Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  Global prevalence: Eczema affects approximately 10% to 20% of children and 2% to 10% of adults worldwide.1,2 […] In the U.S., around 31.6 million people (roughly 10% of the population) have some form of eczema.35 […] Atopic dermatitis is the most common form of eczema. It is estimated that 16.5 million adults in the U.S. have atopic dermatitis, with 6.6 million meeting criteria for moderate to severe disease.8 Approximately 9.6 million U.S. children under the age of 18 have atopic dermatitis, and one-third have moderate to severe disease.3 […] People of all skin colors, races and ethnicities can be affected by atopic dermatitis. In the U.S., children with atopic dermatitis who are African American/Black are more likely to have atopic dermatitis, and tend to have more severe disease than white children.9,10

• #1 Global epidemiology of atopic dermatitis: a comprehensive systematic analysis and modelling study – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37705227/

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the leading cause of the global burden from skin disease; no study has provided global and country-specific epidemiological estimates of AD. […] To quantify global, regional and country-specific estimates of the epidemiology of AD. […] In total, 344 studies met the inclusion criteria. Incidence varied substantially with the location and age of the surveyed participants. The global prevalence of AD and the population affected by AD were estimated to be 2.6% [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 1.9-3.5] and 204.05 million people, respectively. Around 101.27 million adults and 102.78 million children worldwide have AD, corresponding to prevalence rates of 2.0% (95% UI 1.4-2.6) and 4.0% (95% UI 2.8-5.3), respectively. Females were more likely to suffer from AD than males: the global prevalence of AD in females was 2.8% (95% UI 2.0-3.7%) and affected 108.29 million people, while in males the corresponding estimates were 2.4% (95% UI 1.7-3.3%) and 95.76 million people. […] Epidemiological AD data are lacking in 41.5% of countries worldwide. The epidemiology of AD varies substantially with age and sex and is distributed unequally across geographical regions.

• #2 Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/762045-overview

  The prevalence of AD in the United States has been reported to be 10-12% in children and 0.9% in adults. A study examining physician visits for AD in the United States from 1997 to 2004 found that a large increase in office visits for AD occurred and that Blacks and Asians visited more frequently for AD than Whites. […] Globally, the prevalence rate of AD is rising. AD has been estimated to affect 15-30% of children and 2-10% of adults in developed countries. In China and Iran, the prevalence is approximately 2-3%. The frequency is increased in patients who emigrate to developed countries from underdeveloped countries. […] In 85% of cases, AD occurs in the first year of life; in 95% of cases, it occurs before age 5 years. The incidence of AD is highest in early infancy and childhood. The disease may have periods of complete remission, particularly in adolescence, and may then recur in early adult life. In the adult population, the frequency of AD is 3% or higher, but onset may be delayed until adulthood. […] The male-to-female ratio for AD is 1:1.4. […] AD affects persons of all races. Immigrants from developing countries who live in developed countries have a higher incidence of AD than the indigenous population, and the incidence is rapidly rising in developed countries.

• #2 12-month prevalence of atopic dermatitis in resource-rich countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Scientific Reports

  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-19508-7

  There is a lack of robust prevalence estimates of atopic dermatitis (AD) globally and trends over time due to wide variation of populations and age groups studied, different study methodologies and case definitions used. […] Meta-analysis with random effects revealed the 12-month period prevalence of 9.2% (95% confidence interval 8.4-10.1%). The prevalence was significantly higher among 0-5-year-old children (16.2%; 95% confidence interval 14.2-18.7%) than in older age groups. […] In high-income countries, AD is considered one of the most common cutaneous inflammatory disorders. […] The objective of this study was to systematically review research on 12-month AD prevalence in the general population of resource-rich countries. […] The primary outcome was 12-month prevalence of AD. […] Our study describes the prevalence and trends of AD over the past three decades in resource-rich countries.

