Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351844

  Specific treatment options for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are limited. But the prognosis improves with early recognition, immediate hospitalization and adequate support for breathing. […] People with severe cases need immediate treatment in an intensive care unit. Intubation and mechanical ventilation may be needed to support breathing and to help manage fluid in the lungs. […] Severe disease may require a treatment called extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to help ensure you retain a sufficient supply of oxygen. This involves continuously pumping your blood through a machine that removes carbon dioxide and adds oxygen. The oxygenated blood is then returned to your body.

• #1 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html

  There is no specific treatment for hantavirus infection. If HPS is suspected, the patient needs emergency medical care immediately, preferably in the intensive care unit, even before diagnosis. […] Early intensive medical care is critical because patients who have sudden acute disease can rapidly become severely sick and die. If a patient is experiencing full distress, it is less likely the treatment will be effective. […] Patient management should include: Monitoring and adjustment of cardiac function, Carefully administering fluids, Providing supplemental oxygen, Intubating and ventilating if needed. […] Suspected HPS patients should receive appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, even if you’re still waiting for diagnosis. Care should also include fever reducers and pain relievers.

• #1 Hantavirus: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hantavirus-symptoms

  Hantavirus infection can progress into severe disease. The goal of treatment for hantavirus is to manage your symptoms to lower the risk of damage to your lungs and heart. […] Due to severe pulmonary (lung) symptoms, many people will need help breathing. About 40% of people who go to the hospital with hantavirus symptoms require mechanical ventilation. If your symptoms dont improve, your medical team might try extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). […] People who develop HFRS may require hemodialysis. This is a way to filter your blood until your kidneys recover. […] A doctor may consider prescribing antiviral medication to help remove the virus from your system. No large human trial has shown any antiviral to be effective at treating various hantavirus strains. But some studies have seen positive results.

• #1 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html

  Initiating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at the earliest sign of decompensation has an 80 percent survival rate in patients despite cardiopulmonary collapse. […] Intravenous ribavirin, a guanosine analogue, has been tested in patients with HPS. However, it was not shown to be effective for treatment of HPS. […] Without adequate treatment, most deaths occur in patients with HPS within 24 to 48 hours of the cardiopulmonary phase onset.

• #1 Hantavirus Infection: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hantavirus-infection

  Treatment is mainly supportive cardiovascular, respiratory and renal function support, with fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Inotropic support may be required to maintain mean arterial pressure above 70 mm Hg. […] The antiviral ribavarin is not beneficial, although antibiotics may be required for secondary infection. […] In HPS, intubation and respiratory support may be required. The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in decompensated patients has also been shown to be beneficial. ECMO supports the failing heart and lungs long enough to allow recovery.

• #1 Hantavirus Infections—Treatment and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7594967/

  To date, there are no US Food and Drug Administration-approved antiviral drugs available for use against HFRS or HPS. Therefore, the management of severe cases is purely based on supportive care. Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance is very important in these patients. HFRS patients with severe renal insufficiency may need extracorporeal blood purification (dialysis treatment). In HCPS, mechanical ventilation or even extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may be required. Additional to supportive care, there had been trials of antiviral and immunotherapies done against HFRS and HPS. They are as follows: […] Effectiveness of ribavirin against some Hantaviruses had been proved in vitro and to some extent in vivo. Efficacy of ribavirin therapy against HFRS has been evaluated using a Hantaan virus-infected suckling mouse model with various doses of ribavirin. Treatment with 50 mg of ribavirin/kg per day beginning on day 10 of the viral challenge demonstrated a higher survival rate compared with placebo controls in mice. Ribavirin efficacy against Andes virus-related HPS has been shown in vitro using Vero E6 cells and in vivo using a lethal hamster HPS model. In hamsters, treatment with as little as 5 mg/kg per day was effective in preventing lethal HPS disease when therapy was administered via intraperitoneal injection from day 01 through day 10 post-infection. Ribavirin remained 100% protective when administered via intraperitoneal injections up to 03 days following infection. Also, another study has shown 100 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg concentrations of ribavirin prevented HPS in hamsters without toxicity, and administration of ribavirin at 14 days post-infection also provided a significant level of protection against lethal HPS. These data provide in vivo evidence supporting the potential use of ribavirin as a post-exposure treatment to prevent HPS caused by ANDV. However, two clinical trials involving the treatment of HPS using ribavirin have shown that ribavirin was ineffective for patients having HPS progressed to the cardiopulmonary phase.

