Materiały źródłowe

• #1 Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) – Leukaemia Foundation

  https://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancer/types-of-blood-cancer/myelodysplastic-syndromes/

  Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) are a group of blood cancers which all affect the production of normal blood cells in the bone marrow. MDS occurs as a result of a mutation (or change) in one or more of the genes that control blood cell development. This change or changes results in the abnormal growth of blood stem cells. […] In MDS, abnormal bone marrow stem cells (called blast cells) produce increased numbers of immature blood cells. These cells do not grow properly and often die prematurely. This results in lower numbers of: mature red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets. […] The blood cells that do survive are often of poor quality, are abnormal in shape (dysplastic) and are unable to function properly. This means that people with MDS often have a very active bone marrow but a low number of circulating blood cells. Without enough red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets you can become fatigued, more susceptible to infections, and to bleeding and bruising.

• #2 Myelodysplastic Syndromes | Symptoms, Treatments, FAQs | LLS

  https://www.lls.org/myelodysplastic-syndromes/myelodysplastic-syndromes

  Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) is a group of diseases that affect the blood and marrow, with varying degrees of severity, treatment needs and life expectancy. […] This prevents the normal functioning of the bone marrow. When the bone marrow does not work properly, it cannot make enough healthy blood cells. […] Anemia is a condition when there is a low number of red cells in the blood which can cause fatigue and shortness of breath. Neutropenia is a condition when there is a low number of white cells so that the immune system can’t effectively guard against infection due to a lack of neutrophils (a type of white cell). Thrombocytopenia is a condition when there is a low number of platelets which can cause bleeding and easy bruising with no apparent cause. Pancytopenia is a condition when all three types of blood cell counts are low.

• #3 Myelodysplastic syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome

  Early on, no symptoms typically are seen. […] Later, symptoms may include fatigue, shortness of breath, bleeding disorders, anemia, or frequent infections. […] Anemia dominates the early course. Most symptomatic patients complain of the gradual onset of fatigue and weakness, dyspnea, and pallor, but at least half the patients are asymptomatic and their MDS is discovered only incidentally on routine blood counts. […] Patients with MDS have an overall risk of almost 30% for developing acute myelogenous leukemia. […] The prognosis depends on the type of cells affected, the number of blasts in the bone marrow or blood, and the changes present in the chromosomes of the affected cells. […] The average survival time following diagnosis is 2.5 years.

• #4 https://www.lls.org/myelodysplastic-syndromes/signs-and-symptoms

  https://www.lls.org/myelodysplastic-syndromes/signs-and-symptoms

  Some patients initially have no symptoms of MDS, and abnormal results from routine blood tests may be the earliest signs of the disease. […] For patients with symptoms, it is common not to feel well because of the lack of normal, healthy blood cells. […] Anemia is a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells. Anemia may cause symptoms such as: Fatigue, Dizziness, Weakness, Shortness of breath during normal physical activity, Headache, Rapid or irregular heartbeat, Pale skin. […] Neutropenia is a decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. Neutropenia can cause symptoms such as: Frequent infections, or infections that do not go away, Fever. […] Thrombocytopenia is a decrease in the number of healthy platelets. Thrombocytopenia may cause symptoms such as: Bruising easily, Prolonged bleeding from minor cuts, Pinhead-sized red spots on the skin (petechiae), Frequent and/or severe nosebleeds, Bleeding gums.

• #5 Symptoms of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/myelodysplastic-syndrome-mds/symptoms/

  Symptoms of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are not always obvious and can be similar to other conditions. […] You may not have any symptoms in the early stages. Sometimes it’s found when you have a blood test for another reason. […] If you do have symptoms, they can include: feeling tired or weak, feeling breathless when you do light exercise, bleeding more than usual (such as having frequent nosebleeds, bleeding gums or heavier periods) or bruising more than usual, getting ill a lot or taking longer than usual to recover from illnesses, looking paler than usual this may be less noticeable on brown or black skin, a rash that looks like small bruises or bleeding under the skin and does not fade when you roll a glass over it, similar to meningitis. […] Symptoms are usually mild at first and slowly get worse.

• #6 Patient education: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/myelodysplastic-syndromes-mds-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of blood disorders associated with abnormal blood cell production. Normal blood cells (red cells, white cells, platelets) are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow (the spongy tissue that fills large bones). In MDS, stem cells become damaged and are not able to make normal amounts of effective blood cells, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, or bleeding. The course of MDS can range from mild and chronic to severe and acute. […] Some people have no symptoms when they are diagnosed with MDS, and only find out they have the disorder after laboratory testing is performed for another reason. Others have symptoms related to low blood counts, such as: […] Anemia (low red blood cells) – Anemia is the most common cause of symptoms in MDS. Red blood cells carry oxygen to the body’s organs and tissues, and people with too few red cells may be pale, tired, or short of breath.

• #7 Patient education: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/myelodysplastic-syndromes-mds-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Thrombocytopenia (low numbers of platelets) – Platelets help the blood to clot normally. People with low platelet counts may have bleeding and spontaneous bruising. […] Neutropenia (low numbers of neutrophils) – Neutrophils help the body fight infections, so people with neutropenia are more prone to infections. […] Most people with MDS seek care due to symptoms of anemia, such as fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, chest pain, or dizziness. Less commonly, MDS is diagnosed as a result of an infection, easy bruising, or unusual bleeding. Symptoms such as fever and weight loss are uncommon early in the disease. […] The prognosis of MDS is variable. Some people with MDS live for years and require little or no treatment. For others, MDS is more aggressive and may evolve into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a disease with a poor prognosis that requires more urgent treatment.

• #8 Myelodysplastic syndromes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myelodysplastic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20366977

  Myelodysplastic syndromes might cause: […] People with myelodysplastic syndromes might not experience signs and symptoms at first. […] In time, myelodysplastic syndromes might cause: Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Unusual paleness (pallor), which occurs due to a low red blood cell count (anemia), Easy or unusual bruising or bleeding, which occurs due to a low blood platelet count (thrombocytopenia), Pinpoint-sized red spots just beneath the skin that are caused by bleeding (petechiae), Frequent infections, which occur due to a low white blood cell count (leukopenia).

• #9 Signs and Symptoms of Myelodysplastic Syndromes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/myelodysplastic-syndrome/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  People with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) may have one or more of the symptoms or signs below. Symptoms are changes that you can feel in your body. Signs are changes in something that can be seen or measured, like your blood pressure or the results of a lab test. […] Sometimes, a person with MDS might not have any signs or symptoms. Instead, MDS is found when they have an abnormal result (typically a low blood cell count) when a blood test is done as part of a routine exam or for some other health reason. […] A main feature of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) is that they cause low blood cell counts. Symptoms from shortages of one or more types of blood cells (cytopenias) are often the first sign of MDS. […] Having too few red blood cells (anemia) can lead to symptoms such as: Feeling tired, dizzy, or weak, Shortness of breath, Chest pain, Skin that is paler or lighter than normal (which might be harder to see on people of color).

• #10 Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) – Leukaemia Foundation

  https://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancer/types-of-blood-cancer/myelodysplastic-syndromes/

  Many people in the early stages of MDS have no symptoms at all and it is picked up accidentally during a routine blood test. In other cases, people go to their doctor because they are experiencing some troubling symptoms. The types of symptoms that people experience depend on how severe their disease is and the type of blood cell that is most affected. […] The most common symptoms of MDS: Anaemia, caused by a lack of red cells: persistent tiredness and fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath with minimal exercise, looking pale. […] Abnormal white cell function, often with low white cell counts, causes: recurring infections, especially chest infections, fevers, sore mouth/mouth ulcers. […] Abnormal platelet function, often with low platelet counts, causes: easy bruising, purpura – a rash of small red dots (often on the lower limbs first) due to small capillary bleeds, known as petechiae, bleeding from the nose and gums.

• #11 Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS): Symptoms, causes, and treatments

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319409

  Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) refers to a group of blood and bone marrow cancers. It develops when a person has low levels of certain types of blood cell in their body. […] The early stages of MDS may have no apparent symptoms. Later symptoms depend on which type of blood cell has experienced damage or is in short supply. […] A blood test may reveal a reduced number of cells in the body. If the blood cell count for any one type is particularly low, a person may begin to experience some or all of the following symptoms. […] Having a lower amount of healthy red blood cells causes anemia. The signs of anemia often relate to a lack of oxygen reaching organs and cells around the body. […] Symptoms range from mild to severe and may include: fatigue and a lack of energy, lightheadedness, pale skin, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pain.

• #12 https://www.lls.org/myelodysplastic-syndromes/signs-and-symptoms

  https://www.lls.org/myelodysplastic-syndromes/signs-and-symptoms

  Some patients initially have no symptoms of MDS, and abnormal results from routine blood tests may be the earliest signs of the disease. […] For patients with symptoms, it is common not to feel well because of the lack of normal, healthy blood cells. […] Anemia is a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells. Anemia may cause symptoms such as: Fatigue, Dizziness, Weakness, Shortness of breath during normal physical activity, Headache, Rapid or irregular heartbeat, Pale skin. […] Neutropenia is a decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. Neutropenia can cause symptoms such as: Frequent infections, or infections that do not go away, Fever. […] Thrombocytopenia is a decrease in the number of healthy platelets. Thrombocytopenia may cause symptoms such as: Bruising easily, Prolonged bleeding from minor cuts, Pinhead-sized red spots on the skin (petechiae), Frequent and/or severe nosebleeds, Bleeding gums.

• #13 Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/myelodysplastic-syndromes

  Patients with MDS are cared for by expert oncologists in our Adult Leukemia Program. […] When a person has MDS, these blood cells do not mature, resulting in low numbers of healthy and functioning red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or platelets. These low blood cell counts can cause anemia and increase risk of infection, bleeding, and other complications for patients with MDS. Approximately 30% of patients with MDS will develop a more aggressive related condition called acute myeloid leukemia (AML). […] Some patients may not experience symptoms, and MDS may be detected through a routine blood test that shows low counts for red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or platelets. Sometimes, these low blood counts cause patients to experience: Fatigue, Heart palpitations: feeling of having a fast-beating, fluttering, or pounding heart, Shortness of breath, Pale appearance, Frequent infections (skin, sinus, lung, or urinary tract infections are common), Easy bruising or bleeding.

