eczema symptoms.

• #31 Causes of Eczema: Why Does It Occur and How Can You Prevent It?

  https://www.dexeryl.com/en/your-skin/atopic-dermatitis/eczema-causes

  Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory disease associated with abnormal activation of specific immune system cells. These cells promote the production of a type of antibody linked to allergic diseases. […] Environmental allergens, including dust mites, pollens, pet dander, and some molds, can trigger eczema in predisposed individuals. […] Common irritants, such as soaps, detergents, solvents, and even cosmetics, can aggravate eczema or trigger a flare-up. […] In some atopic individuals, particularly children and infants, consuming foods to which they are allergic can trigger an eczema flare-up or worsen existing symptoms. […] Identifying the trigger factors of atopic dermatitis is fundamental. Common environmental allergens include dust mites, pollens, pet dander, and some foods. […] Stress is an aggravating factor for atopic dermatitis as it disrupts the immune system and the skin barrier. […] Stress directs the immune system towards an allergic-type response, known as Th2, thus increasing the proportion of cells (eosinophils, mast cells) and antibodies (immunoglobulins IgE) associated with allergy in atopic dermatitis.

• #32 Eczema: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/atopic-dermatitis-eczema

  – Genes and family history […] – Overreactive immune system […] – Extremely dry skin […] – Stress […] – Environment pollen from different blooming plants, cold and damp or hot and humid weather […] – Allergens substances that may cause allergic reactions, such as those in certain household or grooming products, and foods. […] Recent studies suggest that living near factories, major roadways, or wildfires can increase the risk of developing eczema. So can exposure to household materials such as paint, plastics, and cigarette smoke or synthetic fabrics such as spandex, nylon, and polyester.

• #33 Eczema Causes and Atopic Dermatitis Risks: Genetics, Environment, and More

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/eczema-causes

  Doctors don’t know exactly what causes eczema. The most common type, atopic dermatitis, resembles an allergy. But the skin irritation is not an allergic reaction. […] Eczema is probably caused by a combination of things that may include: […] A major risk factor is having relatives who have or had eczema, asthma, or seasonal allergies. A large percentage of children with severe eczema will later develop asthma or other allergies. […] It’s not clear why, but children born to older women are more likely to develop eczema than children born to younger women. […] Children are more likely to get eczema if they are in higher social classes, live in urban areas with higher levels of pollution, or live in colder climates. […] Defects in the skin barrier that allow moisture out and germs in […] Endocrine disorders such as thyroid disease.

• #34 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  So both the genetic make-up of the individual and external environmental factors contribute to the likelihood of developing eczema, its severity and its response to treatment. […] Infective organisms play an important role in triggering and aggravating atopic dermatitis. Bacteria (particularly staphylococci) and in some patients yeasts (malassezia and candida) contribute to chronic inflammation. […] People who have atopic dermatitis are particularly prone to skin infections with Staphylococcus aureus. […] The infection causes eczema to worsen and become more resistant to the usual treatment with emollients and topical steroids. […] Current research indicates that skin barrier defects that occur in atopic dermatitis alter immune function and so can induce food allergy secondarily. […] There are many misconceptions and controversies regarding eczema and allergy. People who have atopic dermatitis associated with elevated IgE are likely to have allergies to food or environmental factors such as grass, cat dander and dust mites. However these allergies are often independent of their eczema, that is, even though the patient has a positive allergy test, exposure to the allergen does not directly affect the severity of eczema. […] Stress can come in many forms. Any other illness including a mild common cold may cause a flare in eczema. […] Climate undoubtedly plays a major role in the severity of eczema. Cold, damp climates may cause eczema to become more resistant to treatment.

• #35 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children may be linked to the level of calcium carbonate or „hardness” of household drinking water. […] Colonization of the skin by the bacterium S. aureus is prevalent in those with atopic dermatitis. […] Abnormalities in the skin barrier of persons with AD are exploited by S. aureus to trigger cytokine expression, thus aggravating the condition.