• #3

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/atopic-dermatitis/epidemiology-overview

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease that commonly affects both children and adults. AD is associated with a heavy symptom burden, including pruritus, in addition to pain, sleep disturbance and mental health symptoms. The 2010 Global Burden of Disease survey found that AD had the highest disability-adjusted life-years among skin disorders, reflecting both the high prevalence and patient burden of the disease. […] The prevalence of childhood AD has been increasing over the past few decades, both in the United States and internationally. The 1-year prevalence of caregiver-reported healthcare diagnosed eczema increased from 9.8% to 12.2% in the National Survey of Childrens Health (NSCH) 2003 and 2007 studies, respectively, with significant variation between states and districts. Similarly, the prevalence of childhood AD steadily increased from approximately 8% in 1997 to more than 12% in 2010 and 2011 in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) but may have plateaued in 2012 and 2013.

• #3 Overview of Atopic Dermatitis

  https://www.ajmc.com/view/overview-of-atopic-dermatitis-article

  Incidence of AD has increased 2- to 3-fold in industrialized nations, impacting approximately 15% to 20% of children and 1% to 3% of adults worldwide. […] Population-based studies in the United States suggest that prevalence is about 10.7% for children and 7.2% for adults. […] Onset of disease commonly presents by 5 years of age, with the highest incidence occurring between the ages of 3 and 6 months, but it can occur at any age. […] Approximately 60% of patients develop disease in the first year of life and 90% within the first 5 years of life. […] A 2014 prospective cohort study of children with mild-to-moderate AD reported that, at any age, including up to 26 years of age, 80% of participants with 5 years of follow-up continued to have symptoms or had continued using medications for their AD.

• #4

  https://www.a-star.edu.sg/sris/research/atopic-dermatitis

  Epidemiology evidence suggests that AD affects 15 to 20 percent of children and 1 to 3 percent of adults globally. […] In Singapore, it is estimated to affect 20 percent of children and 11 percent of adults. […] We aim to collect comprehensive data on the epidemiology and disease burden of AD in Singapore.

• #5 Change AD UK: What is Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema)

  https://www.changead.co.uk/what-is-atopic-dermatitis

  Atopic dermatitis is a disease caused by an overreaction of the immune system, the bodys natural defence system. […] In the UK, approximately, 1.5 million (3%) of adults have atopic dermatitis, affecting men and women equally. […] One can develop atopic dermatitis at any age however, atopic dermatitis frequently presents during infancy or childhood. […] If a family member suffers with atopic dermatitis, an individual is more likely to develop the condition. […] Atopic dermatitis is a chronic condition, which means it can be a life-long disease. […] People who have moderate or severe atopic dermatitis can also experience symptoms of anxiety and depression due to their disease. […] The most common form of eczema impacting 15-20% of children and approximately 1-3% of adults worldwide.

• #6 Article – JHPOR

  https://www.jhpor.com/article/2247-epidemiology-of-atopic-dermatitis-in-poland-economedica-ad

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a commonly diagnosed inflammatory disease of the skin, with a chronic and relapsing course, which clinically manifests itself through eczematous skin lesions. The goal of this project was to quantify the total population of AD patients in Poland and to make an attempt to determine the clinical profile of the population of patients who are moderately or severely affected by the disease. […] The prevalence of AD among Polish adults was estimated to be 2.24%. The results of the Economedica AD project with respect to the number of adult AD patients are similar to results of the studies carried out both in Poland and in other European countries. […] The Economedica AD project, the results of which are described in this article, is the first ever published study where the obtained results are extrapolated onto the total population of adults in Poland. […] The study has demonstrated the occurrence of AD symptoms in adult patients at a level of 2.24%, which is consistent with the previously quoted epidemiological studies.

• #7 The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Atopic Dermatitis: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8470589/

  The prevalence of the studies were considered as point prevalence during analyses unless stated otherwise. […] The prevalence of AD was highest in younger children compared to older children, adolescents, and adults. The highest prevalence was among Sweden children with 34% and the lowest prevalence was reported in Tunisian children with 0.65%.

