Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Symptoms and Diagnosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/symptoms-diagnosis

  Since HPS affects a small population, the incubation period is unknown. […] Diagnosing HPS can be challenging because early symptoms mimic the flu. […] There are currently no tests used to diagnose HPS which is why a history of rodent exposure accompanied by fever and fatigue is a strong indicator of infection. […] If you are concerned that you may have been exposed, you should see your doctor immediately. […] If you have unexplained fever, body aches, abdominal pain, diarrhea, headaches, dry cough or severe breathing difficulty, you should see a healthcare provider.

• #2 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare yet serious pulmonary condition marked by pulmonary edema, hypoxia, and hypotension. […] Within the activity, learners receive a comprehensive overview of HPS, including its epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies. […] Select and interpret appropriate diagnostic tests for Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome confirmation, considering serological and molecular methods. […] Diagnosis can be made by immunofluorescence or immunoblot assay. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay utilizing immunoglobulin M is preferred. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction is also an option.

• #3 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare but potentially life-threatening viral illness transmitted to humans from the infected urine, droppings or saliva of certain species of mice and rats. […] Because fever, muscle aches, headaches, diarrhea and abdominal pain are primary symptoms, they can be easily mistaken for other viral illnesses. This is why diagnosis is particularly tricky.

• #4 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome

  Initial diagnosis of hantavirus infection can be made based on epidemiological information and clinical symptoms. […] Infection can be confirmed through detection of hantavirus nucleic acid, proteins, or hantavirus-specific antibodies. […] Key laboratory findings include thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, hemoconcentration, elevated serum creatinine levels, hematuria, and proteinuria. […] Hantavirus-specific IgM and IgG antibodies are usually present at the onset of symptoms. […] IgM is detectable in the acute phase of infection but declines over a period of 2-6 months. […] The response of IgG antibodies is low during infection but grows over time and lasts for one’s lifetime. […] Neutralization tests, immunofluorescent assays (IFAs), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) can be used to detect antibodies to hantavirus infection in blood, usually anti-N or anti-Gc antibodies.

• #5 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17897-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a viral disease that spreads through infected mice and rats. […] A healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms and conduct a physical examination. Theyll also ask you questions, such as: Have you had any recent contact with wild mice or rats? […] A healthcare provider can diagnose HPS with a blood test. […] Its important to treat HPS as soon as possible. If you have flu-like symptoms after being around mouse or rat droppings, visit a healthcare provider right away. […] If you develop flu-like symptoms after being around mouse or rat droppings or in an area where mice and rats live, see a healthcare provider immediately.

• #6 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (U.S. National Park Service)

  https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome.htm

  Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is a sometimes fatal, respiratory disease caused by a virus transmitted by some species of rodents. […] Diagnosing hantavirus can be initially difficult because symptoms can be similar to other illnesses. Diagnosis should be based on both clinical signs, diagnostics, and a history of potential rodent exposure. […] There is no specific treatment or vaccine for hantavirus, so prevention of exposure to the virus is key.

• #7 Case Study 17: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: A Clinical Description of 17 Patients with a Newly Recognized Disease | Environmental Medicine: Integrating a Missing Element into Medical Education | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4795/chapter/29

  HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME: A CLINICAL DESCRIPTION OF 17 PATIENTS WITH A NEWLY RECOGNIZED DISEASE […] Methods. We analyzed clinical, laboratory, and autopsy data on the first 17 persons with confirmed infection from this newly recognized strain of hantavirus. […] Results. The mean age of the patients was 32.2 years (range, 13 to 64); 61 percent were women, 72 percent were Native American, 22 percent white, and 6 percent Hispanic. The most common prodromal symptoms were fever and myalgia (100 percent), cough or dyspnea (76 percent), gastrointestinal symptoms (76 percent), and headache (71 percent). The most common physical findings were tachypnea (100 percent), tachycardia (94 percent), and hypotension (50 percent). The laboratory findings included leukocytosis (median peak cell count, 26,000 per cubic millimeter), often with myeloid precursors, an increased hematocrit, thrombocytopenia (median lowest platelet count, 64,000 per cubic millimeter), prolonged prothrombin and partial-thromboplastin times, an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase concentration, decreased serum protein concentrations, and proteinuria. Rapidly progressive acute pulmonary edema developed in 15 of the 17 patients (88 percent), and 13 patients, all of whom had profound hypotension, died (case fatality rate, 76 percent). Increases in the hematocrit and partial-thromboplastin time were predictive of death.

• #8 Case Study 17: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: A Clinical Description of 17 Patients with a Newly Recognized Disease | Environmental Medicine: Integrating a Missing Element into Medical Education | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4795/chapter/29

  The most common symptoms at the time of hospitalization were fever, myalgia, headache, cough, and nausea or vomiting. Myalgia was the most frequently reported initial symptom. Shortness of breath or cough was reported by 13 patients (76 percent) at admission; the cough, which was described as productive by 5 patients, typically preceded respiratory distress. Gastrointestinal symptoms (abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, or diarrhea) were reported by 13 patients (76 percent); abdominal pain was a prominent symptom in 2. No patient had signs of hemorrhage. Although the diagnosis at the time of admission was pneumonia in 7 patients (41 percent), 10 patients (59 percent) had other diagnoses: abdominal pain in 3 (18 percent); adult respiratory distress syndrome in 2 (12 percent); cardiopulmonary arrest in 2 (12 percent); and sepsis, pyelonephritis, and fever in 1 patient each (6 percent).

• #9 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare yet serious pulmonary condition marked by pulmonary edema, hypoxia, and hypotension. […] Within the activity, learners receive a comprehensive overview of HPS, including its epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies. […] Select and interpret appropriate diagnostic tests for Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome confirmation, considering serological and molecular methods. […] Diagnosis can be made by immunofluorescence or immunoblot assay. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay utilizing immunoglobulin M is preferred. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction is also an option.