• #36 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  So both the genetic make-up of the individual and external environmental factors contribute to the likelihood of developing eczema, its severity and its response to treatment. […] Infective organisms play an important role in triggering and aggravating atopic dermatitis. Bacteria (particularly staphylococci) and in some patients yeasts (malassezia and candida) contribute to chronic inflammation. […] People who have atopic dermatitis are particularly prone to skin infections with Staphylococcus aureus. […] The infection causes eczema to worsen and become more resistant to the usual treatment with emollients and topical steroids. […] Current research indicates that skin barrier defects that occur in atopic dermatitis alter immune function and so can induce food allergy secondarily. […] There are many misconceptions and controversies regarding eczema and allergy. People who have atopic dermatitis associated with elevated IgE are likely to have allergies to food or environmental factors such as grass, cat dander and dust mites. However these allergies are often independent of their eczema, that is, even though the patient has a positive allergy test, exposure to the allergen does not directly affect the severity of eczema. […] Stress can come in many forms. Any other illness including a mild common cold may cause a flare in eczema. […] Climate undoubtedly plays a major role in the severity of eczema. Cold, damp climates may cause eczema to become more resistant to treatment.

• #37 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children may be linked to the level of calcium carbonate or „hardness” of household drinking water. […] Colonization of the skin by the bacterium S. aureus is prevalent in those with atopic dermatitis. […] Abnormalities in the skin barrier of persons with AD are exploited by S. aureus to trigger cytokine expression, thus aggravating the condition.

• #38 Atopic eczema: causes, triggers and natural treatments – Cytoplan

  https://blog.cytoplan.co.uk/atopic-eczema-causes-triggers-natural-treatments/

  Atopic eczema has a complex, multifactorial pathogenesis, including genetic, immunological and environmental factors that cause skin barrier abnormalities and immune dysfunction. […] Epidermal barrier dysfunction is increasingly recognised as a key determinant in the pathogenesis of eczema. […] The skin filaggrin is important for maintaining a functional skin-barrier, and a genetic dysfunction in the production of filaggrin may contribute to eczema. […] Dysbiosis in the skin microbiome and a dominance of Staphylococcus Aureus has been observed in eczema. […] The immunological pathogenesis of atopic eczema is complicated because its development is orchestrated by both the adaptive and innate immune systems. […] Gut dysbiosis, candida overgrowth and leaky gut have all been implicated in the condition.

• #39 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  So both the genetic make-up of the individual and external environmental factors contribute to the likelihood of developing eczema, its severity and its response to treatment. […] Infective organisms play an important role in triggering and aggravating atopic dermatitis. Bacteria (particularly staphylococci) and in some patients yeasts (malassezia and candida) contribute to chronic inflammation. […] People who have atopic dermatitis are particularly prone to skin infections with Staphylococcus aureus. […] The infection causes eczema to worsen and become more resistant to the usual treatment with emollients and topical steroids. […] Current research indicates that skin barrier defects that occur in atopic dermatitis alter immune function and so can induce food allergy secondarily. […] There are many misconceptions and controversies regarding eczema and allergy. People who have atopic dermatitis associated with elevated IgE are likely to have allergies to food or environmental factors such as grass, cat dander and dust mites. However these allergies are often independent of their eczema, that is, even though the patient has a positive allergy test, exposure to the allergen does not directly affect the severity of eczema. […] Stress can come in many forms. Any other illness including a mild common cold may cause a flare in eczema. […] Climate undoubtedly plays a major role in the severity of eczema. Cold, damp climates may cause eczema to become more resistant to treatment.

• #40 Eczema | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/e/eczema

  Eczema is a very common skin problem. The most common form of eczema is called atopic dermatitis. […] Children with atopic dermatitis may have allergies to foods, pets or other animals, dust mites, tree pollens and grasses, although it is not clear that these allergies actually cause the eczema in most children. […] In most cases, identifying these allergies does not help the eczema. Rarely, some children with atopic dermatitis may develop allergies to chemicals in their moisturizers, other skincare products, clothing or topical medications.