• #8 The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Atopic Dermatitis: A Narrative Review

  https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/9/936

  The epidemiological trends of AD among children and adults vary. Two recent studies conducted in Germany presented a lower prevalence of AD among adults compared to children: prevalence of AD among children in Germany was 10.35% while among adults is 3.67%. The incidence and prevalence of AD among children changes across the different parts of the globe, based on a comprehensive report containing data corresponding to 12 years. […] The prevalence of the studies were considered as point prevalence during analyses unless stated otherwise. In all the studies across the globe, the highest prevalence was among Sweden children with 34%, and the lowest prevalence was reported in Tunisian children with 0.65%, respectively.

• #9

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12325-022-02120-6

  Real-world data on the epidemiology and economic burden of atopic dermatitis (AD) are limited. Here we describe the epidemiology and economic burden of AD using electronic healthcare data from Israel. […] AD incidence was 7.0/1000 person-years; overall prevalence was 4.4% (female patients 4.5%, male patients 4.3%; age 0 to less than 6 months, 0.9%; 6 months to less than 12 years, 11.0%; 12 to less than 18 years, 5.8%; 18 years or older, 2.2%). […] AD epidemiology in Israel is comparable with other real-world database studies. AD imposes an economic burden that increases with disease severity. […] Using real-world data, we estimated an incidence of AD in Israel of 7.0/1000 person-years. Prevalence of AD was 4.4%, with 42.3% suggestive of moderate-to-severe AD. […] In this Israeli population, we found an AD prevalence of 4.4% in the overall population and 2.2% in adults, which is comparable to other studies using routinely collected health data (median reported prevalence rate, 4.9%). […] Our findings indicate that AD incidence (7.0/1000 person-years) and prevalence (4.4%) in this Israeli population are comparable to estimates from other database studies in developed countries.

• #10 Global epidemiology of atopic dermatitis: a comprehensive systematic analysis and modelling study – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37705227/

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the leading cause of the global burden from skin disease; no study has provided global and country-specific epidemiological estimates of AD. […] To quantify global, regional and country-specific estimates of the epidemiology of AD. […] In total, 344 studies met the inclusion criteria. Incidence varied substantially with the location and age of the surveyed participants. The global prevalence of AD and the population affected by AD were estimated to be 2.6% [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 1.9-3.5] and 204.05 million people, respectively. Around 101.27 million adults and 102.78 million children worldwide have AD, corresponding to prevalence rates of 2.0% (95% UI 1.4-2.6) and 4.0% (95% UI 2.8-5.3), respectively. Females were more likely to suffer from AD than males: the global prevalence of AD in females was 2.8% (95% UI 2.0-3.7%) and affected 108.29 million people, while in males the corresponding estimates were 2.4% (95% UI 1.7-3.3%) and 95.76 million people. […] Epidemiological AD data are lacking in 41.5% of countries worldwide. The epidemiology of AD varies substantially with age and sex and is distributed unequally across geographical regions.

• #11 Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/762045-overview

  The prevalence of AD in the United States has been reported to be 10-12% in children and 0.9% in adults. A study examining physician visits for AD in the United States from 1997 to 2004 found that a large increase in office visits for AD occurred and that Blacks and Asians visited more frequently for AD than Whites. […] Globally, the prevalence rate of AD is rising. AD has been estimated to affect 15-30% of children and 2-10% of adults in developed countries. In China and Iran, the prevalence is approximately 2-3%. The frequency is increased in patients who emigrate to developed countries from underdeveloped countries. […] In 85% of cases, AD occurs in the first year of life; in 95% of cases, it occurs before age 5 years. The incidence of AD is highest in early infancy and childhood. The disease may have periods of complete remission, particularly in adolescence, and may then recur in early adult life. In the adult population, the frequency of AD is 3% or higher, but onset may be delayed until adulthood. […] The male-to-female ratio for AD is 1:1.4. […] AD affects persons of all races. Immigrants from developing countries who live in developed countries have a higher incidence of AD than the indigenous population, and the incidence is rapidly rising in developed countries.

