Zespół płucno-sercowy wirusa hantawirusa
Rokowania, prognozy i postęp choroby

Zespół płucno-sercowy wywołany hantawirusem (HPS) charakteryzuje się wysoką śmiertelnością, sięgającą od 30% do 60%, ze średnim wskaźnikiem około 35%. Szczególnie niekorzystne rokowanie obserwuje się przy zakażeniu wirusem Andes (około 40%) oraz wirusem Sin Nombre (30-35%). Pomimo intensywnej terapii, około 33% pacjentów umiera w ciągu pierwszych 48 godzin hospitalizacji. Kluczowe czynniki prognostyczne zwiększające ryzyko zgonu to wiek >40 lat, płeć żeńska, kreatynina ≥1,4 mg/dl, hematokryt ≥42%, obecność nacieków w RTG klatki piersiowej, stężenie mleczanów >4,0 mmol/l oraz wskaźnik sercowy <2,2 l/min/m². Wczesne rozpoznanie i natychmiastowa hospitalizacja z odpowiednim wsparciem oddechowym, w tym zastosowanie ECMO przy pierwszych oznakach dekompensacji, mogą zwiększyć przeżywalność do 80% nawet w ciężkich przypadkach.

Prognoza Zespołu płucno-sercowego wirusa hantawirusa

Zespół płucno-sercowy wirusa hantawirusa (ang. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, HPS) charakteryzuje się stosunkowo niekorzystnym rokowaniem. Wskaźnik śmiertelności w przypadku tego schorzenia waha się od 30% do 60%, w zależności od szczepu wirusa oraz czynników indywidualnych pacjenta. Badania epidemiologiczne wskazują na średni współczynnik śmiertelności wynoszący około 35%.123 W przypadku zakażeń wirusem Andes współczynnik śmiertelności wynosi około 40%, natomiast przy zakażeniu wirusem Sin Nombre oscyluje między 30% a 35%.4

Pomimo odpowiedniego leczenia w oddziale intensywnej terapii, około jedna trzecia pacjentów umiera w ciągu pierwszych 48 godzin od przyjęcia do szpitala. Jednak przy wczesnym rozpoznaniu, natychmiastowej hospitalizacji i odpowiednim wsparciu oddechowym, rokowanie ulega znacznej poprawie.56 Warto podkreślić, że prawie połowa pacjentów przyjętych z zakażeniem hantawirusem nie wymaga mechanicznej wentylacji poprzez intubację, jeśli są odpowiednio leczeni z rozważnym podawaniem płynów i ścisłym monitorowaniem.7

Czynniki prognostyczne związane ze śmiertelnością

W oparciu o badania systematyczne zidentyfikowano kilka kluczowych czynników prognostycznych związanych ze zwiększonym ryzykiem śmiertelności u osób zakażonych hantawirusem. Dane o umiarkowanej pewności wskazują, że następujące czynniki korelują z wyższą śmiertelnością:8

  • Wiek powyżej 40 lat
  • Płeć żeńska
  • Podwyższony poziom kreatyniny (≥1,4 mg/dl)
  • Zwiększony hematokryt (≥42%)
  • Obecność nacieków w badaniach radiograficznych klatki piersiowej

9

Do niekorzystnych wskaźników prognostycznych u pacjentów z HPS zalicza się również stężenie mleczanów w osoczu przekraczające 4,0 mmol/l lub wskaźnik sercowy poniżej 2,2 l/min/m².10 Ponadto, badania wykazały, że pacjenci z południowo-zachodnich regionów Stanów Zjednoczonych mają wyższe ryzyko zgonu z powodu HPS.11

Rola odpowiedzi immunologicznej w rokowaniu

Odpowiedź immunologiczna na zakażenie hantawirusem jest silna i długotrwała. Wczesna produkcja przeciwciał neutralizujących (nAbs), które są skierowane przeciwko glikoproteinom powierzchniowym wirusa, jest bezpośrednio związana ze zwiększonym prawdopodobieństwem przeżycia.12 Wysokie miana przeciwciał neutralizujących wirusowy nukleokapsyd korelują z wyższym prawdopodobieństwem przeżycia i mogą być wykrywane nawet dziesięć lat po zakażeniu.1314

