Zespół płucno-sercowy wirusa hantawirusa

Zespół płucno-sercowy wirusa hantawirusa
Etiologia i przyczyny

Zespół płucno-sercowy hantawirusa (HPS) jest rzadką, ale wysoce śmiertelną chorobą zakaźną wywoływaną przez wirusy z rodzaju Orthohantavirus, przenoszone głównie przez specyficzne gatunki gryzoni, takie jak mysz jelenia (Peromyscus maniculatus) w Ameryce Północnej. Do zakażenia dochodzi przede wszystkim przez inhalację aerozolu zawierającego wirusa, pochodzącego z moczu, kału lub śliny zakażonych gryzoni. Patogeneza HPS opiera się na infekcji komórek śródbłonka płuc, co prowadzi do zwiększonej przepuszczalności naczyń, obrzęku płuc pochodzenia niekardiogennego oraz masywnej odpowiedzi immunologicznej. W efekcie rozwija się ciężka niewydolność oddechowa i wstrząs kardiogenny, a śmiertelność waha się między 30% a 50%, z większością zgonów występujących w ciągu 24-48 godzin od początku fazy sercowo-płucnej.

Etiologia zespołu płucno-sercowego wirusa hantawirusa

Zespół płucno-sercowy wirusa hantawirusa (HPS) jest rzadką, ale potencjalnie śmiertelną chorobą zakaźną wywoływaną przez wirusy należące do rodzaju Orthohantavirus z rodziny Hantaviridae. Te wirusy to otoczkowe, jednoniciowe wirusy RNA o ujemnej polarności, które mogą powodować ciężką niewydolność oddechową z wysoką śmiertelnością sięgającą 30-50%.¹²³

Gatunki wirusów powodujące HPS

Na terenie obu Ameryk istnieje kilka gatunków hantawirusów, które mogą wywoływać zespół płucno-sercowy. Główne z nich to:¹²

Sin Nombre virus – dominujący patogen w Ameryce Północnej, szczególnie w południowo-zachodnich stanach USA, odpowiedzialny za większość przypadków HPS w tym regionie¹²
Andes virus – główny patogen w Ameryce Południowej, szczególnie wirulentny i jako jedyny znany hantawirus zdolny do przenoszenia się z człowieka na człowieka¹²
Inne szczepy występujące w Ameryce Północnej: wirus New York, Black Creek, Bayou¹
Szczepy południowoamerykańskie: Oran, Lechiguanas, Bermejo, Laguna Negra, Choclo, Araraquara i Castelo dos Sonhos¹

Warto zaznaczyć, że wirus Sin Nombre został po raz pierwszy zidentyfikowany podczas wybuchu epidemii w 1993 roku w regionie „Four Corners” (gdzie spotykają się stany Utah, Kolorado, Arizona i Nowy Meksyk) w południowo-zachodniej części Stanów Zjednoczonych.¹²

Wektory i rezerwuary wirusów

Hantawirusy są przenoszone przez specyficzne gatunki gryzoni, które stanowią ich naturalny rezerwuar. Każdy szczep wirusa ma swojego preferowanego gospodarza:¹²

Mysz jelenia (Peromyscus maniculatus) – główny nosiciel wirusa Sin Nombre w Ameryce Północnej¹²
Mysz białostopa (Peromyscus leucopus) – nosiciel występujący głównie w północno-wschodnich stanach USA¹²
Szczur bawełniany – nosiciel występujący w południowo-wschodniej części USA¹²
Szczur ryżowy – nosiciel spotykany w południowo-wschodniej części USA¹²

Gryzonie te zarażone hantawirusem wydalają wirusa w moczu, kale i ślinie przez całe swoje życie, ale same nie wykazują objawów choroby.¹²

Drogi transmisji wirusa

Zrozumienie mechanizmów przenoszenia hantawirusów jest kluczowe dla profilaktyki zakażeń i zapobiegania rozwojowi HPS.¹

Główne drogi zakażenia

Ludzie najczęściej zarażają się hantawirusem poprzez:¹²

Inhalację aerozolu – wdychanie zawieszonych w powietrzu cząsteczek zawierających wirusa, pochodzących z moczu, kału lub śliny zakażonych gryzoni. Jest to najczęstsza droga zakażenia.¹²
Bezpośredni kontakt – dotykanie zakażonych materiałów, a następnie przeniesienie wirusa do ust, nosa lub oczu.¹
Ugryzienie – rzadko, przez ugryzienie zakażonego gryzonia.¹²

Warto podkreślić, że wirus może stać się zakaźny dla człowieka, gdy wyschniętye odchody lub mocz gryzoni zostają poruszone i tworzą aerozol, który następnie jest wdychany.¹²

Transmisja międzyludzka

Z wyjątkiem wirusa Andes występującego w Ameryce Południowej, hantawirusy występujące w Ameryce Północnej nie przenoszą się z człowieka na człowieka.¹² Oznacza to, że:¹²

Nie można zarazić się od osoby chorej na HPS
Nie można zarazić się przez kontakt z opiekunem osoby chorej
Nie można zarazić się przez transfuzję krwi od osoby, która przeżyła zakażenie HPS
Wirusa nie przenoszą zwierzęta domowe, zwierzęta gospodarskie ani owady

Jedynym znanym przypadkiem przenoszenia między ludźmi jest wirus Andes występujący w Argentynie i Chile.¹²

Patogeneza zespołu płucno-sercowego

Mechanizm, w jaki hantawirusy wywołują zespół płucno-sercowy, obejmuje szereg złożonych oddziaływań z układem immunologicznym gospodarza oraz komórkami docelowymi.¹²

Wnikanie wirusa do organizmu

Po dostaniu się do organizmu, hantawirusy:¹²

Infekują komórki śródbłonka, nabłonka, komórki dendrytyczne i limfocyty poprzez przyłączanie się glikoprotein wirusowych do receptorów powierzchniowych komórek
Wykorzystują receptory beta-3 integryny jako główną drogę wnikania do komórek
W przeciwieństwie do innych wirusów gorączek krwotocznych, hantawirusy indukują dojrzewanie zainfekowanych komórek dendrytycznych i wywołują silną odpowiedź limfocytów T w ostrej fazie zakażenia

Mechanizm uszkodzeń narządowych

Głównym miejscem ataku hantawirusów w HPS są płuca, a kluczowy mechanizm patogenetyczny to zwiększona przepuszczalność naczyń.¹²

Proces ten obejmuje:¹²

Zakażenie i uszkodzenie mikronaczyń płucnych, co prowadzi do ich zwiększonej przepuszczalności
Produkcję naczyniowego czynnika wzrostu śródbłonka (VEGF) przez zakażone komórki, co aktywuje receptory VEGFR2 na komórkach śródbłonka
Masywną odpowiedź immunologiczną specyficzną dla płuc
Wyciek płynu do pęcherzyków płucnych prowadzący do obrzęku płuc pochodzenia niekardiogennego
Spadek liczby płytek krwi (małopłytkowość)
Nadmierną reakcję układu immunologicznego

