Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare yet serious pulmonary condition marked by pulmonary edema, hypoxia, and hypotension. […] Care is primarily supportive, and prevention is key to disease reduction. […] Implement appropriate supportive care measures promptly upon suspicion or confirmation of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, focusing on fluid and volume management to prevent respiratory failure. […] Coordinate multidisciplinary care involving infectious disease specialists, respiratory therapists, and critical care teams to optimize outcomes for patients with Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] Treatment is supportive (namely, with aggressive cardiopulmonary support). […] Almost half of the patients admitted with Hantavirus will not require mechanical ventilation via intubation if appropriately managed with judicious fluids and close monitoring.

• #2 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – Leeds, Grenville and Lanark District Health Unit

  https://healthunit.org/for-professionals/health-care-dental/communicable-disease-resources/reportable-disease-toolkit/hantavirus/

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) infection often presents as a flu-like illness, with fever, headache, myalgia, dizziness, nausea and other gastrointestinal symptoms. This is followed by cough, shortness of breath, and hypotension; pulmonary edema and deterioration of cardiopulmonary function may occur rapidly. […] Treatment for respiratory symptoms is under the direction of the attending health care provider. No specific treatment or cure. Provide education about the illness and how to prevent exposure.

• #3 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/hantaviruspulmonarysyndrome.aspx

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is one kind of disease that can result from hantavirus infection. HPS is the main hantavirus disease of concern in the U.S. HPS is caused by the Sin Nombre virus, which is a specific type of hantavirus in the western U.S., including California. Although it is rare, HPS can be very serious and deadly. Symptoms of HPS are similar to other respiratory infections, including fever, headache, muscle aches, and difficulty breathing. Symptoms usually develop weeks after breathing in air contaminated by infected deer mice. There is no specific treatment or cure for HPS, and death is possible, but early medical care can increase the chances of survival. […] If you have a fever, difficulty breathing, and have been exposed to rodents or rodent-contaminated materials, talk to a healthcare provider right away and tell them about your recent exposure to rodents (especially mice).

• #4 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS, Orthohantavirus): Causes, Transmission, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome/article.htm

  Consequently, most patients diagnosed with HPS are usually cared for in the intensive care unit by specialists trained in critical care, and consultation with an infectious-disease doctor. Because the lungs are the most compromised organ in these infections, a lung doctor (pulmonologist) also is usually consulted. Moreover, specialists from the CDC are often involved to help locate the outbreak source and to help healthcare personnel at the outbreak site prevent further infections. […] Unfortunately, hantavirus infections can lead to HPS. According to the CDC, hantavirus infections according have a mortality rate of about 38%. […] At this time, there is no definitive treatment for HPS other than early recognition of HPS and subsequent medical support (usually consisting of symptomatic medical treatment and respiratory support or mechanical ventilation). The CDC suggests that early treatment in an intensive care unit may allow the patient to survive severe HPS.

• #5 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: A Rare but Serious Viral Illness | University Hospitals

  https://www.uhhospitals.org/blog/articles/2025/04/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-a-rare-but-serious-viral-illness

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare viral illness that made headlines as the cause of death for actor Gene Hackmans wife. HPS is a severe respiratory infection caused by the hantavirus. Although very uncommon, it can lead to serious health consequences and may be fatal in nearly 40 percent of infected people. […] There is no cure or specific treatment for HPS. Once diagnosed, treatment will focus on providing supportive care and managing symptoms like fever, pain and respiratory distress with medications and oxygen therapy. […] Prompt medical care and early interventions can significantly increase the chances of survival and a full recovery.

• #6

  https://consensus.app/questions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-treated/

  Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a severe respiratory disease caused by hantaviruses, with a high mortality rate of approximately 30-50% in the Americas. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial for improving patient outcomes. […] The primary treatment for HPS involves supportive care, focusing on maintaining cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal function. Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis are critical components of care. Mechanical ventilation is often required for patients experiencing severe respiratory distress. Early initiation of mechanical ventilation and careful volume administration are recommended, especially in intensive care units. […] ECMO has emerged as a beneficial therapy for severe cases, significantly improving survival rates. […] The treatment of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome primarily involves supportive care, including mechanical ventilation and fluid management. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of these treatments are crucial for improving patient outcomes.

• #7 About Hantavirus | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/about/index.html

  HPS is a severe and potentially deadly disease that affects the lungs. Symptoms of HPS usually start to show 1 to 8 weeks after contact with an infected rodent. […] Patients should receive supportive care, including rest, hydration, and treatment of symptoms. […] HPS can cause breathing difficulties, and patients may need breathing support, such as intubation. Intubation is a medical procedure where a tube is placed in the lungs from the mouth to help the patient get oxygen. […] HFRS can disrupt kidney function. Patients with HFRS may need dialysis to remove toxins from the blood and maintain the right balance of fluids in the body when the kidneys aren’t working well.

• #8 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome | Beacon Health System

  https://www.beaconhealthsystem.org/library/diseases-and-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome?content_id=CON-20164027

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rare infectious disease that begins with flu-like symptoms and progresses rapidly to more severe disease. […] Because treatment options are limited, the best protection against hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is to avoid contact with rodents and safely clean up rodent habitats. […] The signs and symptoms of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome can worsen suddenly and may quickly become life-threatening. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome can quickly become life-threatening. Severe disease can result in failure of the heart to deliver oxygen to the body. […] Specific treatment options for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are limited. But the prognosis improves with early recognition, immediate hospitalization and adequate support for breathing. […] People with severe cases need immediate treatment in an intensive care unit. Intubation and mechanical ventilation may be needed to support breathing and to help manage fluid in the lungs. […] Severe disease may require a treatment called extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to help ensure you retain a sufficient supply of oxygen.