• #10 Hantavirus Infection – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/arboviruses-arenaviridae-and-filoviridae/hantavirus-infection

  Laboratory diagnosis of hantavirus infection is established by serologic tests and reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). […] Diagnosis is with serologic tests and reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). […] Diagnosis of HPS is with serologic testing or reverse transcriptasePCR.

• #11 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome?content_id=CON-20164027

  Blood tests can reveal if your body has made antibodies to a hantavirus. Your doctor may order other laboratory tests to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms. […] Specific treatment options for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are limited. But the prognosis improves with early recognition, immediate hospitalization and adequate support for breathing.

• #12 Diagnosis of hantavirus infection in humans – PubMed

  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26091780/

  Rodent-borne hantaviruses (family Bunyaviridae, genus Hantavirus) cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Americas and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Europe and Asia. […] The diagnosis of hantavirus infections in humans is based on clinical and epidemiological information as well as laboratory tests. […] We review diagnosis for hantavirus infections based on serology, PCR, immunochemistry and virus culture.

• #13 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome

  Initial diagnosis of hantavirus infection can be made based on epidemiological information and clinical symptoms. […] Infection can be confirmed through detection of hantavirus nucleic acid, proteins, or hantavirus-specific antibodies. […] Key laboratory findings include thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, hemoconcentration, elevated serum creatinine levels, hematuria, and proteinuria. […] Hantavirus-specific IgM and IgG antibodies are usually present at the onset of symptoms. […] IgM is detectable in the acute phase of infection but declines over a period of 2-6 months. […] The response of IgG antibodies is low during infection but grows over time and lasts for one’s lifetime. […] Neutralization tests, immunofluorescent assays (IFAs), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) can be used to detect antibodies to hantavirus infection in blood, usually anti-N or anti-Gc antibodies.

• #14 Development of RT-qPCR and semi-nested RT-PCR assays for molecular diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007884

  Thus, the assays developed in this study were able to detect the four Brazilian Amazon hantaviruses with good specificity and sensitivity, and may become powerful tools in diagnostic, surveillance and research applications of these and possibly other hantaviruses. […] Laboratory diagnosis of HPS is often conducted by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for detection of IgG and IgM specific antibodies in serum or blood of suspected patients. […] Given that IgM antibodies are detectable early in the disease, IgM ELISA is considered the reference method for HPS diagnostics. […] In addition, immunohistochemistry can be used to detect viral antigens in tissues and viral RNA can be detected through RT-PCR in blood/serum and tissues samples. […] Quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) is another molecular assay widely used to detect and quantify hantavirus genome, with a series of advantages over conventional RT-PCR.

• #15

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11908-001-0028-1

  Since the first outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in 1993, understanding of the vast distribution and potential impact of hantaviruses has grown. […] Rapid diagnosis has been facilitated by a new immunoblot assay to detect Sin Nombre virus infection. […] Vaccines developed against hantaviruses associated with hemorrhagic fever and renal syndrome might be effective against HPS-associated strains. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: CD4 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes to epitopes on Sin Nombre Virus nucleocapsid protein isolated during acute illness. […] Rapid and specific detection of Sin Nombre virus antibodies in patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome by a strip immunoblot assay suitable for field diagnosis. […] Successful treatment of adults with severe hantavirus pulmonary syndrome with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome treated with inhaled nitric oxide. […] High levels of viremia in patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] Spectrum of hantavirus infection: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.

• #16 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome

  ELISA is inexpensive and can be used at any point during the illness, but results may need to be confirmed by other methods. […] Rapid immunochromatographic IgM antibody tests can also be used for diagnosis as they are simple to carry out and inexpensive. […] Both traditional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests of blood, saliva, BAL fluids, and tissue samples can be used. […] There is a possibility of false-negatives with PCR if there are low levels of virus particles in the blood, and PCR testing is prone to cross-contamination. […] When performed during the onset of infection, PCR may predict disease severity. […] PCR can be used for postmortem diagnosis and for analysis of organ involvement, and it can be used to sequence the virus’s genome to identify which specific virus is causing illness.

• #17 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome

  Initial diagnosis of hantavirus infection can be made based on epidemiological information and clinical symptoms. […] Infection can be confirmed through detection of hantavirus nucleic acid, proteins, or hantavirus-specific antibodies. […] Key laboratory findings include thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, hemoconcentration, elevated serum creatinine levels, hematuria, and proteinuria. […] Hantavirus-specific IgM and IgG antibodies are usually present at the onset of symptoms. […] IgM is detectable in the acute phase of infection but declines over a period of 2-6 months. […] The response of IgG antibodies is low during infection but grows over time and lasts for one’s lifetime. […] Neutralization tests, immunofluorescent assays (IFAs), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) can be used to detect antibodies to hantavirus infection in blood, usually anti-N or anti-Gc antibodies.

• #18 Hantavirus Infection – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/arboviruses-arenaviridae-and-filoviridae/hantavirus-infection

  Laboratory diagnosis of hantavirus infection is established by serologic tests and reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). […] Diagnosis is with serologic tests and reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). […] Diagnosis of HPS is with serologic testing or reverse transcriptasePCR.

• #19 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome

  ELISA is inexpensive and can be used at any point during the illness, but results may need to be confirmed by other methods. […] Rapid immunochromatographic IgM antibody tests can also be used for diagnosis as they are simple to carry out and inexpensive. […] Both traditional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests of blood, saliva, BAL fluids, and tissue samples can be used. […] There is a possibility of false-negatives with PCR if there are low levels of virus particles in the blood, and PCR testing is prone to cross-contamination. […] When performed during the onset of infection, PCR may predict disease severity. […] PCR can be used for postmortem diagnosis and for analysis of organ involvement, and it can be used to sequence the virus’s genome to identify which specific virus is causing illness.