Konsekwencją tych zmian jest:¹²³

Wypełnienie płuc płynem (obrzęk płuc)
Utrudnione oddychanie
Bardzo niskie ciśnienie krwi (wstrząs) z powodu braku dostępności tlenu dla komórek organizmu
W ciężkich przypadkach – niewydolność serca, która uniemożliwia dostarczanie tlenu do organizmu

Wpływ na inne narządy

Chociaż HPS głównie wpływa na płuca i serce, wirus może również wpływać na inne narządy:¹²

Układ nerwowy
Śledzionę
Wątrobę
Węzły chłonne

W przypadku zakażenia hantawirusem zaobserwowano również typowe zapalenie mięśnia sercowego, które może być odpowiedzialne za depresję mięśnia sercowego i wstrząs w zespole płucnym hantawirusa.¹

Czynniki ryzyka zakażenia

Zrozumienie czynników ryzyka zakażenia hantawirusem jest kluczowe dla skutecznej profilaktyki.¹²

Ekspozycja środowiskowa

Główne czynniki środowiskowe zwiększające ryzyko zakażenia hantawirusem to:¹²

Zamieszkiwanie lub wizyty w obszarach wiejskich, szczególnie w zachodniej części Stanów Zjednoczonych
Przebywanie w okolicach siedlisk gryzoni lub w obszarach o dużej ich populacji
Wizytowanie obszarów wiejskich, rezerwatów przyrody, kempingów
Zwiększona aktywność na świeżym powietrzu (piesze wycieczki, biwakowanie)

Literatura sugeruje, że około 50% zakażeń wynika z ekspozycji w domu lub wokół niego, 10% z miejsca pracy, a 5% podczas rekreacji.¹²

Aktywności podwyższające ryzyko

Określone czynności mogą znacząco zwiększać ryzyko zakażenia:¹²

Sprzątanie zamkniętych, długo nieużywanych pomieszczeń (stodoły, domki, piwnice)
Sprzątanie miejsc zainfestowanych przez gryzonie
Wchodzenie do przestrzeni zamkniętych, gdzie mogą przebywać gryzonie
Prace budowlane lub remontowe w starych budynkach
Zamiatanie lub odkurzanie pomieszczeń z odchodami gryzoni (zwiększa to ryzyko powstania aerozoli)

Historia epidemiologiczna infestacji gryzoni w mieszkaniu lub wokół niego i/lub czyszczenie zamkniętych obszarów zanieczyszczonych przez gryzonie są istotnymi czynnikami ryzyka zakażenia hantawirusem.¹

Sezonowość i rozmieszczenie geograficzne

Zakażenia hantawirusem wykazują pewne prawidłowości czasowe i przestrzenne:¹²

Większość przypadków występuje wiosną i latem
W USA najczęściej występują w zachodniej części kraju
HPS jest chorobą znajdowaną głównie na obszarach wiejskich zachodnich Stanów Zjednoczonych
W Europie i Azji inne hantawirusy powodują raczej problemy z nerkami niż z płucami (Zespół krwotoczny z niewydolnością nerek)

Warto podkreślić, że HPS jest chorobą występującą wyłącznie w Ameryce Północnej i Południowej.¹²

Skutki zakażenia i przebieg choroby

Zespół płucno-sercowy hantawirusa charakteryzuje się wysoką śmiertelnością i szybkim postępem choroby.¹²

Wskaźniki śmiertelności

Zakażenie hantawirusem prowadzące do HPS wiąże się z wysokim ryzykiem zgonu:¹²

Około 38% osób, u których rozwinie się HPS, umiera z powodu choroby
Śmiertelność w przypadku szczepu przenoszonego przez mysz jelenią waha się od 30% do 50%
W przypadku ciężkich form HPS śmiertelność może sięgać nawet 40-50%
Bez odpowiedniego leczenia większość zgonów u pacjentów z HPS występuje w ciągu 24-48 godzin od początku fazy sercowo-płucnej

Te wskaźniki śmiertelności czynią HPS jedną z najbardziej śmiertelnych chorób układu oddechowego, mimo jej rzadkiego występowania.¹²

Rzadkość występowania

Pomimo wysokiej śmiertelności, HPS jest chorobą rzadko występującą:¹²

Od początku śledzenia zespołu w 1993 roku w USA odnotowano około 860 przypadków
W Kalifornii od 1980 do 2023 roku zgłoszono 91 przypadków choroby hantawirusowej
W Kalifornii około 35% zidentyfikowanych przypadków HPS zakończyło się zgonem

Tak niska liczba przypadków w połączeniu z wysoką śmiertelnością czyni HPS chorobą rzadką, ale niezwykle niebezpieczną.¹²

Współistnienie z innymi zespołami

Warto zauważyć, że hantawirusy mogą wywoływać dwa główne zespoły kliniczne, które różnią się znacznie pod względem rozmieszczenia geograficznego i ciężkości:¹²

Zespół płucno-sercowy hantawirusa (HPS) – występuje głównie w Ameryce Północnej i Południowej, charakteryzuje się ciężkim zapaleniem płuc prowadzącym do niewydolności oddechowej
Gorączka krwotoczna z zespołem nerkowym (HFRS) – występuje głównie w Europie i Azji, charakteryzuje się głównie problemami z nerkami

Te dwa zespoły różnią się również śmiertelnością – HFRS ma znacznie niższy wskaźnik śmiertelności (od 1% do 15%, w zależności od szczepu wirusa) w porównaniu do HPS.¹²

Podsumowanie etiologii zespołu płucno-sercowego hantawirusa

Zespół płucno-sercowy hantawirusa (HPS) to rzadka, ale potencjalnie śmiertelna choroba zakaźna wywoływana przez wirusy należące do rodzaju Orthohantavirus.¹² Główne cechy etiologiczne obejmują:

Przenoszenie przez specyficzne gatunki gryzoni, głównie mysz jelenią w Ameryce Północnej¹²
Zakażenie przez wdychanie aerozoli zawierających wirusa, pochodzących z odchodów, moczu lub śliny zakażonych gryzoni¹²
Uszkodzenie naczyń włosowatych w płucach, prowadzące do ich przecieku i obrzęku płuc¹²
Wysoki wskaźnik śmiertelności sięgający 30-50%¹²
Brak szczepionki i specyficznego leczenia przyczynowego¹²

Wiedza na temat etiologii HPS ma kluczowe znaczenie dla wczesnego rozpoznania, właściwego leczenia oraz skutecznej profilaktyki tej rzadkiej, ale groźnej choroby.¹²