• #14 Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) Symptoms & Diagnosis | Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center (HICCC) – New York

  https://www.cancer.columbia.edu/cancer-types-care/types/myelodysplastic-syndrome/about-myelodysplastic-syndrome

  Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of diseases affecting the blood and bone marrowthe soft, spongy area at the center of bones. […] People are often diagnosed with MDS when their doctor finds abnormal blood counts during a routine physical exam. The symptoms depend on the type of blood cell thats being affected. […] Low red blood cells lead to anemia: Headaches, lightheadedness, shortness of breath, pallor, and fatigue. […] Low white blood cells cause an increased risk of infections that are recurrent and difficult to treat. […] Low platelets cause bruising, frequent nosebleeds, and red spots (petichiae) on the skin. […] Lower-risk MDS results in fewer red blood cells, called anemia, but few other issues. […] High-risk MDS is sometimes called pre-leukemia or smoldering leukemia. In this case, the number of immature white blood cells in bone marrowcalled blasts or dysplastic cellscan increase, crowding out healthy cells. It progresses to acute myeloid leukemia in about 30% of people.

• #15 https://www.lls.org/myelodysplastic-syndromes/signs-and-symptoms

  https://www.lls.org/myelodysplastic-syndromes/signs-and-symptoms

  Some patients initially have no symptoms of MDS, and abnormal results from routine blood tests may be the earliest signs of the disease. […] For patients with symptoms, it is common not to feel well because of the lack of normal, healthy blood cells. […] Anemia is a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells. Anemia may cause symptoms such as: Fatigue, Dizziness, Weakness, Shortness of breath during normal physical activity, Headache, Rapid or irregular heartbeat, Pale skin. […] Neutropenia is a decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. Neutropenia can cause symptoms such as: Frequent infections, or infections that do not go away, Fever. […] Thrombocytopenia is a decrease in the number of healthy platelets. Thrombocytopenia may cause symptoms such as: Bruising easily, Prolonged bleeding from minor cuts, Pinhead-sized red spots on the skin (petechiae), Frequent and/or severe nosebleeds, Bleeding gums.

• #16 What is MDS? | MDS Foundation

  https://www.mds-foundation.org/learn/what-is-mds/

  Failure of the bone marrow to produce mature healthy cells is a gradual process, and therefore MDS is not necessarily a terminal disease. Some patients do succumb to the direct effects of the disease: reduced blood cell and/or reduced platelet counts may be accompanied by the loss of the body’s ability to fight infections and control bleeding. In addition, for roughly 30% of the patients diagnosed with MDS, this type of bone marrow failure syndrome will progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). […] In the early stages of MDS patients may experience no symptoms at all. A routine blood test may reveal a reduced red cell count, or low hematocrit, sometimes along with reduced white cell and/or reduced platelet counts. […] A reduced white cell count lowers the body’s resistance to bacterial infection. Patients with neutropenia may be susceptible to skin infections, sinus infections (symptoms include nasal congestion), lung infections (symptoms include cough, shortness of breath), or urinary tract infections (symptoms include painful and frequent urination). Fever may accompany these infections.

• #17 Myelodysplastic syndromes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myelodysplastic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20366977

  Myelodysplastic syndromes might cause: […] People with myelodysplastic syndromes might not experience signs and symptoms at first. […] In time, myelodysplastic syndromes might cause: Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Unusual paleness (pallor), which occurs due to a low red blood cell count (anemia), Easy or unusual bruising or bleeding, which occurs due to a low blood platelet count (thrombocytopenia), Pinpoint-sized red spots just beneath the skin that are caused by bleeding (petechiae), Frequent infections, which occur due to a low white blood cell count (leukopenia).

• #18 Signs and Symptoms of Myelodysplastic Syndromes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/myelodysplastic-syndrome/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Having too few white blood cells (leukopenia), especially too few cells called neutrophils (neutropenia), can lead to frequent or severe infections. […] Having too few blood platelets (thrombocytopenia) can lead to: Easy bruising or bleeding, Tiny purple spots on the skin, Frequent or severe nosebleeds, Bleeding from the gums. […] Other symptoms can include: Fever, Bone pain, Loss of appetite, Weight loss. […] These symptoms are more likely to be caused by something other than MDS. Still, if you have any of these symptoms, especially if they dont go away or get worse over time, see your doctor so that the cause can be found and treated, if needed.

• #19 What is MDS? | MDS Foundation

  https://www.mds-foundation.org/learn/what-is-mds/

  Failure of the bone marrow to produce mature healthy cells is a gradual process, and therefore MDS is not necessarily a terminal disease. Some patients do succumb to the direct effects of the disease: reduced blood cell and/or reduced platelet counts may be accompanied by the loss of the body’s ability to fight infections and control bleeding. In addition, for roughly 30% of the patients diagnosed with MDS, this type of bone marrow failure syndrome will progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). […] In the early stages of MDS patients may experience no symptoms at all. A routine blood test may reveal a reduced red cell count, or low hematocrit, sometimes along with reduced white cell and/or reduced platelet counts. […] A reduced white cell count lowers the body’s resistance to bacterial infection. Patients with neutropenia may be susceptible to skin infections, sinus infections (symptoms include nasal congestion), lung infections (symptoms include cough, shortness of breath), or urinary tract infections (symptoms include painful and frequent urination). Fever may accompany these infections.

• #20 What Are Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)? – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://guides.clarahealth.com/what-are-myelodysplastic-syndromes/

  Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) are a group of disorders in which the bone marrow fails to produce healthy blood cells. The poorly-formed blood cells may not work properly and can cause a wide range of symptoms (depending on which specific type of bloods cells are affected). […] The early stages of MDS are typically symptom-less, and the condition is often detected when a routine blood test reveals a low blood cell count. […] When MDS symptoms do eventually develop, their nature often depends on which type of blood cells are involved: […] A low red blood cell count causes anemia, which is characterized by the following symptoms: Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Pale skin, Heart palpitations, Chest pain. […] A reduced white blood cell count (neutropenia) compromises the body’s ability to fight infection, and may lead to: Skin infections, Sinus infections (characterized by nasal congestion), Lung infections (characterized by coughing and shortness of breath), Urinary tract infections (characterized by painful and frequent urination), Fever.

• #21 What Are Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)? – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://guides.clarahealth.com/what-are-myelodysplastic-syndromes/

  Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) are a group of disorders in which the bone marrow fails to produce healthy blood cells. The poorly-formed blood cells may not work properly and can cause a wide range of symptoms (depending on which specific type of bloods cells are affected). […] The early stages of MDS are typically symptom-less, and the condition is often detected when a routine blood test reveals a low blood cell count. […] When MDS symptoms do eventually develop, their nature often depends on which type of blood cells are involved: […] A low red blood cell count causes anemia, which is characterized by the following symptoms: Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Pale skin, Heart palpitations, Chest pain. […] A reduced white blood cell count (neutropenia) compromises the body’s ability to fight infection, and may lead to: Skin infections, Sinus infections (characterized by nasal congestion), Lung infections (characterized by coughing and shortness of breath), Urinary tract infections (characterized by painful and frequent urination), Fever.

• #22 What Are Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)? – Symptoms, Causes, Treatments

  https://guides.clarahealth.com/what-are-myelodysplastic-syndromes/

  Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) are a group of disorders in which the bone marrow fails to produce healthy blood cells. The poorly-formed blood cells may not work properly and can cause a wide range of symptoms (depending on which specific type of bloods cells are affected). […] The early stages of MDS are typically symptom-less, and the condition is often detected when a routine blood test reveals a low blood cell count. […] When MDS symptoms do eventually develop, their nature often depends on which type of blood cells are involved: […] A low red blood cell count causes anemia, which is characterized by the following symptoms: Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Pale skin, Heart palpitations, Chest pain. […] A reduced white blood cell count (neutropenia) compromises the body’s ability to fight infection, and may lead to: Skin infections, Sinus infections (characterized by nasal congestion), Lung infections (characterized by coughing and shortness of breath), Urinary tract infections (characterized by painful and frequent urination), Fever.

• #23 Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) – Leukaemia Foundation

  https://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancer/types-of-blood-cancer/myelodysplastic-syndromes/

  Many people in the early stages of MDS have no symptoms at all and it is picked up accidentally during a routine blood test. In other cases, people go to their doctor because they are experiencing some troubling symptoms. The types of symptoms that people experience depend on how severe their disease is and the type of blood cell that is most affected. […] The most common symptoms of MDS: Anaemia, caused by a lack of red cells: persistent tiredness and fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath with minimal exercise, looking pale. […] Abnormal white cell function, often with low white cell counts, causes: recurring infections, especially chest infections, fevers, sore mouth/mouth ulcers. […] Abnormal platelet function, often with low platelet counts, causes: easy bruising, purpura – a rash of small red dots (often on the lower limbs first) due to small capillary bleeds, known as petechiae, bleeding from the nose and gums.

• #24 Patient education: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/myelodysplastic-syndromes-mds-in-adults-beyond-the-basics/print

  Thrombocytopenia (low numbers of platelets) – Platelets help the blood to clot normally. People with low platelet counts may have bleeding and spontaneous bruising. […] Neutropenia (low numbers of neutrophils) – Neutrophils help the body fight infections, so people with neutropenia are more prone to infections. […] Most people with MDS seek care due to symptoms of anemia, such as fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, chest pain, or dizziness. Less commonly, MDS is diagnosed as a result of an infection, easy bruising, or unusual bleeding. Symptoms such as fever and weight loss are uncommon early in the disease. […] The prognosis of MDS is variable. Some people with MDS live for years and require little or no treatment. For others, MDS is more aggressive and may evolve into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a disease with a poor prognosis that requires more urgent treatment.

• #25 Myelodysplastic syndromes – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic

  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myelodysplastic-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20366977

  Myelodysplastic syndromes might cause: […] People with myelodysplastic syndromes might not experience signs and symptoms at first. […] In time, myelodysplastic syndromes might cause: Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Unusual paleness (pallor), which occurs due to a low red blood cell count (anemia), Easy or unusual bruising or bleeding, which occurs due to a low blood platelet count (thrombocytopenia), Pinpoint-sized red spots just beneath the skin that are caused by bleeding (petechiae), Frequent infections, which occur due to a low white blood cell count (leukopenia).

• #26 https://www.lls.org/myelodysplastic-syndromes/signs-and-symptoms

  https://www.lls.org/myelodysplastic-syndromes/signs-and-symptoms

  Some patients initially have no symptoms of MDS, and abnormal results from routine blood tests may be the earliest signs of the disease. […] For patients with symptoms, it is common not to feel well because of the lack of normal, healthy blood cells. […] Anemia is a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells. Anemia may cause symptoms such as: Fatigue, Dizziness, Weakness, Shortness of breath during normal physical activity, Headache, Rapid or irregular heartbeat, Pale skin. […] Neutropenia is a decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. Neutropenia can cause symptoms such as: Frequent infections, or infections that do not go away, Fever. […] Thrombocytopenia is a decrease in the number of healthy platelets. Thrombocytopenia may cause symptoms such as: Bruising easily, Prolonged bleeding from minor cuts, Pinhead-sized red spots on the skin (petechiae), Frequent and/or severe nosebleeds, Bleeding gums.