• #12 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  Global prevalence: Eczema affects approximately 10% to 20% of children and 2% to 10% of adults worldwide.1,2 […] In the U.S., around 31.6 million people (roughly 10% of the population) have some form of eczema.35 […] Atopic dermatitis is the most common form of eczema. It is estimated that 16.5 million adults in the U.S. have atopic dermatitis, with 6.6 million meeting criteria for moderate to severe disease.8 Approximately 9.6 million U.S. children under the age of 18 have atopic dermatitis, and one-third have moderate to severe disease.3 […] People of all skin colors, races and ethnicities can be affected by atopic dermatitis. In the U.S., children with atopic dermatitis who are African American/Black are more likely to have atopic dermatitis, and tend to have more severe disease than white children.9,10

• #13 Eczema Can Affect Us All, but Some More Than Others

  https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/eczema/eczema-epidemiology

  Overall, Native Americans and Asians or Pacific Islanders are the two groups that are most affected by eczema. Thirteen percent of each group has the condition. […] In the U.S., eczema affects more Black children and European American children than Hispanic children. But Black and Hispanic children have more serious cases of eczema. […] Your environment also plays a role in how likely you are to get eczema. If you live in an urban setting or you’re around certain allergens (like mold and dust), you have a higher chance of getting the condition. […] Experts believe that eczema is more common in developed countries because of clean living conditions, childhood vaccines that lower infection rates, and antibiotic use. These things change your immune response and make you more likely to have atopic diseases, like eczema.

• #14

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/atopic-dermatitis/epidemiology-overview

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease that commonly affects both children and adults. AD is associated with a heavy symptom burden, including pruritus, in addition to pain, sleep disturbance and mental health symptoms. The 2010 Global Burden of Disease survey found that AD had the highest disability-adjusted life-years among skin disorders, reflecting both the high prevalence and patient burden of the disease. […] The prevalence of childhood AD has been increasing over the past few decades, both in the United States and internationally. The 1-year prevalence of caregiver-reported healthcare diagnosed eczema increased from 9.8% to 12.2% in the National Survey of Childrens Health (NSCH) 2003 and 2007 studies, respectively, with significant variation between states and districts. Similarly, the prevalence of childhood AD steadily increased from approximately 8% in 1997 to more than 12% in 2010 and 2011 in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) but may have plateaued in 2012 and 2013.

• #15

  https://www.healio.com/clinical-guidance/atopic-dermatitis/epidemiology-overview

  Recent studies found that AD is far more common in adults than previously thought. Recent studies of adults from NHIS found 1-year prevalence of AD ranging from 7.2% to 10.2%. The true prevalence is likely closer to 7.2% and appears to be 6% to 8% throughout adulthood. […] A systematic review examining international trends in AD between 1990 and 2010 demonstrated childhood AD prevalence rates of more than 20% in some developed nations, with increasing rates of AD in Africa, eastern Asia, western Europe and parts of northern Europe. […] Several socio-demographic groups appear to be at higher risk for childhood AD in the United States. There appear to be racial/ethnic disparities in AD. Compared with white children, African-American/black children had higher prevalence of AD in the United States, and London-born black children of Caribbean descent had a higher prevalence of AD in the United Kingdom.

• #16 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  80% of individuals affected by atopic dermatitis experience disease onset prior to 6 years of age.11 But atopic dermatitis is not solely a disease of childhood onset; 1 in 4 adults report adult-onset of symptoms, and nearly 40% are affected with moderate to severe disease.8,12,13 […] Individuals with a family history of eczema, asthma or allergies have a higher risk of developing atopic dermatitis.14,15 […] Pollution, climate and exposure to irritants can increase the likelihood of developing atopic dermatitis.16 Children who live in an urban environment have a higher risk for prolonged disease.17,18 […] Atopic dermatitis is the leading contributor to skin-related disability and ranks 15th among all non-fatal diseases globally.1 […] Half of patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis indicate that it significantly limits their lifestyle; nearly 35% of those with mild atopic dermatitis also experience some lifestyle limitations.28

• #17 The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Atopic Dermatitis: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8470589/

  The global epidemiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) in the current decade (2009-2019) has not been extensively reported. Epidemiological studies play an important role in presenting the risk factors of AD, as detailed prevalence and incidence data could demonstrate the burden of disease in the population of adults, adolescents, and children in different geographical regions. […] The highest prevalence of AD from included studies was noted among Swedish children with 34%, while the lowest prevalence was in Tunisian children with 0.65%; studies reporting incidence data were far less numerous. A common trend in the prevalence of AD was that children would have a higher prevalence as compared to adolescents and adults. The severity and morbidity of the disease showed variance with age, sex, socioeconomic characteristics, geographical location, and ethnicity. Environmental factors played an important role as causative agents in AD.