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Materiały źródłowe

#1 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-22568/
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is caused by viruses of the Orthohantavirus genus and the Hantaviridae family. […] The most common etiology of HPS is the Sin Nombre virus in North America and the Andes virus in South America. […] Hantaviruses (genus Orthohantavirus) are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses. […] The predominant strain is the Andes virus, which is especially virulent and the only strain known to cause human-to-human infection. […] Hantaviruses induce the maturation of infected dendritic cells and elicit a profound T-cell response in the acute infection phase, unlike other hemorrhagic fever viruses that inhibit dendritic cell maturation. […] Critical adhesive receptors, beta-3 integrins, regulate platelet activation and vascular permeability and mediate hantaviruses’ cellular entry.
#1 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), also called hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), is a severe respiratory disease caused by hantaviruses. […] HPS is caused mainly by infection with New World hantaviruses in the Americas. In North America, Sin Nombre virus is the most common cause of HPS and is transmitted by the western deer mouse (Peromyscus sonoriensis). […] The main cause of illness is increased vascular permeability, decreased platelet count, and overreaction by the immune system. […] The increased vascular permeability appears to be the result of infected cells producing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which activate VEGFR2 receptors on endothelial cells, which increases paracellular permeability. […] HPS mainly affects the hearts and lungs, but other parts of the body such as the nervous system, spleen, and liver can also be affected. […] Most cases of HPS are caused by just two viruses: Andes virus and Sin Nombre virus.
#1 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-22568/
Hantaviruses were first discovered in the early 1950s by soldiers involved in the Korean War. […] The most common virus strain in North America is the Sin Nombre virus, predominantly transmitted by the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) in the southwestern United States. […] Hantaviruses infect endothelial, epithelial, dendritic, and lymphocyte cells by attaching the viral glycoprotein to the cell surface receptors. […] The literature suggests that around 50% of infections are due to exposure in or around the home, 10% from the workplace, and 5% during recreation. […] Hantaviruses cause 2 main clinical presentations: Hemorrhagic fever renal syndrome and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.
#1 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is caused by viruses of the Orthohantavirus genus and the Hantaviridae family. […] The most common etiology of HPS is the Sin Nombre virus in North America and the Andes virus in South America. […] Hantaviruses (genus Orthohantavirus) are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses. […] The predominant strain is the Andes virus, which is especially virulent and the only strain known to cause human-to-human infection. […] Hantaviruses induce the maturation of infected dendritic cells and elicit a profound T-cell response in the acute infection phase, unlike other hemorrhagic fever viruses that inhibit dendritic cell maturation. […] Critical adhesive receptors, beta-3 integrins, regulate platelet activation and vascular permeability and mediate hantaviruses’ cellular entry. […] Hantaviruses were first discovered in the early 1950s by soldiers involved in the Korean War. […] The most common virus strain in North America is the Sin Nombre virus, predominantly transmitted by the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) in the southwestern United States.
#1 Department of Agriculture | Hantavirus Infections
https://www.nj.gov/agriculture/divisions/ah/diseases/hantavirus.html
Hantaviruses (genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae) are a group of at least 25 antigenically distinct viruses carried in rodents. Some of these viruses can cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in humans. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a clinical syndrome caused by a number of hantaviruses in North and South America. In the United States, the Sin Nombre virus causes most cases. HPS can also result from infection by the New York, Black Creek, Bayou, Andes, Oran, Lechiguanas, Bermejo, Laguna Negra, Choclo, Araraquara and Castelo dos Sonhos viruses, as well as other unnamed hantaviruses. […] Hantaviruses that have not been linked to human disease include the Isla Vista, Bloodland Lake, Muleshoe, Prospect Hill and El Moro Canyon viruses in North America, the Rio Segundo virus in Costa Rica and the Rio Mamore virus in Bolivia. European and Asian hantaviruses that have not been implicated in any human disease include Thailand virus in Thailand, Khabarovsk virus in Russia, Thottapalayam virus in India, Tula virus in Europe and Topografov virus in Siberia.
#1 Orthohantavirus – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthohantavirus
Hantaviruses that cause illness in humans are mainly transmitted by rodents. […] Hantaviruses that cause HFRS can be transmitted through the bites of mites and ticks. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome was first identified in 1993 during an outbreak in the Four Corners region of the United States.
#1 Disease information about hantavirus
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/hantavirus-infection/facts
Each hantavirus has a specific rodent host species, or a group of closely related host species. […] Clinical illness results in haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (also called nephropatia epidemica) and causes less than 0.5% mortality. […] Overall, three syndromes are caused by hantaviruses: (1) Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), mainly in Europe and Asia; (2) Nephropathia epidemica (NE), a mild form of HFRS, caused by Puumala hantavirus, and occurring in Europe; (3) Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), in the Americas. […] The clinical picture of Dobrava virus infections is very similar, but the symptoms are more severe, with a higher case fatality rate. […] Rodents like the bank voles and the yellow-necked mouse are the reservoir for hantaviruses. […] The rodents excrete hantaviruses in the urine, faeces and saliva, and human infection takes place mostly via inhalation of aerosolised virus-contaminated rodent excreta. […] Ribavirin is the only drug used in severe hantavirus infections in Europe. […] There is currently no vaccine available in Europe.
#1 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is caused by several types of viruses that are carried by different kinds of rodents. […] People most often get the virus if they breathe air that has been poisoned by waste or fluids from an infected rodent. […] The primary carrier in North America is the deer mouse. Others include: The white-tailed mouse, The cotton rat, The rice rat.
#1 Understanding Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Risks, Symptoms, and Prevention | NETEC
https://netec.org/2024/03/11/understanding-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-risks-symptoms-and-prevention/
The hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is predominantly caused by the Sin Nombre virus, primarily carried by deer mice in the southwest United States. […] In other regions, such as the northeast, hantavirus infections have been linked to the white-footed mouse, while in the southeast, the cotton rat may carry a strain of the virus. […] HPS can cause severe respiratory illness in humans, sometimes resulting in fatalities. […] Symptoms of hantavirus typically develop 1-8 weeks after exposure to rodents or rodent droppings and may be non-specific, including fever, fatigue, muscle aches, nausea, and cough. […] HPS is not transmitted from person to person.
#1 Hantavirus Information | Mount Sinai – New York
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/hantavirus
Hantavirus is a life-threatening viral infection spread to humans by rodents. […] Hantavirus is carried by rodents, particularly deer mice. The virus is found in their urine and feces, but it does not make the animal sick. […] It is believed that humans can get sick with this virus if they breathe in contaminated dust from mice nests or droppings. […] Hantavirus does not seem to spread from human to human.
#1 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in the Spotlight: Understanding Risks After Betsy Arakawaâs Tragic Death | NETEC
https://netec.org/2025/03/10/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-in-the-spotlight-understanding-risks-after-betsy-arakawas-tragic-death/
HPS is a severe respiratory illness caused by hantaviruses, which are transmitted primarily by rodents. […] Hantaviruses are primarily spread by rodents body fluids and excrement. People contract hantavirus mainly through the inhalation of virus-contaminated air. […] The Sin Nombre virus, a leading cause of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) in the U.S., is primarily carried by deer mice, which are widespread across much of the country, especially in the Southwest. […] Individuals at risk for HPS include those in contact with infected rodents or their droppings, urine, saliva, or nesting materials. […] Humans can contract hantavirus through contact with urine, feces, or saliva of a rodent carrying the virus. […] HPS initially presents with non-specific, flu-like symptoms, including fever, fatigue, muscle aches, headaches, dizziness, nausea, and cough.