• #1 Treatment of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2810485/

  Deaths, almost invariably due to shock, may occur within hours of the onset of the cardiopulmonary phase. […] In the absence of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), almost all deaths occur within 24-48 h of the onset of this phase. […] The evaluation of the efficacy of antiviral and antibody therapies in animal models should take this into consideration. […] Ribavirin was tested for efficacy in HFRS patients in China and shown to have a statistically significant beneficial effect if initiated early in the disease course. […] The first was a trial of ribavirin conducted in the US and Canada by the NIAID-sponsored Collaborative Antiviral Study Group, and the second is an ongoing NIH-NIAID-sponsored controlled trial of intravenous methylprednisolone in Chile. […] In the first trial, the majority of the patients were in the cardiopulmonary stage when they enrolled, and treatment with ribavirin had no clinical benefit, suggesting that its efficacy may depend on the phase of infection and the severity of disease when treatment is initiated and calling attention to the need for early intervention.

• #1 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome

  Supportive treatment is always performed for HPS and entails continual cardiac monitoring and respiratory support, including mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and hemofiltration. […] No specific antiviral drugs exist for hantavirus infection, but ribavirin and favipiravir have shown varying efficacy and safety. […] Prophylactic use of ribavirin and favipiravir in early infection or post-exposure show some efficacy, and both have shown some anti-hantavirus activity in vivo and in vitro. […] The administration of ribavirin after the onset of the cardiopulmonary phase of HPS has not shown to be an effective treatment and currently there is no recommendation for the use of ribavirin to treat HFRS or HPS. […] Favipiravir, in comparison to ribavirin, has shown greater efficacy without anemia as a side effect.

• #1 Hantavirus Infections—Treatment and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7594967/

  Favipiravir (T-705) potently inhibits SNV and ANDV in vitro. For both viruses, the 90% effective concentration was estimated at 5 g/ml. In the lethal ANDV hamster model, the daily administration of oral T-705 at 50 or 100 mg/kg significantly improved the survival rate. Oral T-705 therapy remained protective against HPS when treatment was initiated prior to the onset of viremia. […] Efficacy of lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein, against Hantavirus has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. The result of both studies has shown the antiviral activity of lactoferrin against Hantavirus by inhibition of virus adsorption to the cells. […] Although currently, no specific treatment has been shown to be effective against Hantaviruses causing HPS, several studies have demonstrated that neutralizing antibodies can inhibit HPS in vivo.

• #1 Hantavirus Infections in Light of Current Knowledge – Mediterranean Journal of Infection Microbes and Antimicrobials

  https://www.mjima.org/articles/hantavirus-infections-in-light-of-current-knowledge/doi/mjima.2017.16

  Studies have also been conducted on small inhibitor molecules. For example, drugs that inhibit v3 integrins may be used in treatment. In addition, other molecules such as VEGFR2 and „Src family kinases” may be therapeutic by inhibiting the endothelial cell permeability associated with ANDV. However, further studies are needed to demonstrate the therapeutic potential of these molecules. […] Early diagnosis, intensive care, and supportive therapy have greatly reduced mortality due to hantavirus infections, with rates of less than 1% for certain subtypes. Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance is the key principle of treatment. Other critical issues are improving renal function, providing adequate oxygenation, and regulating blood pressure. […] Blood products, especially thrombocyte suspensions, can be used for patients with obvious hemorrhage or in severe cases presenting with thrombocytopenia.

• #1 Hantavirus Infections in Light of Current Knowledge – Mediterranean Journal of Infection Microbes and Antimicrobials

  https://www.mjima.org/articles/hantavirus-infections-in-light-of-current-knowledge/doi/mjima.2017.16

  Hantavirus is an enveloped virus with an RNA genome comprised of three negative-sense, single-stranded segments and belongs to the genus Hantavirus in family Bunyaviridae. […] Early diagnosis and supportive treatment are crucial to prevent mortality. Fluid/electrolyte and oxygen therapy, renal replacement, regulation of blood pressure, and blood or blood products replacement are the main components of supportive treatment. […] Although ribavirin is controversial in the specific treatment, some studies have suggested that it may be beneficial, especially during the oliguric phase. Favipiravir and icatibant are other effective drugs in the treatment, and the use of v3 integrin inhibitors is also suggested. […] Recently it is reported that icadibant may be effective in infections caused by PUUV and many other hantavirus subtypes by preventing the binding of bradykinin. Favipiravir (T-705, 6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide) has been shown to be highly active against many Bunyaviruses via inhibiting viral replication and cytopathic effect.