• #9 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html

  HPS initially causes flu-like symptoms that can progress to more severe illness where people have trouble breathing. It’s important for people with HPS to begin treatment as early as possible to improve their chances of recovery. HPS is fatal in nearly 4 in 10 people who are infected. […] If HPS is suspected, the patient needs emergency medical care immediately, preferably in the intensive care unit, even before diagnosis. […] Early intensive medical care is critical because patients who have sudden acute disease can rapidly become severely sick and die. […] Patient management should include: Monitoring and adjustment of cardiac function, Carefully administering fluids, Providing supplemental oxygen, Intubating and ventilating if needed. […] Suspected HPS patients should receive appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, even if you’re still waiting for diagnosis.

• #10 First case of hantavirus reported in Michigan

  https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/inside-mdhhs/newsroom/2021/06/07/first-case-of-hantavirus-reported-in-michigan

  HPS is caused by some strains of hantavirus and is a rare but severe and sometimes fatal respiratory disease that can occur one to five weeks after a person has exposure to fresh urine, droppings or saliva from infected rodents. […] Anyone who comes into contact with rodents that carry hantavirus is at risk for HPS and healthcare providers with a suspect case of hantavirus should contact their local health department to report the case and discuss options for confirmatory testing. […] Symptoms of HPS can be non-specific at first and include fever, chills, body aches, headache and gastro-intestinal signs such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. The illness can progress to include coughing and shortness of breath. HPS has a 40% fatality rate. […] We can prevent and reduce the risk of hantavirus infection by taking precautions and being alert to the possibility of it, says Dr. Juan Luis Marquez, medical director with Washtenaw County Health Department. Use rubber, latex, vinyl or nitrile gloves when cleaning areas with rodent infestations, ventilate areas for at least 30 minutes before working, and make sure to wet areas thoroughly with a disinfectant or chlorine solution before cleaning.

• #11 As a nurse, have you ever seen Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome? – General Nursing Support

  https://allnurses.com/as-nurse-ever-seen-hantavirus-t688284/

  Symptoms include abrupt onset of fever, chills, weakness, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain followed by difficulty breathing. […] HPS can be rapidly fatal if not identified and treated promptly. […] Treatment of HPS is Supportive care: oxygen therapy, fluid replacement and use of medications to support blood pressure. Due to the risk of rapid respiratory deterioration, patients suspected to have HPS should be transported immediately to a hospital with intensive care monitoring, support with mechanical ventilation (respirator) and kidney dialysis.

• #12 First case of hantavirus reported in Michigan

  https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/inside-mdhhs/newsroom/2021/06/07/first-case-of-hantavirus-reported-in-michigan

  HPS is caused by some strains of hantavirus and is a rare but severe and sometimes fatal respiratory disease that can occur one to five weeks after a person has exposure to fresh urine, droppings or saliva from infected rodents. […] Anyone who comes into contact with rodents that carry hantavirus is at risk for HPS and healthcare providers with a suspect case of hantavirus should contact their local health department to report the case and discuss options for confirmatory testing. […] Symptoms of HPS can be non-specific at first and include fever, chills, body aches, headache and gastro-intestinal signs such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. The illness can progress to include coughing and shortness of breath. HPS has a 40% fatality rate. […] We can prevent and reduce the risk of hantavirus infection by taking precautions and being alert to the possibility of it, says Dr. Juan Luis Marquez, medical director with Washtenaw County Health Department. Use rubber, latex, vinyl or nitrile gloves when cleaning areas with rodent infestations, ventilate areas for at least 30 minutes before working, and make sure to wet areas thoroughly with a disinfectant or chlorine solution before cleaning.

• #13 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351844

  Specific treatment options for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are limited. But the prognosis improves with early recognition, immediate hospitalization and adequate support for breathing. […] People with severe cases need immediate treatment in an intensive care unit. Intubation and mechanical ventilation may be needed to support breathing and to help manage fluid in the lungs. […] Severe disease may require a treatment called extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to help ensure you retain a sufficient supply of oxygen. This involves continuously pumping your blood through a machine that removes carbon dioxide and adds oxygen. The oxygenated blood is then returned to your body.

• #14 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html

  HPS initially causes flu-like symptoms that can progress to more severe illness where people have trouble breathing. It’s important for people with HPS to begin treatment as early as possible to improve their chances of recovery. HPS is fatal in nearly 4 in 10 people who are infected. […] If HPS is suspected, the patient needs emergency medical care immediately, preferably in the intensive care unit, even before diagnosis. […] Early intensive medical care is critical because patients who have sudden acute disease can rapidly become severely sick and die. […] Patient management should include: Monitoring and adjustment of cardiac function, Carefully administering fluids, Providing supplemental oxygen, Intubating and ventilating if needed. […] Suspected HPS patients should receive appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, even if you’re still waiting for diagnosis.

• #15 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Treatment and Prevention | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/treatment

  There is no specific treatment for hantavirus infection. However, if the virus is caught early and the patient receives medical care in an intensive care unit (ICU), they will likely improve. Treatment in the ICU is mostly supportive and may include intubation and oxygen therapy, fluid replacement and use of medications to support blood pressure. […] Recovery can be slow, and patients often complain about weakness, fatigue and impaired exercise tolerance.