• #18 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  80% of individuals affected by atopic dermatitis experience disease onset prior to 6 years of age.11 But atopic dermatitis is not solely a disease of childhood onset; 1 in 4 adults report adult-onset of symptoms, and nearly 40% are affected with moderate to severe disease.8,12,13 […] Individuals with a family history of eczema, asthma or allergies have a higher risk of developing atopic dermatitis.14,15 […] Pollution, climate and exposure to irritants can increase the likelihood of developing atopic dermatitis.16 Children who live in an urban environment have a higher risk for prolonged disease.17,18 […] Atopic dermatitis is the leading contributor to skin-related disability and ranks 15th among all non-fatal diseases globally.1 […] Half of patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis indicate that it significantly limits their lifestyle; nearly 35% of those with mild atopic dermatitis also experience some lifestyle limitations.28

• #19 Atopic Dermatitis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Etiology

  https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/762045-overview

  The prevalence of AD in the United States has been reported to be 10-12% in children and 0.9% in adults. A study examining physician visits for AD in the United States from 1997 to 2004 found that a large increase in office visits for AD occurred and that Blacks and Asians visited more frequently for AD than Whites. […] Globally, the prevalence rate of AD is rising. AD has been estimated to affect 15-30% of children and 2-10% of adults in developed countries. In China and Iran, the prevalence is approximately 2-3%. The frequency is increased in patients who emigrate to developed countries from underdeveloped countries. […] In 85% of cases, AD occurs in the first year of life; in 95% of cases, it occurs before age 5 years. The incidence of AD is highest in early infancy and childhood. The disease may have periods of complete remission, particularly in adolescence, and may then recur in early adult life. In the adult population, the frequency of AD is 3% or higher, but onset may be delayed until adulthood. […] The male-to-female ratio for AD is 1:1.4. […] AD affects persons of all races. Immigrants from developing countries who live in developed countries have a higher incidence of AD than the indigenous population, and the incidence is rapidly rising in developed countries.

• #20 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  80% of individuals affected by atopic dermatitis experience disease onset prior to 6 years of age.11 But atopic dermatitis is not solely a disease of childhood onset; 1 in 4 adults report adult-onset of symptoms, and nearly 40% are affected with moderate to severe disease.8,12,13 […] Individuals with a family history of eczema, asthma or allergies have a higher risk of developing atopic dermatitis.14,15 […] Pollution, climate and exposure to irritants can increase the likelihood of developing atopic dermatitis.16 Children who live in an urban environment have a higher risk for prolonged disease.17,18 […] Atopic dermatitis is the leading contributor to skin-related disability and ranks 15th among all non-fatal diseases globally.1 […] Half of patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis indicate that it significantly limits their lifestyle; nearly 35% of those with mild atopic dermatitis also experience some lifestyle limitations.28

• #21 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  80% of individuals affected by atopic dermatitis experience disease onset prior to 6 years of age.11 But atopic dermatitis is not solely a disease of childhood onset; 1 in 4 adults report adult-onset of symptoms, and nearly 40% are affected with moderate to severe disease.8,12,13 […] Individuals with a family history of eczema, asthma or allergies have a higher risk of developing atopic dermatitis.14,15 […] Pollution, climate and exposure to irritants can increase the likelihood of developing atopic dermatitis.16 Children who live in an urban environment have a higher risk for prolonged disease.17,18 […] Atopic dermatitis is the leading contributor to skin-related disability and ranks 15th among all non-fatal diseases globally.1 […] Half of patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis indicate that it significantly limits their lifestyle; nearly 35% of those with mild atopic dermatitis also experience some lifestyle limitations.28