• #1 Hantavirus Infections—Treatment and Prevention

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7594967/

  A study has been done using a parallel-group, placebo-controlled clinical trial in Chile to see the efficacy of intravenous methylprednisolone for HPS infection. It concludes as there is no significant difference in mortality between treatment groups was observed and it did not provide significant clinical benefit to patients. Moreover, results do not support the use of methylprednisolone for HPS.

• #1 About Hantavirus | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/about/index.html

  There is no specific treatment for hantavirus infection. Patients should receive supportive care, including rest, hydration, and treatment of symptoms. […] HPS can cause breathing difficulties, and patients may need breathing support, such as intubation. Intubation is a medical procedure where a tube is placed in the lungs from the mouth to help the patient get oxygen. […] HFRS can disrupt kidney function. Patients with HFRS may need dialysis to remove toxins from the blood and maintain the right balance of fluids in the body when the kidneys aren’t working well.

• #1 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22568

  Fluid balance should be attempted to maintain normal-high filling pressures for cardiac output and minimize pulmonary edema. […] Inotropic agents such as dobutamine are encouraged early. […] Death is often associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation, which includes frank hemorrhage and drastic leukocytosis. […] Should patients improve in the first few days, there is a good probability of extubation within the first week. […] Vaccines have been used in China and Korea, but long-term results are unavailable.

• #1 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20351838

  Because treatment options are limited, the best protection against hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is to avoid contact with rodents and safely clean up rodent habitats. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome can quickly become life-threatening. Severe disease can result in failure of the heart to deliver oxygen to the body. Each strain of the virus differs in severity. The death rate due to the strain carried by deer mice ranges from 30% to 50%. […] Safe cleaning will help prevent the spread of viruses. Follow these steps: Wear a mask and rubber or plastic gloves. Spray the nest, droppings or dead rodent with a household disinfectant, alcohol or bleach and water solution. Let it sit for five minutes. Use paper towels to clean up and dispose of towels in garbage. Mop or sponge the area with a disinfectant. Wash gloved hands and dispose of gloves and mask. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water. […] Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

• #1 Treatment of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2810485/

  Administration of human neutralizing antibodies during the acute phase of HPS might prove effective for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of hantaviral infections. […] At present, there have been no published reports of controlled clinical trials of immunotherapy for HFRS or HPS. […] These data suggest that a post-exposure prophylaxis regimen consisting of passive immunoprophyaxis and active vaccination would be effective for HPS, as has been shown for other viral diseases such as rabies, hepatitis A and B, and varicella. […] Antiviral therapeutics offer an alternative strategy for dealing with outbreaks in areas previously unrecognized to harbor disease, accidental exposure in laboratory workers or deliberate introduction through bioterrorism. […] Unfortunately, except for ribavirin, no potential antivirals have been reported to show efficacy in animal models of HFRS or HPS. Thus, it is imperative to develop countermeasures to treat unprotected persons who have been exposed to these virulent pathogens.

• #1 Hantavirus: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hantavirus-symptoms

  Ribavirin: Some studies suggest that ribavirin effectively treats the Hantaan and Andes viruses. But these effects seem to be useful only before pulmonary symptoms begin. It also has significant side effects. A 2021 animal study found positive results when using ribavirin together with favipiravir to treat the Hantaan virus. […] Chloroquine: Known as an antimalaria drug, chloroquine has been seen to be effective against the Hantaan and Andes viruses in studies with rodents. There have been no human trials. […] Monoclonal antibodies: Recent research suggests that monoclonal (human-made) antibodies could prevent infection from the Andes and Puumala viruses in rodents. […] Note that these treatments are still being investigated. Theres no FDA-approved treatment for hantavirus.

• #1 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/hantaviruspulmonarysyndrome.aspx

  Symptoms of hantavirus infection can be mild or severe, depending on whether a person’s lungs become infected. There is no specific treatment for hantavirus infection, but early medical care can help if serious disease develops. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is one kind of disease that can result from hantavirus infection. […] There is no specific treatment or cure for HPS, and death is possible, but early medical care can increase the chances of survival. […] If you have a fever, difficulty breathing, and have been exposed to rodents or rodent-contaminated materials, talk to a healthcare provider right away and tell them about your recent exposure to rodents (especially mice).