W przeciwieństwie do tego, wyższe poziomy interleukiny-6 (IL-6) są związane z cięższym przebiegiem choroby, a u osób zmarłych stwierdza się wyższe poziomy IL-6 niż u osób, które przeżyły. Genetyczna podatność na ciężki przebieg choroby wiąże się z typem ludzkiego antygenu leukocytarnego (HLA), który również zależy od szczepu hantawirusa, ponieważ zwiększona podatność na różne hantawirusy jest związana z różnymi haplogrupami HLA.15

Przebieg czasowy i leczenie wpływające na rokowanie

Zgony u pacjentów z HPS najczęściej występują w ciągu 24-48 godzin od początku fazy sercowo-płucnej choroby, jeśli nie zostanie zastosowane odpowiednie leczenie.16 Średni czas od wystąpienia objawów do zgonu wynosi około 3,5 tygodnia.17 Śmierć zazwyczaj następuje nagle w ciągu 2-10 dni od początku choroby, podczas fazy sercowo-płucnej.18

Wczesna intensywna opieka medyczna ma kluczowe znaczenie, ponieważ pacjenci z nagłą ostrą chorobą mogą szybko pogarszać się i umierać.19 Rozpoczęcie pozaustrojowego natleniania membranowego (ECMO) przy pierwszych oznakach dekompensacji zwiększa wskaźnik przeżywalności do 80% u pacjentów, mimo załamania sercowo-płucnego.20 W przypadkach ciężkich konieczne jest natychmiastowe leczenie w oddziale intensywnej terapii, a ECMO pomaga zapewnić wystarczające zaopatrzenie w tlen.21

Rokowanie długoterminowe i powrót do zdrowia

Jeśli stan pacjentów poprawi się w ciągu pierwszych kilku dni, istnieje duże prawdopodobieństwo ekstubacji w ciągu pierwszego tygodnia. Zazwyczaj nie występują poważne długoterminowe powikłania.22 Pełny powrót do zdrowia po chorobie trwa zwykle kilka miesięcy. Trudności z oddychaniem mogą jednak utrzymywać się nawet do dwóch lat.23 U pacjentów mogą występować subiektywne dolegliwości, takie jak duszność, zmęczenie i bóle mięśniowe.24

Czynniki prognostyczne, zarówno stosowane pojedynczo, jak i łączone w modelach oceny ryzyka, zapewniają możliwość stratyfikacji pacjentów z zakażeniami hantawirusem na podstawie ryzyka rozwoju ciężkiej choroby lub śmiertelności.25 Strategie postępowania oparte na modelowaniu predykcyjnym i dostosowaniu regionalnym mogą znacząco poprawić wyniki u osób zagrożonych ciężką postacią choroby wywołanej hantawirusem.26

Kolejne rozdziały

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Wybierz kolejny rozdział z menu poniżej, aby otworzyć nową podstronę kompedium wiedzy i uzyskać szczegółowe informację o leku, substancji lub chorobie.