#1 FAQs â¢ What are the symptoms of hantavirus pulmonary syndrom
https://www.klickitatcounty.org/FAQ.aspx?QID=158
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a serious, often deadly, respiratory disease that has been found mostly in rural areas of the western United States. […] The disease is caused by a hantavirus that is carried by rodents and passed on to humans through infected rodent urine, saliva, and droppings. […] Hantavirus is spread from wild rodents to people. The virus, which is found in rodent urine, saliva, and droppings gets in the air as mist from urine and saliva or dust from feces. […] Breathing in the virus is the most common way of becoming infected, however, you can also become infected by touching your mouth or nose after handling contaminated materials. […] A rodent’s bite can also spread the virus. […] Hantavirus is not spread from person to person. […] No cure or vaccine is yet available for hantavirus infection.
#1 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome // Middlesex Health
https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rare infectious disease that begins with flu-like symptoms and progresses rapidly to more severe disease. […] Several strains of the hantavirus can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] Infection is usually caused by inhaling hantaviruses that have become airborne from rodent urine, droppings or saliva. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a human disease found only in North and South America. Each strain of the hantavirus has a preferred rodent carrier. […] The deer mouse is the most common carrier of the virus in North America and Central America. […] The virus is present in the rodent’s urine, feces or saliva. […] Inhaling viruses the most likely form of transmission when they become airborne from disturbed rodent droppings or nesting materials.
#1 Hantavirus | Canadian Lung Association
https://www.lung.ca/lung-health/hantavirus
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is a rare but serious lung disease spread by deer, mice and other wild rodents. Hantavirus is found in the saliva, urine and droppings of infected rodents. […] People can get Hantavirus when they breathe in tiny particles of fresh saliva, urine, droppings or nesting materials that are infected with the virus. […] Sweeping stirs up tiny particles of the infected droppings, urine or saliva, and makes them float in the air. When you breathe in these tiny infected particles, the virus enters your lungs and you can get sick.
#1 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17897-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a viral disease that spreads through infected mice and rats. […] Hantaviruses cause HPS. Certain types of mice and rats carry these viruses. […] In most cases, people get HPS after inhaling particles from infected mouse poop. However, hantaviruses can also spread through: […] HPS is very rarely contagious among people. Medical researchers have only observed a person-to-person transmission through a hantavirus found in Argentina and Chile.
#1 Frequently Asked Questions
https://acphd.org/hantavirus/frequently-asked-questions/
According to the California State Department of Public Health (CDPH), Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, or HPS, (sometimes referred to as Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome, or HCPS) is an uncommon, potentially severe disease of the lungs which was first recognized in 1993 in the „Four Corners” area (where Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico meet) of the southwestern United States. The disease is caused by a virus called Sin Nombre that is carried by wild mice and shed in their feces, urine, and saliva. HPS is a rare, but often fatal, disease. […] The types of Hantavirus that cause HPS in the United States cannot be transmitted from one person to another. For example, you cannot get the virus from touching or kissing a person who has HPS or from a health care worker who has treated someone with the disease. You also cannot get the virus from a blood transfusion in which the blood came from a person who became ill with HPS and survived. […] Deer mice, the reservoir animals of Sin Nombre virus that causes human Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), are abundant and widely distributed in Alameda County, especially in rural communities and in housing developments that are built adjacent to wild, open areas.
#1 Causes of a hantavirus infection – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/hantaviruses/causes-hantavirus-infection.html
Hantaviruses are a group of viruses that can cause severe illness in humans. People can become infected with a hantavirus when they: […] With the exception of the Andes hantavirus, the virus does not spread through person-to-person contact. […] The 2 most common diseases caused by a hantavirus infection are: hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (found in North and South America) […] People get the virus from infected mice, rats and other rodents. Different types of rodent carry different types of hantaviruses.
#1 Learn About Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome | American Lung Association
https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/learn-about-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-hps
The Hantaviruses are a group of rodent-borne viruses that cause illness in humans. […] The hantaviruses in the Americas attack the lungs, causing hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). […] The hantavirus that is the predominant cause of HPS in the US is called the Sin Nombre virus. […] HPS can be rapidly fatal if not identified and treated promptly. […] Hantaviruses infect people when they are inhaled. […] The leaky blood vessels allow fluid to fill the lungs making it difficult to breathe. […] This failure causes very low blood pressure (shock) as oxygen is not available to all the cells of the body. […] HPS is an airborne disease spread by rodent saliva, urine or feces. […] Anyone exposed to the virus can develop hantavirus infection, it does not only affect those with weak immune systems.
#1 Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome – Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options
https://www.epocrates.com/online/diseases/928/hantavirus-cardiopulmonary-syndrome
Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome is a notifiable condition in the US. […] Epidemiologic history of rodent infestation in or around the dwelling and/or cleaning out of rodent-contaminated enclosed areas are risk factors for hantavirus infection. […] Peromyscus maniculatus: the deer mouse, vector for Sin Nombre virus (SNV), which causes most cases of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome-associated hantaviruses contain conserved and functional ITAM signaling elements. […] Hantavirus infection induces a typical myocarditis that may be responsible for myocardial depression and shock in hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] Hantaviruses: etiologic agents of rare but potentially life-threatening zoonotic diseases.
#1 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment
https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/hantavirus-directory?catid=1006
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is caused by several types of viruses that are carried by different kinds of rodents. […] People most often get the virus if they breathe air that has been poisoned by waste or fluids from an infected rodent. […] The primary carrier in North America is the deer mouse. Others include: The white-tailed mouse, The cotton rat, The rice rat. […] People most at risk for HPS are those who are often in areas where rodents live. Its most common in spring and summer and in the western part of the United States. […] In Asia, other hantaviruses cause kidney problems instead of lung issues.
#1 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rare infectious disease that begins with flu-like symptoms and progresses rapidly to more severe disease. […] Several strains of the hantavirus can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. They are carried by different types of rodents. The most common carrier in North America is the deer mouse. Infection is usually caused by inhaling hantaviruses that have become airborne from rodent urine, droppings or saliva. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a human disease found only in North and South America. Each strain of the hantavirus has a preferred rodent carrier. […] The deer mouse is the most common carrier of the virus in North America and Central America. […] The virus is present in the rodent’s urine, feces or saliva. […] When hantaviruses reach the lungs, they invade tiny blood vessels called capillaries, eventually causing them to leak.
#1 About Hantavirus | Hantavirus | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/about/index.html
Hantaviruses can infect and cause serious disease in people worldwide. […] Hantaviruses cause two syndromes. Hantaviruses found in the Western Hemisphere, including here in the U.S., can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). The most common hantavirus that causes HPS in the U.S. is spread by the deer mouse. […] HPS is a severe and potentially deadly disease that affects the lungs. […] HPS can be deadly. Thirty-eight percent of people who develop respiratory symptoms may die from the disease. […] There is no specific treatment for hantavirus infection.
#1 Hantavirus vs. Flu Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Video
https://www.pestworld.org/multimedia-center/videos/health/hantavirus-and-the-flu/