• #27 https://www.lls.org/myelodysplastic-syndromes/signs-and-symptoms

  https://www.lls.org/myelodysplastic-syndromes/signs-and-symptoms

  Some patients initially have no symptoms of MDS, and abnormal results from routine blood tests may be the earliest signs of the disease. […] For patients with symptoms, it is common not to feel well because of the lack of normal, healthy blood cells. […] Anemia is a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells. Anemia may cause symptoms such as: Fatigue, Dizziness, Weakness, Shortness of breath during normal physical activity, Headache, Rapid or irregular heartbeat, Pale skin. […] Neutropenia is a decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. Neutropenia can cause symptoms such as: Frequent infections, or infections that do not go away, Fever. […] Thrombocytopenia is a decrease in the number of healthy platelets. Thrombocytopenia may cause symptoms such as: Bruising easily, Prolonged bleeding from minor cuts, Pinhead-sized red spots on the skin (petechiae), Frequent and/or severe nosebleeds, Bleeding gums.

• #28 https://www.lls.org/myelodysplastic-syndromes/signs-and-symptoms

  https://www.lls.org/myelodysplastic-syndromes/signs-and-symptoms

  Some patients initially have no symptoms of MDS, and abnormal results from routine blood tests may be the earliest signs of the disease. […] For patients with symptoms, it is common not to feel well because of the lack of normal, healthy blood cells. […] Anemia is a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells. Anemia may cause symptoms such as: Fatigue, Dizziness, Weakness, Shortness of breath during normal physical activity, Headache, Rapid or irregular heartbeat, Pale skin. […] Neutropenia is a decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. Neutropenia can cause symptoms such as: Frequent infections, or infections that do not go away, Fever. […] Thrombocytopenia is a decrease in the number of healthy platelets. Thrombocytopenia may cause symptoms such as: Bruising easily, Prolonged bleeding from minor cuts, Pinhead-sized red spots on the skin (petechiae), Frequent and/or severe nosebleeds, Bleeding gums.

• #29 Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) – Leukaemia Foundation

  https://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancer/types-of-blood-cancer/myelodysplastic-syndromes/

  Many people in the early stages of MDS have no symptoms at all and it is picked up accidentally during a routine blood test. In other cases, people go to their doctor because they are experiencing some troubling symptoms. The types of symptoms that people experience depend on how severe their disease is and the type of blood cell that is most affected. […] The most common symptoms of MDS: Anaemia, caused by a lack of red cells: persistent tiredness and fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath with minimal exercise, looking pale. […] Abnormal white cell function, often with low white cell counts, causes: recurring infections, especially chest infections, fevers, sore mouth/mouth ulcers. […] Abnormal platelet function, often with low platelet counts, causes: easy bruising, purpura – a rash of small red dots (often on the lower limbs first) due to small capillary bleeds, known as petechiae, bleeding from the nose and gums.

• #30 Recognizing Symptoms of MDS | MyLeukemiaTeam

  https://www.myleukemiateam.com/resources/recognizing-symptoms-of-mds

  Some people with MDS develop neutropenia, or low numbers of neutrophils. This may lead to frequent infections, which can have different symptoms depending on where the infection occurs. […] Thrombocytopenia, or low platelet counts, sometimes results from MDS. People with thrombocytopenia may experience frequent, easy bruising, bleeding more than usual from a small cut, nose bleeds, petechiae (small red dots under the skin), bleeding gums, and heavy menstrual periods. […] People with MDS who have extremely low platelet levels may be at risk for serious bleeding problems including bleeding in the brain, which is rare. If you experience bleeding that wont stop, seek emergency medical care. […] Your doctor may perform a bone marrow biopsy and recommend starting treatment if you develop symptoms of MDS.

• #31 Signs and Symptoms of Myelodysplastic Syndromes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/myelodysplastic-syndrome/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Having too few white blood cells (leukopenia), especially too few cells called neutrophils (neutropenia), can lead to frequent or severe infections. […] Having too few blood platelets (thrombocytopenia) can lead to: Easy bruising or bleeding, Tiny purple spots on the skin, Frequent or severe nosebleeds, Bleeding from the gums. […] Other symptoms can include: Fever, Bone pain, Loss of appetite, Weight loss. […] These symptoms are more likely to be caused by something other than MDS. Still, if you have any of these symptoms, especially if they dont go away or get worse over time, see your doctor so that the cause can be found and treated, if needed.

• #32 Signs and Symptoms of Myelodysplastic Syndromes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/myelodysplastic-syndrome/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Having too few white blood cells (leukopenia), especially too few cells called neutrophils (neutropenia), can lead to frequent or severe infections. […] Having too few blood platelets (thrombocytopenia) can lead to: Easy bruising or bleeding, Tiny purple spots on the skin, Frequent or severe nosebleeds, Bleeding from the gums. […] Other symptoms can include: Fever, Bone pain, Loss of appetite, Weight loss. […] These symptoms are more likely to be caused by something other than MDS. Still, if you have any of these symptoms, especially if they dont go away or get worse over time, see your doctor so that the cause can be found and treated, if needed.

• #33 Signs and Symptoms of Myelodysplastic Syndromes | American Cancer Society

  https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/myelodysplastic-syndrome/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html

  Having too few white blood cells (leukopenia), especially too few cells called neutrophils (neutropenia), can lead to frequent or severe infections. […] Having too few blood platelets (thrombocytopenia) can lead to: Easy bruising or bleeding, Tiny purple spots on the skin, Frequent or severe nosebleeds, Bleeding from the gums. […] Other symptoms can include: Fever, Bone pain, Loss of appetite, Weight loss. […] These symptoms are more likely to be caused by something other than MDS. Still, if you have any of these symptoms, especially if they dont go away or get worse over time, see your doctor so that the cause can be found and treated, if needed.

• #34 What are the Signs and Symptoms of MDS? – HealthTree for Myelodysplastic Syndromes

  https://healthtree.org/mds/community/what-are-the-signs-and-symptoms-of-myelodysplastic-syndrome

  Low Platelet Count (Thrombocytopenia): Symptoms: Easy bruising, excessive bleeding (especially from the gums after dental work), frequent nosebleeds, and the appearance of pinpoint-sized red spots under the skin (petechiae). […] Weight Loss: Unintentional loss of weight can occur as the disease progresses. […] Bone Pain: Some patients experience pain in the bones due to abnormal blood cell production in the bone marrow. […] Loss of Appetite: A reduced desire to eat, which may contribute to weight loss. […] Fever: Unexplained fevers can be a sign of an underlying infection or the disease itself. […] If you or a loved one are experiencing any of the above symptoms, it’s crucial to seek medical attention. While these symptoms can be caused by conditions other than MDS, they still warrant a visit to a healthcare provider for further evaluation. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage the symptoms of MDS and improve quality of life.

• #35 Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) | Leukemia | UT Southwestern Medical Center

  https://utswmed.org/conditions-treatments/leukemia/myelodysplastic-syndrome-mds/

  Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a type of blood cancer (leukemia) in which the bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside some bones of the body, produces blood cells that dont mature. Over time, people with MDS have more abnormal blood cells than healthy ones, which can lead to conditions such as anemia, leukopenia (a drop in white blood cell count), and thrombocytopenia (a drop in platelet count). […] As the disease progresses, patients might experience: […] Fatigue […] Recurrent infections, due to leukopenia (low white blood cell count) […] Shortness of breath or unusual paleness, due to anemia (low red blood cell count) […] Easy or abnormal bruising or bleeding, due to thrombocytopenia (low blood platelet count) […] Enlargement of the liver or spleen (for MDS/MPN).

• #36 Myelodysplastic & Myeloproliferative Treatment | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/blood-cancer/myelodysplastic-syndromes

  Or your life has been disrupted with symptoms like being tired all the time, fevers, night sweats, weight loss or severe pain. […] In some cases, you may not have symptoms. But you might experience: […] Your symptoms can include: […] Feeling tired all the time […] Weight loss without trying […] Night sweats that soak the sheets […] Unexplained fever […] Pain or a feeling of fullness below the ribs […] Unexplained bleeding or unusual bruising […] Joint pain […] Bone pain.

• #37 Myelodysplastic & Myeloproliferative Treatment | UVA Health

  https://uvahealth.com/services/blood-cancer/myelodysplastic-syndromes

  Or your life has been disrupted with symptoms like being tired all the time, fevers, night sweats, weight loss or severe pain. […] In some cases, you may not have symptoms. But you might experience: […] Your symptoms can include: […] Feeling tired all the time […] Weight loss without trying […] Night sweats that soak the sheets […] Unexplained fever […] Pain or a feeling of fullness below the ribs […] Unexplained bleeding or unusual bruising […] Joint pain […] Bone pain.

• #38 Myelodysplastic Syndromes Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/patient/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq

  Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. The prognosis and treatment options depend on the following: The number of blast cells in the bone marrow. Whether one or more types of blood cells are affected. Whether the patient has signs or symptoms of anemia, bleeding, or infection. Whether the patient has a low or high risk of leukemia. Certain changes in the chromosomes. Whether the myelodysplastic syndrome occurred after chemotherapy or radiation therapy for cancer. The patient’s age and general health.

• #39 Myelodysplastic syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome

  Early on, no symptoms typically are seen. […] Later, symptoms may include fatigue, shortness of breath, bleeding disorders, anemia, or frequent infections. […] Anemia dominates the early course. Most symptomatic patients complain of the gradual onset of fatigue and weakness, dyspnea, and pallor, but at least half the patients are asymptomatic and their MDS is discovered only incidentally on routine blood counts. […] Patients with MDS have an overall risk of almost 30% for developing acute myelogenous leukemia. […] The prognosis depends on the type of cells affected, the number of blasts in the bone marrow or blood, and the changes present in the chromosomes of the affected cells. […] The average survival time following diagnosis is 2.5 years.

• #40 Myelodysplastic Syndromes | Symptoms, Treatments, FAQs | LLS

  https://www.lls.org/myelodysplastic-syndromes/myelodysplastic-syndromes

  However, marrow cell disturbances in MDS patients range from mild to very severe. In more severe cases of MDS, blood cell formation is more disordered and abnormal blast cells (blasts) accumulate in marrow and blood. These cells don’t mature into cells that function properly. They aren’t as capable as normal cells are of maturing into red cells, neutrophils and platelets. […] Normally, blasts make up less than 5 percent of all cells in the marrow. With MDS, blasts often make up more than 5 percent of cells in marrow. The number of blasts is key to determining how severe the MDS is.