  1. 11.04.2026
  2. www.leksykon.com.pl

Materiały źródłowe

  • #1 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, United States, 1993–2009 – Volume 17, Number 7—July 2011 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC
    https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/7/10-1306_article
    A The case-fatality rate was 35% […] B. Older age predicted a higher fatality rate […] C. Patients in the Southwest were most likely to die from HPS […] D. The mean time from symptom onset to death was 3.5 weeks.
  • #2 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html
    HPS is fatal in nearly 4 in 10 people who are infected. […] Early intensive medical care is critical because patients who have sudden acute disease can rapidly become severely sick and die. […] Initiating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at the earliest sign of decompensation has an 80 percent survival rate in patients despite cardiopulmonary collapse. […] In patients with HPS, poor prognostic indicators include a plasma lactate of greater than 4.0 mmol/L or a cardiac index of less than 2.2 L/min/m2. […] Without adequate treatment, most deaths occur in patients with HPS within 24 to 48 hours of the cardiopulmonary phase onset.
  • #3 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome
    Prognosis for HPS is often poor. The case fatality rate of HPS ranges from 30% to 60%. Death usually occurs 2 to 10 days after the onset of illness and occurs suddenly during the cardiopulmonary phase of illness. Andes virus infection has a case fatality rate of about 40%, and Sin Nombre virus a case fatality rate of 30-35%. It typically takes a few months to fully recover from illness. Difficulties with breathing, however, can persist for up to two years. […] The antibody response to hantavirus infection is strong and long-lasting. Early production of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that target the surface glycoproteins is directly associated with increased likelihood of survival. High nAb counts can be detected as long as ten years after infection. Higher levels of IL-6, in contrast, are associated with more severe disease, and deceased individuals have higher IL-6 levels than survivors. Genetic susceptibility to severe illness is related to one’s human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type, which also depends on the hantavirus as increased susceptibility to different hantaviruses is associated with different HLA haplogroups.
  • #4 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome
    Prognosis for HPS is often poor. The case fatality rate of HPS ranges from 30% to 60%. Death usually occurs 2 to 10 days after the onset of illness and occurs suddenly during the cardiopulmonary phase of illness. Andes virus infection has a case fatality rate of about 40%, and Sin Nombre virus a case fatality rate of 30-35%. It typically takes a few months to fully recover from illness. Difficulties with breathing, however, can persist for up to two years. […] The antibody response to hantavirus infection is strong and long-lasting. Early production of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that target the surface glycoproteins is directly associated with increased likelihood of survival. High nAb counts can be detected as long as ten years after infection. Higher levels of IL-6, in contrast, are associated with more severe disease, and deceased individuals have higher IL-6 levels than survivors. Genetic susceptibility to severe illness is related to one’s human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type, which also depends on the hantavirus as increased susceptibility to different hantaviruses is associated with different HLA haplogroups.
  • #5 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-22568/
    Prognosis: Despite appropriate treatment in the intensive care unit, around one-third of patients will die in the first 48 hours after admission. However, almost half of the patients admitted with Hantavirus will not require mechanical ventilation via intubation if appropriately managed with judicious fluids and close monitoring. […] Should patients improve within the first few days, there is a good probability of extubation within the first week, and there are often no major long-term complications. However, subjective complaints of dyspnea, fatigue, and myalgias may occur. Higher titers of antibodies neutralizing the viral nucleocapsid immune complexes correlate with a higher likelihood of survival.
  • #6 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351844
    Specific treatment options for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are limited. But the prognosis improves with early recognition, immediate hospitalization and adequate support for breathing. […] People with severe cases need immediate treatment in an intensive care unit. […] Severe disease may require a treatment called extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to help ensure you retain a sufficient supply of oxygen.
  • #7 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-22568/
    Prognosis: Despite appropriate treatment in the intensive care unit, around one-third of patients will die in the first 48 hours after admission. However, almost half of the patients admitted with Hantavirus will not require mechanical ventilation via intubation if appropriately managed with judicious fluids and close monitoring. […] Should patients improve within the first few days, there is a good probability of extubation within the first week, and there are often no major long-term complications. However, subjective complaints of dyspnea, fatigue, and myalgias may occur. Higher titers of antibodies neutralizing the viral nucleocapsid immune complexes correlate with a higher likelihood of survival.
  • #8 Prognostic Factors for Mortality in Patients Infected with Hantavirus: A Systematic Review with GRADE Certainty Assessment | medRxiv