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a potentially fatal respiratory infection spread by rodents that carry hantaviruses. […] Aerosolization of the virus due to airborne particles of contaminated urine, feces, or saliva from infected rodents is the primary source of infection in humans. […] Hantavirus infection is characteristically an influenza-like illness, and while some symptoms overlap, there are a few hallmark differences. […] While both illnesses can become fatal if left untreated, the mortality rate of the flu is roughly 0.1 percent, while the mortality rate of hantavirus is an alarming 38 percent of those infected. […] What’s more, while there is a vaccine that can help ward off the flu as well as an influenza active antiviral therapy to treat it, there is no known effective treatment or vaccine for hantavirus, making rodent prevention and control both inside the home and out crucial to prevent the spread of hantavirus.
#1
https://abc7.com/post/what-is-hantavirus-syndrome-betsy-arakawa-wife-gene-hackman-cause-death/15989345/
Betsy Arakawa died of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, New Mexico officials said Friday. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a condition that „causes flu-like symptoms that can progress to more severe illness where people have trouble breathing,” according to the CDC. […] Hantaviruses are a family of viruses that can cause serious illness and death, and some hantaviruses cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] Most of the hantaviruses found in the U.S. cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, according to the CDC. […] The syndrome is fatal in nearly four in 10 people who are infected, according to the CDC. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is spread by infected rodents through their urine, feces and saliva, according to the CDC. […] In the U.S., the most common hantavirus that causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is spread by the deer mouse. […] There have only been around 860 cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome since the CDC started tracking the syndrome in 1993 in the U.S.
#1 Hantavirus – San Mateo County Mosquito and Vector Control District
https://www.smcmvcd.org/hantavirus
Hantavirus is the common name for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (abbreviated as HPS), which is caused by Sin Nombre virus. The virus is passed to humans when these materials get swept up into the air and inhaled. […] Sin Nombre virus is not carried by house mice (Mus musculus), rats (Rattus spp.), squirrels (Sciurus spp.), or woodrats (Neotoma spp.). Sin Nombre virus IS carried by native deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and shed in their urine, feces, or saliva. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rare but serious respiratory disease that affects people mostly in rural and open space-adjacent areas of the western United States. The fatality rate is approximately 30%. No chronic infection has ever been reported in humans, and it cannot be passed between people. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is rare. From 1980 to 2023, were 91 cases of hantavirus disease reported in California residents.
#1 Hantavirus Infection: Causes and Treatment | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/hantavirus-infection
Hantaviruses cause two main syndromes: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). These differ significantly in geographical distribution and in severity: […] HPS is a severe flu-like illness followed by acute pulmonary inflammation leading to respiratory failure caused by acute non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. It has a mortality rate of about 40-50%. HPS is found mainly in North and South America. […] The primary route of infection for both illnesses is the inhalation of live virus present in the aerosolised excreta of infected rodents. […] Hantaviruses are comprised of tri-segmented negative sense single-stranded RNA, and are members of the Bunyaviridae family. Hantaviruses are distributed worldwide and are important zoonotic pathogens that can have severe adverse effects in humans.
#1 Hantavirus Infection: Causes and Treatment | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/hantavirus-infection
Hantaviruses infect endothelial cells. […] In HCPS the pulmonary microvasculature and the cells of the spleen and lymph nodes are infected, causing a massive, pulmonary-specific immune response. The damage to pulmonary endothelium increases capillary permeability and leads to fulminant pulmonary oedema. […] HPS has a mortality of 40-50%. […] The clinical presentation of HFRS varies from subclinical, mild, and moderate to severe, depending in part on the causative agent of the disease. In general, HFRS caused by Hantaan virus, Amur virus and Dobrava virus are more severe with mortality rates from 5 to 15%, whereas Seoul virus causes moderate and Puumala virus and Saaremaa virus cause mild forms of disease with mortality rates below 1%.
#1 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351838
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rare infectious disease that begins with flu-like symptoms and progresses rapidly to more severe disease. […] Several strains of the hantavirus can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] The deer mouse is the most common carrier of the virus in North America and Central America. […] The virus is present in the rodent’s urine, feces or saliva. […] When hantaviruses reach the lungs, they invade tiny blood vessels called capillaries, eventually causing them to leak. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome can quickly become life-threatening.
#1 FAQs â¢ What kinds of rodents carry hantavirus?
https://klickitatcounty.gov/FAQ.aspx?QID=155
What kinds of rodents carry hantavirus? The deer mouse is the primary carrier of the virus that causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a serious, often deadly, respiratory disease that has been found mostly in rural areas of the western United States. The disease is caused by a hantavirus that is carried by rodents and passed on to humans through infected rodent urine, saliva, and droppings. […] Hantavirus is spread from wild rodents to people. The virus, which is found in rodent urine, saliva, and droppings gets in the air as mist from urine and saliva or dust from feces. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rare disease, and most tourists are not at increased risk for hantavirus infection. However, visitors to rural areas and nature resorts, campers, hikers, and others who take part in activities outdoors can become exposed to rodent urine, saliva, and droppings and become infected with hantavirus. […] No cure or vaccine is yet available for hantavirus infection. After infection, the sooner medical treatment is sought, the better chance of recovery.
#1 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: A Zebra Worth Knowing | AAFP
https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0915/p1015.html
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a severe cardiopulmonary illness most often caused by the Sin Nombre virus, which is transmitted to humans by inhalation of aerosolized particles of rodent excreta or direct rodent contact. […] The etiologic agent was subsequently determined to be a previously unrecognized hantavirus, Sin Nombre virus (SNV), and is now known to be the predominant cause of HPS in the United States. […] Currently, at least eight species of hantavirus are known to cause HPS in the Western Hemisphere, four of which are found in the United States. […] Before 1993, illness caused by hantaviral infection had never been documented in the Americas. […] In Europe and Asia, infection with hantaviruses was known to cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), an entity clinically distinct from HPS. […] The probability of survival increases with early recognition and aggressive cardiopulmonary support. […] Currently, there is no specific therapy available to treat HPS, therefore the cornerstone of treatment remains supportive measures.
#2 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is caused by viruses of the Orthohantavirus genus and the Hantaviridae family. […] The most common etiology of HPS is the Sin Nombre virus in North America and the Andes virus in South America. […] Hantaviruses (genus Orthohantavirus) are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses. […] The predominant strain is the Andes virus, which is especially virulent and the only strain known to cause human-to-human infection. […] Hantaviruses induce the maturation of infected dendritic cells and elicit a profound T-cell response in the acute infection phase, unlike other hemorrhagic fever viruses that inhibit dendritic cell maturation. […] Critical adhesive receptors, beta-3 integrins, regulate platelet activation and vascular permeability and mediate hantaviruses’ cellular entry. […] Hantaviruses were first discovered in the early 1950s by soldiers involved in the Korean War. […] The most common virus strain in North America is the Sin Nombre virus, predominantly transmitted by the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) in the southwestern United States.
#2 Understanding Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Risks, Symptoms, and Prevention | NETEC
https://netec.org/2024/03/11/understanding-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-risks-symptoms-and-prevention/
The hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is predominantly caused by the Sin Nombre virus, primarily carried by deer mice in the southwest United States. […] In other regions, such as the northeast, hantavirus infections have been linked to the white-footed mouse, while in the southeast, the cotton rat may carry a strain of the virus. […] HPS can cause severe respiratory illness in humans, sometimes resulting in fatalities. […] Symptoms of hantavirus typically develop 1-8 weeks after exposure to rodents or rodent droppings and may be non-specific, including fever, fatigue, muscle aches, nausea, and cough. […] HPS is not transmitted from person to person.
#2 Whatâs New
https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/hantaviruspulmonarysyndrome.aspx
Hantavirus is a virus that spreads through the urine, droppings (poop), or saliva of wild rodents, including deer mice, which are common in many parts of California. Hantavirus can cause serious disease in humans. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is one kind of disease that can result from hantavirus infection. HPS is the main hantavirus disease of concern in the U.S. HPS is caused by the Sin Nombre virus, which is a specific type of hantavirus in the western U.S., including California. Although it is rare, HPS can be very serious and deadly. Symptoms of HPS are similar to other respiratory infections, including fever, headache, muscle aches, and difficulty breathing. Symptoms usually develop weeks after breathing in air contaminated by infected deer mice. There is no specific treatment or cure for HPS, and death is possible, but early medical care can increase the chances of survival.
#2 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-22568/
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is caused by viruses of the Orthohantavirus genus and the Hantaviridae family. […] The most common etiology of HPS is the Sin Nombre virus in North America and the Andes virus in South America. […] Hantaviruses (genus Orthohantavirus) are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses. […] The predominant strain is the Andes virus, which is especially virulent and the only strain known to cause human-to-human infection. […] Hantaviruses induce the maturation of infected dendritic cells and elicit a profound T-cell response in the acute infection phase, unlike other hemorrhagic fever viruses that inhibit dendritic cell maturation. […] Critical adhesive receptors, beta-3 integrins, regulate platelet activation and vascular permeability and mediate hantaviruses’ cellular entry.
#2 Case Study 17: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: A Clinical Description of 17 Patients with a Newly Recognized Disease | Environmental Medicine: Integrating a Missing Element into Medical Education | The National Academies Press
https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/4795/chapter/29
In May 1993 an outbreak of severe respiratory illness occurred in the southwestern United States. A previously unknown hantavirus was identified as the cause. […] Infection with a newly described hantavirus causes the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, which is characterized by a brief prodromal illness followed by rapidly progressive, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. […] The hantavirus genus belongs to the Bunyaviridae family and includes the causative agents of a group of febrile nephropathies known collectively as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, which occurs throughout Europe and Asia. […] Illness resulting from infection with this newly described member of the genus hantavirus is typically severe, characterized by prodromal fever, myalgia, and other symptoms followed by pulmonary edema and hypotension. Because of the characteristically prominent pulmonary involvement, we have designated this illness the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. The main distinguishing feature of this syndrome is noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.
#2 Causes of a hantavirus infection – Canada.ca
https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/hantaviruses/causes-hantavirus-infection.html
Hantaviruses are a group of viruses that can cause severe illness in humans. People can become infected with a hantavirus when they: […] With the exception of the Andes hantavirus, the virus does not spread through person-to-person contact. […] The 2 most common diseases caused by a hantavirus infection are: hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (found in North and South America) […] People get the virus from infected mice, rats and other rodents. Different types of rodent carry different types of hantaviruses.
#2 Hantavirus – San Mateo County Mosquito and Vector Control District
https://www.smcmvcd.org/hantavirus
Yes, Sin Nombre virus has been found in wild mice in San Mateo County. Disease surveys regularly detect very low levels of hantavirus in San Mateo County. However, there have not been any human cases. […] Native deer mice in the genus Peromyscus can carry Sin Nombre virus, which causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. It is not carried by house mice or rats. […] People may be exposed to hantavirus through the urine, feces, nesting materials, or saliva of wild mice. Any activity that puts you in contact with these items puts you at risk of infection. The virus must enter your lungs in order to cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] Hantavirus is not spread from person to person. You cannot become infected by being near a person who is sick. […] The most important method in preventing exposure to hantavirus is preventing mice from moving into your home.
#2 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome | Respiratory Therapy
https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/infectious-diseases/influenza/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/
In early to mid 1993, cases of unknown etiology were being reported in New Mexico among members of the Navajo Nation; patients presented with common symptoms such as respiratory failure, fever, and shock, which were found to be due to hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), a recently discovered infectious disease having both respiratory and systemic symptoms. […] Hantavirus is thought to have been present for thousands of years, but it was actually identified during the Korean Conflict near Korea’s Hantaan River. […] Rodents appear to be the only natural hosts and vectors for HPS. […] Hantavirus, however, has also been identified in other rodents, including the white-footed mouse (P. leucopus) and the rice rat (Oryzomys palustris). […] The pathogenesis of HPS is unclear, though hantavirus seems to exert a selective attraction of inflammatory cells to injured pulmonary epithelium (in this case, vascular).
#2 Hantavirus Infection – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/arboviruses-arenaviridae-and-filoviridae/hantavirus-infection
Hantaviruses occur throughout the world in wild rodents, which shed the virus throughout life in saliva, urine, and feces. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) occurs in the United States, primarily in the southwestern states, Canada, primarily in western provinces, and in South America and Panama. […] Most cases of HPS are caused by The Sin Nombre, Andes, and Choclo hantaviruses. […] Infection is transmitted to humans via inhalation of excreta of sigmodontine rodents (especially the deer mouse for Sin Nombre virus). […] Diagnosis of HPS is with serologic testing or reverse transcriptasePCR. […] The more severe forms of HPS have a case fatality rate of up to 50%.
#2 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) – El Dorado County
https://www.eldoradocounty.ca.gov/County-Government/County-Departments/Environmental-Management/EM-Vector-Control/Hantavirus-Pulmonary-Syndrome-HPS
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rare, but often fatal disease spread by rodents, Chapman said. HPS is caused by a virus that individuals get through contact with the urine, droppings or saliva of wild mice, primarily deer mice. Breathing small particles of mouse urine or droppings that have been stirred up into the air is the most common means of acquiring infection. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a deadly disease transmitted by infected rodents through urine, droppings, or saliva. Humans can contract the disease when they breathe in aerosolized virus. […] Since HPS was first identified in 1993, there have been 57 cases in California and 587 cases nationally. About 35 percent of HPS cases identified in California were fatal.
#2 What is hantavirus? The rare but deadly respiratory illness spread by rodents | Live Science
https://www.livescience.com/health/viruses-infections-disease/what-is-hantavirus-the-rare-but-deadly-respiratory-illness-spread-by-rodents
Hantavirus disease is a rare but potentially deadly respiratory illness that is caused by a family of viruses known as hantaviruses. […] Humans can develop hantavirus disease after being exposed to the urine, droppings or saliva of infected rodents. […] On rare occasions, people may develop hantavirus disease after being bitten by an infected rodent. […] Once inside the body, hantaviruses can cause two types of serious infections: hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). […] Hantaviruses cannot be spread from person to person; they can only be contracted from infected animals or their bodily fluids and excretions. […] In February 2025, the American classical pianist and businesswoman Betsy Arakawa, who was also the wife of actor Gene Hackman, reportedly died from HPS.
#2 Hantavirus vs. Flu Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Video
https://www.pestworld.org/multimedia-center/videos/health/hantavirus-and-the-flu/