• #16 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare yet serious pulmonary condition marked by pulmonary edema, hypoxia, and hypotension. […] Care is primarily supportive, and prevention is key to disease reduction. […] Implement appropriate supportive care measures promptly upon suspicion or confirmation of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, focusing on fluid and volume management to prevent respiratory failure. […] Coordinate multidisciplinary care involving infectious disease specialists, respiratory therapists, and critical care teams to optimize outcomes for patients with Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] Treatment is supportive (namely, with aggressive cardiopulmonary support). […] Almost half of the patients admitted with Hantavirus will not require mechanical ventilation via intubation if appropriately managed with judicious fluids and close monitoring.

• #17 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome – Diagnosis & treatment – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351844

  Specific treatment options for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are limited. But the prognosis improves with early recognition, immediate hospitalization and adequate support for breathing. […] People with severe cases need immediate treatment in an intensive care unit. Intubation and mechanical ventilation may be needed to support breathing and to help manage fluid in the lungs. […] Severe disease may require a treatment called extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to help ensure you retain a sufficient supply of oxygen. This involves continuously pumping your blood through a machine that removes carbon dioxide and adds oxygen. The oxygenated blood is then returned to your body.

• #18 About Hantavirus | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/about/index.html

  HPS is a severe and potentially deadly disease that affects the lungs. Symptoms of HPS usually start to show 1 to 8 weeks after contact with an infected rodent. […] Patients should receive supportive care, including rest, hydration, and treatment of symptoms. […] HPS can cause breathing difficulties, and patients may need breathing support, such as intubation. Intubation is a medical procedure where a tube is placed in the lungs from the mouth to help the patient get oxygen. […] HFRS can disrupt kidney function. Patients with HFRS may need dialysis to remove toxins from the blood and maintain the right balance of fluids in the body when the kidneys aren’t working well.

• #19 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html

  While HPS can be quite severe, it has a short duration of critical disease. […] Initiating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at the earliest sign of decompensation has an 80 percent survival rate in patients despite cardiopulmonary collapse. […] Within 24 hours of initial evaluation, most HPS patients develop some degree of hypotension. […] Patients with fatal infections often appear to have severe myocardial depression that progresses to sinus bradycardia with subsequent electromechanical dissociation, ventricular tachycardia, or fibrillation. […] In patients with HPS, poor prognostic indicators include a plasma lactate of greater than 4.0 mmol/L or a cardiac index of less than 2.2 L/min/m2. […] Pulmonary edema and pleural effusions are common, but multiorgan dysfunction syndrome is rarely seen. […] Without adequate treatment, most deaths occur in patients with HPS within 24 to 48 hours of the cardiopulmonary phase onset.

• #20 Hantavirus Infection – Infectious Diseases – Merck Manual Professional Edition

  https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/arboviruses-arenaviridae-and-filoviridae/hantavirus-infection

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) occurs in the United States, primarily in the southwestern states, Canada, primarily in western provinces, and in South America and Panama. It begins as a flu-like illness and, within days, causes noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Diagnosis is with serologic tests and reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The more severe forms have a case fatality rate of up to 50%. Treatment is supportive. […] Treatment of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is supportive. Mechanical ventilation, meticulous volume control, and vasopressors may be required. For severe cardiopulmonary insufficiency, extracorporal mechanical oxygenation may be lifesaving (see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Hantavirus Virus: Treatment).

• #21 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html

  While HPS can be quite severe, it has a short duration of critical disease. […] Initiating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at the earliest sign of decompensation has an 80 percent survival rate in patients despite cardiopulmonary collapse. […] Within 24 hours of initial evaluation, most HPS patients develop some degree of hypotension. […] Patients with fatal infections often appear to have severe myocardial depression that progresses to sinus bradycardia with subsequent electromechanical dissociation, ventricular tachycardia, or fibrillation. […] In patients with HPS, poor prognostic indicators include a plasma lactate of greater than 4.0 mmol/L or a cardiac index of less than 2.2 L/min/m2. […] Pulmonary edema and pleural effusions are common, but multiorgan dysfunction syndrome is rarely seen. […] Without adequate treatment, most deaths occur in patients with HPS within 24 to 48 hours of the cardiopulmonary phase onset.

• #22 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html

  HPS initially causes flu-like symptoms that can progress to more severe illness where people have trouble breathing. It’s important for people with HPS to begin treatment as early as possible to improve their chances of recovery. HPS is fatal in nearly 4 in 10 people who are infected. […] If HPS is suspected, the patient needs emergency medical care immediately, preferably in the intensive care unit, even before diagnosis. […] Early intensive medical care is critical because patients who have sudden acute disease can rapidly become severely sick and die. […] Patient management should include: Monitoring and adjustment of cardiac function, Carefully administering fluids, Providing supplemental oxygen, Intubating and ventilating if needed. […] Suspected HPS patients should receive appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, even if you’re still waiting for diagnosis.

• #23 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare yet serious pulmonary condition marked by pulmonary edema, hypoxia, and hypotension. […] Care is primarily supportive, and prevention is key to disease reduction. […] Implement appropriate supportive care measures promptly upon suspicion or confirmation of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, focusing on fluid and volume management to prevent respiratory failure. […] Coordinate multidisciplinary care involving infectious disease specialists, respiratory therapists, and critical care teams to optimize outcomes for patients with Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] Treatment is supportive (namely, with aggressive cardiopulmonary support). […] Almost half of the patients admitted with Hantavirus will not require mechanical ventilation via intubation if appropriately managed with judicious fluids and close monitoring.