• #41 Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) | Leukaemia & Blood Cancer New Zealand

  https://www.leukaemia.org.nz/information/about-blood-cancers/myelodysplastic-syndromes-mds/

  About 30% of people with MDS progress to acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). This is diagnosed by the percentage of immature blood stem cells (blast cells) they have in the bone marrow. Someone with a healthy bone marrow would have between 2-5% of blast cells in their bone marrow. Someone with MDS will have more than 5% and someone with AML will have more than 20% of blast cells in their bone marrow.

• #42 Rapidly Progressing Myelodysplastic Syndrome Initially Presenting as Acute Leukemia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5392037/

  Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) refers to a group of various stem cell disorders, characterized by dysplastic and ineffective production in one or more cell lines. In general, MDS tends to present slowly over months to years and is commonly detected with routine bloodwork by primary care physicians. Patients may be asymptomatic and depending on age, comorbidities and risk classification of MDS may not require aggressive therapy. However, MDS carries the risk of progressing to acute leukemia over time. […] Symptoms of MDS depend on the underlying ineffective hematopoiesis, such as fatigue in light of anemia or purpura in light of thrombocytopenia. In general, MDS tends to have an indolent course. Many patients have no symptoms at all and are diagnosed with routine bloodwork. […] About 30% of MDS cases progress to acute leukemia.

• #43 Myelodysplastic syndromes | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/leukemia/what-is-leukemia/myelodysplastic-syndromes

  An MDS will develop into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) about 30% of the time. […] RCUD and RARS are the least likely to develop into AML. They have a more favourable prognosis than other types of MDSs. Myelodysplastic syndrome associated with an isolated del[5q] chromosome abnormality rarely develops into AML and has a more favourable prognosis than other types of MDSs. […] A high percentage of blasts in the bone marrow means a less favourable prognosis. […] Low numbers of more than one type of blood cell (red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets) is a sign of a less favourable prognosis. […] Changes to chromosome 7 usually mean a less favourable prognosis. […] An SF3B1 mutation in the MDS cells, which is often seen in RARS, is linked with a more favourable prognosis. A TP53 mutation in the MDS cells is linked with a less favourable prognosis.

• #44 Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute

  https://www.dana-farber.org/cancer-care/types/myelodysplastic-syndromes

  For many patients, MDS is not an aggressive disease, and can be managed with treatment. In about 30% of patients, MDS develops into the more aggressive acute myeloid leukemia, which requires fast attention and treatment. […] The number of immature white blood cells, called blasts, is used to determine a patient’s MDS risk level: In normal, healthy bone marrow, no more than 5% of white blood cells are blasts. A patient has lower-risk MDS if fewer than 5% of their white cells are blasts. A patient has higher-risk MDS if 5-19% of their white cells are blasts. […] These factors influence whether MDS can be managed, or is more aggressive and likely to progress to AML: A patient’s blood counts, including the number of blasts. The molecular profile of the disease. The molecular profile includes specific changes in the chromosomes and DNA of the MDS cells.

• #45 What are myelodysplastic syndromes? | Cancer Research UK

  https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/myelodysplastic-syndromes/what-is-mds

  You might also have pain or discomfort in your tummy (abdomen) from an enlarged spleen. […] In some, but not all, MDS may develop into a type of blood cancer called acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Doctors call this transformation. Some types of MDS have a higher risk of transforming into AML than others. […] Transformation might happen after a few months for some types of MDS but after several years for others.

• #46

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  The patterns of low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) progression and the clinical and molecular features of those patterns have not been well described. We divided our low-risk (LR) MDS patients (N=1,914) into 4 cohorts: 1) patients who remained LR-MDS (LR-LR; N=1,300; 68%), 2) patients who progressed from LR to high-risk (HR) MDS (LR-HR) without transformation into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (N=317; 16.5%), 3) patients who progressed from LR to HR MDS and then AML (LR-HR-AML; N=124; 6.5%), and 4) patients who progressed from LR MDS directly to AML (LR-AML; N=173; 9%). Risk factors for progression included: male gender, low absolute neutrophil count (ANC), low platelet count, high bone marrow (BM) blasts, ferritin 1000 mcg/L, albumin 3.5 g/dL, multi-lineage dysplasia (MLD), and lack of ring sideroblasts.

• #47

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  Among patients with marked BM fibrosis (N=49), 18% progressed directly to AML. […] About 171 patients (13.1% of all LR-LR patients) died within two years of diagnosis of LR-MDS without disease progression. Among the 61 cases with documented cause of death, 18 patients (29.5%) died from cytopenia and MDS-related complications. Identifying patterns of disease progression of LR MDS patients and their predictive factors will be crucial to be able to tailor therapy accordingly. […] The majority of the patients, 68% (N=1,300) remained in LR-MDS without progressing to high-risk MDS or AML, 16.5% patients (N=317) progressed from low-risk to high-risk MDS (LR-HR) without AML transformation, 6.5% patients (N=124) progressed from low-risk to high-risk MDS and then AML (LR-HR-AML), and 9% patients (N=173) progressed from low-risk MDS directly to AML (LR-AML).

• #48

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  The patterns of low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) progression and the clinical and molecular features of those patterns have not been well described. We divided our low-risk (LR) MDS patients (N=1,914) into 4 cohorts: 1) patients who remained LR-MDS (LR-LR; N=1,300; 68%), 2) patients who progressed from LR to high-risk (HR) MDS (LR-HR) without transformation into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (N=317; 16.5%), 3) patients who progressed from LR to HR MDS and then AML (LR-HR-AML; N=124; 6.5%), and 4) patients who progressed from LR MDS directly to AML (LR-AML; N=173; 9%). Risk factors for progression included: male gender, low absolute neutrophil count (ANC), low platelet count, high bone marrow (BM) blasts, ferritin 1000 mcg/L, albumin 3.5 g/dL, multi-lineage dysplasia (MLD), and lack of ring sideroblasts.

• #49

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  The patterns of low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) progression and the clinical and molecular features of those patterns have not been well described. We divided our low-risk (LR) MDS patients (N=1,914) into 4 cohorts: 1) patients who remained LR-MDS (LR-LR; N=1,300; 68%), 2) patients who progressed from LR to high-risk (HR) MDS (LR-HR) without transformation into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (N=317; 16.5%), 3) patients who progressed from LR to HR MDS and then AML (LR-HR-AML; N=124; 6.5%), and 4) patients who progressed from LR MDS directly to AML (LR-AML; N=173; 9%). Risk factors for progression included: male gender, low absolute neutrophil count (ANC), low platelet count, high bone marrow (BM) blasts, ferritin 1000 mcg/L, albumin 3.5 g/dL, multi-lineage dysplasia (MLD), and lack of ring sideroblasts.

• #50

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  The patterns of low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) progression and the clinical and molecular features of those patterns have not been well described. We divided our low-risk (LR) MDS patients (N=1,914) into 4 cohorts: 1) patients who remained LR-MDS (LR-LR; N=1,300; 68%), 2) patients who progressed from LR to high-risk (HR) MDS (LR-HR) without transformation into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (N=317; 16.5%), 3) patients who progressed from LR to HR MDS and then AML (LR-HR-AML; N=124; 6.5%), and 4) patients who progressed from LR MDS directly to AML (LR-AML; N=173; 9%). Risk factors for progression included: male gender, low absolute neutrophil count (ANC), low platelet count, high bone marrow (BM) blasts, ferritin 1000 mcg/L, albumin 3.5 g/dL, multi-lineage dysplasia (MLD), and lack of ring sideroblasts.

• #51

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  The patterns of low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) progression and the clinical and molecular features of those patterns have not been well described. We divided our low-risk (LR) MDS patients (N=1,914) into 4 cohorts: 1) patients who remained LR-MDS (LR-LR; N=1,300; 68%), 2) patients who progressed from LR to high-risk (HR) MDS (LR-HR) without transformation into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (N=317; 16.5%), 3) patients who progressed from LR to HR MDS and then AML (LR-HR-AML; N=124; 6.5%), and 4) patients who progressed from LR MDS directly to AML (LR-AML; N=173; 9%). Risk factors for progression included: male gender, low absolute neutrophil count (ANC), low platelet count, high bone marrow (BM) blasts, ferritin 1000 mcg/L, albumin 3.5 g/dL, multi-lineage dysplasia (MLD), and lack of ring sideroblasts.

• #52

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  The patterns of low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) progression and the clinical and molecular features of those patterns have not been well described. We divided our low-risk (LR) MDS patients (N=1,914) into 4 cohorts: 1) patients who remained LR-MDS (LR-LR; N=1,300; 68%), 2) patients who progressed from LR to high-risk (HR) MDS (LR-HR) without transformation into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (N=317; 16.5%), 3) patients who progressed from LR to HR MDS and then AML (LR-HR-AML; N=124; 6.5%), and 4) patients who progressed from LR MDS directly to AML (LR-AML; N=173; 9%). Risk factors for progression included: male gender, low absolute neutrophil count (ANC), low platelet count, high bone marrow (BM) blasts, ferritin 1000 mcg/L, albumin 3.5 g/dL, multi-lineage dysplasia (MLD), and lack of ring sideroblasts.

• #53

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  The patterns of low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) progression and the clinical and molecular features of those patterns have not been well described. We divided our low-risk (LR) MDS patients (N=1,914) into 4 cohorts: 1) patients who remained LR-MDS (LR-LR; N=1,300; 68%), 2) patients who progressed from LR to high-risk (HR) MDS (LR-HR) without transformation into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (N=317; 16.5%), 3) patients who progressed from LR to HR MDS and then AML (LR-HR-AML; N=124; 6.5%), and 4) patients who progressed from LR MDS directly to AML (LR-AML; N=173; 9%). Risk factors for progression included: male gender, low absolute neutrophil count (ANC), low platelet count, high bone marrow (BM) blasts, ferritin 1000 mcg/L, albumin 3.5 g/dL, multi-lineage dysplasia (MLD), and lack of ring sideroblasts.

• #54

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  The patterns of low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) progression and the clinical and molecular features of those patterns have not been well described. We divided our low-risk (LR) MDS patients (N=1,914) into 4 cohorts: 1) patients who remained LR-MDS (LR-LR; N=1,300; 68%), 2) patients who progressed from LR to high-risk (HR) MDS (LR-HR) without transformation into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (N=317; 16.5%), 3) patients who progressed from LR to HR MDS and then AML (LR-HR-AML; N=124; 6.5%), and 4) patients who progressed from LR MDS directly to AML (LR-AML; N=173; 9%). Risk factors for progression included: male gender, low absolute neutrophil count (ANC), low platelet count, high bone marrow (BM) blasts, ferritin 1000 mcg/L, albumin 3.5 g/dL, multi-lineage dysplasia (MLD), and lack of ring sideroblasts.