• #2 About Hantavirus | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/about/index.html

  There is no specific treatment for hantavirus infection. Patients should receive supportive care, including rest, hydration, and treatment of symptoms. […] HPS can cause breathing difficulties, and patients may need breathing support, such as intubation. Intubation is a medical procedure where a tube is placed in the lungs from the mouth to help the patient get oxygen. […] HFRS can disrupt kidney function. Patients with HFRS may need dialysis to remove toxins from the blood and maintain the right balance of fluids in the body when the kidneys aren’t working well.

• #2 Hantavirus Infection: Causes and Treatment | Doctor

  https://patient.info/doctor/hantavirus-infection

  Treatment is mainly supportive cardiovascular, respiratory and renal function support, with fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Inotropic support may be required to maintain mean arterial pressure above 70 mm Hg. […] The antiviral ribavarin is not beneficial, although antibiotics may be required for secondary infection. […] In HPS, intubation and respiratory support may be required. The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in decompensated patients has also been shown to be beneficial. ECMO supports the failing heart and lungs long enough to allow recovery.

• #2 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351844

  Specific treatment options for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are limited. But the prognosis improves with early recognition, immediate hospitalization and adequate support for breathing. […] People with severe cases need immediate treatment in an intensive care unit. Intubation and mechanical ventilation may be needed to support breathing and to help manage fluid in the lungs. […] Severe disease may require a treatment called extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to help ensure you retain a sufficient supply of oxygen. This involves continuously pumping your blood through a machine that removes carbon dioxide and adds oxygen. The oxygenated blood is then returned to your body.

• #2 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17897-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome

  Treatment may include oxygen therapy, medications, ventilation and dialysis. […] HPS treatment usually involves intensive care. Healthcare providers will monitor your needs and may provide specific treatments, including: Oxygen therapy. Fluid replacement. Medication to raise your blood pressure. Antiviral medication (ribavirin). Mechanical ventilation. Dialysis. […] In severe cases, providers treat HPS with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

• #2 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22568

  Treatment is supportive (namely, with aggressive cardiopulmonary support). Key treatment features are as follows: […] Respiratory failure can be severe, with around 40% of cases requiring mechanical ventilation. […] Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for advanced HPS has been used at the University of New Mexico with a 70% success rate if intervention was early. However, given the condition’s rarity, clinical trials cannot establish efficacy. […] Despite appropriate treatment in intensive care units, around one-third of patients will die in the first 48 hours after admission. […] Almost half of the patients admitted with Hantavirus will not require mechanical ventilation via intubation if appropriately managed with judicious fluids and close monitoring. […] Ribavirin has been proposed as a treatment option with some benefit to inhaled ribavirin; overall effectiveness has yet to be proven.

• #2 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome

  Supportive treatment is always performed for HPS and entails continual cardiac monitoring and respiratory support, including mechanical ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and hemofiltration. […] No specific antiviral drugs exist for hantavirus infection, but ribavirin and favipiravir have shown varying efficacy and safety. […] Prophylactic use of ribavirin and favipiravir in early infection or post-exposure show some efficacy, and both have shown some anti-hantavirus activity in vivo and in vitro. […] The administration of ribavirin after the onset of the cardiopulmonary phase of HPS has not shown to be an effective treatment and currently there is no recommendation for the use of ribavirin to treat HFRS or HPS. […] Favipiravir, in comparison to ribavirin, has shown greater efficacy without anemia as a side effect.

• #2 Treatment of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2810485/

  Deaths, almost invariably due to shock, may occur within hours of the onset of the cardiopulmonary phase. […] In the absence of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), almost all deaths occur within 24-48 h of the onset of this phase. […] The evaluation of the efficacy of antiviral and antibody therapies in animal models should take this into consideration. […] Ribavirin was tested for efficacy in HFRS patients in China and shown to have a statistically significant beneficial effect if initiated early in the disease course. […] The first was a trial of ribavirin conducted in the US and Canada by the NIAID-sponsored Collaborative Antiviral Study Group, and the second is an ongoing NIH-NIAID-sponsored controlled trial of intravenous methylprednisolone in Chile. […] In the first trial, the majority of the patients were in the cardiopulmonary stage when they enrolled, and treatment with ribavirin had no clinical benefit, suggesting that its efficacy may depend on the phase of infection and the severity of disease when treatment is initiated and calling attention to the need for early intervention.