• #24 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html

  While HPS can be quite severe, it has a short duration of critical disease. […] Initiating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at the earliest sign of decompensation has an 80 percent survival rate in patients despite cardiopulmonary collapse. […] Within 24 hours of initial evaluation, most HPS patients develop some degree of hypotension. […] Patients with fatal infections often appear to have severe myocardial depression that progresses to sinus bradycardia with subsequent electromechanical dissociation, ventricular tachycardia, or fibrillation. […] In patients with HPS, poor prognostic indicators include a plasma lactate of greater than 4.0 mmol/L or a cardiac index of less than 2.2 L/min/m2. […] Pulmonary edema and pleural effusions are common, but multiorgan dysfunction syndrome is rarely seen. […] Without adequate treatment, most deaths occur in patients with HPS within 24 to 48 hours of the cardiopulmonary phase onset.

• #25 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17897-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a viral disease that spreads through infected mice and rats. Treatment may include oxygen therapy, medications, ventilation and dialysis. HPS treatment usually involves intensive care. Healthcare providers will monitor your needs and may provide specific treatments, including: Oxygen therapy, Fluid replacement, Medication to raise your blood pressure, Antiviral medication (ribavirin), Mechanical ventilation, Dialysis. It’s important to see a healthcare provider if you start to feel sick after being around mouse or rat droppings. Follow your providers treatment plan to help ensure a full recovery. In mild cases, you can help speed up your recovery by getting plenty of rest and drinking lots of fluids. Most people make a complete recovery from HPS a few weeks after starting treatment. If you develop flu-like symptoms after being around mouse or rat droppings or in an area where mice and rats live, see a healthcare provider immediately. […] It’s important to get treatment right away if you have HPS. If you don’t receive treatment quickly, HPS can be fatal. Most people with HPS fully recover with no lasting effects after it’s treated.

• #26 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html

  While HPS can be quite severe, it has a short duration of critical disease. […] Initiating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at the earliest sign of decompensation has an 80 percent survival rate in patients despite cardiopulmonary collapse. […] Within 24 hours of initial evaluation, most HPS patients develop some degree of hypotension. […] Patients with fatal infections often appear to have severe myocardial depression that progresses to sinus bradycardia with subsequent electromechanical dissociation, ventricular tachycardia, or fibrillation. […] In patients with HPS, poor prognostic indicators include a plasma lactate of greater than 4.0 mmol/L or a cardiac index of less than 2.2 L/min/m2. […] Pulmonary edema and pleural effusions are common, but multiorgan dysfunction syndrome is rarely seen. […] Without adequate treatment, most deaths occur in patients with HPS within 24 to 48 hours of the cardiopulmonary phase onset.

• #27 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/

  Doctors may use inotropic agents, which are medications that modify the speed or force of heart contractions, early in the treatment process. […] In severe cases, patients may encounter a condition known as disseminated intravascular coagulation this includes severe bleeding and a drastic increase in the number of white blood cells. […] If patients show signs of improvement within the first few days, they’re likely to be removed from breathing assistance within a week. […] Treatment for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome generally involves supportive care, focusing heavily on maintaining heart and lung function.

• #28 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/

  Doctors may use inotropic agents, which are medications that modify the speed or force of heart contractions, early in the treatment process. […] In severe cases, patients may encounter a condition known as disseminated intravascular coagulation this includes severe bleeding and a drastic increase in the number of white blood cells. […] If patients show signs of improvement within the first few days, they’re likely to be removed from breathing assistance within a week. […] Treatment for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome generally involves supportive care, focusing heavily on maintaining heart and lung function.

• #29 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Treatment and Prevention | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/treatment

  There is no specific treatment for hantavirus infection. However, if the virus is caught early and the patient receives medical care in an intensive care unit (ICU), they will likely improve. Treatment in the ICU is mostly supportive and may include intubation and oxygen therapy, fluid replacement and use of medications to support blood pressure. […] Recovery can be slow, and patients often complain about weakness, fatigue and impaired exercise tolerance.

• #30 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/pages/hantaviruspulmonarysyndrome.aspx

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is one kind of disease that can result from hantavirus infection. HPS is the main hantavirus disease of concern in the U.S. HPS is caused by the Sin Nombre virus, which is a specific type of hantavirus in the western U.S., including California. Although it is rare, HPS can be very serious and deadly. Symptoms of HPS are similar to other respiratory infections, including fever, headache, muscle aches, and difficulty breathing. Symptoms usually develop weeks after breathing in air contaminated by infected deer mice. There is no specific treatment or cure for HPS, and death is possible, but early medical care can increase the chances of survival. […] If you have a fever, difficulty breathing, and have been exposed to rodents or rodent-contaminated materials, talk to a healthcare provider right away and tell them about your recent exposure to rodents (especially mice).

• #31 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html

  HPS initially causes flu-like symptoms that can progress to more severe illness where people have trouble breathing. It’s important for people with HPS to begin treatment as early as possible to improve their chances of recovery. HPS is fatal in nearly 4 in 10 people who are infected. […] If HPS is suspected, the patient needs emergency medical care immediately, preferably in the intensive care unit, even before diagnosis. […] Early intensive medical care is critical because patients who have sudden acute disease can rapidly become severely sick and die. […] Patient management should include: Monitoring and adjustment of cardiac function, Carefully administering fluids, Providing supplemental oxygen, Intubating and ventilating if needed. […] Suspected HPS patients should receive appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, even if you’re still waiting for diagnosis.