• #55

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  The patterns of low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) progression and the clinical and molecular features of those patterns have not been well described. We divided our low-risk (LR) MDS patients (N=1,914) into 4 cohorts: 1) patients who remained LR-MDS (LR-LR; N=1,300; 68%), 2) patients who progressed from LR to high-risk (HR) MDS (LR-HR) without transformation into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (N=317; 16.5%), 3) patients who progressed from LR to HR MDS and then AML (LR-HR-AML; N=124; 6.5%), and 4) patients who progressed from LR MDS directly to AML (LR-AML; N=173; 9%). Risk factors for progression included: male gender, low absolute neutrophil count (ANC), low platelet count, high bone marrow (BM) blasts, ferritin 1000 mcg/L, albumin 3.5 g/dL, multi-lineage dysplasia (MLD), and lack of ring sideroblasts.

• #56 Myelodysplastic syndromes | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/leukemia/what-is-leukemia/myelodysplastic-syndromes

  An MDS will develop into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) about 30% of the time. […] RCUD and RARS are the least likely to develop into AML. They have a more favourable prognosis than other types of MDSs. Myelodysplastic syndrome associated with an isolated del[5q] chromosome abnormality rarely develops into AML and has a more favourable prognosis than other types of MDSs. […] A high percentage of blasts in the bone marrow means a less favourable prognosis. […] Low numbers of more than one type of blood cell (red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets) is a sign of a less favourable prognosis. […] Changes to chromosome 7 usually mean a less favourable prognosis. […] An SF3B1 mutation in the MDS cells, which is often seen in RARS, is linked with a more favourable prognosis. A TP53 mutation in the MDS cells is linked with a less favourable prognosis.

• #57 Myelodysplastic syndromes | Canadian Cancer Society

  https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/leukemia/what-is-leukemia/myelodysplastic-syndromes

  An MDS will develop into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) about 30% of the time. […] RCUD and RARS are the least likely to develop into AML. They have a more favourable prognosis than other types of MDSs. Myelodysplastic syndrome associated with an isolated del[5q] chromosome abnormality rarely develops into AML and has a more favourable prognosis than other types of MDSs. […] A high percentage of blasts in the bone marrow means a less favourable prognosis. […] Low numbers of more than one type of blood cell (red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets) is a sign of a less favourable prognosis. […] Changes to chromosome 7 usually mean a less favourable prognosis. […] An SF3B1 mutation in the MDS cells, which is often seen in RARS, is linked with a more favourable prognosis. A TP53 mutation in the MDS cells is linked with a less favourable prognosis.

• #58

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  Among patients with marked BM fibrosis (N=49), 18% progressed directly to AML. […] About 171 patients (13.1% of all LR-LR patients) died within two years of diagnosis of LR-MDS without disease progression. Among the 61 cases with documented cause of death, 18 patients (29.5%) died from cytopenia and MDS-related complications. Identifying patterns of disease progression of LR MDS patients and their predictive factors will be crucial to be able to tailor therapy accordingly. […] The majority of the patients, 68% (N=1,300) remained in LR-MDS without progressing to high-risk MDS or AML, 16.5% patients (N=317) progressed from low-risk to high-risk MDS (LR-HR) without AML transformation, 6.5% patients (N=124) progressed from low-risk to high-risk MDS and then AML (LR-HR-AML), and 9% patients (N=173) progressed from low-risk MDS directly to AML (LR-AML).

• #59

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  Among patients with marked BM fibrosis (N=49), 18% progressed directly to AML. […] About 171 patients (13.1% of all LR-LR patients) died within two years of diagnosis of LR-MDS without disease progression. Among the 61 cases with documented cause of death, 18 patients (29.5%) died from cytopenia and MDS-related complications. Identifying patterns of disease progression of LR MDS patients and their predictive factors will be crucial to be able to tailor therapy accordingly. […] The majority of the patients, 68% (N=1,300) remained in LR-MDS without progressing to high-risk MDS or AML, 16.5% patients (N=317) progressed from low-risk to high-risk MDS (LR-HR) without AML transformation, 6.5% patients (N=124) progressed from low-risk to high-risk MDS and then AML (LR-HR-AML), and 9% patients (N=173) progressed from low-risk MDS directly to AML (LR-AML).

• #60

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  The median time to progression to AML in the LR-HR-AML and LR-AML groups was 29 months, and the median time to progress from LR to HR-MDS was 22 months. […] Clinical and laboratory risk factors for progression to higher risk or AML included male gender, low absolute neutrophil count (ANC), low platelet count, high BM blasts, ferritin 1000 mcg/L, albumin 3.5 g/dL. […] The presence of an ETV6 mutation was associated with progression to HR-MDS but not AML. […] In our study, at a median follow up of 99 months, the median OS for the LR-LR, LR-HR, LR-HR-AML, and LR-AML groups was 80.7, 61.2, 48.3, and 42.8 months, respectively. […] When we looked at patients that remained in the LR-LR cohort, we found that 13.1% of patients died within two years of diagnosis, with 29% of the patients dying from cytopenias and MDS-related complications without progressing to HR disease or to AML.

• #61

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  Among patients with marked BM fibrosis (N=49), 18% progressed directly to AML. […] About 171 patients (13.1% of all LR-LR patients) died within two years of diagnosis of LR-MDS without disease progression. Among the 61 cases with documented cause of death, 18 patients (29.5%) died from cytopenia and MDS-related complications. Identifying patterns of disease progression of LR MDS patients and their predictive factors will be crucial to be able to tailor therapy accordingly. […] The majority of the patients, 68% (N=1,300) remained in LR-MDS without progressing to high-risk MDS or AML, 16.5% patients (N=317) progressed from low-risk to high-risk MDS (LR-HR) without AML transformation, 6.5% patients (N=124) progressed from low-risk to high-risk MDS and then AML (LR-HR-AML), and 9% patients (N=173) progressed from low-risk MDS directly to AML (LR-AML).

• #62

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  Among patients with marked BM fibrosis (N=49), 18% progressed directly to AML. […] About 171 patients (13.1% of all LR-LR patients) died within two years of diagnosis of LR-MDS without disease progression. Among the 61 cases with documented cause of death, 18 patients (29.5%) died from cytopenia and MDS-related complications. Identifying patterns of disease progression of LR MDS patients and their predictive factors will be crucial to be able to tailor therapy accordingly. […] The majority of the patients, 68% (N=1,300) remained in LR-MDS without progressing to high-risk MDS or AML, 16.5% patients (N=317) progressed from low-risk to high-risk MDS (LR-HR) without AML transformation, 6.5% patients (N=124) progressed from low-risk to high-risk MDS and then AML (LR-HR-AML), and 9% patients (N=173) progressed from low-risk MDS directly to AML (LR-AML).

• #63

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  Among patients with marked BM fibrosis (N=49), 18% progressed directly to AML. […] About 171 patients (13.1% of all LR-LR patients) died within two years of diagnosis of LR-MDS without disease progression. Among the 61 cases with documented cause of death, 18 patients (29.5%) died from cytopenia and MDS-related complications. Identifying patterns of disease progression of LR MDS patients and their predictive factors will be crucial to be able to tailor therapy accordingly. […] The majority of the patients, 68% (N=1,300) remained in LR-MDS without progressing to high-risk MDS or AML, 16.5% patients (N=317) progressed from low-risk to high-risk MDS (LR-HR) without AML transformation, 6.5% patients (N=124) progressed from low-risk to high-risk MDS and then AML (LR-HR-AML), and 9% patients (N=173) progressed from low-risk MDS directly to AML (LR-AML).

• #64

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  Among patients with marked BM fibrosis (N=49), 18% progressed directly to AML. […] About 171 patients (13.1% of all LR-LR patients) died within two years of diagnosis of LR-MDS without disease progression. Among the 61 cases with documented cause of death, 18 patients (29.5%) died from cytopenia and MDS-related complications. Identifying patterns of disease progression of LR MDS patients and their predictive factors will be crucial to be able to tailor therapy accordingly. […] The majority of the patients, 68% (N=1,300) remained in LR-MDS without progressing to high-risk MDS or AML, 16.5% patients (N=317) progressed from low-risk to high-risk MDS (LR-HR) without AML transformation, 6.5% patients (N=124) progressed from low-risk to high-risk MDS and then AML (LR-HR-AML), and 9% patients (N=173) progressed from low-risk MDS directly to AML (LR-AML).

• #65 Understanding MDS Disease Characteristics and Progression

  https://www.onclive.com/view/understanding-mds-disease-characteristics-and-progression

  Myelodysplastic syndromes really are a disease of the elderly, and as our population is aging, we have more and more patients being diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndromes. […] The way they generally present, has to do with the consequences of cytopenia, which means that either they have an anemia and they’re getting tired or weak, or they start bruising because of low platelet counts, or occasionally they present with an infection. […] Typically, at presentation, they have weakness, fatigue, bruising, and occasionally, signs of infection. […] Interestingly, myelodysplastic syndromes is a disease that is not always linearly progressive. It isn’t a steady decline in patients count. […] Very often, especially with lower risk MDS, which is two-thirds of patients, the progression of MDS is what I call punctuated equilibrium, which means some event happens and the counts have gone down at the molecular level.

• #66 Understanding MDS Disease Characteristics and Progression

  https://www.onclive.com/view/understanding-mds-disease-characteristics-and-progression

  For higher risk disease, more often than not, the progression is more aggressive or rapid, accelerated by, usually, the presence of multiple chromosomes being damaged or multiple mutations being present, etcetera. […] When a patient walks into my office, the first thing I’d like to know about that patient is, is their chance of survival high or low? […] With all the scoring systems, with all the classifications we have, we can still go completely wrong in our assessment of how rapidly a patient is going to progress. […] 70% of the patients, whether they have low-risk disease or high-risk disease, will not progress to leukemia. […] They will die of MDS because of the increasing profundity of the blood counts. […] They fall so low that we cannot keep up with transfusions and supportive care measures anymore, and eventually they succumb to infection or bleeding.

• #67

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  The median time to progression to AML in the LR-HR-AML and LR-AML groups was 29 months, and the median time to progress from LR to HR-MDS was 22 months. […] Clinical and laboratory risk factors for progression to higher risk or AML included male gender, low absolute neutrophil count (ANC), low platelet count, high BM blasts, ferritin 1000 mcg/L, albumin 3.5 g/dL. […] The presence of an ETV6 mutation was associated with progression to HR-MDS but not AML. […] In our study, at a median follow up of 99 months, the median OS for the LR-LR, LR-HR, LR-HR-AML, and LR-AML groups was 80.7, 61.2, 48.3, and 42.8 months, respectively. […] When we looked at patients that remained in the LR-LR cohort, we found that 13.1% of patients died within two years of diagnosis, with 29% of the patients dying from cytopenias and MDS-related complications without progressing to HR disease or to AML.