    https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.24307524v1.full-text
    Prognostic factors, whether used alone or combined in risk assessment models, provide a means of stratifying patients with hantavirus infections based on their risk of developing severe disease or mortality. […] We identified several critical factors associated with increased mortality risks in individuals with hantavirus infection. Moderate certainty evidence suggested that age over 40 years, female gender, elevated creatinine levels (1.4 mg/dL), increased hematocrit (42%), and the presence of infiltrates on chest radiographs all correlate with higher mortality. […] Our systematic review not only sheds light on the pivotal prognostic factors for hantavirus infection but also sets the stage for the development of comprehensive management strategies that are informed by robust empirical evidence. These strategies, underpinned by predictive modeling and regional customization, can significantly enhance outcomes for individuals at risk of severe hantavirus disease, aligning with global health objectives aimed at zoonotic disease control and prevention.
  • #9 Prognostic Factors for Mortality in Patients Infected with Hantavirus: A Systematic Review with GRADE Certainty Assessment | medRxiv
    https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.24307524v1.full-text
    Prognostic factors, whether used alone or combined in risk assessment models, provide a means of stratifying patients with hantavirus infections based on their risk of developing severe disease or mortality. […] We identified several critical factors associated with increased mortality risks in individuals with hantavirus infection. Moderate certainty evidence suggested that age over 40 years, female gender, elevated creatinine levels (1.4 mg/dL), increased hematocrit (42%), and the presence of infiltrates on chest radiographs all correlate with higher mortality. […] Our systematic review not only sheds light on the pivotal prognostic factors for hantavirus infection but also sets the stage for the development of comprehensive management strategies that are informed by robust empirical evidence. These strategies, underpinned by predictive modeling and regional customization, can significantly enhance outcomes for individuals at risk of severe hantavirus disease, aligning with global health objectives aimed at zoonotic disease control and prevention.
  • #10 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html
    HPS is fatal in nearly 4 in 10 people who are infected. […] Early intensive medical care is critical because patients who have sudden acute disease can rapidly become severely sick and die. […] Initiating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at the earliest sign of decompensation has an 80 percent survival rate in patients despite cardiopulmonary collapse. […] In patients with HPS, poor prognostic indicators include a plasma lactate of greater than 4.0 mmol/L or a cardiac index of less than 2.2 L/min/m2. […] Without adequate treatment, most deaths occur in patients with HPS within 24 to 48 hours of the cardiopulmonary phase onset.
  • #11 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, United States, 1993–2009 – Volume 17, Number 7—July 2011 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC
    https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/7/10-1306_article
    A The case-fatality rate was 35% […] B. Older age predicted a higher fatality rate […] C. Patients in the Southwest were most likely to die from HPS […] D. The mean time from symptom onset to death was 3.5 weeks.
  • #12 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome
    Prognosis for HPS is often poor. The case fatality rate of HPS ranges from 30% to 60%. Death usually occurs 2 to 10 days after the onset of illness and occurs suddenly during the cardiopulmonary phase of illness. Andes virus infection has a case fatality rate of about 40%, and Sin Nombre virus a case fatality rate of 30-35%. It typically takes a few months to fully recover from illness. Difficulties with breathing, however, can persist for up to two years. […] The antibody response to hantavirus infection is strong and long-lasting. Early production of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that target the surface glycoproteins is directly associated with increased likelihood of survival. High nAb counts can be detected as long as ten years after infection. Higher levels of IL-6, in contrast, are associated with more severe disease, and deceased individuals have higher IL-6 levels than survivors. Genetic susceptibility to severe illness is related to one’s human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type, which also depends on the hantavirus as increased susceptibility to different hantaviruses is associated with different HLA haplogroups.
  • #13 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-22568/
    Prognosis: Despite appropriate treatment in the intensive care unit, around one-third of patients will die in the first 48 hours after admission. However, almost half of the patients admitted with Hantavirus will not require mechanical ventilation via intubation if appropriately managed with judicious fluids and close monitoring. […] Should patients improve within the first few days, there is a good probability of extubation within the first week, and there are often no major long-term complications. However, subjective complaints of dyspnea, fatigue, and myalgias may occur. Higher titers of antibodies neutralizing the viral nucleocapsid immune complexes correlate with a higher likelihood of survival.
  • #14 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome
    Prognosis for HPS is often poor. The case fatality rate of HPS ranges from 30% to 60%. Death usually occurs 2 to 10 days after the onset of illness and occurs suddenly during the cardiopulmonary phase of illness. Andes virus infection has a case fatality rate of about 40%, and Sin Nombre virus a case fatality rate of 30-35%. It typically takes a few months to fully recover from illness. Difficulties with breathing, however, can persist for up to two years. […] The antibody response to hantavirus infection is strong and long-lasting. Early production of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that target the surface glycoproteins is directly associated with increased likelihood of survival. High nAb counts can be detected as long as ten years after infection. Higher levels of IL-6, in contrast, are associated with more severe disease, and deceased individuals have higher IL-6 levels than survivors. Genetic susceptibility to severe illness is related to one’s human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type, which also depends on the hantavirus as increased susceptibility to different hantaviruses is associated with different HLA haplogroups.
  • #15 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome
    Prognosis for HPS is often poor. The case fatality rate of HPS ranges from 30% to 60%. Death usually occurs 2 to 10 days after the onset of illness and occurs suddenly during the cardiopulmonary phase of illness. Andes virus infection has a case fatality rate of about 40%, and Sin Nombre virus a case fatality rate of 30-35%. It typically takes a few months to fully recover from illness. Difficulties with breathing, however, can persist for up to two years. […] The antibody response to hantavirus infection is strong and long-lasting. Early production of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that target the surface glycoproteins is directly associated with increased likelihood of survival. High nAb counts can be detected as long as ten years after infection. Higher levels of IL-6, in contrast, are associated with more severe disease, and deceased individuals have higher IL-6 levels than survivors. Genetic susceptibility to severe illness is related to one’s human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type, which also depends on the hantavirus as increased susceptibility to different hantaviruses is associated with different HLA haplogroups.
  • #16 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html
    HPS is fatal in nearly 4 in 10 people who are infected. […] Early intensive medical care is critical because patients who have sudden acute disease can rapidly become severely sick and die. […] Initiating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at the earliest sign of decompensation has an 80 percent survival rate in patients despite cardiopulmonary collapse. […] In patients with HPS, poor prognostic indicators include a plasma lactate of greater than 4.0 mmol/L or a cardiac index of less than 2.2 L/min/m2. […] Without adequate treatment, most deaths occur in patients with HPS within 24 to 48 hours of the cardiopulmonary phase onset.
  • #17 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, United States, 1993–2009 – Volume 17, Number 7—July 2011 – Emerging Infectious Diseases journal – CDC
    https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/7/10-1306_article
    A The case-fatality rate was 35% […] B. Older age predicted a higher fatality rate […] C. Patients in the Southwest were most likely to die from HPS […] D. The mean time from symptom onset to death was 3.5 weeks.
  • #18 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome
    Prognosis for HPS is often poor. The case fatality rate of HPS ranges from 30% to 60%. Death usually occurs 2 to 10 days after the onset of illness and occurs suddenly during the cardiopulmonary phase of illness. Andes virus infection has a case fatality rate of about 40%, and Sin Nombre virus a case fatality rate of 30-35%. It typically takes a few months to fully recover from illness. Difficulties with breathing, however, can persist for up to two years. […] The antibody response to hantavirus infection is strong and long-lasting. Early production of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that target the surface glycoproteins is directly associated with increased likelihood of survival. High nAb counts can be detected as long as ten years after infection. Higher levels of IL-6, in contrast, are associated with more severe disease, and deceased individuals have higher IL-6 levels than survivors. Genetic susceptibility to severe illness is related to one’s human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type, which also depends on the hantavirus as increased susceptibility to different hantaviruses is associated with different HLA haplogroups.
  • #19 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html
    HPS is fatal in nearly 4 in 10 people who are infected. […] Early intensive medical care is critical because patients who have sudden acute disease can rapidly become severely sick and die. […] Initiating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at the earliest sign of decompensation has an 80 percent survival rate in patients despite cardiopulmonary collapse. […] In patients with HPS, poor prognostic indicators include a plasma lactate of greater than 4.0 mmol/L or a cardiac index of less than 2.2 L/min/m2. […] Without adequate treatment, most deaths occur in patients with HPS within 24 to 48 hours of the cardiopulmonary phase onset.
  • #20 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC
    https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html
    HPS is fatal in nearly 4 in 10 people who are infected. […] Early intensive medical care is critical because patients who have sudden acute disease can rapidly become severely sick and die. […] Initiating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at the earliest sign of decompensation has an 80 percent survival rate in patients despite cardiopulmonary collapse. […] In patients with HPS, poor prognostic indicators include a plasma lactate of greater than 4.0 mmol/L or a cardiac index of less than 2.2 L/min/m2. […] Without adequate treatment, most deaths occur in patients with HPS within 24 to 48 hours of the cardiopulmonary phase onset.