• #2 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome

  A number of other approaches have been researched as potential anti-hantavirus treatments, including small-molecule compounds that target the virus or host, peptides, alligator weed, antibodies, and classical antiviral drugs, tested mainly to block hantavirus entry into cells or restrain virus replication. Host-targeting medicines are designed to improve vascular function or rebuild homeostasis.

• #2 Treatment of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2810485/

  Administration of human neutralizing antibodies during the acute phase of HPS might prove effective for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of hantaviral infections. […] At present, there have been no published reports of controlled clinical trials of immunotherapy for HFRS or HPS. […] These data suggest that a post-exposure prophylaxis regimen consisting of passive immunoprophyaxis and active vaccination would be effective for HPS, as has been shown for other viral diseases such as rabies, hepatitis A and B, and varicella. […] Antiviral therapeutics offer an alternative strategy for dealing with outbreaks in areas previously unrecognized to harbor disease, accidental exposure in laboratory workers or deliberate introduction through bioterrorism. […] Unfortunately, except for ribavirin, no potential antivirals have been reported to show efficacy in animal models of HFRS or HPS. Thus, it is imperative to develop countermeasures to treat unprotected persons who have been exposed to these virulent pathogens.

• #2 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome | Treatment & Management | Point of Care

  https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/22568

  Fluid balance should be attempted to maintain normal-high filling pressures for cardiac output and minimize pulmonary edema. […] Inotropic agents such as dobutamine are encouraged early. […] Death is often associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation, which includes frank hemorrhage and drastic leukocytosis. […] Should patients improve in the first few days, there is a good probability of extubation within the first week. […] Vaccines have been used in China and Korea, but long-term results are unavailable.

• #2 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html

  There is no specific treatment for hantavirus infection. If HPS is suspected, the patient needs emergency medical care immediately, preferably in the intensive care unit, even before diagnosis. […] Early intensive medical care is critical because patients who have sudden acute disease can rapidly become severely sick and die. If a patient is experiencing full distress, it is less likely the treatment will be effective. […] Patient management should include: Monitoring and adjustment of cardiac function, Carefully administering fluids, Providing supplemental oxygen, Intubating and ventilating if needed. […] Suspected HPS patients should receive appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, even if you’re still waiting for diagnosis. Care should also include fever reducers and pain relievers.

• #2 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html

  Initiating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at the earliest sign of decompensation has an 80 percent survival rate in patients despite cardiopulmonary collapse. […] Intravenous ribavirin, a guanosine analogue, has been tested in patients with HPS. However, it was not shown to be effective for treatment of HPS. […] Without adequate treatment, most deaths occur in patients with HPS within 24 to 48 hours of the cardiopulmonary phase onset.

• #2 Hantavirus: What is disease that killed Gene Hackman’s wife?

  https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0rz0x0zjqzo

  There is no specific treatment for hantavirus infections. […] The CDC recommends supportive care to treat symptoms. […] Patients with severe symptoms may need to be admitted to hospitals in intensive care units. Some may need to be intubated in severe cases. […] The CDC recommends eliminating contact with rodents in homes or workplaces to reduce exposure to the virus. […] The agency also recommends sealing entry points in basements or attics where rodents may enter homes. […] Wearing protective gear is also suggested when cleaning up rodent droppings to avoid inhaling contaminated air.

• #2

  https://consensus.app/questions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-treated/

  Ribavirin, another antiviral drug, is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for its effectiveness against HPS. […] Passive immunotherapy using sera from vaccinated individuals has shown potential in animal models. […] Efforts are ongoing to develop vaccines against hantaviruses. […] The treatment of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome primarily involves supportive care, including mechanical ventilation and fluid management. ECMO has emerged as a beneficial therapy for severe cases, significantly improving survival rates. Antiviral agents like Favipiravir and Ribavirin are under investigation and show promise in preclinical and clinical studies. […] Effective therapeutics for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) could reduce the high mortality rate and improve treatment and prevention of the disease.