• #32 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17897-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a viral disease that spreads through infected mice and rats. Treatment may include oxygen therapy, medications, ventilation and dialysis. HPS treatment usually involves intensive care. Healthcare providers will monitor your needs and may provide specific treatments, including: Oxygen therapy, Fluid replacement, Medication to raise your blood pressure, Antiviral medication (ribavirin), Mechanical ventilation, Dialysis. It’s important to see a healthcare provider if you start to feel sick after being around mouse or rat droppings. Follow your providers treatment plan to help ensure a full recovery. In mild cases, you can help speed up your recovery by getting plenty of rest and drinking lots of fluids. Most people make a complete recovery from HPS a few weeks after starting treatment. If you develop flu-like symptoms after being around mouse or rat droppings or in an area where mice and rats live, see a healthcare provider immediately. […] It’s important to get treatment right away if you have HPS. If you don’t receive treatment quickly, HPS can be fatal. Most people with HPS fully recover with no lasting effects after it’s treated.

• #33 Hantaviruses

  https://dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/diseases/hantavirus.html

  HPS can be a serious, life-threatening illness. Treatment with ribavirin, a drug used with other Hantaviruses, is being studied but presently it has not been proven to be effective. Supportive care for patients with HPS is given in an intensive care unit where fluids and blood pressure are maintained and mechanical ventilation with oxygen may be necessary. […] If a person experiences flu-like symptoms followed by shortness of breath, he or she should contact a physician.

• #34 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html

  While HPS can be quite severe, it has a short duration of critical disease. […] Initiating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at the earliest sign of decompensation has an 80 percent survival rate in patients despite cardiopulmonary collapse. […] Within 24 hours of initial evaluation, most HPS patients develop some degree of hypotension. […] Patients with fatal infections often appear to have severe myocardial depression that progresses to sinus bradycardia with subsequent electromechanical dissociation, ventricular tachycardia, or fibrillation. […] In patients with HPS, poor prognostic indicators include a plasma lactate of greater than 4.0 mmol/L or a cardiac index of less than 2.2 L/min/m2. […] Pulmonary edema and pleural effusions are common, but multiorgan dysfunction syndrome is rarely seen. […] Without adequate treatment, most deaths occur in patients with HPS within 24 to 48 hours of the cardiopulmonary phase onset.

• #35 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/

  Death is often associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation, which includes frank hemorrhage and drastic leukocytosis. […] Hantavirus is a lethal infection, and despite optimal treatment, mortality rates are high. […] Prevention is of primary importance in this disease, and public health officials are best suited to institute the needed measures. […] Minimizing human-rodent contact is the best approach to prevention.

• #36 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html

  While HPS can be quite severe, it has a short duration of critical disease. […] Initiating extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) at the earliest sign of decompensation has an 80 percent survival rate in patients despite cardiopulmonary collapse. […] Within 24 hours of initial evaluation, most HPS patients develop some degree of hypotension. […] Patients with fatal infections often appear to have severe myocardial depression that progresses to sinus bradycardia with subsequent electromechanical dissociation, ventricular tachycardia, or fibrillation. […] In patients with HPS, poor prognostic indicators include a plasma lactate of greater than 4.0 mmol/L or a cardiac index of less than 2.2 L/min/m2. […] Pulmonary edema and pleural effusions are common, but multiorgan dysfunction syndrome is rarely seen. […] Without adequate treatment, most deaths occur in patients with HPS within 24 to 48 hours of the cardiopulmonary phase onset.

• #37 About Hantavirus | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/about/index.html

  HPS is a severe and potentially deadly disease that affects the lungs. Symptoms of HPS usually start to show 1 to 8 weeks after contact with an infected rodent. […] Patients should receive supportive care, including rest, hydration, and treatment of symptoms. […] HPS can cause breathing difficulties, and patients may need breathing support, such as intubation. Intubation is a medical procedure where a tube is placed in the lungs from the mouth to help the patient get oxygen. […] HFRS can disrupt kidney function. Patients with HFRS may need dialysis to remove toxins from the blood and maintain the right balance of fluids in the body when the kidneys aren’t working well.

• #38 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) Fact Sheet

  https://health.maryland.gov/phpa/pages/Hantavirus-Pulmonary-Syndrome.aspx

  Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a respiratory illness caused by a virus that is carried by rodents (mice and rats) […] HPS is a rare disease and most people are NOT at risk for Hantavirus infection […] You can prevent HPS […] Control rodent populations by keeping snap traps and/or using chemicals (rodenticides) to rid the area of rodents […] Safely clean up rodent-infested areas […] Avoid rodents when outdoors.

• #39 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS, Orthohantavirus): Causes, Transmission, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome/article.htm

  The major complication of HPS is death from respiratory failure. Those who survive may take a few weeks to recover fully. Those patients who survive do not have chronic infections nor do they experience other chronic problems or complications. […] The prognosis of HPS is fair to poor because currently, about 62% of patients recover, while about 38% will die. The prognosis may be better if the patient gets his/her diagnosis early and is given support in an intensive care unit in a hospital. However, the early diagnosis of HPS is difficult; some patients did not know they had been exposed to rodents that carried hantavirus. […] There are no vaccines available to protect against any hantavirus types. The CDC recommends the elimination or reduction of contact with any rodents (for example, at home, worksites, campsites, barns, sheds) by reducing rodent access or rodent-proofing. Sealing up gaps and holes, placing traps, and keeping areas as clean and food free as possible will help. If a person must come in contact with rodents or areas where they live, precautions such as gloves and masks may reduce the chances for infection; disinfectant treatment of possible contaminated surfaces may also help prevent the disease.