• #41 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  So both the genetic make-up of the individual and external environmental factors contribute to the likelihood of developing eczema, its severity and its response to treatment. […] Infective organisms play an important role in triggering and aggravating atopic dermatitis. Bacteria (particularly staphylococci) and in some patients yeasts (malassezia and candida) contribute to chronic inflammation. […] People who have atopic dermatitis are particularly prone to skin infections with Staphylococcus aureus. […] The infection causes eczema to worsen and become more resistant to the usual treatment with emollients and topical steroids. […] Current research indicates that skin barrier defects that occur in atopic dermatitis alter immune function and so can induce food allergy secondarily. […] There are many misconceptions and controversies regarding eczema and allergy. People who have atopic dermatitis associated with elevated IgE are likely to have allergies to food or environmental factors such as grass, cat dander and dust mites. However these allergies are often independent of their eczema, that is, even though the patient has a positive allergy test, exposure to the allergen does not directly affect the severity of eczema. […] Stress can come in many forms. Any other illness including a mild common cold may cause a flare in eczema. […] Climate undoubtedly plays a major role in the severity of eczema. Cold, damp climates may cause eczema to become more resistant to treatment.

• #42 Eczema: What It Is, Symptoms, Causes, Types & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9998-eczema

  What triggers eczema to flare up? Eczema affects each person diagnosed with the condition differently. What causes your symptoms to flare up might not trigger someone else with the condition. Common triggers that cause eczema include: Dry weather (low humidity). Fabrics or clothing material. Makeup or skin care products. Smoke and pollutants. Soaps and detergents. Stress or your emotional well-being. Touching something you’re allergic to. […] Do certain foods trigger eczema? The connection between eczema and food allergies is unclear. If you have food allergies, then one of the reasons why you must avoid that food is that it may cause or worsen your eczema symptoms. Examples of common allergies include: Peanuts. Dairy. Eggs. […] Is eczema an autoimmune disease? While eczema can cause your immune system to overreact, it isn’t classified as an autoimmune condition. Research is ongoing to learn more about how eczema interacts with your immune system.

• #43 Atopic eczema | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/atopic-eczema/

  Common triggers include irritants such as soaps and detergents, including shampoo, washing up liquid and bubble bath. […] Environmental factors or allergens such as cold and dry weather, dampness, and more specific things such as house dust mites, pet fur, pollen and moulds. […] Food allergies such as allergies to cows milk, eggs, peanuts, soya or wheat. […] Certain materials worn next to the skin such as wool and synthetic fabrics. […] Hormonal changes women may find their symptoms get worse in the days before their period or during pregnancy. […] Skin infections.

• #44 Atopic Eczema (Dermatitis): Causes, Symptoms, Treatment

  https://www.allergyfree.co.in/en-gb/know-your-allergy/skin-allergies/atopic-eczema-dermatitis

  Environmental factors, irritants and allergens are the common risk factors when it comes to Atopic Eczema or Atopic Dermatitis. […] The main triggers of Atopic Eczema are irritants, allergies, dry skin, stress, infection and sweating. These are the triggers of Atopic Eczema and dont necessarily cause it. […] The primary risk factors for Atopic Eczema include family history, hay fever, asthma or allergies. […] Atopic Eczema is often associated with other atopic disorders like asthma and hay fever. […] Peanuts, soy, fish, milk, wheat and eggs trigger Atopic Eczema.

• #45 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) | Boston Children’s Hospital

  https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/eczema

  Eczema (atopic dermatitis) is an inflammatory, allergic, non-contagious skin disorder that causes itchy, scaly, flaky skin. […] Eczema is a type of inflammation of the skin often connected to allergies. Physicians often use the terms eczema and atopic dermatitis interchangeably because most cases of eczema in children are caused by atopic dermatitis. […] The main triggers of eczema are dry skin, irritants, stress, allergies, infection and heat/sweating. It’s important to note that these are triggers that worsen the symptoms of eczema, and don’t necessarily cause eczema. […] Children with a family history of allergies, asthma, and eczema are more likely to have eczema. In research studies, mutations in skin barrier genes such as filaggrin are commonly associated with eczema. […] About 25 percent of children with atopic dermatitis have a food allergy.

• #46 Eczema | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

  https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/health/e/eczema

  Eczema is a very common skin problem. The most common form of eczema is called atopic dermatitis. […] Children with atopic dermatitis may have allergies to foods, pets or other animals, dust mites, tree pollens and grasses, although it is not clear that these allergies actually cause the eczema in most children. […] In most cases, identifying these allergies does not help the eczema. Rarely, some children with atopic dermatitis may develop allergies to chemicals in their moisturizers, other skincare products, clothing or topical medications.