• #2 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in the Spotlight: Understanding Risks After Betsy Arakawa’s Tragic Death | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2025/03/10/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-in-the-spotlight-understanding-risks-after-betsy-arakawas-tragic-death/

  Because there is no specific antiviral treatment for HPS, early intensive medical care is essential. Early patient management should include: […] In severe cases, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can help patients breathe and has an 80% survival rate. […] Appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotics, fever reducers, and pain relievers.

• #3 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html

  There is no specific treatment for hantavirus infection. If HPS is suspected, the patient needs emergency medical care immediately, preferably in the intensive care unit, even before diagnosis. […] Early intensive medical care is critical because patients who have sudden acute disease can rapidly become severely sick and die. If a patient is experiencing full distress, it is less likely the treatment will be effective. […] Patient management should include: Monitoring and adjustment of cardiac function, Carefully administering fluids, Providing supplemental oxygen, Intubating and ventilating if needed. […] Suspected HPS patients should receive appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, even if you’re still waiting for diagnosis. Care should also include fever reducers and pain relievers.

• #3 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17897-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome

  Treatment may include oxygen therapy, medications, ventilation and dialysis. […] HPS treatment usually involves intensive care. Healthcare providers will monitor your needs and may provide specific treatments, including: Oxygen therapy. Fluid replacement. Medication to raise your blood pressure. Antiviral medication (ribavirin). Mechanical ventilation. Dialysis. […] In severe cases, providers treat HPS with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

• #3 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS): Symptoms, Causes, Treatment

  https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/hantavirus-directory?catid=1006

  There isnt a cure or vaccine, but doctors are able to give oxygen therapy to people with HPS. The earlier it is diagnosed, the better your chances of recovering. […] When you have HPS, youre generally placed in intensive care in a hospital and given oxygen therapy to support your breathing and clear your lungs of fluid. You might get a breathing tube through your nose or mouth. […] In the most severe cases, people might have their blood pumped through a machine that adds oxygen and takes out carbon dioxide. This is called extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. […] About 60% of people who get HPS survive. Clinical trials are ongoing for potential treatments. Ask your doctor about them if you want to know more.

• #3 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html

  Initiating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at the earliest sign of decompensation has an 80 percent survival rate in patients despite cardiopulmonary collapse. […] Intravenous ribavirin, a guanosine analogue, has been tested in patients with HPS. However, it was not shown to be effective for treatment of HPS. […] Without adequate treatment, most deaths occur in patients with HPS within 24 to 48 hours of the cardiopulmonary phase onset.

• #3 Hantavirus Infections in Light of Current Knowledge – Mediterranean Journal of Infection Microbes and Antimicrobials

  https://www.mjima.org/articles/hantavirus-infections-in-light-of-current-knowledge/doi/mjima.2017.16

  Hantavirus is an enveloped virus with an RNA genome comprised of three negative-sense, single-stranded segments and belongs to the genus Hantavirus in family Bunyaviridae. […] Early diagnosis and supportive treatment are crucial to prevent mortality. Fluid/electrolyte and oxygen therapy, renal replacement, regulation of blood pressure, and blood or blood products replacement are the main components of supportive treatment. […] Although ribavirin is controversial in the specific treatment, some studies have suggested that it may be beneficial, especially during the oliguric phase. Favipiravir and icatibant are other effective drugs in the treatment, and the use of v3 integrin inhibitors is also suggested. […] Recently it is reported that icadibant may be effective in infections caused by PUUV and many other hantavirus subtypes by preventing the binding of bradykinin. Favipiravir (T-705, 6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide) has been shown to be highly active against many Bunyaviruses via inhibiting viral replication and cytopathic effect.

• #3 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome | Respiratory Therapy

  https://respiratory-therapy.com/disorders-diseases/infectious-diseases/influenza/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/

  Treatment of the patient with HPS includes supplemental oxygen administration via mechanical ventilation. […] Another drug that is commonly used is ribavirin, which is delivered intravenously with good results. […] Inotropic agents are used to augment myocardial contractility, and it is important to maintain electrolyte balance and to monitor blood pressure carefully.