• #40 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in the Spotlight: Understanding Risks After Betsy Arakawa’s Tragic Death | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2025/03/10/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-in-the-spotlight-understanding-risks-after-betsy-arakawas-tragic-death/

  To minimize the risk of exposure to hantavirus, individuals should take the following measures: Open and air out buildings such as cabins and sheds, and other areas that may have provided shelter or food, before entering. […] When handling nests or contaminated articles, wear gloves, practice proper hand hygiene, and refrain from touching your face to minimize the risk of exposure.

• #41 Department of Public Health – Acute Communicable Disease Control

  http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/acd/VectorHantaVirus.htm

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare but deadly lung disease that mainly spreads by inhaling a virus found in the droppings and nesting material of infected wild rodents. […] HPS is best treated if its found early. If you have been around wild rodents and have any of the symptoms of HPS, see a doctor right away. […] Be very careful when cleaning areas that might be contaminated by wild rodents: Open windows and doors to air out potentially contaminated areas for at least 30 minutes before cleaning Spray dead rodents, nests, and droppings with a disinfectant or 10% bleach solution before vacuuming or wiping Wear latex or rubber gloves and eye protection when cleaning. When done clean them in disinfectant or bleach solution and wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water. […] For highly infested areas, contact a professional rodent control service.

• #42

  https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/hantavir.html

  There is no specific vaccine, treatment or cure for hantavirus infection but early recognition and medical care in an intensive care unit can help with recovery. Infected people may be given medication for fever and pain and oxygen therapy. […] For workers that might be exposed to rodents as part of their normal job duties, employers are required to comply with relevant occupational health and safety regulations in their jurisdiction. Typically, employers are required to develop and implement an exposure control plan to eliminate or reduce the risk and hazard of hantavirus in their workplace. […] Attempt to reduce the presence of mice and limit contact with their droppings, urine and saliva by: […] Since human infection occurs through inhalation of contaminated material, clean-up procedures must be performed in a way that limits the amount of airborne dust. Treat all mice and droppings as being potentially infected.

• #43

  https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/diseases/hantavir.html

  People involved in general clean-up activities where there is not heavy accumulation of droppings should wear disposable protective clothing and gloves (neoprene, nitrile, or latex-free), rubber boots and a disposable N95 respirator. For cleaning up rodent contaminated areas with heavy accumulations of droppings it is necessary to use powered air-purifying (PARP) or air-supplied respirators with P100 filters and eye or face protection to avoid contact with any aerosols. […] Dead mice, nests, and droppings should be soaked thoroughly with a solution that is 1 part sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) to 10 parts water, or a household disinfectant. Follow safe work procedures when working with bleach, or the manufacturers instructions or safety data sheets when using disinfecting products. Allow the solution or disinfectant to soak on the droppings, nest, or dead mice for around 5 minutes before beginning cleaning. These disinfectants kill the virus and reduce the chance of further transmission. […] Thoroughly wash hands with soap and water after removing the gloves.

• #44 First case of hantavirus reported in Michigan

  https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/inside-mdhhs/newsroom/2021/06/07/first-case-of-hantavirus-reported-in-michigan

  The greatest risk for hantavirus infection is associated with opening or cleaning closed-up buildings with rodent infestations without proper protection. […] Special precautions should be taken when cleaning up after rodents. In cases of heavy rodent infestation, it is recommended to consult with a pest-control professional.

• #45 What’s New

  https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/OPA/Pages/NR17-059.aspx

  CDPH Urges Caution on How to Avoid Hantavirus following Diagnosis in Northern California Man. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a rare, but often fatal disease spread by rodents, said CDPH Director and State Public Health Officer Dr. Karen Smith. The chances of getting the virus are greatest when entering or cleaning buildings, or other closed spaces, where wild rodents are present. HPS is caused by a virus that individuals contract through contact with the urine, droppings or saliva of wild rodents, primarily deer mice. Breathing small particles of mouse urine or droppings that have been stirred up into the air is the most common means of infection. The illness begins with fever, headache, and muscle aches and progresses rapidly to severe difficulty breathing and, in some cases, death. […] Prompt diagnosis and medical treatment increase an individual’s chances of recovery. To prevent HPS, CDPH recommends the following precautions: Avoid contact with all wild rodents, their droppings, and nesting materials. Before entering an enclosed area that may be infested with rodents, allow it to air out for at least 30 minutes. Do not dry sweep or vacuum areas that rodents have potentially contaminated. Surfaces that rodents may have contaminated with urine or droppings should be made wet with a 10% bleach solution or a commercial disinfectant following label directions before mopping up. Promptly dispose of all cleaning materials when done, and thoroughly wash hands and clothes. Examine the outside of all buildings and seal any holes or other areas that would let rodents get inside. Store all food items securely in rodent-proof containers. […] For additional information about preventing HPS, please visit CDPHs webpage and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Preventions Website.

• #46 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Treatment and Prevention | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/treatment

  There is no specific treatment for hantavirus infection. However, if the virus is caught early and the patient receives medical care in an intensive care unit (ICU), they will likely improve. Treatment in the ICU is mostly supportive and may include intubation and oxygen therapy, fluid replacement and use of medications to support blood pressure. […] Recovery can be slow, and patients often complain about weakness, fatigue and impaired exercise tolerance.

• #47 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: Symptoms & Treatment

  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17897-hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a viral disease that spreads through infected mice and rats. Treatment may include oxygen therapy, medications, ventilation and dialysis. HPS treatment usually involves intensive care. Healthcare providers will monitor your needs and may provide specific treatments, including: Oxygen therapy, Fluid replacement, Medication to raise your blood pressure, Antiviral medication (ribavirin), Mechanical ventilation, Dialysis. It’s important to see a healthcare provider if you start to feel sick after being around mouse or rat droppings. Follow your providers treatment plan to help ensure a full recovery. In mild cases, you can help speed up your recovery by getting plenty of rest and drinking lots of fluids. Most people make a complete recovery from HPS a few weeks after starting treatment. If you develop flu-like symptoms after being around mouse or rat droppings or in an area where mice and rats live, see a healthcare provider immediately. […] It’s important to get treatment right away if you have HPS. If you don’t receive treatment quickly, HPS can be fatal. Most people with HPS fully recover with no lasting effects after it’s treated.