• #47 Atopic dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

  Up to 80% of people with atopic dermatitis have elevated total or allergen-specific IgE levels. […] About 30% of people with AD have mutations in the gene for the production of filaggrin (FLG), which increase the risk for early onset of atopic dermatitis and developing asthma. […] People with atopic dermatitis also have decreased expression of tight junction protein Claudin-1, which deteriorates the bioelectric barrier function in the epidermis. […] According to the hygiene hypothesis, early childhood exposure to certain microorganisms (such as gut flora and helminth parasites) protects against allergic diseases by contributing to the development of the immune system. […] In a small percentage of cases, atopic dermatitis is caused by sensitization to foods such as milk, but there is growing consensus that food allergy most likely arises as a result of skin barrier dysfunction resulting from AD, rather than food allergy causing the skin problems.

• #48 Dermatitis – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis

  The exact cause of the condition is often unclear. […] The cause of dermatitis is unknown but is presumed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. […] A number of genes have been associated with eczema, one of which affects production of filaggrin. […] Eczema occurs about three times more frequently in individuals with celiac disease and about two times more frequently in relatives of those with celiac disease, potentially indicating a genetic link between the conditions. […] The hygiene hypothesis postulates that the cause of asthma, eczema, and other allergic diseases is an unusually clean environment in childhood which leads to an insufficient human microbiota. […] While it has been suggested that eczema may sometimes be an allergic reaction to the excrement from house dust mites, with up to 5% of people showing antibodies to the mites, the overall role this plays awaits further corroboration.

• #49 Atopic dermatitis (Atopic Eczema): Symptoms and Causes — DermNet

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis results from a complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors. […] Approximately 230 million people around the world have atopic dermatitis and the lifetime prevalence is 15% especially in wealthier countries. […] It typically affects people with an atopic tendency clustering with hay fever, asthma, and food allergies. […] Some races are more susceptible to developing atopic dermatitis, and genetic studies are showing marked diversity of the conditions extent (heterogeneity) between populations. […] Atopic dermatitis usually starts in infancy, affecting up to 20% of children. […] Approximately 80% of children affected develop it before the age of 6 years. […] Although it can settle in late childhood and adolescence, the prevalence in young adults up to 26 years of age is still 515%.

• #50 Eczema types: Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/atopic-dermatitis/causes

  However, some people have a higher risk of getting it. Here’s what research shows can increase the risk: Your race: In the United States, Black children are twice as likely as white children to develop atopic dermatitis, according to several studies. […] Many people who develop atopic dermatitis have one or more blood relatives with atopic dermatitis or an allergic disease like asthma or hay fever. Studies have found this to be true for 70% of patients with atopic dermatitis. […] In most cases, atopic dermatitis is not caused or triggered by a specific allergy. Still, many people who have atopic dermatitis develop an allergic disease. […] About one-third of children with atopic dermatitis later develop asthma, and two-thirds get hay fever. […] If you have atopic dermatitis, with or without an allergic disease, it’s important to see a board-certified dermatologist.

• #51 Eczema | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/skin-allergy/eczema/

  Eczema, also called atopic dermatitis, is a skin disease that causes an itchy rash. […] Allergy plays a role in some patients’ eczema. […] Eczema is associated with the development of food and environmental allergies, and it develops due to a defective skin barrier. Eczema is often inherited, and infants with parents who have allergies or asthma are at highest risk for development. […] Eczema is considered to be part of the “atopic march.” The atopic march involves the diagnosis of eczema during infancy, followed by food allergy, allergic rhinitis (also known as hay fever) and asthma, typically in that order. Studies show up to 80 percent of children with eczema develop asthma and/or allergic rhinitis later in childhood. […] Scientists have found that people who have a protein deficiency known as Filaggrin deficiency are at risk for developing eczema.