• #3 Hantavirus: Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention

  https://www.healthline.com/health/hantavirus-symptoms

  Hantavirus infection can progress into severe disease. The goal of treatment for hantavirus is to manage your symptoms to lower the risk of damage to your lungs and heart. […] Due to severe pulmonary (lung) symptoms, many people will need help breathing. About 40% of people who go to the hospital with hantavirus symptoms require mechanical ventilation. If your symptoms dont improve, your medical team might try extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). […] People who develop HFRS may require hemodialysis. This is a way to filter your blood until your kidneys recover. […] A doctor may consider prescribing antiviral medication to help remove the virus from your system. No large human trial has shown any antiviral to be effective at treating various hantavirus strains. But some studies have seen positive results.

• #3 Treatment of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2810485/

  Administration of human neutralizing antibodies during the acute phase of HPS might prove effective for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of hantaviral infections. […] At present, there have been no published reports of controlled clinical trials of immunotherapy for HFRS or HPS. […] These data suggest that a post-exposure prophylaxis regimen consisting of passive immunoprophyaxis and active vaccination would be effective for HPS, as has been shown for other viral diseases such as rabies, hepatitis A and B, and varicella. […] Antiviral therapeutics offer an alternative strategy for dealing with outbreaks in areas previously unrecognized to harbor disease, accidental exposure in laboratory workers or deliberate introduction through bioterrorism. […] Unfortunately, except for ribavirin, no potential antivirals have been reported to show efficacy in animal models of HFRS or HPS. Thus, it is imperative to develop countermeasures to treat unprotected persons who have been exposed to these virulent pathogens.

• #3 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: A Zebra Worth Knowing | AAFP

  https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2002/0915/p1015.html

  The probability of survival increases with early recognition and aggressive cardiopulmonary support. A high index of suspicion and an awareness of the early manifestations of hantavirus infection are essential to expedite rapid transfer to an intensive care unit. Currently, there is no specific therapy available to treat HPS, therefore the cornerstone of treatment remains supportive measures. Supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation when indicated, fluid management, and the appropriate use of pressors are crucial to patient care. Hemodynamic monitoring with a pulmonary artery (Swan-Ganz) catheter will facilitate fluid and pressor management and can aid in establishing a preliminary diagnosis by documenting the characteristic HPS hemodynamic profile. While awaiting serologic confirmation, broad-spectrum antibiotics should be initiated.

• #3

  https://consensus.app/questions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-treated/

  ECMO is a beneficial therapy for critically ill patients with severe Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, providing cardiopulmonary support and a good outcome in two cases. […] Hantavirus diseases have no FDA-approved vaccines or treatments, but vaccines and antiviral treatments are in development for various animal models and human clinical trials. […] Hantavirus pulmonary and cardiovascular syndrome (HPCVS) is an emerging disease in Brazil, with high mortality rates and requires early diagnosis and treatment. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) can be fatal when co-infected with COVID-19, but HPS is more lethal and should be detected and treated promptly in HPS-endemic regions. […] Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome is a fatal illness with high mortality rates, but early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can improve outcomes.

• #4 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html

  There is no specific treatment for hantavirus infection. If HPS is suspected, the patient needs emergency medical care immediately, preferably in the intensive care unit, even before diagnosis. […] Early intensive medical care is critical because patients who have sudden acute disease can rapidly become severely sick and die. If a patient is experiencing full distress, it is less likely the treatment will be effective. […] Patient management should include: Monitoring and adjustment of cardiac function, Carefully administering fluids, Providing supplemental oxygen, Intubating and ventilating if needed. […] Suspected HPS patients should receive appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, even if you’re still waiting for diagnosis. Care should also include fever reducers and pain relievers.

• #5 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351844

  Specific treatment options for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are limited. But the prognosis improves with early recognition, immediate hospitalization and adequate support for breathing. […] People with severe cases need immediate treatment in an intensive care unit. Intubation and mechanical ventilation may be needed to support breathing and to help manage fluid in the lungs. […] Severe disease may require a treatment called extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to help ensure you retain a sufficient supply of oxygen. This involves continuously pumping your blood through a machine that removes carbon dioxide and adds oxygen. The oxygenated blood is then returned to your body.

• #6 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17897-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome

  Treatment may include oxygen therapy, medications, ventilation and dialysis. […] HPS treatment usually involves intensive care. Healthcare providers will monitor your needs and may provide specific treatments, including: Oxygen therapy. Fluid replacement. Medication to raise your blood pressure. Antiviral medication (ribavirin). Mechanical ventilation. Dialysis. […] In severe cases, providers treat HPS with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

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