• #48 A Doctor Explains All About Hantavirus | American Lung Association

  https://www.lung.org/blog/hantavirus-questions-answered

  Most mild cases can resolve by themselves, but usually supportive measures are needed and can be the key to helping a patient heal. […] A specific treatment protocol has not been established in the medical community. […] Anytime you experience worsening symptoms or difficulty breathing, seek medical advice. If you experience symptoms of HPS after exposure to rodents or rodent waste, seek medical care right away. […] If you start feeling short of breath or feel very ill and have a fever for more than a few days, it is always a good idea to talk to your healthcare provider. Inform your provider if you have had possible exposure to rodents or animal waste. Even if they cant provide a specific treatment, they can help you with a plan moving forward to make sure that things dont worsen and that you are being adequately checked on.

• #49 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – MD Searchlight

  https://mdsearchlight.com/infectious-disease/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/

  Doctors may use inotropic agents, which are medications that modify the speed or force of heart contractions, early in the treatment process. […] In severe cases, patients may encounter a condition known as disseminated intravascular coagulation this includes severe bleeding and a drastic increase in the number of white blood cells. […] If patients show signs of improvement within the first few days, they’re likely to be removed from breathing assistance within a week. […] Treatment for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome generally involves supportive care, focusing heavily on maintaining heart and lung function.

• #50 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS, Orthohantavirus): Causes, Transmission, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome/article.htm

  The major complication of HPS is death from respiratory failure. Those who survive may take a few weeks to recover fully. Those patients who survive do not have chronic infections nor do they experience other chronic problems or complications. […] The prognosis of HPS is fair to poor because currently, about 62% of patients recover, while about 38% will die. The prognosis may be better if the patient gets his/her diagnosis early and is given support in an intensive care unit in a hospital. However, the early diagnosis of HPS is difficult; some patients did not know they had been exposed to rodents that carried hantavirus. […] There are no vaccines available to protect against any hantavirus types. The CDC recommends the elimination or reduction of contact with any rodents (for example, at home, worksites, campsites, barns, sheds) by reducing rodent access or rodent-proofing. Sealing up gaps and holes, placing traps, and keeping areas as clean and food free as possible will help. If a person must come in contact with rodents or areas where they live, precautions such as gloves and masks may reduce the chances for infection; disinfectant treatment of possible contaminated surfaces may also help prevent the disease.

• #51 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare yet serious pulmonary condition marked by pulmonary edema, hypoxia, and hypotension. […] Care is primarily supportive, and prevention is key to disease reduction. […] Implement appropriate supportive care measures promptly upon suspicion or confirmation of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, focusing on fluid and volume management to prevent respiratory failure. […] Coordinate multidisciplinary care involving infectious disease specialists, respiratory therapists, and critical care teams to optimize outcomes for patients with Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] Treatment is supportive (namely, with aggressive cardiopulmonary support). […] Almost half of the patients admitted with Hantavirus will not require mechanical ventilation via intubation if appropriately managed with judicious fluids and close monitoring.

• #52 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS, Orthohantavirus): Causes, Transmission, Treatment, Prevention

  https://www.medicinenet.com/hantavirus_pulmonary_syndrome/article.htm

  Consequently, most patients diagnosed with HPS are usually cared for in the intensive care unit by specialists trained in critical care, and consultation with an infectious-disease doctor. Because the lungs are the most compromised organ in these infections, a lung doctor (pulmonologist) also is usually consulted. Moreover, specialists from the CDC are often involved to help locate the outbreak source and to help healthcare personnel at the outbreak site prevent further infections. […] Unfortunately, hantavirus infections can lead to HPS. According to the CDC, hantavirus infections according have a mortality rate of about 38%. […] At this time, there is no definitive treatment for HPS other than early recognition of HPS and subsequent medical support (usually consisting of symptomatic medical treatment and respiratory support or mechanical ventilation). The CDC suggests that early treatment in an intensive care unit may allow the patient to survive severe HPS.

• #53 Hantavirus – King County, Washington

  https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/dph/health-safety/disease-illness/hantavirus

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a reportable condition in King County. […] The purposes of hantavirus surveillance: […] To facilitate diagnostic testing of suspected cases. […] To identify sources of infection. […] To facilitate environmental cleanup of rodent-infested areas where cases have occurred.

• #54 Department of Health | Communicable Disease Service | Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

  https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/hanta.shtml

  Health care providers, administrators, and clinical laboratory directors should report confirmed or suspect cases immediately to their Local Health Department by telephone. […] Patients with Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome need to be hospitalized for respiratory and/or blood pressure support.

• #55 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome | SpringerLink

  https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-306-46834-4_40

  The number of known HPS cases in the United States is now 200, and the illness has occurred in all geographic areas of the country. […] Adequate treatment of severe cases requires experienced critical care physicians and nurses, as well as advanced facilities. […] Although nosocomial transmission appears unlikely in North America, universal precautions must be used and some consideration may be given to the use of respiratory isolation. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: recognition and emergency department management. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: clinical, diagnostic, and virologic aspects. […] Clinical features that differentiate hantavirus pulmonary syndrome from three other acute respiratory illnesses. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the United States: a pathological description of a disease caused by a new agent. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome outbreak in Argentina: molecular evidence for person-to-person transmission of Andes virus. […] Evidence against person-to-person transmission of hantavirus to health care workers. […] Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome treated with inhaled nitric oxide.