• #52 Eczema | Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | ACAAI Public Website

  https://acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/skin-allergy/eczema/

  Eczema, also called atopic dermatitis, is a skin disease that causes an itchy rash. […] Allergy plays a role in some patients’ eczema. […] Eczema is associated with the development of food and environmental allergies, and it develops due to a defective skin barrier. Eczema is often inherited, and infants with parents who have allergies or asthma are at highest risk for development. […] Eczema is considered to be part of the “atopic march.” The atopic march involves the diagnosis of eczema during infancy, followed by food allergy, allergic rhinitis (also known as hay fever) and asthma, typically in that order. Studies show up to 80 percent of children with eczema develop asthma and/or allergic rhinitis later in childhood. […] Scientists have found that people who have a protein deficiency known as Filaggrin deficiency are at risk for developing eczema.

• #53 Eczema types: Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/eczema/types/atopic-dermatitis/causes

  However, some people have a higher risk of getting it. Here’s what research shows can increase the risk: Your race: In the United States, Black children are twice as likely as white children to develop atopic dermatitis, according to several studies. […] Many people who develop atopic dermatitis have one or more blood relatives with atopic dermatitis or an allergic disease like asthma or hay fever. Studies have found this to be true for 70% of patients with atopic dermatitis. […] In most cases, atopic dermatitis is not caused or triggered by a specific allergy. Still, many people who have atopic dermatitis develop an allergic disease. […] About one-third of children with atopic dermatitis later develop asthma, and two-thirds get hay fever. […] If you have atopic dermatitis, with or without an allergic disease, it’s important to see a board-certified dermatologist.

• #54 Eczema – British Skin Foundation

  https://knowyourskin.britishskinfoundation.org.uk/condition/eczema/

  Atopic eczema is a complex condition and a number of factors appear important for its development including patient susceptibility and environmental factors. […] Patients typically have alterations in their skin barrier, and increased inflammatory and allergy responses. Environmental factors include contact with soaps, detergents and any other chemicals applied to the skin, exposure to allergens, and infection with certain bacteria and viruses. […] An alteration in a gene that is important for maintaining a healthy skin barrier has been closely linked to the development of eczema. […] Atopic eczema cannot be caught from somebody else it is not infectious. […] Yes, AE tends to run in families. If one or both parents have eczema, it is more likely that their children will develop it too. […] Approximately one third of children with atopic eczema will also develop asthma and/or hay fever.

• #55 Atopic eczema | NHS inform

  https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/skin-hair-and-nails/atopic-eczema/

  Common triggers include irritants such as soaps and detergents, including shampoo, washing up liquid and bubble bath. […] Environmental factors or allergens such as cold and dry weather, dampness, and more specific things such as house dust mites, pet fur, pollen and moulds. […] Food allergies such as allergies to cows milk, eggs, peanuts, soya or wheat. […] Certain materials worn next to the skin such as wool and synthetic fabrics. […] Hormonal changes women may find their symptoms get worse in the days before their period or during pregnancy. […] Skin infections.

• #56 Eczema flare up: What causes and triggers eczema?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-causes-eczema-to-flare-up

  Various factors can cause eczema to flare up. These include allergens, stress, and cold weather. Identifying potential triggers can help people avoid or manage symptoms. […] Doctors are not sure what the underlying cause for eczema is, but people can often identify one or more triggers for eczema flare-ups. […] Irritant contact dermatitis is typically the result of direct contact with an irritating substance. […] Allergic contact dermatitis flares up due to direct contact with an allergen. […] Some evidence suggests that sex hormones may influence atopic dermatitis. […] The researchers suggest that this may be due to sex hormones and their impact on the immune system. […] Some types of bacteria, viruses, and fungi are responsible for some types of eczema. […] According to the NEA, around 15% of children with atopic dermatitis also have a food allergy.

• #57 Eczema flare up: What causes and triggers eczema?

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/what-causes-eczema-to-flare-up

  Various factors can cause eczema to flare up. These include allergens, stress, and cold weather. Identifying potential triggers can help people avoid or manage symptoms. […] Doctors are not sure what the underlying cause for eczema is, but people can often identify one or more triggers for eczema flare-ups. […] Irritant contact dermatitis is typically the result of direct contact with an irritating substance. […] Allergic contact dermatitis flares up due to direct contact with an allergen. […] Some evidence suggests that sex hormones may influence atopic dermatitis. […] The researchers suggest that this may be due to sex hormones and their impact on the immune system. […] Some types of bacteria, viruses, and fungi are responsible for some types of eczema. […] According to the NEA, around 15% of children with atopic dermatitis also have a food allergy.