• #20 Development of RT-qPCR and semi-nested RT-PCR assays for molecular diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007884

  Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is an, often fatal, emerging zoonotic disease in the Americas caused by hantaviruses (family: Hantaviridae). […] In Brazil, hantavirus routine diagnosis is based on serology (IgM-ELISA) while RT-PCR is often used to confirm acute infection. […] A Semi-nested RT-PCR and an internally controlled RT-qPCR assays were developed for detection and quantification of four hantaviruses strains circulating in the Brazilian Amazon: Anajatuba (ANAJV) and Castelo dos Sonhos (CASV) strains of Andes virus (ANDV) species; and Rio Mamor (RIOMV) and Laguna Negra (LNV) strains of LNV species. […] RT-qPCR was more sensitive than semi-nested RT-PCR, being able to detect three samples undetected by conventional RT-PCR. […] RT-qPCR clinical sensitivity, specificity and general accuracy values were 92.5%, 100% and 97.63%, respectively.

• #21 Development of RT-qPCR and semi-nested RT-PCR assays for molecular diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007884

  Thus, the assays developed in this study were able to detect the four Brazilian Amazon hantaviruses with good specificity and sensitivity, and may become powerful tools in diagnostic, surveillance and research applications of these and possibly other hantaviruses. […] Laboratory diagnosis of HPS is often conducted by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for detection of IgG and IgM specific antibodies in serum or blood of suspected patients. […] Given that IgM antibodies are detectable early in the disease, IgM ELISA is considered the reference method for HPS diagnostics. […] In addition, immunohistochemistry can be used to detect viral antigens in tissues and viral RNA can be detected through RT-PCR in blood/serum and tissues samples. […] Quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) is another molecular assay widely used to detect and quantify hantavirus genome, with a series of advantages over conventional RT-PCR.

• #22 Development of RT-qPCR and semi-nested RT-PCR assays for molecular diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007884

  Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is an, often fatal, emerging zoonotic disease in the Americas caused by hantaviruses (family: Hantaviridae). […] In Brazil, hantavirus routine diagnosis is based on serology (IgM-ELISA) while RT-PCR is often used to confirm acute infection. […] A Semi-nested RT-PCR and an internally controlled RT-qPCR assays were developed for detection and quantification of four hantaviruses strains circulating in the Brazilian Amazon: Anajatuba (ANAJV) and Castelo dos Sonhos (CASV) strains of Andes virus (ANDV) species; and Rio Mamor (RIOMV) and Laguna Negra (LNV) strains of LNV species. […] RT-qPCR was more sensitive than semi-nested RT-PCR, being able to detect three samples undetected by conventional RT-PCR. […] RT-qPCR clinical sensitivity, specificity and general accuracy values were 92.5%, 100% and 97.63%, respectively.

• #23 Development of RT-qPCR and semi-nested RT-PCR assays for molecular diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007884

  Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is an, often fatal, emerging zoonotic disease in the Americas caused by hantaviruses (family: Hantaviridae). […] In Brazil, hantavirus routine diagnosis is based on serology (IgM-ELISA) while RT-PCR is often used to confirm acute infection. […] A Semi-nested RT-PCR and an internally controlled RT-qPCR assays were developed for detection and quantification of four hantaviruses strains circulating in the Brazilian Amazon: Anajatuba (ANAJV) and Castelo dos Sonhos (CASV) strains of Andes virus (ANDV) species; and Rio Mamor (RIOMV) and Laguna Negra (LNV) strains of LNV species. […] RT-qPCR was more sensitive than semi-nested RT-PCR, being able to detect three samples undetected by conventional RT-PCR. […] RT-qPCR clinical sensitivity, specificity and general accuracy values were 92.5%, 100% and 97.63%, respectively.

• #24 Hantavirus infection laboratory findings – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hantavirus_infection_laboratory_findings

  Diagnosis of hantavirus infection is usually made by a positive serological test result. Evidence of viral antigen in tissue by immunohistochemistry, or the presence of amplifiable viral RNA sequences in blood or tissue, with a compatible history of HPS, is considered diagnostic for HPS. […] Reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) can be used to detect hantaviral RNA in fresh frozen lung tissue, blood clots, or nucleated blood cells. Reverse transcriptasePCR tests are useful for both HFRS and HPS, as it can identify viral genotype by the PCR sequencing. […] IHC testing of formalin-fixed tissues with specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies can be used to detect hantavirus antigens and has proven to be a sensitive method for laboratory confirmation of hantaviral infections. IHC has an important role in the diagnosis of HPS in patients from whom serum samples and frozen tissues are unavailable for diagnostic testing and in the retrospective assessment of disease prevalence in a defined geographic region.

• #25 Development of RT-qPCR and semi-nested RT-PCR assays for molecular diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007884

  Thus, the assays developed in this study were able to detect the four Brazilian Amazon hantaviruses with good specificity and sensitivity, and may become powerful tools in diagnostic, surveillance and research applications of these and possibly other hantaviruses. […] Laboratory diagnosis of HPS is often conducted by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for detection of IgG and IgM specific antibodies in serum or blood of suspected patients. […] Given that IgM antibodies are detectable early in the disease, IgM ELISA is considered the reference method for HPS diagnostics. […] In addition, immunohistochemistry can be used to detect viral antigens in tissues and viral RNA can be detected through RT-PCR in blood/serum and tissues samples. […] Quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) is another molecular assay widely used to detect and quantify hantavirus genome, with a series of advantages over conventional RT-PCR.

• #26 Hantavirus infection laboratory findings – wikidoc

  https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Hantavirus_infection_laboratory_findings

  Diagnosis of hantavirus infection is usually made by a positive serological test result. Evidence of viral antigen in tissue by immunohistochemistry, or the presence of amplifiable viral RNA sequences in blood or tissue, with a compatible history of HPS, is considered diagnostic for HPS. […] Reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) can be used to detect hantaviral RNA in fresh frozen lung tissue, blood clots, or nucleated blood cells. Reverse transcriptasePCR tests are useful for both HFRS and HPS, as it can identify viral genotype by the PCR sequencing. […] IHC testing of formalin-fixed tissues with specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies can be used to detect hantavirus antigens and has proven to be a sensitive method for laboratory confirmation of hantaviral infections. IHC has an important role in the diagnosis of HPS in patients from whom serum samples and frozen tissues are unavailable for diagnostic testing and in the retrospective assessment of disease prevalence in a defined geographic region.