• #56 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in the Spotlight: Understanding Risks After Betsy Arakawa’s Tragic Death | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2025/03/10/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-in-the-spotlight-understanding-risks-after-betsy-arakawas-tragic-death/

  HPS is a severe respiratory illness caused by hantaviruses, which are transmitted primarily by rodents. […] Given the challenges in diagnosing and treating HPS, it is important for clinicians to stay informed about its risks, symptoms, and management. […] Individuals at risk for HPS include those in contact with infected rodents or their droppings, urine, saliva, or nesting materials. […] While there is currently no specific treatment for HPS, early identification is critical for improving outcomes. […] Health care professionals should follow the identify, isolate, and inform model. […] Because there is no specific antiviral treatment for HPS, early intensive medical care is essential. […] Early patient management should include continuous cardiac monitoring, careful fluid administration, supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation as needed.

• #57 Clinician Brief: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) | Hantavirus | CDC

  https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hcp/clinical-overview/hps.html

  HPS initially causes flu-like symptoms that can progress to more severe illness where people have trouble breathing. It’s important for people with HPS to begin treatment as early as possible to improve their chances of recovery. HPS is fatal in nearly 4 in 10 people who are infected. […] If HPS is suspected, the patient needs emergency medical care immediately, preferably in the intensive care unit, even before diagnosis. […] Early intensive medical care is critical because patients who have sudden acute disease can rapidly become severely sick and die. […] Patient management should include: Monitoring and adjustment of cardiac function, Carefully administering fluids, Providing supplemental oxygen, Intubating and ventilating if needed. […] Suspected HPS patients should receive appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, even if you’re still waiting for diagnosis.

• #58

  https://consensus.app/questions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-treated/

  Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is a severe respiratory disease caused by hantaviruses, with a high mortality rate of approximately 30-50% in the Americas. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial for improving patient outcomes. […] The primary treatment for HPS involves supportive care, focusing on maintaining cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal function. Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis are critical components of care. Mechanical ventilation is often required for patients experiencing severe respiratory distress. Early initiation of mechanical ventilation and careful volume administration are recommended, especially in intensive care units. […] ECMO has emerged as a beneficial therapy for severe cases, significantly improving survival rates. […] The treatment of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome primarily involves supportive care, including mechanical ventilation and fluid management. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of these treatments are crucial for improving patient outcomes.

• #59

  https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/23-January-2019-hantavirus-argentina-en

  Health authorities in Argentina and Chile are implementing the following public health measures: […] Safe case management of HPS patient in dedicated health care facilities. […] Care during the initial stages of the disease should include antipyretics and analgesics as needed. In some situations, patients should receive broad-spectrum antibiotics while confirming the etiologic agent. Given the rapid progression of HPS, clinical management should focus on monitoring the patient’s hemodynamic status, fluid management, and ventilation support. Severe cases should be immediately transferred to intensive care units (ICU). […] HPS surveillance should be part of a comprehensive national surveillance system and must include clinical, laboratory and environmental components. The implementation of integrated environmental management, with the goal of reducing rodent populations, is recommended.

• #60 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome – StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf

  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/

  Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare yet serious pulmonary condition marked by pulmonary edema, hypoxia, and hypotension. […] Care is primarily supportive, and prevention is key to disease reduction. […] Implement appropriate supportive care measures promptly upon suspicion or confirmation of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, focusing on fluid and volume management to prevent respiratory failure. […] Coordinate multidisciplinary care involving infectious disease specialists, respiratory therapists, and critical care teams to optimize outcomes for patients with Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. […] Treatment is supportive (namely, with aggressive cardiopulmonary support). […] Almost half of the patients admitted with Hantavirus will not require mechanical ventilation via intubation if appropriately managed with judicious fluids and close monitoring.

• #61 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in the Spotlight: Understanding Risks After Betsy Arakawa’s Tragic Death | NETEC

  https://netec.org/2025/03/10/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome-in-the-spotlight-understanding-risks-after-betsy-arakawas-tragic-death/

  HPS is a severe respiratory illness caused by hantaviruses, which are transmitted primarily by rodents. […] Given the challenges in diagnosing and treating HPS, it is important for clinicians to stay informed about its risks, symptoms, and management. […] Individuals at risk for HPS include those in contact with infected rodents or their droppings, urine, saliva, or nesting materials. […] While there is currently no specific treatment for HPS, early identification is critical for improving outcomes. […] Health care professionals should follow the identify, isolate, and inform model. […] Because there is no specific antiviral treatment for HPS, early intensive medical care is essential. […] Early patient management should include continuous cardiac monitoring, careful fluid administration, supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation as needed.

• #62 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (U.S. National Park Service)

  https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome.htm

  Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome is a sometimes fatal, respiratory disease caused by a virus transmitted by some species of rodents. […] There is no specific treatment or vaccine for hantavirus, so prevention of exposure to the virus is key. […] Preventing rodents from entering human structures is the best way to eliminate the risk for hantavirus. […] If you become ill following a potential exposure, contact your healthcare provider and let them know of your concern. […] For heavy infestations (large rodent concentrations and/or droppings), especially in enclosed, non-ventilated areas, consult public health and safety specialists before cleaning. These situations require more stringent personal protective measures and approved respirator fit testing within a respiratory protection program.

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