  • #21 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351844
    Specific treatment options for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are limited. But the prognosis improves with early recognition, immediate hospitalization and adequate support for breathing. […] People with severe cases need immediate treatment in an intensive care unit. […] Severe disease may require a treatment called extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to help ensure you retain a sufficient supply of oxygen.
  • #22 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-22568/
    Prognosis: Despite appropriate treatment in the intensive care unit, around one-third of patients will die in the first 48 hours after admission. However, almost half of the patients admitted with Hantavirus will not require mechanical ventilation via intubation if appropriately managed with judicious fluids and close monitoring. […] Should patients improve within the first few days, there is a good probability of extubation within the first week, and there are often no major long-term complications. However, subjective complaints of dyspnea, fatigue, and myalgias may occur. Higher titers of antibodies neutralizing the viral nucleocapsid immune complexes correlate with a higher likelihood of survival.
  • #23 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome
    Prognosis for HPS is often poor. The case fatality rate of HPS ranges from 30% to 60%. Death usually occurs 2 to 10 days after the onset of illness and occurs suddenly during the cardiopulmonary phase of illness. Andes virus infection has a case fatality rate of about 40%, and Sin Nombre virus a case fatality rate of 30-35%. It typically takes a few months to fully recover from illness. Difficulties with breathing, however, can persist for up to two years. […] The antibody response to hantavirus infection is strong and long-lasting. Early production of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that target the surface glycoproteins is directly associated with increased likelihood of survival. High nAb counts can be detected as long as ten years after infection. Higher levels of IL-6, in contrast, are associated with more severe disease, and deceased individuals have higher IL-6 levels than survivors. Genetic susceptibility to severe illness is related to one’s human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type, which also depends on the hantavirus as increased susceptibility to different hantaviruses is associated with different HLA haplogroups.
  • #24 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/n/statpearls/article-22568/
    Prognosis: Despite appropriate treatment in the intensive care unit, around one-third of patients will die in the first 48 hours after admission. However, almost half of the patients admitted with Hantavirus will not require mechanical ventilation via intubation if appropriately managed with judicious fluids and close monitoring. […] Should patients improve within the first few days, there is a good probability of extubation within the first week, and there are often no major long-term complications. However, subjective complaints of dyspnea, fatigue, and myalgias may occur. Higher titers of antibodies neutralizing the viral nucleocapsid immune complexes correlate with a higher likelihood of survival.
  • #25 Prognostic Factors for Mortality in Patients Infected with Hantavirus: A Systematic Review with GRADE Certainty Assessment | medRxiv
    https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.24307524v1.full-text
    Prognostic factors, whether used alone or combined in risk assessment models, provide a means of stratifying patients with hantavirus infections based on their risk of developing severe disease or mortality. […] We identified several critical factors associated with increased mortality risks in individuals with hantavirus infection. Moderate certainty evidence suggested that age over 40 years, female gender, elevated creatinine levels (1.4 mg/dL), increased hematocrit (42%), and the presence of infiltrates on chest radiographs all correlate with higher mortality. […] Our systematic review not only sheds light on the pivotal prognostic factors for hantavirus infection but also sets the stage for the development of comprehensive management strategies that are informed by robust empirical evidence. These strategies, underpinned by predictive modeling and regional customization, can significantly enhance outcomes for individuals at risk of severe hantavirus disease, aligning with global health objectives aimed at zoonotic disease control and prevention.
  • #26 Prognostic Factors for Mortality in Patients Infected with Hantavirus: A Systematic Review with GRADE Certainty Assessment | medRxiv
    https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.05.20.24307524v1.full-text
    Prognostic factors, whether used alone or combined in risk assessment models, provide a means of stratifying patients with hantavirus infections based on their risk of developing severe disease or mortality. […] We identified several critical factors associated with increased mortality risks in individuals with hantavirus infection. Moderate certainty evidence suggested that age over 40 years, female gender, elevated creatinine levels (1.4 mg/dL), increased hematocrit (42%), and the presence of infiltrates on chest radiographs all correlate with higher mortality. […] Our systematic review not only sheds light on the pivotal prognostic factors for hantavirus infection but also sets the stage for the development of comprehensive management strategies that are informed by robust empirical evidence. These strategies, underpinned by predictive modeling and regional customization, can significantly enhance outcomes for individuals at risk of severe hantavirus disease, aligning with global health objectives aimed at zoonotic disease control and prevention.