• #22 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  Nearly one-third of adults with atopic dermatitis have experienced challenges in school or their work life, and 14% of adults believe their academic and/or career progression have been hindered by atopic dermatitis.29 […] The annual economic burden of atopic dermatitis, including direct medical costs, indirect costs from lack of productivity and quality of life impacts is conservatively estimated at $5.3 billion.66

• #23 Eczema Statistics | National Eczema Association

  https://nationaleczema.org/eczema-facts/

  Nearly one-third of adults with atopic dermatitis have experienced challenges in school or their work life, and 14% of adults believe their academic and/or career progression have been hindered by atopic dermatitis.29 […] The annual economic burden of atopic dermatitis, including direct medical costs, indirect costs from lack of productivity and quality of life impacts is conservatively estimated at $5.3 billion.66

• #24 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) Statistics – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/what-is-eczema/eczema-statistics/

  Infographic about atopic dermatitis: 16.5 million U.S. adults affected; 9.6 million children; 6.6 million have moderate to severe cases; more common in females; 90% with daily itching; 50% affect daily life; $5.3 billion/year burden; 30% report anxiety or depression. […] Approximately 31.6 million people in the United States have some form of eczema. […] 15-20% of children globally have atopic dermatitis (AD). […] 15.1% of children in the United States have AD. […] 1-3% of adults globally have AD. […] 7.3% of adults in the United States have AD. […] AD is more common in black children than other racial or ethnic groups. […] Adults with AD report higher rates of anxiety (29.8%), depression (31.2%) and sleep disturbances (33.2%) than the general population. […] 91% of patients experience itching on a daily basis. […] The total annual cost of AD increased to estimated $5.3 billion in 2015. […] The direct costs associated with AD were over $1 billion annually in 2004. […] The indirect costs associated with AD were $619 million in 2004.

• #25 The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Atopic Dermatitis: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8470589/

  The global epidemiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) in the current decade (2009-2019) has not been extensively reported. Epidemiological studies play an important role in presenting the risk factors of AD, as detailed prevalence and incidence data could demonstrate the burden of disease in the population of adults, adolescents, and children in different geographical regions. […] The highest prevalence of AD from included studies was noted among Swedish children with 34%, while the lowest prevalence was in Tunisian children with 0.65%; studies reporting incidence data were far less numerous. A common trend in the prevalence of AD was that children would have a higher prevalence as compared to adolescents and adults. The severity and morbidity of the disease showed variance with age, sex, socioeconomic characteristics, geographical location, and ethnicity. Environmental factors played an important role as causative agents in AD.

• #26

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40272-022-00499-x

  The evaluation of AD prevalence is impacted by challenges inherent in the disease, including a lack of objective diagnostic tests, few widely accepted biomarkers, and a relapsing disease, leading to differing estimates across studies. […] However, several well-designed US caregiver-centered surveys have reported prevalence estimates of 11-13% for healthcare-diagnosed eczema, with notable variation between states (9-18%), which is in line with global data. […] Comorbidities that were more prevalent in the AD population than in the non-AD population included asthma (12 vs 4%; age-adjusted prevalence ratio, 3.0 [95% CI 1.8-4.9]; p=0.001) and food allergy (8 vs 2%; 3.7 [1.5-9.2]; p = 0.005). […] Previous studies have also reported correlations between AD and several comorbidities, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, and mental health disorders including attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD), autism, and depression.

• #27 The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Atopic Dermatitis: A Narrative Review

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8470589/

  Lastly, there were only a few studies on the incidence of AD in the 21st century. Therefore, epidemiological studies on childhood and adulthood AD in different continents are still needed, especially on the incidence of AD during adulthood. […] The epidemiological trends of AD among children and adults vary. […] The incidence and prevalence of AD among children changes across the different parts of the globe, based on a comprehensive report containing data corresponding to 12 years, namely Phase 1 (1992-1997) and Phase 3 (1999-2004). […] According to Noordzij et al., prevalence studies are important in demonstrating the burden of disease (BoD) in a certain population in terms of morbidity, life expectancy, and quality of life (QoL). This report has also concluded that severity and morbidity of the disease also varies with age, sex, socio-economic characteristics, geographical location, and ethnicity.