• #27 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome

  ELISA is inexpensive and can be used at any point during the illness, but results may need to be confirmed by other methods. […] Rapid immunochromatographic IgM antibody tests can also be used for diagnosis as they are simple to carry out and inexpensive. […] Both traditional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests of blood, saliva, BAL fluids, and tissue samples can be used. […] There is a possibility of false-negatives with PCR if there are low levels of virus particles in the blood, and PCR testing is prone to cross-contamination. […] When performed during the onset of infection, PCR may predict disease severity. […] PCR can be used for postmortem diagnosis and for analysis of organ involvement, and it can be used to sequence the virus’s genome to identify which specific virus is causing illness.

• #28 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome

  Initial diagnosis of hantavirus infection can be made based on epidemiological information and clinical symptoms. […] Infection can be confirmed through detection of hantavirus nucleic acid, proteins, or hantavirus-specific antibodies. […] Key laboratory findings include thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, hemoconcentration, elevated serum creatinine levels, hematuria, and proteinuria. […] Hantavirus-specific IgM and IgG antibodies are usually present at the onset of symptoms. […] IgM is detectable in the acute phase of infection but declines over a period of 2-6 months. […] The response of IgG antibodies is low during infection but grows over time and lasts for one’s lifetime. […] Neutralization tests, immunofluorescent assays (IFAs), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) can be used to detect antibodies to hantavirus infection in blood, usually anti-N or anti-Gc antibodies.

• #29 Case Study 17: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: A Clinical Description of 17 Patients with a Newly Recognized Disease | Environmental Medicine: Integrating a Missing Element into Medical Education | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4795/chapter/29

  HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME: A CLINICAL DESCRIPTION OF 17 PATIENTS WITH A NEWLY RECOGNIZED DISEASE […] Methods. We analyzed clinical, laboratory, and autopsy data on the first 17 persons with confirmed infection from this newly recognized strain of hantavirus. […] Results. The mean age of the patients was 32.2 years (range, 13 to 64); 61 percent were women, 72 percent were Native American, 22 percent white, and 6 percent Hispanic. The most common prodromal symptoms were fever and myalgia (100 percent), cough or dyspnea (76 percent), gastrointestinal symptoms (76 percent), and headache (71 percent). The most common physical findings were tachypnea (100 percent), tachycardia (94 percent), and hypotension (50 percent). The laboratory findings included leukocytosis (median peak cell count, 26,000 per cubic millimeter), often with myeloid precursors, an increased hematocrit, thrombocytopenia (median lowest platelet count, 64,000 per cubic millimeter), prolonged prothrombin and partial-thromboplastin times, an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase concentration, decreased serum protein concentrations, and proteinuria. Rapidly progressive acute pulmonary edema developed in 15 of the 17 patients (88 percent), and 13 patients, all of whom had profound hypotension, died (case fatality rate, 76 percent). Increases in the hematocrit and partial-thromboplastin time were predictive of death.

• #30 Case Study 17: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: A Clinical Description of 17 Patients with a Newly Recognized Disease | Environmental Medicine: Integrating a Missing Element into Medical Education | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4795/chapter/29

  HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME: A CLINICAL DESCRIPTION OF 17 PATIENTS WITH A NEWLY RECOGNIZED DISEASE […] Methods. We analyzed clinical, laboratory, and autopsy data on the first 17 persons with confirmed infection from this newly recognized strain of hantavirus. […] Results. The mean age of the patients was 32.2 years (range, 13 to 64); 61 percent were women, 72 percent were Native American, 22 percent white, and 6 percent Hispanic. The most common prodromal symptoms were fever and myalgia (100 percent), cough or dyspnea (76 percent), gastrointestinal symptoms (76 percent), and headache (71 percent). The most common physical findings were tachypnea (100 percent), tachycardia (94 percent), and hypotension (50 percent). The laboratory findings included leukocytosis (median peak cell count, 26,000 per cubic millimeter), often with myeloid precursors, an increased hematocrit, thrombocytopenia (median lowest platelet count, 64,000 per cubic millimeter), prolonged prothrombin and partial-thromboplastin times, an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase concentration, decreased serum protein concentrations, and proteinuria. Rapidly progressive acute pulmonary edema developed in 15 of the 17 patients (88 percent), and 13 patients, all of whom had profound hypotension, died (case fatality rate, 76 percent). Increases in the hematocrit and partial-thromboplastin time were predictive of death.

• #31 Hantavirus – WikEM

  https://wikem.org/wiki/Hantavirus

  Infection by the Sin Nombre virus can range from a nonspecific viral syndrome to the Hanta Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), which is a severe respiratory manifestation with a high mortality rate. […] Develops several days later, including shortness of breath and cough which rapidly progresses to noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and respiratory failure over 24-48 hours. […] Serologic test using ELISA assays are the gold standard used by the CDC. […] Most patients have antiviral IgM when symptoms are present, IgG may also be positive later on. […] In HPS, the chest x-ray shows diffuse bilateral interstitial edema that may resemble ARDS. […] The diagnostic triad in HPS includes thrombocytopenia, left shifted granulocytes, and immunoblast 10% of total lympoid series. […] If a patient presents with fever, shortness of breath, and other symptoms suggestive of HPS within 6 weeks of their stay in Yosemite, or if the patient in #3 above progresses to having symptoms and laboratory results suggestive of HPS, the patient should be transferred to a hospital emergency department for full evaluation. […] Supportive care is the main form of treatment. […] Aggressive respiratory support including early intubation and mechanical ventilation for HPS.