• #68

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  The median time to progression to AML in the LR-HR-AML and LR-AML groups was 29 months, and the median time to progress from LR to HR-MDS was 22 months. […] Clinical and laboratory risk factors for progression to higher risk or AML included male gender, low absolute neutrophil count (ANC), low platelet count, high BM blasts, ferritin 1000 mcg/L, albumin 3.5 g/dL. […] The presence of an ETV6 mutation was associated with progression to HR-MDS but not AML. […] In our study, at a median follow up of 99 months, the median OS for the LR-LR, LR-HR, LR-HR-AML, and LR-AML groups was 80.7, 61.2, 48.3, and 42.8 months, respectively. […] When we looked at patients that remained in the LR-LR cohort, we found that 13.1% of patients died within two years of diagnosis, with 29% of the patients dying from cytopenias and MDS-related complications without progressing to HR disease or to AML.

• #69

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  The median time to progression to AML in the LR-HR-AML and LR-AML groups was 29 months, and the median time to progress from LR to HR-MDS was 22 months. […] Clinical and laboratory risk factors for progression to higher risk or AML included male gender, low absolute neutrophil count (ANC), low platelet count, high BM blasts, ferritin 1000 mcg/L, albumin 3.5 g/dL. […] The presence of an ETV6 mutation was associated with progression to HR-MDS but not AML. […] In our study, at a median follow up of 99 months, the median OS for the LR-LR, LR-HR, LR-HR-AML, and LR-AML groups was 80.7, 61.2, 48.3, and 42.8 months, respectively. […] When we looked at patients that remained in the LR-LR cohort, we found that 13.1% of patients died within two years of diagnosis, with 29% of the patients dying from cytopenias and MDS-related complications without progressing to HR disease or to AML.

• #70

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  The median time to progression to AML in the LR-HR-AML and LR-AML groups was 29 months, and the median time to progress from LR to HR-MDS was 22 months. […] Clinical and laboratory risk factors for progression to higher risk or AML included male gender, low absolute neutrophil count (ANC), low platelet count, high BM blasts, ferritin 1000 mcg/L, albumin 3.5 g/dL. […] The presence of an ETV6 mutation was associated with progression to HR-MDS but not AML. […] In our study, at a median follow up of 99 months, the median OS for the LR-LR, LR-HR, LR-HR-AML, and LR-AML groups was 80.7, 61.2, 48.3, and 42.8 months, respectively. […] When we looked at patients that remained in the LR-LR cohort, we found that 13.1% of patients died within two years of diagnosis, with 29% of the patients dying from cytopenias and MDS-related complications without progressing to HR disease or to AML.

• #71 Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) – Leukaemia Foundation

  https://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancer/types-of-blood-cancer/myelodysplastic-syndromes/

  Many people with MDS have a combination of symptoms. This is because the production of all of the blood cell types may be affected by the disease. […] The risk of your MDS progressing into acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and your life expectancy can be calculated by your treatment team. […] Signs that the MDS is progressing (transforming) may include: frequent infections, bleeding (e.g. from the nose or gums), bruising, frequent blood transfusions.

• #72

• #73 Symptoms of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/myelodysplastic-syndrome-mds/symptoms/

  Symptoms of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are not always obvious and can be similar to other conditions. […] You may not have any symptoms in the early stages. Sometimes it’s found when you have a blood test for another reason. […] If you do have symptoms, they can include: feeling tired or weak, feeling breathless when you do light exercise, bleeding more than usual (such as having frequent nosebleeds, bleeding gums or heavier periods) or bruising more than usual, getting ill a lot or taking longer than usual to recover from illnesses, looking paler than usual this may be less noticeable on brown or black skin, a rash that looks like small bruises or bleeding under the skin and does not fade when you roll a glass over it, similar to meningitis. […] Symptoms are usually mild at first and slowly get worse.

• #74 Symptoms of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/myelodysplastic-syndrome-mds/symptoms/

  Symptoms of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are not always obvious and can be similar to other conditions. […] You may not have any symptoms in the early stages. Sometimes it’s found when you have a blood test for another reason. […] If you do have symptoms, they can include: feeling tired or weak, feeling breathless when you do light exercise, bleeding more than usual (such as having frequent nosebleeds, bleeding gums or heavier periods) or bruising more than usual, getting ill a lot or taking longer than usual to recover from illnesses, looking paler than usual this may be less noticeable on brown or black skin, a rash that looks like small bruises or bleeding under the skin and does not fade when you roll a glass over it, similar to meningitis. […] Symptoms are usually mild at first and slowly get worse.

• #75 Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) – Leukaemia Foundation

  https://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancer/types-of-blood-cancer/myelodysplastic-syndromes/

  Many people with MDS have a combination of symptoms. This is because the production of all of the blood cell types may be affected by the disease. […] The risk of your MDS progressing into acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and your life expectancy can be calculated by your treatment team. […] Signs that the MDS is progressing (transforming) may include: frequent infections, bleeding (e.g. from the nose or gums), bruising, frequent blood transfusions.

• #76 Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) – Leukaemia Foundation

  https://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancer/types-of-blood-cancer/myelodysplastic-syndromes/

  Many people with MDS have a combination of symptoms. This is because the production of all of the blood cell types may be affected by the disease. […] The risk of your MDS progressing into acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and your life expectancy can be calculated by your treatment team. […] Signs that the MDS is progressing (transforming) may include: frequent infections, bleeding (e.g. from the nose or gums), bruising, frequent blood transfusions.

• #77 Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) – Leukaemia Foundation

  https://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancer/types-of-blood-cancer/myelodysplastic-syndromes/

  Many people with MDS have a combination of symptoms. This is because the production of all of the blood cell types may be affected by the disease. […] The risk of your MDS progressing into acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and your life expectancy can be calculated by your treatment team. […] Signs that the MDS is progressing (transforming) may include: frequent infections, bleeding (e.g. from the nose or gums), bruising, frequent blood transfusions.

• #78

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh4789

  Myelodysplastic syndromes, also called MDS, are a group of cancers in which the bone marrow does not make enough healthy blood cells. Normally, the bone marrow makes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cells carry oxygen in the blood, help the body fight infections, and help the blood clot. With MDS, you may feel weak and tired, get infections often, and bleed easily, although symptoms tend to vary. […] MDS is a form of blood cancer. In some cases, MDS can turn into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), another type of cancer. […] If you start feeling light-headed and have no energy, you may need a blood transfusion. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any symptoms that the cancer has come back or spread. These symptoms include: New lumps. Bone pain. Chest pain. Shortness of breath. Belly pain. Headaches that don’t go away.

• #79 Understanding MDS Disease Characteristics and Progression

  https://www.onclive.com/view/understanding-mds-disease-characteristics-and-progression

  For higher risk disease, more often than not, the progression is more aggressive or rapid, accelerated by, usually, the presence of multiple chromosomes being damaged or multiple mutations being present, etcetera. […] When a patient walks into my office, the first thing I’d like to know about that patient is, is their chance of survival high or low? […] With all the scoring systems, with all the classifications we have, we can still go completely wrong in our assessment of how rapidly a patient is going to progress. […] 70% of the patients, whether they have low-risk disease or high-risk disease, will not progress to leukemia. […] They will die of MDS because of the increasing profundity of the blood counts. […] They fall so low that we cannot keep up with transfusions and supportive care measures anymore, and eventually they succumb to infection or bleeding.

• #80 Rapidly Progressing Myelodysplastic Syndrome Initially Presenting as Acute Leukemia

  https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5392037/

  This case illustrates rapidly progressive MDS within a period of two-three months presenting with symptomatic anemia and thrombocytopenia, along with a preliminary blood smear that could not exclude APL, leading to the decision to start the patient on ATRA therapy. […] Although unusual presentations of MDS have been reported, such as pulmonary leukocytoclastic vasculitis, diabetes insipidus, tumor lysis syndrome, bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, and bilateral acute angle closure glaucoma, it is extremely unusual to present as a rapidly progressive acute leukemia, leading to the fear of delaying an APL diagnosis and the rapid initiation of treatment with ATRA. […] Although MDS has a variety of unusual presentations reported as case reports in the medical literature, it is extremely unusual to present as a rapidly progressive acute leukemia with symptomatic anemia and thrombocytopenia.

• #81

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh4789

  Myelodysplastic syndromes, also called MDS, are a group of cancers in which the bone marrow does not make enough healthy blood cells. Normally, the bone marrow makes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cells carry oxygen in the blood, help the body fight infections, and help the blood clot. With MDS, you may feel weak and tired, get infections often, and bleed easily, although symptoms tend to vary. […] MDS is a form of blood cancer. In some cases, MDS can turn into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), another type of cancer. […] If you start feeling light-headed and have no energy, you may need a blood transfusion. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any symptoms that the cancer has come back or spread. These symptoms include: New lumps. Bone pain. Chest pain. Shortness of breath. Belly pain. Headaches that don’t go away.

• #82

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh4789

  Myelodysplastic syndromes, also called MDS, are a group of cancers in which the bone marrow does not make enough healthy blood cells. Normally, the bone marrow makes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cells carry oxygen in the blood, help the body fight infections, and help the blood clot. With MDS, you may feel weak and tired, get infections often, and bleed easily, although symptoms tend to vary. […] MDS is a form of blood cancer. In some cases, MDS can turn into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), another type of cancer. […] If you start feeling light-headed and have no energy, you may need a blood transfusion. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any symptoms that the cancer has come back or spread. These symptoms include: New lumps. Bone pain. Chest pain. Shortness of breath. Belly pain. Headaches that don’t go away.

• #83

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh4789

  Myelodysplastic syndromes, also called MDS, are a group of cancers in which the bone marrow does not make enough healthy blood cells. Normally, the bone marrow makes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cells carry oxygen in the blood, help the body fight infections, and help the blood clot. With MDS, you may feel weak and tired, get infections often, and bleed easily, although symptoms tend to vary. […] MDS is a form of blood cancer. In some cases, MDS can turn into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), another type of cancer. […] If you start feeling light-headed and have no energy, you may need a blood transfusion. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any symptoms that the cancer has come back or spread. These symptoms include: New lumps. Bone pain. Chest pain. Shortness of breath. Belly pain. Headaches that don’t go away.