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a potentially fatal respiratory infection spread by rodents that carry hantaviruses. […] Aerosolization of the virus due to airborne particles of contaminated urine, feces, or saliva from infected rodents is the primary source of infection in humans. […] Hantavirus infection is characteristically an influenza-like illness, and while some symptoms overlap, there are a few hallmark differences. […] While both illnesses can become fatal if left untreated, the mortality rate of the flu is roughly 0.1 percent, while the mortality rate of hantavirus is an alarming 38 percent of those infected. […] What’s more, while there is a vaccine that can help ward off the flu as well as an influenza active antiviral therapy to treat it, there is no known effective treatment or vaccine for hantavirus, making rodent prevention and control both inside the home and out crucial to prevent the spread of hantavirus.
#2 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) – Epidemiology
https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/epidemiology-fact-sheets/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-hps/
HPS disease is a rare but serious illness of the lungs caused by a family of viruses known as hantaviruses. […] The hantavirus is carried by infected rodents, primarily deer mice in the southwest, cotton and rice rats in the south, and the white-footed mouse in the northeastern coastal area. […] The main way that the HPS virus spreads to humans is by breathing air contaminated with rodent urine, droppings or saliva. […] There is no evidence that cats, dogs, farm animals, or insects transmit the disease to humans. […] The hantaviruses that are found throughout the United States are not known to spread between people.
#2
https://www.gov.uk/guidance/hantaviruses
Hantaviruses, from the Bunyaviridae family, are a group of viruses that are normally carried by rodents, such as rats, mice and voles. […] Hantaviruses causes 2 serious infections in humans: […] hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). […] Sin Nombre virus, the common cause of HPS in the USA, was discovered in 1993 following a cluster of acute and fatal illness in previously healthy adults. […] By the end of 2012, a total of 617 cases of HPS had been reported in the United States. […] HPS is more common in South America than in North America. […] Andes virus causes HPS in Argentina and Chile, and is the only hantavirus known to have been transmitted from person to person.
#2 Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome – Symptoms, Causes, Images, and Treatment Options
https://www.epocrates.com/online/diseases/928/hantavirus-cardiopulmonary-syndrome
Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome is a notifiable condition in the US. […] Epidemiologic history of rodent infestation in or around the dwelling and/or cleaning out of rodent-contaminated enclosed areas are risk factors for hantavirus infection. […] Peromyscus maniculatus: the deer mouse, vector for Sin Nombre virus (SNV), which causes most cases of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome-associated hantaviruses contain conserved and functional ITAM signaling elements. […] Hantavirus infection induces a typical myocarditis that may be responsible for myocardial depression and shock in hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] Hantaviruses: etiologic agents of rare but potentially life-threatening zoonotic diseases.
#2 Hantavirus Infection: Causes and Treatment | Doctor
https://patient.info/doctor/hantavirus-infection
Hantaviruses infect endothelial cells. […] In HCPS the pulmonary microvasculature and the cells of the spleen and lymph nodes are infected, causing a massive, pulmonary-specific immune response. The damage to pulmonary endothelium increases capillary permeability and leads to fulminant pulmonary oedema. […] HPS has a mortality of 40-50%. […] The clinical presentation of HFRS varies from subclinical, mild, and moderate to severe, depending in part on the causative agent of the disease. In general, HFRS caused by Hantaan virus, Amur virus and Dobrava virus are more severe with mortality rates from 5 to 15%, whereas Seoul virus causes moderate and Puumala virus and Saaremaa virus cause mild forms of disease with mortality rates below 1%.
#2 Orthohantavirus – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthohantavirus
Orthohantavirus is a genus of viruses that includes all hantaviruses (family Hantaviridae) that cause disease in humans. […] Hantaviruses in their natural reservoirs usually cause an asymptomatic, persistent infection. In humans, however, hantaviruses cause two diseases: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). […] HPS is usually caused by hantaviruses in the Americas, called New World hantaviruses. […] HPS has a higher case fatality rate than HFRS, at 30-60%. […] For both HFRS and HPS, illness is the result of increased vascular permeability, decreased platelet count, and overreaction of the immune system. […] HPS is mainly caused by two viruses: Andes virus and Sin Nombre virus. […] The disease has three phases: prodromal (early), cardiopulmonary, and recovery.
#2 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351838
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rare infectious disease that begins with flu-like symptoms and progresses rapidly to more severe disease. […] Several strains of the hantavirus can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] The deer mouse is the most common carrier of the virus in North America and Central America. […] The virus is present in the rodent’s urine, feces or saliva. […] When hantaviruses reach the lungs, they invade tiny blood vessels called capillaries, eventually causing them to leak. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome can quickly become life-threatening.
#2 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – MD Searchlight
https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/
Hantaviruses are a type of virus with a protective outer coat and an RNA center. RNA (ribonucleic acid) viruses use RNA, not DNA, to multiply. […] Important receptors, called beta-3 integrins, regulate platelet activation and vessels permeability and aid hantaviruses entry into the cells. […] Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is the main type of Hantavirus syndrome found in North and South America. […] About half of Hantavirus infections are believed to stem from exposure in or around the home, 10% are workplace-related, and 5% occur during recreational activities. […] Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is usually contracted by being in contact with rodents, their droppings, or being bitten by a rodent. […] Treatment for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome generally involves supportive care, focusing heavily on maintaining heart and lung function. […] The prognosis for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) can be serious, with a death rate as high as 40%. However, if patients receive timely and supportive care, there is a good chance of survival.
#2 FAQs â¢ What kinds of rodents carry hantavirus?
https://klickitatcounty.gov/FAQ.aspx?QID=155
What kinds of rodents carry hantavirus? The deer mouse is the primary carrier of the virus that causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a serious, often deadly, respiratory disease that has been found mostly in rural areas of the western United States. The disease is caused by a hantavirus that is carried by rodents and passed on to humans through infected rodent urine, saliva, and droppings. […] Hantavirus is spread from wild rodents to people. The virus, which is found in rodent urine, saliva, and droppings gets in the air as mist from urine and saliva or dust from feces. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rare disease, and most tourists are not at increased risk for hantavirus infection. However, visitors to rural areas and nature resorts, campers, hikers, and others who take part in activities outdoors can become exposed to rodent urine, saliva, and droppings and become infected with hantavirus. […] No cure or vaccine is yet available for hantavirus infection. After infection, the sooner medical treatment is sought, the better chance of recovery.
#2 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in the Spotlight: Understanding Risks After Betsy Arakawaâs Tragic Death | NETEC
https://netec.org/2025/03/10/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-in-the-spotlight-understanding-risks-after-betsy-arakawas-tragic-death/
HPS is a severe respiratory illness caused by hantaviruses, which are transmitted primarily by rodents. […] Hantaviruses are primarily spread by rodents body fluids and excrement. People contract hantavirus mainly through the inhalation of virus-contaminated air. […] The Sin Nombre virus, a leading cause of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) in the U.S., is primarily carried by deer mice, which are widespread across much of the country, especially in the Southwest. […] Individuals at risk for HPS include those in contact with infected rodents or their droppings, urine, saliva, or nesting materials. […] Humans can contract hantavirus through contact with urine, feces, or saliva of a rodent carrying the virus. […] HPS initially presents with non-specific, flu-like symptoms, including fever, fatigue, muscle aches, headaches, dizziness, nausea, and cough.
#2 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome // Middlesex Health