• #32 Hantavirus – WikEM

  https://wikem.org/wiki/Hantavirus

  Infection by the Sin Nombre virus can range from a nonspecific viral syndrome to the Hanta Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), which is a severe respiratory manifestation with a high mortality rate. […] Develops several days later, including shortness of breath and cough which rapidly progresses to noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and respiratory failure over 24-48 hours. […] Serologic test using ELISA assays are the gold standard used by the CDC. […] Most patients have antiviral IgM when symptoms are present, IgG may also be positive later on. […] In HPS, the chest x-ray shows diffuse bilateral interstitial edema that may resemble ARDS. […] The diagnostic triad in HPS includes thrombocytopenia, left shifted granulocytes, and immunoblast 10% of total lympoid series. […] If a patient presents with fever, shortness of breath, and other symptoms suggestive of HPS within 6 weeks of their stay in Yosemite, or if the patient in #3 above progresses to having symptoms and laboratory results suggestive of HPS, the patient should be transferred to a hospital emergency department for full evaluation. […] Supportive care is the main form of treatment. […] Aggressive respiratory support including early intubation and mechanical ventilation for HPS.

• #33 Case Study 17: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: A Clinical Description of 17 Patients with a Newly Recognized Disease | Environmental Medicine: Integrating a Missing Element into Medical Education | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4795/chapter/29

  The most common physical findings were tachypnea and tachycardia. Fifty percent of the patients had a respiratory rate of 28 or more breaths per minute, and 50 percent had a heart rate of 120 or more beats per minute. Notable hematologic findings included an elevated white-cell count with increased neutrophils, myeloid precursors, and atypical lymphocytes. The initial chest radiograph showed interstitial or interstitial and alveolar infiltrates in 11 patients (65 percent), fluffy alveolar infiltrates in 2 (12 percent), and no abnormalities in 4 (24 percent). Subsequently, 16 patients (94 percent) had rapidly evolving, bilateral, diffuse infiltrates. […] The clinical course of the illness in patients who did not survive was characterized by pulmonary edema accompanied by severe hypotension, frequently terminating with sinus bradycardia, electromechanical dissociation, or ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. None of the surviving patients had severe hypotension. Hypotension did not appear to be a direct consequence of hypoxia, since several patients with adequate oxygenation had progressive hypotension.

• #34 Case Study 17: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: A Clinical Description of 17 Patients with a Newly Recognized Disease | Environmental Medicine: Integrating a Missing Element into Medical Education | The National Academies Press

  https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4795/chapter/29

  The most common physical findings were tachypnea and tachycardia. Fifty percent of the patients had a respiratory rate of 28 or more breaths per minute, and 50 percent had a heart rate of 120 or more beats per minute. Notable hematologic findings included an elevated white-cell count with increased neutrophils, myeloid precursors, and atypical lymphocytes. The initial chest radiograph showed interstitial or interstitial and alveolar infiltrates in 11 patients (65 percent), fluffy alveolar infiltrates in 2 (12 percent), and no abnormalities in 4 (24 percent). Subsequently, 16 patients (94 percent) had rapidly evolving, bilateral, diffuse infiltrates. […] The clinical course of the illness in patients who did not survive was characterized by pulmonary edema accompanied by severe hypotension, frequently terminating with sinus bradycardia, electromechanical dissociation, or ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. None of the surviving patients had severe hypotension. Hypotension did not appear to be a direct consequence of hypoxia, since several patients with adequate oxygenation had progressive hypotension.

• #35 Hantavirus – WikEM

  https://wikem.org/wiki/Hantavirus

  Infection by the Sin Nombre virus can range from a nonspecific viral syndrome to the Hanta Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), which is a severe respiratory manifestation with a high mortality rate. […] Develops several days later, including shortness of breath and cough which rapidly progresses to noncardiogenic pulmonary edema and respiratory failure over 24-48 hours. […] Serologic test using ELISA assays are the gold standard used by the CDC. […] Most patients have antiviral IgM when symptoms are present, IgG may also be positive later on. […] In HPS, the chest x-ray shows diffuse bilateral interstitial edema that may resemble ARDS. […] The diagnostic triad in HPS includes thrombocytopenia, left shifted granulocytes, and immunoblast 10% of total lympoid series. […] If a patient presents with fever, shortness of breath, and other symptoms suggestive of HPS within 6 weeks of their stay in Yosemite, or if the patient in #3 above progresses to having symptoms and laboratory results suggestive of HPS, the patient should be transferred to a hospital emergency department for full evaluation. […] Supportive care is the main form of treatment. […] Aggressive respiratory support including early intubation and mechanical ventilation for HPS.

• #36 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: High-resolution Computed Tomography Findings | Archivos de Bronconeumología

  https://www.archbronconeumol.org/en-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-high-resolution-computed-articulo-S1579212916301379

  We retrospectively reviewed the records of 8 adult patients with confirmed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), aiming at describing high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings. […] Diagnoses of HPS were based on medical histories, clinical course, and imaging findings. […] Although a presumptive diagnosis of HPS can be made based on the patient’s clinical history and radiologic findings, confirmation of the diagnosis requires virus-specific diagnostic tests, such as serological tests (ELISA), reverse transcription, and/or PCR. […] In conclusion, the predominant HRCT findings in patients with HPS were GGOs and smooth septal thickening. In the appropriate clinical setting, these findings are of great help in the diagnosis.

• #37 Hantavirus Infection – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/arboviruses-arenaviruses-filoviruses/hantavirus-infection

  Blood tests to identify the virus can confirm the diagnosis. […] Hantavirus infection is suspected when people who may have been exposed to the virus have characteristic symptoms. […] Doctors do other blood tests to evaluate the function of the kidneys and other organs. If the cardiopulmonary syndrome is suspected, a chest x-ray may be done. Echocardiography (ultrasonography of the heart) is usually done to exclude other causes of fluid around the lungs.

• #38 Rapid presumptive diagnosis of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome by peripheral blood smear review.

  https://vivo.health.unm.edu/display/n135108624

  Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is a rare but frequently lethal acute zoonotic viral infection in rural North America. The rapidity of progression from febrile prodrome to cardiogenic shock and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema requiring intensive care creates high diagnostic urgency and a need for a rapid screening tool. […] During the prodromal phase, thrombocytopenia was the only consistent abnormality and could be used to indicate hantavirus serologic testing. After the onset of pulmonary edema detected radiographically, the presence of 4 of 5 findings (thrombocytopenia, myelocytosis, hemoconcentration, lack of significant toxic granulation in neutrophils, and more than 10% of lymphocytes with immunoblastic morphologic features) has a sensitivity for HCPS of 96% and a specificity of 99% and missed no patients with HCPS who required intensive care. […] While each abnormality is commonly seen, the combination of at least 4 of these CBC count data and peripheral blood smear findings can guide early treatment and patient transport decisions until rapid, specific, serologic testing becomes widely available.