• #84

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh4789

  Myelodysplastic syndromes, also called MDS, are a group of cancers in which the bone marrow does not make enough healthy blood cells. Normally, the bone marrow makes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cells carry oxygen in the blood, help the body fight infections, and help the blood clot. With MDS, you may feel weak and tired, get infections often, and bleed easily, although symptoms tend to vary. […] MDS is a form of blood cancer. In some cases, MDS can turn into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), another type of cancer. […] If you start feeling light-headed and have no energy, you may need a blood transfusion. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any symptoms that the cancer has come back or spread. These symptoms include: New lumps. Bone pain. Chest pain. Shortness of breath. Belly pain. Headaches that don’t go away.

• #85

  https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/aftercareinformation/pages/conditions.aspx?hwid=uh4789

  Myelodysplastic syndromes, also called MDS, are a group of cancers in which the bone marrow does not make enough healthy blood cells. Normally, the bone marrow makes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cells carry oxygen in the blood, help the body fight infections, and help the blood clot. With MDS, you may feel weak and tired, get infections often, and bleed easily, although symptoms tend to vary. […] MDS is a form of blood cancer. In some cases, MDS can turn into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), another type of cancer. […] If you start feeling light-headed and have no energy, you may need a blood transfusion. […] Watch closely for changes in your health, and be sure to contact your doctor or nurse advice line if you have any symptoms that the cancer has come back or spread. These symptoms include: New lumps. Bone pain. Chest pain. Shortness of breath. Belly pain. Headaches that don’t go away.

• #86 Myelodysplastic syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome

  Early on, no symptoms typically are seen. […] Later, symptoms may include fatigue, shortness of breath, bleeding disorders, anemia, or frequent infections. […] Anemia dominates the early course. Most symptomatic patients complain of the gradual onset of fatigue and weakness, dyspnea, and pallor, but at least half the patients are asymptomatic and their MDS is discovered only incidentally on routine blood counts. […] Patients with MDS have an overall risk of almost 30% for developing acute myelogenous leukemia. […] The prognosis depends on the type of cells affected, the number of blasts in the bone marrow or blood, and the changes present in the chromosomes of the affected cells. […] The average survival time following diagnosis is 2.5 years.

• #87 Patient education: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/myelodysplastic-syndromes-mds-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Thrombocytopenia (low numbers of platelets) – Platelets help the blood to clot normally. People with low platelet counts may have bleeding and spontaneous bruising. […] Neutropenia (low numbers of neutrophils) – Neutrophils help the body fight infections, so people with neutropenia are more prone to infections. […] Most people with MDS seek care due to symptoms of anemia, such as fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, chest pain, or dizziness. Less commonly, MDS is diagnosed as a result of an infection, easy bruising, or unusual bleeding. Symptoms such as fever and weight loss are uncommon early in the disease. […] The prognosis of MDS is variable. Some people with MDS live for years and require little or no treatment. For others, MDS is more aggressive and may evolve into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a disease with a poor prognosis that requires more urgent treatment.

• #88 Expert Video – How serious a cancer is MDS? What is the prognosis for MDS?

  https://www.youandmds.com/en-mds/view/m101-en09-how-serious-a-cancer-is-mds-what-is-the-prognosis-for-mds-expert-video

  MDS is considered a type of cancer and prognosis varies dramatically depending on many factors, as described in the video in detail. […] Some patients may have less than 1 year to live from the time of their diagnosis, and others may live 10 or 15 years, or more. […] In some cases, MDS can progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) if it gets worse.

• #89 Myelodysplastic syndrome – Wikipedia

  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelodysplastic_syndrome

  Early on, no symptoms typically are seen. […] Later, symptoms may include fatigue, shortness of breath, bleeding disorders, anemia, or frequent infections. […] Anemia dominates the early course. Most symptomatic patients complain of the gradual onset of fatigue and weakness, dyspnea, and pallor, but at least half the patients are asymptomatic and their MDS is discovered only incidentally on routine blood counts. […] Patients with MDS have an overall risk of almost 30% for developing acute myelogenous leukemia. […] The prognosis depends on the type of cells affected, the number of blasts in the bone marrow or blood, and the changes present in the chromosomes of the affected cells. […] The average survival time following diagnosis is 2.5 years.

• #90 Expert Video – How serious a cancer is MDS? What is the prognosis for MDS?

  https://www.youandmds.com/en-mds/view/m101-en09-how-serious-a-cancer-is-mds-what-is-the-prognosis-for-mds-expert-video

  MDS is considered a type of cancer and prognosis varies dramatically depending on many factors, as described in the video in detail. […] Some patients may have less than 1 year to live from the time of their diagnosis, and others may live 10 or 15 years, or more. […] In some cases, MDS can progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) if it gets worse.

• #91 Expert Video – How serious a cancer is MDS? What is the prognosis for MDS?

  https://www.youandmds.com/en-mds/view/m101-en09-how-serious-a-cancer-is-mds-what-is-the-prognosis-for-mds-expert-video

  MDS is considered a type of cancer and prognosis varies dramatically depending on many factors, as described in the video in detail. […] Some patients may have less than 1 year to live from the time of their diagnosis, and others may live 10 or 15 years, or more. […] In some cases, MDS can progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) if it gets worse.

• #92

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  The median time to progression to AML in the LR-HR-AML and LR-AML groups was 29 months, and the median time to progress from LR to HR-MDS was 22 months. […] Clinical and laboratory risk factors for progression to higher risk or AML included male gender, low absolute neutrophil count (ANC), low platelet count, high BM blasts, ferritin 1000 mcg/L, albumin 3.5 g/dL. […] The presence of an ETV6 mutation was associated with progression to HR-MDS but not AML. […] In our study, at a median follow up of 99 months, the median OS for the LR-LR, LR-HR, LR-HR-AML, and LR-AML groups was 80.7, 61.2, 48.3, and 42.8 months, respectively. […] When we looked at patients that remained in the LR-LR cohort, we found that 13.1% of patients died within two years of diagnosis, with 29% of the patients dying from cytopenias and MDS-related complications without progressing to HR disease or to AML.

• #93 Understanding MDS Disease Characteristics and Progression

  https://www.onclive.com/view/understanding-mds-disease-characteristics-and-progression

  For higher risk disease, more often than not, the progression is more aggressive or rapid, accelerated by, usually, the presence of multiple chromosomes being damaged or multiple mutations being present, etcetera. […] When a patient walks into my office, the first thing I’d like to know about that patient is, is their chance of survival high or low? […] With all the scoring systems, with all the classifications we have, we can still go completely wrong in our assessment of how rapidly a patient is going to progress. […] 70% of the patients, whether they have low-risk disease or high-risk disease, will not progress to leukemia. […] They will die of MDS because of the increasing profundity of the blood counts. […] They fall so low that we cannot keep up with transfusions and supportive care measures anymore, and eventually they succumb to infection or bleeding.

• #94 Understanding MDS Disease Characteristics and Progression

  https://www.onclive.com/view/understanding-mds-disease-characteristics-and-progression

  For higher risk disease, more often than not, the progression is more aggressive or rapid, accelerated by, usually, the presence of multiple chromosomes being damaged or multiple mutations being present, etcetera. […] When a patient walks into my office, the first thing I’d like to know about that patient is, is their chance of survival high or low? […] With all the scoring systems, with all the classifications we have, we can still go completely wrong in our assessment of how rapidly a patient is going to progress. […] 70% of the patients, whether they have low-risk disease or high-risk disease, will not progress to leukemia. […] They will die of MDS because of the increasing profundity of the blood counts. […] They fall so low that we cannot keep up with transfusions and supportive care measures anymore, and eventually they succumb to infection or bleeding.

• #95 Understanding MDS Disease Characteristics and Progression

  https://www.onclive.com/view/understanding-mds-disease-characteristics-and-progression

  For higher risk disease, more often than not, the progression is more aggressive or rapid, accelerated by, usually, the presence of multiple chromosomes being damaged or multiple mutations being present, etcetera. […] When a patient walks into my office, the first thing I’d like to know about that patient is, is their chance of survival high or low? […] With all the scoring systems, with all the classifications we have, we can still go completely wrong in our assessment of how rapidly a patient is going to progress. […] 70% of the patients, whether they have low-risk disease or high-risk disease, will not progress to leukemia. […] They will die of MDS because of the increasing profundity of the blood counts. […] They fall so low that we cannot keep up with transfusions and supportive care measures anymore, and eventually they succumb to infection or bleeding.

• #96

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  Among patients with marked BM fibrosis (N=49), 18% progressed directly to AML. […] About 171 patients (13.1% of all LR-LR patients) died within two years of diagnosis of LR-MDS without disease progression. Among the 61 cases with documented cause of death, 18 patients (29.5%) died from cytopenia and MDS-related complications. Identifying patterns of disease progression of LR MDS patients and their predictive factors will be crucial to be able to tailor therapy accordingly. […] The majority of the patients, 68% (N=1,300) remained in LR-MDS without progressing to high-risk MDS or AML, 16.5% patients (N=317) progressed from low-risk to high-risk MDS (LR-HR) without AML transformation, 6.5% patients (N=124) progressed from low-risk to high-risk MDS and then AML (LR-HR-AML), and 9% patients (N=173) progressed from low-risk MDS directly to AML (LR-AML).

• #97

  https://haematologica.org/article/view/haematol.2023.283661

  Among patients with marked BM fibrosis (N=49), 18% progressed directly to AML. […] About 171 patients (13.1% of all LR-LR patients) died within two years of diagnosis of LR-MDS without disease progression. Among the 61 cases with documented cause of death, 18 patients (29.5%) died from cytopenia and MDS-related complications. Identifying patterns of disease progression of LR MDS patients and their predictive factors will be crucial to be able to tailor therapy accordingly. […] The majority of the patients, 68% (N=1,300) remained in LR-MDS without progressing to high-risk MDS or AML, 16.5% patients (N=317) progressed from low-risk to high-risk MDS (LR-HR) without AML transformation, 6.5% patients (N=124) progressed from low-risk to high-risk MDS and then AML (LR-HR-AML), and 9% patients (N=173) progressed from low-risk MDS directly to AML (LR-AML).

• #98 Myelodysplastic Syndromes | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/myelodysplastic-syndromes

  Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) refer to a group of disorders in which the bone marrow stem cells the primitive cells that give rise to all the different types of blood cells are defective, causing an inadequate production of blood cells. Patients with MDS usually suffer from low counts of red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets, or a combination. […] Signs and symptoms include: Low red blood cells counts, causing fatigue and shortness of breath […] The typical MDS patient is 60 to 80 years old with mild to modest anemia low levels of red blood cells in which iron, vitamin and endocrine gland deficiencies have been ruled out as a cause. The anemia usually progresses and reaches a point where the patient needs red blood cell transfusions. […] After diagnosis with MDS, prognosis is determined by the blood counts (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets), the types of chromosome abnormalities in the MDS cells, and the percentage of blast cells in the bone marrow.