• #28 Global epidemiology of atopic dermatitis: a comprehensive systematic analysis and modelling study – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37705227/

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the leading cause of the global burden from skin disease; no study has provided global and country-specific epidemiological estimates of AD. […] To quantify global, regional and country-specific estimates of the epidemiology of AD. […] In total, 344 studies met the inclusion criteria. Incidence varied substantially with the location and age of the surveyed participants. The global prevalence of AD and the population affected by AD were estimated to be 2.6% [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 1.9-3.5] and 204.05 million people, respectively. Around 101.27 million adults and 102.78 million children worldwide have AD, corresponding to prevalence rates of 2.0% (95% UI 1.4-2.6) and 4.0% (95% UI 2.8-5.3), respectively. Females were more likely to suffer from AD than males: the global prevalence of AD in females was 2.8% (95% UI 2.0-3.7%) and affected 108.29 million people, while in males the corresponding estimates were 2.4% (95% UI 1.7-3.3%) and 95.76 million people. […] Epidemiological AD data are lacking in 41.5% of countries worldwide. The epidemiology of AD varies substantially with age and sex and is distributed unequally across geographical regions.

• #29

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40272-022-00499-x

  The evaluation of AD prevalence is impacted by challenges inherent in the disease, including a lack of objective diagnostic tests, few widely accepted biomarkers, and a relapsing disease, leading to differing estimates across studies. […] However, several well-designed US caregiver-centered surveys have reported prevalence estimates of 11-13% for healthcare-diagnosed eczema, with notable variation between states (9-18%), which is in line with global data. […] Comorbidities that were more prevalent in the AD population than in the non-AD population included asthma (12 vs 4%; age-adjusted prevalence ratio, 3.0 [95% CI 1.8-4.9]; p=0.001) and food allergy (8 vs 2%; 3.7 [1.5-9.2]; p = 0.005). […] Previous studies have also reported correlations between AD and several comorbidities, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, and mental health disorders including attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADD/ADHD), autism, and depression.

• #30 Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis) Statistics – Allergy & Asthma Network

  https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/what-is-eczema/eczema-statistics/

  Infographic about atopic dermatitis: 16.5 million U.S. adults affected; 9.6 million children; 6.6 million have moderate to severe cases; more common in females; 90% with daily itching; 50% affect daily life; $5.3 billion/year burden; 30% report anxiety or depression. […] Approximately 31.6 million people in the United States have some form of eczema. […] 15-20% of children globally have atopic dermatitis (AD). […] 15.1% of children in the United States have AD. […] 1-3% of adults globally have AD. […] 7.3% of adults in the United States have AD. […] AD is more common in black children than other racial or ethnic groups. […] Adults with AD report higher rates of anxiety (29.8%), depression (31.2%) and sleep disturbances (33.2%) than the general population. […] 91% of patients experience itching on a daily basis. […] The total annual cost of AD increased to estimated $5.3 billion in 2015. […] The direct costs associated with AD were over $1 billion annually in 2004. […] The indirect costs associated with AD were $619 million in 2004.

• #31 Global epidemiology of atopic dermatitis: a comprehensive systematic analysis and modelling study – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37705227/

  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the leading cause of the global burden from skin disease; no study has provided global and country-specific epidemiological estimates of AD. […] To quantify global, regional and country-specific estimates of the epidemiology of AD. […] In total, 344 studies met the inclusion criteria. Incidence varied substantially with the location and age of the surveyed participants. The global prevalence of AD and the population affected by AD were estimated to be 2.6% [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 1.9-3.5] and 204.05 million people, respectively. Around 101.27 million adults and 102.78 million children worldwide have AD, corresponding to prevalence rates of 2.0% (95% UI 1.4-2.6) and 4.0% (95% UI 2.8-5.3), respectively. Females were more likely to suffer from AD than males: the global prevalence of AD in females was 2.8% (95% UI 2.0-3.7%) and affected 108.29 million people, while in males the corresponding estimates were 2.4% (95% UI 1.7-3.3%) and 95.76 million people. […] Epidemiological AD data are lacking in 41.5% of countries worldwide. The epidemiology of AD varies substantially with age and sex and is distributed unequally across geographical regions.