https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rare infectious disease that begins with flu-like symptoms and progresses rapidly to more severe disease. […] Several strains of the hantavirus can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] Infection is usually caused by inhaling hantaviruses that have become airborne from rodent urine, droppings or saliva. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a human disease found only in North and South America. Each strain of the hantavirus has a preferred rodent carrier. […] The deer mouse is the most common carrier of the virus in North America and Central America. […] The virus is present in the rodent’s urine, feces or saliva. […] Inhaling viruses the most likely form of transmission when they become airborne from disturbed rodent droppings or nesting materials.
#2 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html
Hantaviruses are a family of viruses that cause serious illness and sometimes death in people worldwide. […] Some hantaviruses cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). […] Most hantaviruses found in North, Central, and South America can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). […] Different hantaviruses are found in the United States. Most of these cause HPS, which primarily affects the lungs. […] HPS is fatal in nearly 4 in 10 people who are infected. […] Each hantavirus has one primary rodent that carries the disease. The most common hantavirus that causes HPS in the U.S. is spread by the deer mouse. […] There is no specific treatment for hantavirus infection. […] If HPS is suspected, the patient needs emergency medical care immediately, preferably in the intensive care unit, even before diagnosis. […] Without adequate treatment, most deaths occur in patients with HPS within 24 to 48 hours of the cardiopulmonary phase onset.
#2 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Causes, Risks & Prevention
https://sehathub.com/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome
Eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated with the feces or urine of an infected rodent causes the transmission of the Hantavirus. […] Certain strains of the Hantaviruses, such as the Andes virus from South America, can also be transmitted among humans. […] The risk of contracting hantavirus pulmonary syndrome increases with certain lifestyle choices, such as living in areas where there is a huge population of rodents. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome initially presents as a flu-like illness. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a serious condition and is usually complicated by a plethora of symptoms. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome carries a 40% mortality even with treatment, making its prognosis guarded. […] HPS has one of the highest mortality rates for all respiratory illnesses despite its rarity. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rare but rapidly progressive and deadly respiratory infection caused by Hantaviruses.
#2 Hantavirus – San Mateo County Mosquito and Vector Control District
https://www.smcmvcd.org/hantavirus
Hantavirus is the common name for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (abbreviated as HPS), which is caused by Sin Nombre virus. The virus is passed to humans when these materials get swept up into the air and inhaled. […] Sin Nombre virus is not carried by house mice (Mus musculus), rats (Rattus spp.), squirrels (Sciurus spp.), or woodrats (Neotoma spp.). Sin Nombre virus IS carried by native deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and shed in their urine, feces, or saliva. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rare but serious respiratory disease that affects people mostly in rural and open space-adjacent areas of the western United States. The fatality rate is approximately 30%. No chronic infection has ever been reported in humans, and it cannot be passed between people. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is rare. From 1980 to 2023, were 91 cases of hantavirus disease reported in California residents.
#2 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – Breathe California
https://lungsrus.org/hanavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) mostly affects adults, but the age of people who develop HPS has ranged from 10 to 75 years. HPS affects both sexes, although males are at a slightly higher risk of developing the illness (61% male, 39% female). 77% of the people with HPS have been white, 20% have been American Indian, 2% have been African-American, and 1% have been Asian. Most people who develop HPS either live in rural areas or have visited rural areas within 4 weeks before symptoms of the illness appear. […] HPS is a potentially fatal respiratory illness caused by a virus found in the saliva, urine, and droppings of some rodents. People can become infected with the virus by breathing contaminated dust; handling infected rodent saliva, urine, or droppings; or being bitten by an infected rodent.
#2 Hantavirus Infection – Infections – Merck Manual Consumer Version
https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/arboviruses-arenaviruses-filoviruses/hantavirus-infection
The kidneys, causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). […] The cardiopulmonary syndrome causes death in up to about 50% of people. […] Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is a group of similar illnesses caused by hantaviruses. […] Death occurs in 6 to 15%. […] Hantavirus infection is suspected when people who may have been exposed to the virus have characteristic symptoms. […] Treatment of hantavirus infection is mostly supportive.
#2 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) – Butte County Mosquito and Vector Control District
https://www.buttemosquito.com/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-hps
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a deadly disease caused from rodents. […] Humans can contract the disease when they come into contact with infected rodents or their urine and droppings. […] HPS was first recognized in 1993 and has since been identified throughout the United States. […] Although rare, HPS is potentially deadly. […] Rodent control in and around the home remains the primary strategy for preventing hantavirus infection. […] The deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) is the primary reservoir of the hantavirus that causes HPS in the United States.
#2 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome // Middlesex Health
https://middlesexhealth.org/learning-center/diseases-and-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome
When hantaviruses reach the lungs, they invade tiny blood vessels called capillaries, eventually causing them to leak. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome can quickly become life-threatening. […] Each strain of the virus differs in severity. The death rate due to the strain carried by deer mice ranges from 30% to 50%. […] Specific treatment options for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are limited.
#2 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome can quickly become life-threatening. Severe disease can result in failure of the heart to deliver oxygen to the body. Each strain of the virus differs in severity. The death rate due to the strain carried by deer mice ranges from 30% to 50%. […] Specific treatment options for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are limited. But the prognosis improves with early recognition, immediate hospitalization and adequate support for breathing.
#2 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in the Spotlight: Understanding Risks After Betsy Arakawaâs Tragic Death | NETEC
https://netec.org/2025/03/10/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-in-the-spotlight-understanding-risks-after-betsy-arakawas-tragic-death/
HPS is fatal in nearly 4 out of 10 people who are infected. […] Diagnosing HPS can be difficult due to its non-specific early symptoms, which resemble infections such as influenza, Legionnaires disease, leptospirosis, mycoplasma, and Q fever. […] Because there is no specific antiviral treatment for HPS, early intensive medical care is essential.
#3 About Hantavirus | Hantavirus | CDC
https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/about/index.html
Hantaviruses can infect and cause serious disease in people worldwide. […] Hantaviruses cause two syndromes. Hantaviruses found in the Western Hemisphere, including here in the U.S., can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). The most common hantavirus that causes HPS in the U.S. is spread by the deer mouse. […] HPS is a severe and potentially deadly disease that affects the lungs. […] HPS can be deadly. Thirty-eight percent of people who develop respiratory symptoms may die from the disease. […] There is no specific treatment for hantavirus infection.
#3 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | UM Health-Sparrow
https://www.uofmhealthsparrow.org/departments-conditions/conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rare infectious disease that begins with flu-like symptoms and progresses rapidly to more severe disease. […] Several strains of the hantavirus can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. They are carried by different types of rodents. The most common carrier in North America is the deer mouse. Infection is usually caused by inhaling hantaviruses that have become airborne from rodent urine, droppings or saliva. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a human disease found only in North and South America. Each strain of the hantavirus has a preferred rodent carrier. […] The deer mouse is the most common carrier of the virus in North America and Central America. […] The virus is present in the rodent’s urine, feces or saliva. […] When hantaviruses reach the lungs, they invade tiny blood vessels called capillaries, eventually causing them to leak.