• #99 Myelodysplastic Syndromes | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/myelodysplastic-syndromes

  Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) refer to a group of disorders in which the bone marrow stem cells the primitive cells that give rise to all the different types of blood cells are defective, causing an inadequate production of blood cells. Patients with MDS usually suffer from low counts of red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets, or a combination. […] Signs and symptoms include: Low red blood cells counts, causing fatigue and shortness of breath […] The typical MDS patient is 60 to 80 years old with mild to modest anemia low levels of red blood cells in which iron, vitamin and endocrine gland deficiencies have been ruled out as a cause. The anemia usually progresses and reaches a point where the patient needs red blood cell transfusions. […] After diagnosis with MDS, prognosis is determined by the blood counts (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets), the types of chromosome abnormalities in the MDS cells, and the percentage of blast cells in the bone marrow.

• #100 Myelodysplastic Syndromes | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/myelodysplastic-syndromes

  Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) refer to a group of disorders in which the bone marrow stem cells the primitive cells that give rise to all the different types of blood cells are defective, causing an inadequate production of blood cells. Patients with MDS usually suffer from low counts of red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets, or a combination. […] Signs and symptoms include: Low red blood cells counts, causing fatigue and shortness of breath […] The typical MDS patient is 60 to 80 years old with mild to modest anemia low levels of red blood cells in which iron, vitamin and endocrine gland deficiencies have been ruled out as a cause. The anemia usually progresses and reaches a point where the patient needs red blood cell transfusions. […] After diagnosis with MDS, prognosis is determined by the blood counts (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets), the types of chromosome abnormalities in the MDS cells, and the percentage of blast cells in the bone marrow.

• #101 Myelodysplastic Syndromes | Conditions | UCSF Health

  https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/myelodysplastic-syndromes

  Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) refer to a group of disorders in which the bone marrow stem cells the primitive cells that give rise to all the different types of blood cells are defective, causing an inadequate production of blood cells. Patients with MDS usually suffer from low counts of red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets, or a combination. […] Signs and symptoms include: Low red blood cells counts, causing fatigue and shortness of breath […] The typical MDS patient is 60 to 80 years old with mild to modest anemia low levels of red blood cells in which iron, vitamin and endocrine gland deficiencies have been ruled out as a cause. The anemia usually progresses and reaches a point where the patient needs red blood cell transfusions. […] After diagnosis with MDS, prognosis is determined by the blood counts (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets), the types of chromosome abnormalities in the MDS cells, and the percentage of blast cells in the bone marrow.

• #102 Myelodysplastic Syndromes Treatment – NCI

  https://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/patient/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq

  Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. The prognosis and treatment options depend on the following: The number of blast cells in the bone marrow. Whether one or more types of blood cells are affected. Whether the patient has signs or symptoms of anemia, bleeding, or infection. Whether the patient has a low or high risk of leukemia. Certain changes in the chromosomes. Whether the myelodysplastic syndrome occurred after chemotherapy or radiation therapy for cancer. The patient’s age and general health.

• #103 Myelodysplastic Syndrome Types and Treatments | UPMC

  https://hillman.upmc.com/cancer-care/blood/types/mds

  MDS tends to affect people over age 60. It’s more common in men than in women. […] Symptoms rarely appear in the early stages. […] People with MDS often have low red blood cell counts. They may also lack enough white blood cells and platelets. […] Often, the goal of MDS treatment is to slow the progression of the disease. There’s not always a cure. […] If your MDS symptoms don’t bother you, your doctor may opt to delay treatment. But they will want to see you for regular testing to keep an eye on your disease. […] A stem cell or bone marrow transplant is the only cure for MDS. But it’s not for everyone because it has a high risk of complications. […] If a stem cell transplant isn’t an option, doctors may use other treatments to: Slow MDS from progressing. Treat or prevent MDS symptoms and complications. Help you live a better quality of life. […] Prognosis depends on the type of syndrome and how well you respond to treatment.

• #104 MDS prognosis: Outlook and life expectancy

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319346

  MDS is a chronic disease, and people will require adequate health insurance to cover the expense. […] Leukemia can develop in MDS. […] About one-third of people with MDS develop AML, which is cancer of the bone marrow. For this reason, doctors sometimes refer to MDS as preleukemia. […] People with more advanced MDS have a much higher risk of AML. […] There are various subtypes of MDS. The type an individual has is a critical factor in a doctors decision about treatment and outlook. […] Doctors calculate life expectancy for individuals with MDS based on their IPSS-R category from very low to very high. […] However, experts base this categorization system on people who received a diagnosis many years previously. This means they had no access to modern treatments that may have improved their life expectancy.

• #105 Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) | Colorado Blood Cancer Institute

  https://bloodcancerinstitute.com/service/myelodysplastic-syndrome

  Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a disorder in which bone marrow fails to produce a sufficient amount of blood cells, resulting in low numbers of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Depending on a set of known risk factors, MDS can evolve into Acute Myeloid Leukemia. […] Patients with MDS are often symptom-free upon diagnosis, with the disease being detected after a low blood count is recognized in routine blood checkups or bone marrow biopsy. However, low blood count symptoms may include: […] Fatigue or easy exhaustion […] Dizziness and/or short of breath […] Pale skin […] Fever and/or chills […] Easy bruising or frequent bleeding like nosebleed, gum bleeding or blood in the urine and stool. […] Considering the above-mentioned risk factors, an international prognostic scoring system (IPSS) has been designed to estimate the severity of the disease and overall survival. Usually patients with MDS are sub classified into four risk groups using IPSS: low, intermediate I, intermediate 2 and high risk.

• #106 MDS prognosis: Outlook and life expectancy

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319346

  MDS is a chronic disease, and people will require adequate health insurance to cover the expense. […] Leukemia can develop in MDS. […] About one-third of people with MDS develop AML, which is cancer of the bone marrow. For this reason, doctors sometimes refer to MDS as preleukemia. […] People with more advanced MDS have a much higher risk of AML. […] There are various subtypes of MDS. The type an individual has is a critical factor in a doctors decision about treatment and outlook. […] Doctors calculate life expectancy for individuals with MDS based on their IPSS-R category from very low to very high. […] However, experts base this categorization system on people who received a diagnosis many years previously. This means they had no access to modern treatments that may have improved their life expectancy.

• #107 MDS prognosis: Outlook and life expectancy

  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319346

  MDS is a chronic disease, and people will require adequate health insurance to cover the expense. […] Leukemia can develop in MDS. […] About one-third of people with MDS develop AML, which is cancer of the bone marrow. For this reason, doctors sometimes refer to MDS as preleukemia. […] People with more advanced MDS have a much higher risk of AML. […] There are various subtypes of MDS. The type an individual has is a critical factor in a doctors decision about treatment and outlook. […] Doctors calculate life expectancy for individuals with MDS based on their IPSS-R category from very low to very high. […] However, experts base this categorization system on people who received a diagnosis many years previously. This means they had no access to modern treatments that may have improved their life expectancy.

• #108 Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) – Leukaemia Foundation

  https://www.leukaemia.org.au/blood-cancer/types-of-blood-cancer/myelodysplastic-syndromes/

  Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) are a group of blood cancers which all affect the production of normal blood cells in the bone marrow. MDS occurs as a result of a mutation (or change) in one or more of the genes that control blood cell development. This change or changes results in the abnormal growth of blood stem cells. […] In MDS, abnormal bone marrow stem cells (called blast cells) produce increased numbers of immature blood cells. These cells do not grow properly and often die prematurely. This results in lower numbers of: mature red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets. […] The blood cells that do survive are often of poor quality, are abnormal in shape (dysplastic) and are unable to function properly. This means that people with MDS often have a very active bone marrow but a low number of circulating blood cells. Without enough red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets you can become fatigued, more susceptible to infections, and to bleeding and bruising.

• #109 Symptoms of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) – NHS

  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/myelodysplastic-syndrome-mds/symptoms/

  Symptoms of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are not always obvious and can be similar to other conditions. […] You may not have any symptoms in the early stages. Sometimes it’s found when you have a blood test for another reason. […] If you do have symptoms, they can include: feeling tired or weak, feeling breathless when you do light exercise, bleeding more than usual (such as having frequent nosebleeds, bleeding gums or heavier periods) or bruising more than usual, getting ill a lot or taking longer than usual to recover from illnesses, looking paler than usual this may be less noticeable on brown or black skin, a rash that looks like small bruises or bleeding under the skin and does not fade when you roll a glass over it, similar to meningitis. […] Symptoms are usually mild at first and slowly get worse.

• #110 Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) | Leukaemia & Blood Cancer New Zealand

  https://www.leukaemia.org.nz/information/about-blood-cancers/myelodysplastic-syndromes-mds/

  About 30% of people with MDS progress to acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). This is diagnosed by the percentage of immature blood stem cells (blast cells) they have in the bone marrow. Someone with a healthy bone marrow would have between 2-5% of blast cells in their bone marrow. Someone with MDS will have more than 5% and someone with AML will have more than 20% of blast cells in their bone marrow.

• #111 Patient education: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in adults (Beyond the Basics) – UpToDate

  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/myelodysplastic-syndromes-mds-in-adults-beyond-the-basics

  Thrombocytopenia (low numbers of platelets) – Platelets help the blood to clot normally. People with low platelet counts may have bleeding and spontaneous bruising. […] Neutropenia (low numbers of neutrophils) – Neutrophils help the body fight infections, so people with neutropenia are more prone to infections. […] Most people with MDS seek care due to symptoms of anemia, such as fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, chest pain, or dizziness. Less commonly, MDS is diagnosed as a result of an infection, easy bruising, or unusual bleeding. Symptoms such as fever and weight loss are uncommon early in the disease. […] The prognosis of MDS is variable. Some people with MDS live for years and require little or no treatment. For others, MDS is more aggressive and may evolve into acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a disease with a poor prognosis that requires more urgent treatment.

• #112 Recognizing Symptoms of MDS | MyLeukemiaTeam

  https://www.myleukemiateam.com/resources/recognizing-symptoms-of-mds

  Some people with MDS develop neutropenia, or low numbers of neutrophils. This may lead to frequent infections, which can have different symptoms depending on where the infection occurs. […] Thrombocytopenia, or low platelet counts, sometimes results from MDS. People with thrombocytopenia may experience frequent, easy bruising, bleeding more than usual from a small cut, nose bleeds, petechiae (small red dots under the skin), bleeding gums, and heavy menstrual periods. […] People with MDS who have extremely low platelet levels may be at risk for serious bleeding problems including bleeding in the brain, which is rare. If you experience bleeding that wont stop, seek emergency medical care. […] Your doctor may perform a bone marrow biopsy and recommend starting treatment if you develop symptoms of MDS.

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