• #39 Rapid presumptive diagnosis of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome by peripheral blood smear review.

  https://vivo.health.unm.edu/display/n135108624

  Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is a rare but frequently lethal acute zoonotic viral infection in rural North America. The rapidity of progression from febrile prodrome to cardiogenic shock and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema requiring intensive care creates high diagnostic urgency and a need for a rapid screening tool. […] During the prodromal phase, thrombocytopenia was the only consistent abnormality and could be used to indicate hantavirus serologic testing. After the onset of pulmonary edema detected radiographically, the presence of 4 of 5 findings (thrombocytopenia, myelocytosis, hemoconcentration, lack of significant toxic granulation in neutrophils, and more than 10% of lymphocytes with immunoblastic morphologic features) has a sensitivity for HCPS of 96% and a specificity of 99% and missed no patients with HCPS who required intensive care. […] While each abnormality is commonly seen, the combination of at least 4 of these CBC count data and peripheral blood smear findings can guide early treatment and patient transport decisions until rapid, specific, serologic testing becomes widely available.

• #40 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in the Spotlight: Understanding Risks After Betsy Arakawa’s Tragic Death | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2025/03/10/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-in-the-spotlight-understanding-risks-after-betsy-arakawas-tragic-death/

  Diagnosing HPS can be difficult due to its non-specific early symptoms, which resemble infections such as influenza, Legionnaires disease, leptospirosis, mycoplasma, and Q fever. Laboratory testing is required for confirmation. […] Clinicians should evaluate: […] Testing guidelines and methods to confirm hantavirus infection […] CDC and designated laboratories including state labs, public health labs, and commercial labs use an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test to detect antibodies and confirm hantavirus infections. […] A hantavirus-positive case is reported based on national guidelines, which consider clinical symptoms (HPS or non-HPS) and lab results such as: […] Clinicians should report suspected cases to their local or state health departments and may contact the CDC Emergency Operations Center at 770-488-7100 for consultation and testing support.

• #41 About Hantavirus | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/about/index.html

  Diagnosing hantavirus in a person who has been infected less than 72 hours is difficult. If the initial test is done before the virus can be found, repeat testing is often done 72 hours after symptom start. Early symptoms such as fever, headache muscle aches, nausea, and fatigue are easily confused with influenza. […] If you suspect hantavirus disease, see a physician immediately and mention a potential rodent exposure. […] State laboratories and CDC can confirm a diagnosis through testing.

• #42 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Symptoms and Diagnosis | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/symptoms-diagnosis

  Since HPS affects a small population, the incubation period is unknown. […] Diagnosing HPS can be challenging because early symptoms mimic the flu. […] There are currently no tests used to diagnose HPS which is why a history of rodent exposure accompanied by fever and fatigue is a strong indicator of infection. […] If you are concerned that you may have been exposed, you should see your doctor immediately. […] If you have unexplained fever, body aches, abdominal pain, diarrhea, headaches, dry cough or severe breathing difficulty, you should see a healthcare provider.

• #43 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome

  ELISA is inexpensive and can be used at any point during the illness, but results may need to be confirmed by other methods. […] Rapid immunochromatographic IgM antibody tests can also be used for diagnosis as they are simple to carry out and inexpensive. […] Both traditional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests of blood, saliva, BAL fluids, and tissue samples can be used. […] There is a possibility of false-negatives with PCR if there are low levels of virus particles in the blood, and PCR testing is prone to cross-contamination. […] When performed during the onset of infection, PCR may predict disease severity. […] PCR can be used for postmortem diagnosis and for analysis of organ involvement, and it can be used to sequence the virus’s genome to identify which specific virus is causing illness.

• #44 Development of RT-qPCR and semi-nested RT-PCR assays for molecular diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007884

  Although IgM ELISA is the reference assay for HPS diagnostic, it has some pitfalls such as: 1) the need to investigate seroconversion by testing a new sample collected two to three weeks after the first one, when the first serum is considered inconclusive, and 2) false-positive results due antigen cross-reactivity. […] The addition of a molecular assay for virus genome detection in HPS diagnostics may be of help to overcome this problem. […] In this respect, we aimed to provide new molecular assays for detection of hantavirus genome, by developing an internally controlled RT-qPCR assay as well as a Semi-Nested RT-PCR protocol for detection of hantaviruses circulating in the Amazon region. […] These assays could be used as an add-on diagnostic tool in conjunction with IgM ELISA. […] We expect these new molecular assays to present higher clinical specificity values than commonly used serological assays such as ELISA, due to the lack of cross-reactivity observed in these assays, with comparable clinical sensitivity values.

• #45 About Hantavirus | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/about/index.html

  Diagnosing hantavirus in a person who has been infected less than 72 hours is difficult. If the initial test is done before the virus can be found, repeat testing is often done 72 hours after symptom start. Early symptoms such as fever, headache muscle aches, nausea, and fatigue are easily confused with influenza. […] If you suspect hantavirus disease, see a physician immediately and mention a potential rodent exposure. […] State laboratories and CDC can confirm a diagnosis through testing.

• #46 About Hantavirus | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/about/index.html

  Diagnosing hantavirus in a person who has been infected less than 72 hours is difficult. If the initial test is done before the virus can be found, repeat testing is often done 72 hours after symptom start. Early symptoms such as fever, headache muscle aches, nausea, and fatigue are easily confused with influenza. […] If you suspect hantavirus disease, see a physician immediately and mention a potential rodent exposure. […] State laboratories and CDC can confirm a diagnosis through testing.