• #32 Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis

  http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0256-95742014001000026

  Few studies address the prevalence of AD in South African (SA) populations. The Phase One ISAAC study of 13 – 14-year-old schoolchildren in Cape Town showed an 8.3% one-year prevalence rate of AD symptoms, with 2.3% having severe disease (sleep disturbance for 1 night per week). The Phase Three follow-up study documented an increased one-year prevalence of 13.3% among children of the same age. […] In normal 3 – 11-year-olds, the one-year prevalence rate was 1 – 2.5% in amaXhosa children, depending on the methodology used to define AD and whether they came from urban or rural environments. […] While it is accepted that AD is a particular problem in children, the burden of disease is significant in adults. A study in adults in Scotland showed a 0.2% one-year period prevalence for AD in persons 40 years of age. Adults accounted for 38% of the AD population. Studies from Nigeria and Ethiopia show that 40 – 60% of patients with AD were 19 years of age. […] Few incidence studies on the condition have been done; these were in cohorts of children in Europe.

• #33 The epidemiology of atopic dermatitis in older adults: A population-based study in the United Kingdom | PLOS One

  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0258219

  Although there are a few other studies that focus specifically on the epidemiology of atopic dermatitis among older adults, review of additional population-based cohorts, including the US NHANES validation cohort presented herein, the 2010 US National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data, and two additional UK-based sources support our findings. […] There are a number of reasons why additional study of atopic dermatitis among older adults is important. First, older adults are the most rapidly increasing demographic segment, and atopic dermatitis appears to be increasing among this group. Second, older adults are at greater risk for a number of comorbid conditions that may be more common among individuals with atopic dermatitis, including depression and anxiety, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and dementia. […] Additional research is needed to refine diagnostic criteria, assess detailed clinical characteristics, ascertain the inflammatory profile and biomarkers in this population, and identify disease triggers.

• #34 The evolving therapeutic landscape in atopic dermatitis

  https://www.explorationpub.com/Journals/eaa/Article/100966

  SES plays a significant role in the prevalence and severity of AD. Individuals with lower SES often experience higher rates and more severe manifestations of AD. […] Environmental exposures associated with lower SES contribute to the worsening of AD symptoms. […] Social determinants of health, such as economic stability, education level, and neighborhood conditions, significantly impact the health outcomes of individuals with AD. […] The financial impact of moderate-to-severe AD is substantial. A systematic review found that the total costs, including direct medical expenses and productivity losses, can reach up to 20,695 per person annually for adults with uncontrolled moderate-to-severe AD symptoms. […] In the United States, studies have shown that Black and Latinx populations have a greater prevalence and severity of AD compared to white populations.

• #35 Atopic Dermatitis in Children and Adults (31.03.2023)

  https://di.aerzteblatt.de/int/archive/article/230466

  Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema, AE, neurodermatitis) is among the more common skin diseases. Its 1-year prevalence in Germany is at least 7% in children and 45% in adults. […] The high prevalence, chronic course, and disease burden of atopic dermatitis make it a condition of socioeconomic importance. […] Optimal management is needed, in conformity with the guidelines. […] Atopic dermatitis is a global problem and one of the more common skin diseases even in low-income countries. […] The marked Th2 dominance in atopic dermatitis seems likely to inhibit Th1-induced diseases. […] Atopic dermatitis arises on the background of an inherited predisposition (diathesis) and is precipitated by environmental and lifestyle factors. […] The significance of allergic reactions for the course of atopic dermatitis must be investigated on an individual basis. 80% of patients have an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to common foods or inhaled allergens such as pollen, animal hair, or house dust mites. […] Educational programs are recommended as a part of basic therapy in all guidelines worldwide, and many randomized trials have shown their efficacy.

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