• #58 What Causes Eczema in Adults? – London Medical

  https://londonmedical.co.uk/news-and-events/what-causes-eczema-in-adults/

  Eczema is the name given to a group of conditions that cause skin inflammation. […] Atopic eczema is just the name given to the most common kind of eczema. […] Experts haven’t been able to pinpoint why but they offer several possible causes, including: Your family genes if you have a family history of eczema or dermatitis you are more likely to develop the condition, even if you didn’t have eczema as a kid. […] Drier skin skin becomes drier, thinner and more fragile as it ages. This means that it becomes more sensitive. Irritants can also cause flare-ups more easily. […] Emotional triggers sometimes, eczema can emerge due to stress. Stressful life events such as bereavement or redundancy can trigger eczema symptoms. […] Your environment if your home is particularly warm and dry throughout the winter months, you may be more prone to developing asteatotic eczema. […] Menopause as oestrogen levels decline during menopause, changes in your skin can make you more prone to eczema.

• #59 What causes Eczema? | National Jewish Health

  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/eczema/what-causes-eczema

  The exact cause of eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is unknown although it typically occurs in families with atopic diseases (atopic dermatitis, asthma and allergies) pointing to a genetic component. […] In the past few years, mutations in the gene for filaggrin protein which is important in building a healthy skin barrier have been described in some patients with eczema. […] Research suggests that genes are the determining causes of eczema and other atopic diseases. […] Recent studies have shown that some patients with eczema lack proteins that are important for a normal skin barrier. […] There are several risk factors for the atopic dermatitis that are not under a patient’s control, including: A family history of the disease, A personal history of allergic conditions, such as hay fever, A personal history of asthma, A personal history of food allergies. […] These conditions appear to be part of a series of immune disorders called the „atopic march.”

• #60 Pediatric Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) – Conditions and Treatments | Children’s National Hospital

  https://www.childrensnational.org/get-care/health-library/eczema-atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis is a long-term (chronic) skin condition. It causes dry, itchy skin. Its a very common condition in babies and children. It usually first appears between ages 3 and 6 months. […] The exact cause of atopic dermatitis is not known. But some things are linked to it. They include: Genes. This skin problem can be passed on from parents to a child. […] A child has a greater chance of having atopic dermatitis if he or she has: Family members with atopic dermatitis, Allergies. […] Treatment will depend on your child’s symptoms, age and general health. It will also depend on how severe the condition is. There is no cure for atopic dermatitis. The goals of treatment are to ease itching and inflammation, add moisture and prevent infection. […] Atopic dermatitis can cause thickened skin, bacterial skin infection, and other allergy-related skin inflammation (allergic dermatitis). It can also cause poor sleep because of intense itching. And it can lead to depression. Overuse of steroid creams can lead to thinning of the skin and tissue beneath the skin.

• #61 Atopic dermatitis causes

  https://dermnetnz.org/topics/causes-of-atopic-dermatitis

  So both the genetic make-up of the individual and external environmental factors contribute to the likelihood of developing eczema, its severity and its response to treatment. […] Infective organisms play an important role in triggering and aggravating atopic dermatitis. Bacteria (particularly staphylococci) and in some patients yeasts (malassezia and candida) contribute to chronic inflammation. […] People who have atopic dermatitis are particularly prone to skin infections with Staphylococcus aureus. […] The infection causes eczema to worsen and become more resistant to the usual treatment with emollients and topical steroids. […] Current research indicates that skin barrier defects that occur in atopic dermatitis alter immune function and so can induce food allergy secondarily. […] There are many misconceptions and controversies regarding eczema and allergy. People who have atopic dermatitis associated with elevated IgE are likely to have allergies to food or environmental factors such as grass, cat dander and dust mites. However these allergies are often independent of their eczema, that is, even though the patient has a positive allergy test, exposure to the allergen does not directly affect the severity of eczema. […] Stress can come in many forms. Any other illness including a mild common cold may cause a flare in eczema. […] Climate undoubtedly plays a major role in the severity of eczema. Cold, damp climates may cause eczema to become more resistant to treatment.

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