• #47 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17897-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a viral disease that spreads through infected mice and rats. […] A healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms and conduct a physical examination. Theyll also ask you questions, such as: Have you had any recent contact with wild mice or rats? […] A healthcare provider can diagnose HPS with a blood test. […] Its important to treat HPS as soon as possible. If you have flu-like symptoms after being around mouse or rat droppings, visit a healthcare provider right away. […] If you develop flu-like symptoms after being around mouse or rat droppings or in an area where mice and rats live, see a healthcare provider immediately.

• #48 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: A Zebra Worth Knowing | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0915/p1015.html

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a severe cardiopulmonary illness most often caused by the Sin Nombre virus, which is transmitted to humans by inhalation of aerosolized particles of rodent excreta or direct rodent contact. […] Diagnosis is confirmed by serologic identification of IgM and IgG antibodies to Sin Nombre virus. […] HPS should be considered when patients present with fever and myalgia, especially if they have any of the aforementioned risk factors for exposure to SNV, or have recently encountered areas likely to be contaminated with rodent excretions. […] If HPS is being considered, a complete blood count (CBC) and chest radiograph should be obtained. […] The diagnosis is confirmed by serologic identification of IgM and IgG antibodies to SNV. Assays are available at most state public health laboratories and at the CDC.

• #49 Hantavirus Disease

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/hantavirus/fact_sheet.htm

  Hantavirus infections are rare. Sporadic (single) cases may occur throughout the country, but most, greater than 90%, of the cases have occurred in the west of the Mississippi River. From 1995-2017, five New York State residents were diagnosed with hantavirus infection. […] Early diagnosis can be challenging since initial symptoms can be vague. It is important to talk to health care providers about possible exposure to rats or mice or their droppings. If a person reports history of rodent exposure and is experiencing fever, fatigue, and shortness of breath, a physician may draw blood to test for hantavirus infection. […] Rapid diagnosis and supportive treatment have increase the chance of survival.

• #50 Development of RT-qPCR and semi-nested RT-PCR assays for molecular diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases

  https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0007884

  Although IgM ELISA is the reference assay for HPS diagnostic, it has some pitfalls such as: 1) the need to investigate seroconversion by testing a new sample collected two to three weeks after the first one, when the first serum is considered inconclusive, and 2) false-positive results due antigen cross-reactivity. […] The addition of a molecular assay for virus genome detection in HPS diagnostics may be of help to overcome this problem. […] In this respect, we aimed to provide new molecular assays for detection of hantavirus genome, by developing an internally controlled RT-qPCR assay as well as a Semi-Nested RT-PCR protocol for detection of hantaviruses circulating in the Amazon region. […] These assays could be used as an add-on diagnostic tool in conjunction with IgM ELISA. […] We expect these new molecular assays to present higher clinical specificity values than commonly used serological assays such as ELISA, due to the lack of cross-reactivity observed in these assays, with comparable clinical sensitivity values.

• #51 Hantavirus Antibody (IgG, IgM) | Test Detail | Quest Diagnostics

  https://testdirectory.questdiagnostics.com/test/test-detail/37547/hantavirus-antibody-igg-igm?p=r&cc=MASTER

  Hantavirus Antibody (IgG, IgM) – Two major groups of hantaviruses are recognized based on clinical presentation. The first group includes Sin Nombre Virus (SNV), which causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, a severe and sometimes fatal form of acute respiratory distress. […] Sera are initially screened for IgG and IgM antibodies recognizing the nucleocapsid protein common to all hantaviruses. […] IgM positives will be reported to public health. […] This test was developed and its analytical performance characteristics have been determined by Quest Diagnostics. It has not been cleared or approved by FDA. This assay has been validated pursuant to the CLIA regulations and is used for clinical purposes. […] Hantavirus Renal and Pulmonary.

• #52 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in the Spotlight: Understanding Risks After Betsy Arakawa’s Tragic Death | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2025/03/10/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-in-the-spotlight-understanding-risks-after-betsy-arakawas-tragic-death/

  Diagnosing HPS can be difficult due to its non-specific early symptoms, which resemble infections such as influenza, Legionnaires disease, leptospirosis, mycoplasma, and Q fever. Laboratory testing is required for confirmation. […] Clinicians should evaluate: […] Testing guidelines and methods to confirm hantavirus infection […] CDC and designated laboratories including state labs, public health labs, and commercial labs use an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test to detect antibodies and confirm hantavirus infections. […] A hantavirus-positive case is reported based on national guidelines, which consider clinical symptoms (HPS or non-HPS) and lab results such as: […] Clinicians should report suspected cases to their local or state health departments and may contact the CDC Emergency Operations Center at 770-488-7100 for consultation and testing support.

• #53 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/OPA/Pages/NR17-059.aspx

  CDPH Urges Caution on How to Avoid Hantavirus following Diagnosis in Northern California Man. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rare, but often fatal disease spread by rodents, said CDPH Director and State Public Health Officer Dr. Karen Smith. The chances of getting the virus are greatest when entering or cleaning buildings, or other closed spaces, where wild rodents are present. HPS is caused by a virus that individuals contract through contact with the urine, droppings or saliva of wild rodents, primarily deer mice. Breathing small particles of mouse urine or droppings that have been stirred up into the air is the most common means of infection. The illness begins with fever, headache, and muscle aches and progresses rapidly to severe difficulty breathing and, in some cases, death. Since HPS was first identified in 1993, there have been 73 hantavirus infections in California and 659 cases nationally. About 30 percent of HPS cases identified in California have been fatal. The most recent case occurred in a patient who was exposed to the virus in Mono County. Most HPS cases have been exposed in the Sierra Nevada or Southern California mountain areas. Prompt diagnosis and medical treatment increase an individual’s chances of recovery. To prevent HPS, CDPH recommends the following precautions:

• #54 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome?content_id=CON-20164027

  Blood tests can reveal if your body has made antibodies to a hantavirus. Your doctor may order other laboratory tests to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms. […] Specific treatment options for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are limited. But the prognosis improves with early recognition, immediate hospitalization and adequate support for breathing.

• #55 For health professionals: Hantavirus infection – Canada.ca

  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/hantaviruses/health-professionals-treating-hantavirus-infection.html

  Diagnosis of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome or haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is confirmed by laboratory testing. Of the following diagnostic markers, 1 or more must be positive: […] The National Microbiology Laboratory is the only laboratory in Canada that conducts diagnostic testing for hantavirus infections in humans. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome has 4 clinical phases: […] Treatment is supportive.

• #56

  https://abc7.com/post/what-is-hantavirus-syndrome-betsy-arakawa-wife-gene-hackman-cause-death/15989345/

  Betsy Arakawa, the wife of the late Gene Hackman, died of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, New Mexico officials said Friday. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a condition that „causes flu-like symptoms that can progress to more severe illness where people have trouble breathing,” according to the CDC. It is a severe and potentially fatal infection that primarily affects the lungs and needs prompt medical attention. […] Hantavirus is diagnosed with a blood test. […] The CDC recommends that patients suspected of having hantavirus pulmonary syndrome be treated promptly, even before a diagnosis is made, as symptoms from hantavirus can resemble many other viral infections, such as influenza. […] Medical care for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome may include supplemental oxygen, antibiotic therapy, fluids and mechanical or non-invasive ventilation, according to the CDC.

• #57 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS): Cause, Transmission, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.scientificanimations.com/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-cause-transmission-diagnosis-treatment/uncategorized/

  Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a severe, sometimes fatal, respiratory disease in humans caused by infection with hantaviruses. […] Early symptoms of HPS resemble are flu-like, making early diagnosis of HPS difficult. However, if the individual is experiencing fever and fatigue, accompanied by breathlessness, and has a history of potential rural rodent exposure, it can be suggestive of HPS. […] Typical blood test reports for people with HPS are likely to show abnormalities such as enlarged white blood cells, lowered platelet count, and/or elevated white blood cell count. Blood and tissue oxygen levels may be extremely low. […] There is no defined cure or vaccine for hantavirus infection. However, early diagnosis is always better to ensure proper medical care. Oxygen therapy is usually given to support breathing and clear the fluid filled in lungs. Severe cases are treated by pumping blood through a machine that adds oxygen and takes out carbon dioxide. The process is called extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

• #58 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS): Cause, Transmission, Diagnosis and Treatment

  https://www.scientificanimations.com/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-cause-transmission-diagnosis-treatment/uncategorized/

  Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a severe, sometimes fatal, respiratory disease in humans caused by infection with hantaviruses. […] Early symptoms of HPS resemble are flu-like, making early diagnosis of HPS difficult. However, if the individual is experiencing fever and fatigue, accompanied by breathlessness, and has a history of potential rural rodent exposure, it can be suggestive of HPS. […] Typical blood test reports for people with HPS are likely to show abnormalities such as enlarged white blood cells, lowered platelet count, and/or elevated white blood cell count. Blood and tissue oxygen levels may be extremely low. […] There is no defined cure or vaccine for hantavirus infection. However, early diagnosis is always better to ensure proper medical care. Oxygen therapy is usually given to support breathing and clear the fluid filled in lungs. Severe cases are treated by pumping blood through a machine that adds oxygen and takes out carbon dioxide. The process is called extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

• #59

  https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11908-001-0028-1

  Since the first outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in 1993, understanding of the vast distribution and potential impact of hantaviruses has grown. […] Rapid diagnosis has been facilitated by a new immunoblot assay to detect Sin Nombre virus infection. […] Vaccines developed against hantaviruses associated with hemorrhagic fever and renal syndrome might be effective against HPS-associated strains. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: CD4 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes to epitopes on Sin Nombre Virus nucleocapsid protein isolated during acute illness. […] Rapid and specific detection of Sin Nombre virus antibodies in patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome by a strip immunoblot assay suitable for field diagnosis. […] Successful treatment of adults with severe hantavirus pulmonary syndrome with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome treated with inhaled nitric oxide. […] High levels of viremia in patients with hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] Spectrum of hantavirus infection: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.

• #60 Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/928

  Hantavirus infection is associated with two types of severe acute febrile illness: hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) occurring in the western hemisphere, and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), an Old World disease. HCPS, also known as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), is an acute febrile illness marked by a nonspecific viral prodrome followed by rapidly progressive pulmonary insufficiency and shock occurring in an otherwise healthy person. Infection is acquired through aerosol contact with rodent excreta. […] This topic focuses on the diagnosis and management of HCPS. HCPS with renal involvement has been reported, but is not considered to be HFRS. […] Key diagnostic factors include exposure to rodent excreta/bite, dyspnea, and hypotension. […] Other diagnostic factors include fever, myalgias, gastrointestinal symptoms, headache, normal or low oxygen saturation, and lung rales.

• #61 Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice US

  https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/928

  1st tests to order include CBC, chest x-ray, IgM and IgG serologies for hantavirus, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). […] Tests to consider include ABG, serum lactate, ECG, echocardiogram, flow-directed pulmonary artery catheter (Swan-Ganz catheter), and lung biopsy. […] Emerging tests include serum viral-RNA load and neutralizing antibody.

• #62 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome?content_id=CON-20164027

  Blood tests can reveal if your body has made antibodies to a hantavirus. Your doctor may order other laboratory tests to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms. […] Specific treatment options for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are limited. But the prognosis improves with early recognition, immediate hospitalization and adequate support for breathing.

• #63 Hantavirus Disease

  https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/hantavirus/fact_sheet.htm

  Hantavirus infections are rare. Sporadic (single) cases may occur throughout the country, but most, greater than 90%, of the cases have occurred in the west of the Mississippi River. From 1995-2017, five New York State residents were diagnosed with hantavirus infection. […] Early diagnosis can be challenging since initial symptoms can be vague. It is important to talk to health care providers about possible exposure to rats or mice or their droppings. If a person reports history of rodent exposure and is experiencing fever, fatigue, and shortness of breath, a physician may draw blood to test for hantavirus infection. […] Rapid diagnosis and supportive treatment have increase the chance of survival.

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